{"formatVersion":1,"revision":1,"referenceTextAttribution":"Reference text adapted from Wikipedia contributors. Facts and translations may be edited for this app.","referenceTextLicenseURL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","elements":[{"atomic_number":1,"symbol":"H","name":"Hydrogen","atomic_mass":1.008,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Henry Cavendish","named_by":"Antoine Lavoisier","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/2023-10-19_Clean_Hydrogen_Ladder_5.0.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png/960px-Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png/960px-Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg/960px-Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/960px-Crystal_energy.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/960px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png"],"color":"#FFFFFF","year_discovered":"1766","state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","is_found_in_nature":true,"common_uses":["Fuel cells","Ammonia production","Rocket fuel"],"electron_shell_configuration":"1","abundance_in_universe":"75% by mass","reactivity":"Highly reactive","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"HY-droh-jen","ipa":"/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Hidrógeno","pronunciation":"ee-DROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/iˈðɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Hydrogène","pronunciation":"ee-droh-ZHEN","ipa":"/idʁɔʒɛn/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Wasserstoff","pronunciation":"VAS-ser-shtof","ipa":"/ˈvasɐˌʃtɔf/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Waterstof","pronunciation":"VAH-ter-stof","ipa":"/ˈʋaːtərˌstɔf/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"HY-druh-jun","ipa":"/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Hidrogênio","pronunciation":"ee-droh-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/idɾoˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Idrogeno","pronunciation":"ee-DROH-jeh-no","ipa":"/iˈdrɔːdʒeno/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Väte","pronunciation":"VEH-teh","ipa":"/ˈveːtɛ/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Brint","pronunciation":"BRINT","ipa":"/ˈbrenˀd/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Vety","pronunciation":"VEH-tü","ipa":"/ˈvetʏ/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"hü-dro-GEN","ipa":"/hyˈdrɔɡɛn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Wodór","pronunciation":"voh-DOOR","ipa":"/vɔˈdur/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Hidrojen","pronunciation":"hi-DRO-jen","ipa":"/hidɾoˈʒen/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Водород","pronunciation":"vo-do-ROT","ipa":"/vədɐˈrot/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"هيدروجين","pronunciation":"hee-droo-JEEN","ipa":"/hiːdruːdʒiːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氢","pronunciation":"qīng","ipa":"/tɕʰiŋ˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氫","pronunciation":"qīng","ipa":"/tɕʰiŋ˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"水素","pronunciation":"su-i-so","ipa":"/sɯiso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"수소","pronunciation":"su-so","ipa":"/suso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Hidrogênio","pronunciation":"ee-droh-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/idɾoˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Hidrógeno","pronunciation":"ee-DROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/iˈðɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Hidrógeno","pronunciation":"ee-DROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/iˈðɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Hydrogène","pronunciation":"ee-droh-ZHEN","ipa":"/idʁɔʒɛn/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."}},{"atomic_number":2,"symbol":"He","name":"Helium","atomic_mass":4.0026,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer","named_by":"Norman Lockyer","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/2_Helium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/960px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2_%28He_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-2_%28He_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/960px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg"],"color":"#D9FFFF","year_discovered":"1868","state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","is_found_in_nature":true,"common_uses":["Cryogenics","Balloons","MRI machines"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2","abundance_in_universe":"24% by mass","reactivity":"Inert","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"HEE-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈhiːliəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Helio","pronunciation":"EH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeljo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Hélium","pronunciation":"eh-lee-OM","ipa":"/eliɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"HEH-lee-oom","ipa":"/ˈheːliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"HEH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈɦeːliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"HEE-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈhiːliəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Hélio","pronunciation":"EH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈɛliu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Elio","pronunciation":"EH-lyo","ipa":"/ˈɛːlio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"HEH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈheːliɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"HEH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈheːliom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"HEH-li-um","ipa":"/ˈheːliom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"HEH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈheːliom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Hel","pronunciation":"HEL","ipa":"/xɛl/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Helyum","pronunciation":"HEL-yum","ipa":"/ˈheljum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Гелий","pronunciation":"GEH-lee","ipa":"/ˈɡʲelʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"هيليوم","pronunciation":"hee-LEE-yoom","ipa":"/hiːlijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氦","pronunciation":"hài","ipa":"/xai˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氦","pronunciation":"hài","ipa":"/xai˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ヘリウム","pronunciation":"he-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/heɾiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"헬륨","pronunciation":"hel-lyum","ipa":"/helljɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Hélio","pronunciation":"EH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈɛliu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Helio","pronunciation":"EH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeljo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Helio","pronunciation":"EH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeljo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Hélium","pronunciation":"eh-lee-OM","ipa":"/eliɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."}},{"atomic_number":3,"symbol":"Li","name":"Lithium","atomic_mass":6.94,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","discovered_by":"Johan August Arfvedson","named_by":"Jons Jacob 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batteries","Mood stabilizers","Alloys"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 1","density":0.534,"reactivity":"Highly reactive","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South 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Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."}},{"atomic_number":4,"symbol":"Be","name":"Beryllium","atomic_mass":9.0122,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel gray","discovered_by":"Louis Nicolas Vauquelin","named_by":"Friedrich 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temperature."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"BOR-on","ipa":"/ˈbɔːrɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈboɾo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Bore","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/bɔʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOHR","ipa":"/boːɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Boor","pronunciation":"BOHR","ipa":"/boːr/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"BAW-ron","ipa":"/ˈbɔːrɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-roo","ipa":"/ˈboɾu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-ro","ipa":"/ˈboːro/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOOR","ipa":"/buːr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/ˈboːˀr/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Boori","pronunciation":"BOH-ri","ipa":"/ˈboːri/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/buːr/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/bɔr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Bor","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/boɾ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Бор","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/bor/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بورون","pronunciation":"BOH-roon","ipa":"/boːruːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"硼","pronunciation":"péng","ipa":"/pʰɤŋ˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"硼","pronunciation":"péng","ipa":"/pʰɤŋ˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ホウ素","pronunciation":"ho-u-so","ipa":"/hoɯso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"붕소","pronunciation":"bung-so","ipa":"/puŋso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-roo","ipa":"/ˈboɾu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈboɾo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Boro","pronunciation":"BOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈboɾo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Bore","pronunciation":"BOR","ipa":"/bɔʁ/"}],"explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."}},{"atomic_number":6,"symbol":"C","name":"Carbon","atomic_mass":12.011,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Antoine Lavoisier","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/960px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/960px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/6_%28C_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-6_%28C_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/960px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg/960px-Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/960px-Hexagonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png/960px-Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/960px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/960px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carbon_phase_diagram.png/960px-Carbon_phase_diagram.png"],"color":"#909090","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"common_uses":["Steel production","Electrodes","Nanotechnology"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 4","abundance_in_earth_crust":"0.02%","reactivity":"Moderate (depends on form)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KAR-bon","ipa":"/ˈkɑːrbən/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Carbono","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-noh","ipa":"/kaɾˈβono/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Carbone","pronunciation":"kar-BON","ipa":"/kaʁbɔn/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Kohlenstoff","pronunciation":"KOH-len-shtof","ipa":"/ˈkoːlənˌʃtɔf/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Koolstof","pronunciation":"KOHL-stof","ipa":"/ˈkoːlˌstɔf/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KAH-bun","ipa":"/ˈkɑːbən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Carbono","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-noo","ipa":"/kaɾˈbonu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Carbonio","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-nyo","ipa":"/karˈbɔːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kol","pronunciation":"KOOL","ipa":"/kuːl/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Kulstof","pronunciation":"KOOL-stof","ipa":"/ˈkʰulsdɒf/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Hiili","pronunciation":"HEE-li","ipa":"/ˈhiːli/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Karbon","pronunciation":"KAR-bon","ipa":"/ˈkɑrbɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Węgiel","pronunciation":"VEN-gyel","ipa":"/ˈvɛŋɡʲɛl/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Karbon","pronunciation":"KAR-bon","ipa":"/ˈkaɾbon/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Углерод","pronunciation":"oog-leh-ROT","ipa":"/ʊɡlʲɪˈrot/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كربون","pronunciation":"kar-BOON","ipa":"/karbuːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"碳","pronunciation":"tàn","ipa":"/tʰan˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"碳","pronunciation":"tàn","ipa":"/tʰan˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"炭素","pronunciation":"tan-so","ipa":"/tanso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"탄소","pronunciation":"tan-so","ipa":"/tʰanso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Carbono","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-noo","ipa":"/kaɾˈbonu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Carbono","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-noh","ipa":"/kaɾˈβono/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Carbono","pronunciation":"kar-BOH-noh","ipa":"/kaɾˈβono/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Carbone","pronunciation":"kar-BON","ipa":"/kaʁbɔn/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."}},{"atomic_number":7,"symbol":"N","name":"Nitrogen","atomic_mass":14.007,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Daniel Rutherford","named_by":"Jean-Antoine 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production"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 5","density":1.25,"abundance_in_earth_atmosphere":"78%","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertilizer, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"NY-troh-jen","ipa":"/ˈnaɪtrədʒən/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Nitrógeno","pronunciation":"nee-TROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/niˈtɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Azote","pronunciation":"ah-ZOT","ipa":"/azɔt/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Stickstoff","pronunciation":"SHTIK-shtof","ipa":"/ˈʃtɪkˌʃtɔf/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Stikstof","pronunciation":"STIK-stof","ipa":"/ˈstɪkˌstɔf/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"NY-truh-jun","ipa":"/ˈnaɪtrədʒən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Nitrogênio","pronunciation":"nee-troh-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/nitɾoˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Azoto","pronunciation":"a-ZO-to","ipa":"/aˈzɔːto/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kväve","pronunciation":"KVAVE","ipa":"/ˈkvɛːvɛ/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Kvælstof","pronunciation":"KVAEL-stof","ipa":"/ˈkvɛlˌsdɔf/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Typpi","pronunciation":"TYOP-pi","ipa":"/ˈtypːi/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"KVAEL-stoff","ipa":"/ˈkvɛlˌstɔf/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Azot","pronunciation":"a-ZOT","ipa":"/aˈzɔt/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Azot","pronunciation":"a-ZOT","ipa":"/aˈzɔt/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Азот","pronunciation":"a-ZOT","ipa":"/aˈzɔt/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيتروجين","pronunciation":"ni-TRU-jin","ipa":"/niˈtruːdʒɪn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氮","pronunciation":"dàn","ipa":"/tan⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氮","pronunciation":"dàn","ipa":"/tan⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"窒素","pronunciation":"chi-sso","ipa":"/tɕisso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"질소","pronunciation":"jil-so","ipa":"/tɕilso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Nitrogênio","pronunciation":"nee-troh-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/nitɾoˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Nitrógeno","pronunciation":"nee-TROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/niˈtɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Nitrógeno","pronunciation":"nee-TROH-heh-noh","ipa":"/niˈtɾoxeno/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Azote","pronunciation":"ah-ZOT","ipa":"/azɔt/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."}},{"atomic_number":8,"symbol":"O","name":"Oxygen","atomic_mass":15.999,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Antoine 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treatment"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 6","abundance_in_earth_crust":"46%","reactivity":"Highly reactive","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"OK-sih-jen","ipa":"/ˈɒksɪdʒən/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Oxígeno","pronunciation":"ok-SEE-heh-noh","ipa":"/okˈsixeno/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Oxygène","pronunciation":"ok-see-ZHEN","ipa":"/ɔksiʒɛn/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Sauerstoff","pronunciation":"ZOW-er-shtof","ipa":"/ˈzaʊɐˌʃtɔf/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Zuurstof","pronunciation":"ZUWR-stof","ipa":"/ˈzyːrˌstɔf/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"OK-suh-jun","ipa":"/ˈɒksɪdʒən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Oxigênio","pronunciation":"ok-see-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/oksiˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Ossigeno","pronunciation":"os-SI-je-no","ipa":"/osˈsiːdʒeno/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Syre","pronunciation":"SY-re","ipa":"/ˈsyːrɛ/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ILT","ipa":"/ˈɪldˀ/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Happi","pronunciation":"HAP-pi","ipa":"/ˈhapːi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Oksygen","pronunciation":"OK-sy-gen","ipa":"/ˈɔksyˌɡɛn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tlen","pronunciation":"tlen","ipa":"/tlɛn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Oksijen","pronunciation":"ok-si-JEN","ipa":"/oksiˈdʒɛn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Кислород","pronunciation":"kis-lo-ROD","ipa":"/kɪslaˈrɔt/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أكسجين","pronunciation":"ok-SI-jin","ipa":"/ɔkˈsiːdʒɪn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氧","pronunciation":"yǎng","ipa":"/jaŋ²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氧","pronunciation":"yǎng","ipa":"/jaŋ²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"酸素","pronunciation":"san-so","ipa":"/sanso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"산소","pronunciation":"san-so","ipa":"/sanso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Oxigênio","pronunciation":"ok-see-ZHEH-nyoo","ipa":"/oksiˈʒɛniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Oxígeno","pronunciation":"ok-SEE-heh-noh","ipa":"/okˈsixeno/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Oxígeno","pronunciation":"ok-SEE-heh-noh","ipa":"/okˈsixeno/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Oxygène","pronunciation":"ok-see-ZHEN","ipa":"/ɔksiʒɛn/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."}},{"atomic_number":9,"symbol":"F","name":"Fluorine","atomic_mass":18.998,"category":"Halogen","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","discovered_by":"André-Marie Ampère","named_by":"Humphry 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production","Refrigerants"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 7","density":1.696,"reactivity":"Extremely reactive","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"FLOOR-een","ipa":"/ˈflʊərɪn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Flúor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluoɾ/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLYU-or","ipa":"/flyɔʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLOOH-or","ipa":"/fluːɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLYU-or","ipa":"/flyːɔr/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"FLOO-uh-reen","ipa":"/ˈflʊərɪn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Flúor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluoɾ/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Fluoro","pronunciation":"FLOO-o-ro","ipa":"/ˈfluːoro/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/fluːr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluːˀr/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Fluori","pronunciation":"FLOO-o-ri","ipa":"/ˈfluːori/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/fluːr/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/fluɔr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Flor","pronunciation":"FLOR","ipa":"/floɾ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Фтор","pronunciation":"FTOR","ipa":"/ftor/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فلور","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/fluːr/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氟","pronunciation":"fú","ipa":"/fu˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氟","pronunciation":"fú","ipa":"/fu˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"フッ素","pronunciation":"fut-so","ipa":"/fɯtsːo/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"플루오린","pronunciation":"peul-lu-o-rin","ipa":"/pʰɯlluoɾin/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Flúor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluoɾ/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Flúor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluoɾ/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Flúor","pronunciation":"FLOO-or","ipa":"/ˈfluoɾ/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Fluor","pronunciation":"FLYU-or","ipa":"/flyɔʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."}},{"atomic_number":10,"symbol":"Ne","name":"Neon","atomic_mass":20.18,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"William Ramsay and Morris Travers","named_by":"William Ramsay","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/960px-NeTube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Visible_spectrum_of_neon.jpg/960px-Visible_spectrum_of_neon.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/960px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FLORIST_%28neon_sign%29.jpg/960px-FLORIST_%28neon_sign%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/10_%28Ne_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-10_%28Ne_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Ne-water_clathrate.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/960px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/960px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png"],"color":"#B3E3F5","year_discovered":"1898","state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","is_found_in_nature":true,"common_uses":["Neon signs","High-voltage indicators","Lasers"],"electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8","density":0.9002,"reactivity":"Inert","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colors seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"NEE-on","ipa":"/ˈniːɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Neón","pronunciation":"neh-ON","ipa":"/neˈon/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Néon","pronunciation":"neh-ON","ipa":"/neɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneːɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneːɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"NEE-on","ipa":"/ˈniːɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Neônio","pronunciation":"neh-OH-nyoo","ipa":"/nɛˈoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Neo","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈnɛon/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneˑɔn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneˑon/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneɔn/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈneˑɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"NEH-on","ipa":"/ˈnɛɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","pronunciation":"ne-ON","ipa":"/nɛˈɔn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Неон","pronunciation":"ne-ON","ipa":"/nɛˈɔn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيون","pronunciation":"nee-ON","ipa":"/niːˈɔn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氖","pronunciation":"nǎi","ipa":"/nai²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氖","pronunciation":"nǎi","ipa":"/nai²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ネオン","pronunciation":"ne-on","ipa":"/neon/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"네온","pronunciation":"ne-on","ipa":"/neon/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Neônio","pronunciation":"neh-OH-nyoo","ipa":"/nɛˈoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Neón","pronunciation":"neh-ON","ipa":"/neˈon/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Neón","pronunciation":"neh-ON","ipa":"/neˈon/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Néon","pronunciation":"neh-ON","ipa":"/neɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."}},{"atomic_number":11,"symbol":"Na","name":"Sodium","atomic_mass":22.99,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","discovered_by":"Humphry Davy","named_by":"Humphry 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compound."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SOH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈsoʊdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Sodio","pronunciation":"SOH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈsoðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"soh-DYOM","ipa":"/sɔdjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NAH-tree-oom","ipa":"/ˈnaːtʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NAH-tree-um","ipa":"/ˈnaːtriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"SOH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈsəʊdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Sódio","pronunciation":"SOH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈsɔdʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Sodio","pronunciation":"SO-dyo","ipa":"/ˈsɔːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NA-tri-um","ipa":"/ˈnaːtriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NA-tri-um","ipa":"/ˈnɑːdriɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NA-tri-um","ipa":"/ˈnaːtriɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Natrium","pronunciation":"NA-tri-um","ipa":"/ˈnaːtriɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Sód","pronunciation":"SOD","ipa":"/sɔt/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Sodyum","pronunciation":"SOP-yum","ipa":"/ˈsopjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Натрий","pronunciation":"NATR-iy","ipa":"/ˈnatrij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"صوديوم","pronunciation":"SUD-yum","ipa":"/ˈsuːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钠","pronunciation":"nà","ipa":"/na⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈉","pronunciation":"nà","ipa":"/na⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ナトリウム","pronunciation":"na-to-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/natorɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"나트륨","pronunciation":"na-tu-ryum","ipa":"/natɯɾɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Sódio","pronunciation":"SOH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈsɔdʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Sodio","pronunciation":"SOH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈsoðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Sodio","pronunciation":"SOH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈsoðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"soh-DYOM","ipa":"/sɔdjɔm/"}],"explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."}},{"atomic_number":12,"symbol":"Mg","name":"Magnesium","atomic_mass":24.305,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny gray metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny gray solid","discovered_by":"Joseph Black","named_by":"Joseph Black","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/960px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg/960px-FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-products.jpg/960px-Magnesium-products.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Magnesium_Sparks.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg/960px-Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg"],"color":"#8AFF00","year_discovered":"1755","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Aerospace 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sulfate."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"mag-NEE-zee-um","ipa":"/mæɡˈniːziəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Magnesio","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/maɣˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Magnésium","pronunciation":"man-yeh-ZYOM","ipa":"/maɲeziɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-zee-oom","ipa":"/maɡˈneːziʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-zee-um","ipa":"/maɡˈneːziʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"mag-NEE-zee-um","ipa":"/maɡˈniːziəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Magnésio","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-zyoo","ipa":"/maɡˈnɛziu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Magnesio","pronunciation":"man-YEH-zyo","ipa":"/maɲˈɲɛːzio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-um","ipa":"/maɡˈneːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-um","ipa":"/maɡˈneːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-si-um","ipa":"/maɡˈneːsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-um","ipa":"/maɡˈneːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Magnez","pronunciation":"MAG-nets","ipa":"/ˈmaɡnɛts/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Magnezyum","pronunciation":"mag-NEZ-yum","ipa":"/maɡˈnɛzjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Магний","pronunciation":"MAG-nee","ipa":"/ˈmaɡnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"مغنيسيوم","pronunciation":"magh-nee-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/maɣniːsijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镁","pronunciation":"měi","ipa":"/mei˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎂","pronunciation":"měi","ipa":"/mei˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"マグネシウム","pronunciation":"ma-gu-ne-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/maɡɯneɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"마그네슘","pronunciation":"ma-geu-ne-syum","ipa":"/maɡɯneɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Magnésio","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-zyoo","ipa":"/maɡˈnɛziu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Magnesio","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/maɣˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Magnesio","pronunciation":"mag-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/maɣˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Magnésium","pronunciation":"man-yeh-ZYOM","ipa":"/maɲeziɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"}},{"atomic_number":13,"symbol":"Al","name":"Aluminum","atomic_mass":26.981,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Aluminum is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metal","discovered_by":"Hans Christian Ørsted","named_by":"Hans Christian Ørsted","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/13_%28Al_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-13_%28Al_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/AlHydrolysis.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg/960px-Austin_A40_Roadster_ca_1951.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/960px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png"],"color":"#BFA6A6","year_discovered":"1825","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Aircraft parts","Cans and packaging","Foils"],"visible_color":"Silvery","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 3","abundance_in_earth_crust":"8.23%","density":2.7,"reactivity":"Low (oxidizes quickly)","top_producing_countries":["China","India","Russia"],"interesting_facts":["Aluminum is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honored guests reportedly ate with aluminum cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminum uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminum, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminum cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminum is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ah-LOO-mih-num","ipa":"/əˈluːmɪnəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Aluminio","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/aluˈminjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-mee-NYOM","ipa":"/alyminjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-oom","ipa":"/aluˈmiːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-um","ipa":"/alyˈmiːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"al-yoo-MIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Alumínio","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nyoo","ipa":"/aluˈminiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Alluminio","pronunciation":"al-loo-MEE-nyo","ipa":"/alluˈmiːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-um","ipa":"/aluˈmiːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-um","ipa":"/aluˈmiːniom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Alumiini","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-ni","ipa":"/aluˈmiːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-um","ipa":"/aluˈmiːniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Glin","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nyoom","ipa":"/aluˈmiːnjum/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Alüminyum","pronunciation":"ah-lü-MIN-yum","ipa":"/alyˈminjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Алюминий","pronunciation":"ah-lyoo-MEE-nee","ipa":"/ɐlʲʊˈmʲiːnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ألومنيوم","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MIN-yoom","ipa":"/aluːminjuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铝","pronunciation":"lǚ","ipa":"/ly˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋁","pronunciation":"lǚ","ipa":"/ly˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アルミニウム","pronunciation":"a-ru-mi-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/arɯminiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"알루미늄","pronunciation":"al-lu-mi-nyum","ipa":"/allumiɲjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Alumínio","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nyoo","ipa":"/aluˈminiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Aluminio","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/aluˈminjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Aluminio","pronunciation":"ah-loo-MEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/aluˈminjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Aluminium","pronunciation":"ah-loo-mee-NYOM","ipa":"/alyminjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."}},{"atomic_number":14,"symbol":"Si","name":"Silicon","atomic_mass":28.085,"category":"Metalloid","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Gray crystalline solid","discovered_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","named_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silicon_single_crystal.jpg/960px-Silicon_single_crystal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ferrosilicon.JPG/960px-Ferrosilicon.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/OxidizedSiliconWafer.jpg/960px-OxidizedSiliconWafer.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Silicon-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Silicon-unit-cell-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/960px-SiliconCroda.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14_%28Si_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-14_%28Si_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/960px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/MOSFET_Structure.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20110123_185042_Diatom.jpg/960px-20110123_185042_Diatom.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg"],"color":"#F0C8A0","year_discovered":"1824","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Semiconductors","Solar 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it."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SIL-ih-kon","ipa":"/ˈsɪlɪkɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Silicio","pronunciation":"see-LEE-see-oh","ipa":"/siˈlisjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Silicium","pronunciation":"see-lee-SYOM","ipa":"/silisjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Silicium","pronunciation":"zee-LEE-tsee-oom","ipa":"/ziˈliːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Silicium","pronunciation":"see-LEE-see-um","ipa":"/siˈliːsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"SIL-uh-kon","ipa":"/ˈsɪlɪkən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Silício","pronunciation":"see-LEE-syoo","ipa":"/siˈlisiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Silicio","pronunciation":"SI-li-cio","ipa":"/ˈsiːlitʃo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kisel","pronunciation":"SI-li-si-um","ipa":"/ˈsɪlɪsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Silicium","pronunciation":"si-LI-ci-um","ipa":"/siˈliːsiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Pii","pronunciation":"PII-li","ipa":"/ˈpiːli/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Silisium","pronunciation":"SI-li-si-um","ipa":"/ˈsɪlɪsiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Krzem","pronunciation":"KRTSEM","ipa":"/ˈkʂɛm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Silisyum","pronunciation":"si-LIS-yum","ipa":"/siˈlisjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Кремний","pronunciation":"KREM-niy","ipa":"/ˈkrɛmnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سيليكون","pronunciation":"si-LI-kon","ipa":"/siˈliːkɔn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"硅","pronunciation":"guī","ipa":"/kwei⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"矽","pronunciation":"guī","ipa":"/kwei⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ケイ素","pronunciation":"ke-i-so","ipa":"/kɛiso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"규소","pronunciation":"gyu-so","ipa":"/ɡɯso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Silício","pronunciation":"see-LEE-syoo","ipa":"/siˈlisiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Silicio","pronunciation":"see-LEE-see-oh","ipa":"/siˈlisjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Silicio","pronunciation":"see-LEE-see-oh","ipa":"/siˈlisjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Silicium","pronunciation":"see-lee-SYOM","ipa":"/silisjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."}},{"atomic_number":15,"symbol":"P","name":"Phosphorus","atomic_mass":30.974,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Color varies (white, red, or black forms)","discovered_by":"Hennig Brand","named_by":"Hennig 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phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"FOS-for-us","ipa":"/ˈfɒsfərəs/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Fósforo","pronunciation":"FOS-foh-roh","ipa":"/ˈfosforo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Phosphore","pronunciation":"fos-FOR","ipa":"/fɔsfɔʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Phosphor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"FOS-fuh-rus","ipa":"/ˈfɒsfərəs/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Fósforo","pronunciation":"FOS-foo-roo","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfuɾu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Fosforo","pronunciation":"FOS-fo-ro","ipa":"/ˈfɔsforo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsˌfoɐ/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Fosfori","pronunciation":"FOS-fo-ri","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfori/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Fosfor","pronunciation":"fos-FOR","ipa":"/fosˈfɔr/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Фосфор","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فسفور","pronunciation":"FOS-for","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfɔr/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"磷","pronunciation":"lín","ipa":"/lin³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"磷","pronunciation":"lín","ipa":"/lin³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"リン","pronunciation":"rin","ipa":"/ɾin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"인","pronunciation":"in","ipa":"/in/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Fósforo","pronunciation":"FOS-foo-roo","ipa":"/ˈfɔsfuɾu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Fósforo","pronunciation":"FOS-foh-roh","ipa":"/ˈfosforo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Fósforo","pronunciation":"FOS-foh-roh","ipa":"/ˈfosforo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Phosphore","pronunciation":"fos-FOR","ipa":"/fɔsfɔʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidizing; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."}},{"atomic_number":16,"symbol":"S","name":"Sulfur","atomic_mass":32.06,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Antoine 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since antiquity","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Fertilizers","Gunpowder","Pharmaceuticals"],"visible_color":"Yellow","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 6","abundance_in_earth_crust":"350 ppm","density":2.07,"reactivity":"Moderate","top_producing_countries":["China","Russia","United States"],"interesting_facts":["Sulfur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulfide, though pure sulfur itself is odorless.","Sulfur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulfur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulfur is used to make sulfuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulfur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulfur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SUL-fer","ipa":"/ˈsʌlfər/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Azufre","pronunciation":"ah-SOO-freh","ipa":"/aˈsuɾfe/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Soufre","pronunciation":"SOOFR","ipa":"/sufʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Schwefel","pronunciation":"SHVEH-fel","ipa":"/ˈʃveːfəl/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Zwavel","pronunciation":"ZVAH-vel","ipa":"/ˈzʋaːvəl/"},{"locale":"en-GB","name":"Sulphur","pronunciation":"SUL-fuh","ipa":"/ˈsʌlfə/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Enxofre","pronunciation":"en-SHOH-freh","ipa":"/ẽˈʃofɾe/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Zolfo","pronunciation":"ZOL-fo","ipa":"/ˈdzɔlfo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Svavel","pronunciation":"SVAVEL","ipa":"/ˈsvaːvɛl/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Svovl","pronunciation":"SVO-vel","ipa":"/ˈsvoˀvəl/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Rikki","pronunciation":"RIK-ki","ipa":"/ˈrɪkːi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Svovel","pronunciation":"SVO-vel","ipa":"/ˈsvɔvɛl/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Siarka","pronunciation":"SIAR-ka","ipa":"/ˈɕarka/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kükürt","pronunciation":"KU-kurt","ipa":"/ˈkukurt/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Сера","pronunciation":"SE-ra","ipa":"/ˈsɛra/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كبريت","pronunciation":"ke-BREET","ipa":"/kɛˈbriːt/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"硫","pronunciation":"liú","ipa":"/ljou³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"硫","pronunciation":"liú","ipa":"/ljou³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"硫黄","pronunciation":"i-o","ipa":"/io/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"황","pronunciation":"yu-hwang","ipa":"/juhwaŋ/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Enxofre","pronunciation":"en-SHOH-freh","ipa":"/ẽˈʃofɾe/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Azufre","pronunciation":"ah-SOO-freh","ipa":"/aˈsuɾfe/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Azufre","pronunciation":"ah-SOO-freh","ipa":"/aˈsuɾfe/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Soufre","pronunciation":"SOOFR","ipa":"/sufʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulfur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."}},{"atomic_number":17,"symbol":"Cl","name":"Chlorine","atomic_mass":35.45,"category":"Halogen","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Humphry 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function."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KLOR-een","ipa":"/ˈklɔːriːn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈkloɾo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Chlore","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/klɔʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Chlor","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/kloːɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Chloor","pronunciation":"KLOHR","ipa":"/kloːr/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KLAW-reen","ipa":"/ˈklɔːriːn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-roo","ipa":"/ˈkloɾu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-ro","ipa":"/ˈkloːro/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Klor","pronunciation":"KLOOR","ipa":"/kluːr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Klor","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/ˈkʰlɔˀr/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kloori","pronunciation":"KLOH-ri","ipa":"/ˈkloːri/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Klor","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/kluːr/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Chlor","pronunciation":"HLOR","ipa":"/xlɔr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Klor","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/kloɾ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Хлор","pronunciation":"HLOR","ipa":"/xlor/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كلور","pronunciation":"kloo-LOOR","ipa":"/kluːluːr/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氯","pronunciation":"lǜ","ipa":"/ly˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氯","pronunciation":"lǜ","ipa":"/ly˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"塩素","pronunciation":"en-so","ipa":"/enso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"염소","pronunciation":"yeom-so","ipa":"/jʌmso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-roo","ipa":"/ˈkloɾu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈkloɾo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cloro","pronunciation":"KLOH-roh","ipa":"/ˈkloɾo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Chlore","pronunciation":"KLOR","ipa":"/klɔʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green color of the gas."}},{"atomic_number":18,"symbol":"Ar","name":"Argon","atomic_mass":39.948,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Argon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay","named_by":"William Ramsay","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/960px-ArTube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Argon-fluorohydride-3D-vdW.png/960px-Argon-fluorohydride-3D-vdW.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Argon.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/960px-Argon_ice_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Isolation_of_Argon.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/18_%28Ar_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-18_%28Ar_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CsCrystals.JPG/960px-CsCrystals.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/960px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png"],"color":"#80D1E3","year_discovered":"1894","state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Inert 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air."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈɑːrɡɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Argón","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/aɾˈɡon/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/aʁɡɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈaʁɡɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈɑrɡɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"AH-gon","ipa":"/ˈɑːɡɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Argônio","pronunciation":"ar-GOH-nyoo","ipa":"/aɾˈɡoniu/"},{"locale":"it","pronunciation":"AR-go","ipa":"/ˈarɡo/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡɔn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡɔn/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡon/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","pronunciation":"AR-gon","ipa":"/ˈarɡon/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Аргон","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/ɐrˈɡon/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أرغون","pronunciation":"ar-GOON","ipa":"/arɡuːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氩","pronunciation":"yà","ipa":"/ja˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氬","pronunciation":"yà","ipa":"/ja˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アルゴン","pronunciation":"a-ru-gon","ipa":"/arɯɡon/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아르곤","pronunciation":"a-reu-gon","ipa":"/arɯɡon/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Argônio","pronunciation":"ar-GOH-nyoo","ipa":"/aɾˈɡoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Argón","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/aɾˈɡon/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Argón","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/aɾˈɡon/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ar-GON","ipa":"/aʁɡɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."}},{"atomic_number":19,"symbol":"K","name":"Potassium","atomic_mass":39.098,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metal","discovered_by":"Humphry Davy","named_by":"Humphry Davy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg/960px-Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/960px-Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium.JPG/960px-Potassium.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg/960px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/19_%28K_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-19_%28K_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungK.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif"],"color":"#8F40D4","year_discovered":"1807","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Fertilizers","Glass 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life."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"poh-TAS-ee-um","ipa":"/pəˈtæsiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Potasio","pronunciation":"poh-TAH-see-oh","ipa":"/poˈtasjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"poh-tah-SYOM","ipa":"/pɔtasjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"KAH-lee-oom","ipa":"/ˈkaːliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"KAH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈkaːliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"puh-TAS-ee-um","ipa":"/pəˈtæsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Potássio","pronunciation":"poh-TAH-syoo","ipa":"/poˈtasiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Potassio","pronunciation":"po-TAS-syo","ipa":"/poˈtassio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"ka-LI-um","ipa":"/kaˈliːɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"ka-LI-um","ipa":"/kaˈliɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"ka-LI-um","ipa":"/kaˈliɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kalium","pronunciation":"ka-LI-um","ipa":"/kaˈliɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Potas","pronunciation":"po-TAS","ipa":"/pɔˈtas/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Potasyum","pronunciation":"po-TAS-yum","ipa":"/poˈtasjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Калий","pronunciation":"ka-LIY","ipa":"/kaˈlij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بوتاسيوم","pronunciation":"po-TAS-yum","ipa":"/poˈtaːsjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钾","pronunciation":"jiǎ","ipa":"/tɕja²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉀","pronunciation":"jiǎ","ipa":"/tɕja²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"カリウム","pronunciation":"ka-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/kaɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"칼륨","pronunciation":"kal-lyum","ipa":"/kalljɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Potássio","pronunciation":"poh-TAH-syoo","ipa":"/poˈtasiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Potasio","pronunciation":"poh-TAH-see-oh","ipa":"/poˈtasjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Potasio","pronunciation":"poh-TAH-see-oh","ipa":"/poˈtasjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"poh-tah-SYOM","ipa":"/pɔtasjɔm/"}],"explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."}},{"atomic_number":20,"symbol":"Ca","name":"Calcium","atomic_mass":40.078,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Calcium is a soft gray metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull gray, silver","discovered_by":"Humphry Davy","named_by":"Humphry Davy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium","year_discovered":"1808","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Cement and concrete","Bones and teeth","Chalk"],"visible_color":"Silvery-white","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 8, 2","abundance_in_earth_crust":"4.15%","density":1.54,"reactivity":"Moderately reactive","top_producing_countries":["China","United States"],"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Calcium_crystals.jpg/960px-Calcium_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calcium_intake_world_map.svg/960px-Calcium_intake_world_map.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/960px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif/lossless-page1-500px-Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG/960px-Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/960px-WHO_Rod.svg.png"],"color":"#3DFF00","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilization.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkælsiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Calcio","pronunciation":"KAL-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈkalsjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"kal-SYOM","ipa":"/kalsjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"KAL-tsee-oom","ipa":"/ˈkaltsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkalsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkælsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cálcio","pronunciation":"KAL-syoo","ipa":"/ˈkalsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Calcio","pronunciation":"KAL-cho","ipa":"/ˈkaltʃo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kalcium","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkalsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkalsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kalsium","pronunciation":"KAL-si-um","ipa":"/ˈkalsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kalsium","pronunciation":"KAL-see-um","ipa":"/ˈkalsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Wapń","pronunciation":"VOPN","ipa":"/vapɲ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kalsiyum","pronunciation":"KAL-see-yum","ipa":"/ˈkalsijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Кальций","pronunciation":"KAL-tsee","ipa":"/ˈkalʲtsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كالسيوم","pronunciation":"KAL-see-yoom","ipa":"/kaːlsijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钙","pronunciation":"gài","ipa":"/kai˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈣","pronunciation":"gài","ipa":"/kai˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"カルシウム","pronunciation":"ka-ru-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/karɯɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"칼슘","pronunciation":"kal-syum","ipa":"/kʰalɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cálcio","pronunciation":"KAL-syoo","ipa":"/ˈkalsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Calcio","pronunciation":"KAL-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈkalsjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Calcio","pronunciation":"KAL-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈkalsjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"kal-SYOM","ipa":"/kalsjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."}},{"atomic_number":21,"symbol":"Sc","name":"Scandium","atomic_mass":44.955,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Lars Fredrik Nilson","named_by":"Lars Fredrik Nilson","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Mscandium-3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Crystals_of_scandium.jpg/960px-Crystals_of_scandium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scandium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Scandium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ultrapure_crystalline_scandium%2C_5_grams.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Scandium_%28Element_-_21%29.jpg/960px-Scandium_%28Element_-_21%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scandium_metal.jpg/960px-Scandium_metal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Scandium%27.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Scandium%2C_Sc.jpg/960px-Scandium%2C_Sc.jpg"],"color":"#E6E6E6","year_discovered":"1879","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Aerospace 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sunlight."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SKAN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈskændiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Escandio","pronunciation":"es-KAN-dee-oh","ipa":"/esˈkandjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"skan-DYOM","ipa":"/skɑ̃djɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"SKAN-dee-oom","ipa":"/ˈskandɪʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"SKAN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈskɑndiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"SKAN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈskændiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Escândio","pronunciation":"es-KAN-djoo","ipa":"/esˈkandʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Scandio","pronunciation":"SCAN-dyo","ipa":"/ˈskandio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Skandium","pronunciation":"SKAN-di-um","ipa":"/ˈskandiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"SKAN-di-um","ipa":"/ˈsgɑndiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Skandium","pronunciation":"SKAN-di-um","ipa":"/ˈskandiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Skandium","pronunciation":"SKAN-di-um","ipa":"/ˈskandiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Skand","pronunciation":"SKAN-dyum","ipa":"/ˈskandjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"İskandiyum","pronunciation":"skan-di-YUM","ipa":"/skandiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Скандий","pronunciation":"SKAN-diy","ipa":"/ˈskandij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سكانديوم","pronunciation":"SKAN-dyum","ipa":"/ˈskændjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钪","pronunciation":"kàng","ipa":"/kʰaŋ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈧","pronunciation":"kàng","ipa":"/kʰaŋ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"スカンジウム","pronunciation":"su-kan-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/sɯkandʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"스칸듐","pronunciation":"seu-kan-dyum","ipa":"/sɯkandɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Escândio","pronunciation":"es-KAN-djoo","ipa":"/esˈkandʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Escandio","pronunciation":"es-KAN-dee-oh","ipa":"/esˈkandjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Escandio","pronunciation":"es-KAN-dee-oh","ipa":"/esˈkandjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"skan-DYOM","ipa":"/skɑ̃djɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."}},{"atomic_number":22,"symbol":"Ti","name":"Titanium","atomic_mass":47.867,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray-white","discovered_by":"William Gregor","named_by":"William 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ores."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ty-TAY-nee-um","ipa":"/taɪˈteɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Titanio","pronunciation":"tee-TAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/tiˈtanjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Titane","pronunciation":"tee-TAN","ipa":"/titan/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Titan","pronunciation":"tee-TAHN","ipa":"/tiˈtaːn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"tee-TAH-nee-um","ipa":"/tiˈtaːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ty-TAY-nee-um","ipa":"/taɪˈteɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Titânio","pronunciation":"chee-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/tʃiˈtaniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Titanio","pronunciation":"ti-TA-nyo","ipa":"/tiˈtaːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Titan","pronunciation":"ti-TA-ni-um","ipa":"/tiˈtaːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Titan","pronunciation":"ti-TA-ni-um","ipa":"/tiˈtaːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Titaani","pronunciation":"ti-TA-ni-um","ipa":"/tiˈtaːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Titan","pronunciation":"ti-TA-ni-um","ipa":"/tiˈtaːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tytan","pronunciation":"ty-TAN","ipa":"/tɨˈtan/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Titanyum","pronunciation":"ti-tan-YUM","ipa":"/titanˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Титан","pronunciation":"ti-TAN","ipa":"/tiˈtan/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تيتانيوم","pronunciation":"ti-TAN-yum","ipa":"/tiˈtaːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钛","pronunciation":"tài","ipa":"/tʰai⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈦","pronunciation":"tài","ipa":"/tʰai⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"チタン","pronunciation":"chi-tan","ipa":"/tɕitan/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"타이타늄","pronunciation":"ti-tan-nyum","ipa":"/titannɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Titânio","pronunciation":"chee-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/tʃiˈtaniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Titanio","pronunciation":"tee-TAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/tiˈtanjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Titanio","pronunciation":"tee-TAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/tiˈtanjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Titane","pronunciation":"tee-TAN","ipa":"/titan/"}],"explanation":"Named 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Río","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vanadium_crystal.jpg/960px-Vanadium_crystal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/FerroVanadium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Vanadium-bar.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg/960px-Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg/960px-Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/23_%28V_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-23_%28V_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg"],"color":"#A6A6AB","year_discovered":"1801","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Steel 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seawater."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"vah-NAY-dee-um","ipa":"/vəˈneɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Vanadio","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/baˈnaðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"vah-nah-DYOM","ipa":"/vanadjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-dee-oom","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-dee-um","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"vuh-NAY-dee-um","ipa":"/vəˈneɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Vanádio","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-djoo","ipa":"/vaˈnadʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Vanadio","pronunciation":"va-NA-dyo","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Vanadin","pronunciation":"va-NA-di-um","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"va-NA-di-um","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Vanadiini","pronunciation":"va-NA-di-um","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"va-NA-di-um","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Wanad","pronunciation":"wa-NAD","ipa":"/vaˈnat/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Vanadyum","pronunciation":"va-nad-YUM","ipa":"/vanadˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Ванадий","pronunciation":"va-NA-diy","ipa":"/vaˈnadij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فاناديوم","pronunciation":"va-NA-dyum","ipa":"/vaˈnaːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钒","pronunciation":"fá","ipa":"/fa³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釩","pronunciation":"fá","ipa":"/fa³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"バナジウム","pronunciation":"ba-na-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/banadʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"바나듐","pronunciation":"ba-na-dyum","ipa":"/banadɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Vanádio","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-djoo","ipa":"/vaˈnadʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Vanadio","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/baˈnaðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Vanadio","pronunciation":"vah-NAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/baˈnaðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"vah-nah-DYOM","ipa":"/vanadjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."}},{"atomic_number":24,"symbol":"Cr","name":"Chromium","atomic_mass":51.996,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Louis Nicolas Vauquelin","named_by":"Louis Nicolas 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carcinogenic."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KROH-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkroʊmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cromo","pronunciation":"KROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈkɾomo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Chrome","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kʁom/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Chrom","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kʁoːm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Chroom","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kroːm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KROH-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkrəʊmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Crômio","pronunciation":"KROH-myoo","ipa":"/ˈkɾomiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cromo","pronunciation":"KROH-mo","ipa":"/ˈkroːmo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Krom","pronunciation":"KROOM","ipa":"/kruːm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Krom","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/ˈkʰrɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kromi","pronunciation":"KRO-mi","ipa":"/ˈkromi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Krom","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kruːm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Chrom","pronunciation":"HROM","ipa":"/xrɔm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Krom","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kɾom/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Хром","pronunciation":"HROM","ipa":"/xrom/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كروم","pronunciation":"KROOM","ipa":"/kruːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铬","pronunciation":"gè","ipa":"/kɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉻","pronunciation":"gè","ipa":"/kɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"クロム","pronunciation":"ku-ro-mu","ipa":"/kɯɾomɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"크로뮴","pronunciation":"keu-ro-myum","ipa":"/kʰɯɾomjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Crômio","pronunciation":"KROH-myoo","ipa":"/ˈkɾomiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cromo","pronunciation":"KROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈkɾomo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cromo","pronunciation":"KROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈkɾomo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Chrome","pronunciation":"KROM","ipa":"/kʁom/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (color), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colors — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."}},{"atomic_number":25,"symbol":"Mn","name":"Manganese","atomic_mass":54.938,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Carl Wilhelm 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damage."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"MAN-gah-neez","ipa":"/ˈmæŋɡəniːz/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Manganeso","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEH-soh","ipa":"/maŋɡaˈneso/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Manganèse","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEZ","ipa":"/mɑ̃ɡanɛz/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"man-GAHN","ipa":"/maŋˈɡaːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Mangaan","pronunciation":"man-GAHN","ipa":"/mɑŋˈɡaːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"MANG-guh-neez","ipa":"/ˈmæŋɡəniːz/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Manganês","pronunciation":"man-gah-NAYS","ipa":"/mãɡaˈnes/"},{"locale":"it","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEH-ze","ipa":"/ˌmaŋɡaˈneːze/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"man-GAN","ipa":"/manˈɡan/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"man-GAN","ipa":"/manˈɡan/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Mangaani","pronunciation":"man-GAH-ni","ipa":"/manˈɡaːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"man-GAN","ipa":"/manˈɡan/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"MAN-gan","ipa":"/ˈmanɡan/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Mangan","pronunciation":"man-GAN","ipa":"/manˈɡan/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Марганец","pronunciation":"mar-gah-NYETS","ipa":"/mɐrɡɐˈnʲets/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"منغنيز","pronunciation":"mang-ah-NEEZ","ipa":"/maŋɣaniːz/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锰","pronunciation":"měng","ipa":"/məŋ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錳","pronunciation":"měng","ipa":"/məŋ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"マンガン","pronunciation":"man-gan","ipa":"/maŋɡan/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"망가니즈","pronunciation":"mang-ga-ni-jeu","ipa":"/maŋɡanidʑɯ/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Manganês","pronunciation":"man-gah-NAYS","ipa":"/mãɡaˈnes/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Manganeso","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEH-soh","ipa":"/maŋɡaˈneso/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Manganeso","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEH-soh","ipa":"/maŋɡaˈneso/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Manganèse","pronunciation":"man-gah-NEZ","ipa":"/mɑ̃ɡanɛz/"}],"explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."}},{"atomic_number":26,"symbol":"Fe","name":"Iron","atomic_mass":55.845,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/960px-1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/960px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg/960px-Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg/960px-Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/960px-Iron-Making.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iron-alpha-pV.svg/960px-Iron-alpha-pV.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Iron_Pillar%2C_Delhi%2C_May_2008.jpg/960px-Iron_Pillar%2C_Delhi%2C_May_2008.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg/960px-Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_powder.JPG/960px-Iron_powder.JPG"],"color":"#E06633","year_discovered":"Known since antiquity","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Steelmaking","Construction","Tools"],"visible_color":"Silvery-gray","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 14, 2","abundance_in_earth_crust":"5.0%","density":7.874,"reactivity":"Moderate (oxidizes to rust)","top_producing_countries":["China","Australia","Brazil"],"interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the center of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilization with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"EYE-ern","ipa":"/ˈaɪərn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Hierro","pronunciation":"YEHR-roh","ipa":"/ˈjeɾo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Fer","pronunciation":"FAIR","ipa":"/fɛʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Eisen","pronunciation":"EYE-zen","ipa":"/ˈaɪzən/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"IJzer","pronunciation":"EY-zer","ipa":"/ˈɛizər/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"EYE-un","ipa":"/ˈaɪən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Ferro","pronunciation":"FEH-hoo","ipa":"/ˈfɛxu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Ferro","pronunciation":"FEHR-ro","ipa":"/ˈfɛɾːo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Järn","pronunciation":"YEHRN","ipa":"/jɛːrn/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Jern","pronunciation":"YEHRN","ipa":"/ˈjeːˀn/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Rauta","pronunciation":"ROW-tah","ipa":"/ˈrowtɑ/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Jern","pronunciation":"YEHRN","ipa":"/jæːrn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Żelazo","pronunciation":"zheh-LAH-zo","ipa":"/ʐɛˈlazɔ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Demir","pronunciation":"deh-MEER","ipa":"/deˈmiɾ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Железо","pronunciation":"zheh-LEH-zo","ipa":"/ʐɨˈlʲezə/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"حديد","pronunciation":"ha-DEED","ipa":"/haˈdiːd/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铁","pronunciation":"tiě","ipa":"/tʰje˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐵","pronunciation":"tiě","ipa":"/tʰje˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"鉄","pronunciation":"te-tsu","ipa":"/tetsu/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"철","pronunciation":"cheol","ipa":"/tɕʰʌl/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Ferro","pronunciation":"FEH-hoo","ipa":"/ˈfɛxu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Hierro","pronunciation":"YEHR-roh","ipa":"/ˈjeɾo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Hierro","pronunciation":"YEHR-roh","ipa":"/ˈjeɾo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Fer","pronunciation":"FAIR","ipa":"/fɛʁ/"}],"explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."}},{"atomic_number":27,"symbol":"Co","name":"Cobalt","atomic_mass":58.933,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous gray metal","discovered_by":"Georg Brandt","named_by":"Georg Brandt","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg/960px-Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg/960px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/960px-Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cobalt_production%2C_World%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.svg/960px-Cobalt_production%2C_World%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg/960px-Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg/960px-World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg"],"color":"#F090A0","year_discovered":"1735","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Batteries","Alloys","Magnets"],"visible_color":"Bluish-gray","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 15, 2","abundance_in_earth_crust":"25 ppm","density":8.86,"reactivity":"Moderate","top_producing_countries":["Democratic Republic of Congo","Russia"],"interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue color.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilize medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KOH-bolt","ipa":"/ˈkoʊbɒlt/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"koh-BAL-toh","ipa":"/koˈβalto/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"koh-BALT","ipa":"/kɔbalt/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Kobalt","pronunciation":"KOH-balt","ipa":"/ˈkoːbalt/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Kobalt","pronunciation":"KOH-balt","ipa":"/ˈkoːbɑlt/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KOH-bolt","ipa":"/ˈkəʊbɒlt/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"koh-BAL-too","ipa":"/koˈbaltu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"ko-BAL-to","ipa":"/koˈbalto/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kobolt","pronunciation":"KOH-bolt","ipa":"/ˈkoːbɔlt/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"KOH-bolt","ipa":"/ˈkʰɔbɔlt/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Koboltti","pronunciation":"KO-bolt-ti","ipa":"/ˈkɔboltti/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kobolt","pronunciation":"KOH-bolt","ipa":"/ˈkoːbɔlt/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Kobalt","pronunciation":"KOH-balt","ipa":"/ˈkɔbalt/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kobalt","pronunciation":"KOH-balt","ipa":"/ˈkobalt/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Кобальт","pronunciation":"ko-BALT","ipa":"/kaˈbalʲt/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كوبالت","pronunciation":"KOH-balt","ipa":"/koːbalt/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钴","pronunciation":"gǔ","ipa":"/ku˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈷","pronunciation":"gǔ","ipa":"/ku˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"コバルト","pronunciation":"ko-ba-ru-to","ipa":"/kobarɯto/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"코발트","pronunciation":"ko-bal-teu","ipa":"/kʰobalʰtɯ/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"koh-BAL-too","ipa":"/koˈbaltu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"koh-BAL-toh","ipa":"/koˈβalto/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cobalto","pronunciation":"koh-BAL-toh","ipa":"/koˈβalto/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"koh-BALT","ipa":"/kɔbalt/"}],"explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."}},{"atomic_number":28,"symbol":"Ni","name":"Nickel","atomic_mass":58.693,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","discovered_by":"Axel Fredrik Cronstedt","named_by":"Axel Fredrik Cronstedt","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Nickel2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/960px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg/960px-Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/960px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/960px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nickel_extraction.svg/960px-Nickel_extraction.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nickel_world_production.svg/960px-Nickel_world_production.svg.png"],"color":"#50D050","year_discovered":"1751","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Stainless 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temperature."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"NIK-ul","ipa":"/ˈnɪkəl/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Níquel","pronunciation":"NEE-kel","ipa":"/ˈnikel/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"nee-KEL","ipa":"/nikɛl/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"NIH-kel","ipa":"/ˈnɪkəl/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Nikkel","pronunciation":"NIK-kel","ipa":"/ˈnɪkəl/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"NIK-ul","ipa":"/ˈnɪkəl/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Níquel","pronunciation":"NEE-kel","ipa":"/ˈnikel/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Nichel","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnikkɛl/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnɪkɛl/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Nikkel","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnegəl/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Nikkeli","pronunciation":"NICK-eh-li","ipa":"/ˈnikkɛli/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Nikkel","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnɪkəl/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Nikiel","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnɪkɛl/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Nikel","pronunciation":"ni-KEL","ipa":"/niˈkɛl/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Никель","pronunciation":"NICK-el","ipa":"/ˈnikɛl/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيكل","pronunciation":"ni-KEL","ipa":"/niˈkɛl/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镍","pronunciation":"niè","ipa":"/njɛ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎳","pronunciation":"niè","ipa":"/njɛ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ニッケル","pronunciation":"ni-kke-ru","ipa":"/nikkɛɾɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"니켈","pronunciation":"ni-kel","ipa":"/nikɛl/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Níquel","pronunciation":"NEE-kel","ipa":"/ˈnikel/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Níquel","pronunciation":"NEE-kel","ipa":"/ˈnikel/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Níquel","pronunciation":"NEE-kel","ipa":"/ˈnikel/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"nee-KEL","ipa":"/nikɛl/"}],"explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."}},{"atomic_number":29,"symbol":"Cu","name":"Copper","atomic_mass":63.546,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/960px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/960px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/960px-Copper_Pot.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png"],"color":"#C88033","year_discovered":"Known since antiquity","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Electrical wiring","Pipes","Coins"],"visible_color":"Reddish-brown","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 1","abundance_in_earth_crust":"50 ppm","density":8.96,"reactivity":"Low (oxidizes to form patina)","top_producing_countries":["Chile","Peru","United States"],"interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KOP-er","ipa":"/ˈkɒpər/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cobre","pronunciation":"KOH-breh","ipa":"/ˈkobɾe/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Cuivre","pronunciation":"KWEE-vruh","ipa":"/kɥivʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Kupfer","pronunciation":"KOOP-fer","ipa":"/ˈkʊpfɐ/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Koper","pronunciation":"KOH-per","ipa":"/ˈkoːpər/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KOP-uh","ipa":"/ˈkɒpə/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cobre","pronunciation":"KOH-breh","ipa":"/ˈkobɾe/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Rame","pronunciation":"RAH-meh","ipa":"/ˈraːme/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Koppar","pronunciation":"KOP-par","ipa":"/ˈkɔpːar/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Kobber","pronunciation":"KOB-ber","ipa":"/ˈkʰɔbər/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kupari","pronunciation":"KOO-pa-ri","ipa":"/ˈkuːpari/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kobber","pronunciation":"KOP-per","ipa":"/ˈkɔpːər/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Miedź","pronunciation":"MYEHCH","ipa":"/mʲɛtɕ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Bakır","pronunciation":"bah-KUR","ipa":"/baˈkɯɾ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Медь","pronunciation":"MYEHD","ipa":"/mʲedʲ/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نحاس","pronunciation":"noo-HAAS","ipa":"/nuħaːs/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铜","pronunciation":"tóng","ipa":"/tʰoŋ˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銅","pronunciation":"tóng","ipa":"/tʰoŋ˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"銅","pronunciation":"dō","ipa":"/doː/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"구리","pronunciation":"gu-ri","ipa":"/kuɾi/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cobre","pronunciation":"KOH-breh","ipa":"/ˈkobɾe/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cobre","pronunciation":"KOH-breh","ipa":"/ˈkobɾe/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cobre","pronunciation":"KOH-breh","ipa":"/ˈkobɾe/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Cuivre","pronunciation":"KWEE-vruh","ipa":"/kɥivʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."}},{"atomic_number":30,"symbol":"Zn","name":"Zinc","atomic_mass":65.38,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanization, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","discovered_by":"Indian metallurgists (as early as the 9th century)","named_by":"Andreas Sigismund 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(brass)","Batteries"],"visible_color":"Bluish-silver","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 2","abundance_in_earth_crust":"65 ppm","density":7.14,"reactivity":"Moderate","top_producing_countries":["China","Peru"],"interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanizing, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ZINC","ipa":"/zɪŋk/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Zinc","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/siŋk/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ZING","ipa":"/zɛ̃ɡ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Zink","pronunciation":"TSINK","ipa":"/tsɪŋk/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Zink","pronunciation":"ZINK","ipa":"/zɪŋk/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ZINK","ipa":"/zɪŋk/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Zinco","pronunciation":"ZEEN-koo","ipa":"/ˈzĩku/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Zinco","pronunciation":"ZIN-co","ipa":"/ˈdzɪnko/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Zink","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/sɪŋk/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Zink","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/seŋˀ/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Sinkki","pronunciation":"SINK-ki","ipa":"/ˈsɪŋkːi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Sink","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/sɪŋk/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Cynk","pronunciation":"TSINK","ipa":"/tsɪnk/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Çinko","pronunciation":"CHINK","ipa":"/tɕɪŋk/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Цинк","pronunciation":"TSINK","ipa":"/tsɪnk/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"زنك","pronunciation":"ZINK","ipa":"/zɪnk/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锌","pronunciation":"xīn","ipa":"/ɕin⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋅","pronunciation":"xīn","ipa":"/ɕin⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"亜鉛","pronunciation":"a-en","ipa":"/aɛn/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아연","pronunciation":"a-yeon","ipa":"/ajʌn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Zinco","pronunciation":"ZEEN-koo","ipa":"/ˈzĩku/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Zinc","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/siŋk/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Zinc","pronunciation":"SINK","ipa":"/siŋk/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ZING","ipa":"/zɛ̃ɡ/"}],"explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."}},{"atomic_number":31,"symbol":"Ga","name":"Gallium","atomic_mass":69.723,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","discovered_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","named_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gallium_bar_cracked_open_to_show_crystal_structure_with_scale_1.png/960px-Gallium_bar_cracked_open_to_show_crystal_structure_with_scale_1.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/960px-Gallium_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg/960px-6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg/960px-Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/960px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Liquid_gallium.png/960px-Liquid_gallium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Phase_diagram_of_gallium_%281975%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Crystal-GaN.jpg"],"color":"#C28F8F","year_discovered":"1875","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Semiconductors","LEDs","Thermometers"],"visible_color":"Silvery-white","electron_shell_configuration":"[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹","abundance_in_earth_crust":"19 ppm","thermal_conductivity":"40 W/m·K","density":5.91,"reactivity":"Moderate","melting_point":"29.76°C (85.57°F)","boiling_point":"2204°C","estimated_global_quantity":"1.1 million metric tons","economicValue":"Moderate (used in electronics)","top_producing_countries":["China","Germany"],"interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminum brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"GAL-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡæliəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Galio","pronunciation":"GAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɡaljo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"gah-LYOM","ipa":"/ɡaljɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"GAH-lee-oom","ipa":"/ˈɡaliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"GAH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡaliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"GAL-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡæliəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Gálio","pronunciation":"GAH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈɡaliu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Gallio","pronunciation":"GAL-lyo","ipa":"/ˈɡalːio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"GAL-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡalliɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"GAL-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡalliom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"GAL-li-um","ipa":"/ˈɡalliom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"GAL-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈɡalliom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Gal","pronunciation":"GAL","ipa":"/ɡal/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Galyum","pronunciation":"GAL-yum","ipa":"/ˈɡaljum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Галлий","pronunciation":"GAL-lee","ipa":"/ˈɡalʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"غاليوم","pronunciation":"ghah-LEE-yoom","ipa":"/ɣaːlijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镓","pronunciation":"jiā","ipa":"/tɕja˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎵","pronunciation":"jiā","ipa":"/tɕja˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ガリウム","pronunciation":"ga-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/ɡariɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"갈륨","pronunciation":"gal-lyum","ipa":"/kalljɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Gálio","pronunciation":"GAH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈɡaliu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Galio","pronunciation":"GAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɡaljo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Galio","pronunciation":"GAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɡaljo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"gah-LYOM","ipa":"/ɡaljɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."}},{"atomic_number":32,"symbol":"Ge","name":"Germanium","atomic_mass":72.63,"category":"Metalloid","summary":"Germanium is a hard, grayish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fiber optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Grayish-white","discovered_by":"Clemens Winkler","named_by":"Clemens 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solidifies."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"jer-MAY-nee-um","ipa":"/dʒɜːrˈmeɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Germanio","pronunciation":"her-MAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/xeɾˈmanjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"zhehr-mah-NYOM","ipa":"/ʒɛʁmanjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"gehr-MAH-nee-oom","ipa":"/ɡɛʁˈmaːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ger-MAH-nee-um","ipa":"/ɡɛrˈmaːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"juh-MAY-nee-um","ipa":"/dʒəˈmeɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Germânio","pronunciation":"zher-MAN-yoo","ipa":"/ʒɛɾˈmaniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Germanio","pronunciation":"jehr-MAH-nyo","ipa":"/dʒɛrˈmaːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"yehr-MAH-nee-um","ipa":"/jɛrˈmaːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"yehr-MAH-nee-um","ipa":"/jɛrˈmaːniom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"yehr-MAH-ni-um","ipa":"/jɛrˈmaːniom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"yehr-MAH-nee-um","ipa":"/jɛrˈmaːniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"German","pronunciation":"gehr-MAN","ipa":"/ɡɛrˈman/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Germanyum","pronunciation":"gehr-MAN-yum","ipa":"/ɡɛrˈmanjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Германий","pronunciation":"gehr-MAH-nee","ipa":"/ɡʲɪrˈmaːnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"جيرمانيوم","pronunciation":"gehr-mah-NEE-yoom","ipa":"/dʒɛrmaːnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锗","pronunciation":"zhě","ipa":"/tʂɤ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鍺","pronunciation":"zhě","ipa":"/tʂɤ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ゲルマニウム","pronunciation":"ge-ru-ma-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ɡeɾɯmaniɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"저마늄","pronunciation":"jeo-ma-nyum","ipa":"/tɕʌmanjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Germânio","pronunciation":"zher-MAN-yoo","ipa":"/ʒɛɾˈmaniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Germanio","pronunciation":"her-MAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/xeɾˈmanjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Germanio","pronunciation":"her-MAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/xeɾˈmanjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"zhehr-mah-NYOM","ipa":"/ʒɛʁmanjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"}},{"atomic_number":33,"symbol":"As","name":"Arsenic","atomic_mass":74.922,"category":"Metalloid","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic gray","discovered_by":"Albertus Magnus","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Arsenic_nodule.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg/960px-Improved_rice_cooking_approach_to_maximise_arsenic_removal_while_preserving_nutrient_elements.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg/960px-A_chemist_gives_a_demonstration_involving_arsenic_Wellcome_V0011761.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Native_arsenic.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/The_Arsenic_Labyrinth_at_Botallack_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_490315.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arsenic_symbol.svg/960px-Arsenic_symbol.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg/960px-World_Arsenic_Production_2006.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-33_%28As_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg"],"color":"#BD80E3","year_discovered":"Known since antiquity","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":true,"is_safe":false,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Wood preservatives","Pesticides","Semiconductors"],"visible_color":"Gray or metallic","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 5","abundance_in_earth_crust":"1.8 ppm","density":5.73,"reactivity":"Moderate","top_producing_countries":["China","Morocco"],"interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favorite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odor.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"AR-suh-nik","ipa":"/ˈɑːrsənɪk/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Arsénico","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nih-koh","ipa":"/aɾˈseniko/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ar-seh-NIK","ipa":"/aʁsɛnik/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Arsen","pronunciation":"AR-zen","ipa":"/ˈaʁzeːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Arseen","pronunciation":"ar-SAYN","ipa":"/ɑrˈseːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"AH-suh-nik","ipa":"/ˈɑːsənɪk/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Arsênio","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nyoo","ipa":"/aɾˈseniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Arsenico","pronunciation":"ar-ZEH-nee-ko","ipa":"/arˈzɛːniko/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Arsenik","pronunciation":"ar-seh-NEEK","ipa":"/arseˈniːk/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Arsen","pronunciation":"ar-SEHN","ipa":"/arˈseːn/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Arseeni","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-ni","ipa":"/arˈseːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Arsen","pronunciation":"ar-SEHN","ipa":"/arˈseːn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Arsen","pronunciation":"AR-sen","ipa":"/ˈarsɛn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Arsenik","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nik","ipa":"/arˈsɛnik/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Мышьяк","pronunciation":"mish-YAWK","ipa":"/mɨˈɕak/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"زرنيخ","pronunciation":"zar-NEEKH","ipa":"/zarniːx/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"砷","pronunciation":"shēn","ipa":"/ʂən˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"砷","pronunciation":"shēn","ipa":"/ʂən˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ヒ素","pronunciation":"hi-so","ipa":"/hiso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"비소","pronunciation":"bi-so","ipa":"/piso/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Arsênio","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nyoo","ipa":"/aɾˈseniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Arsénico","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nih-koh","ipa":"/aɾˈseniko/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Arsénico","pronunciation":"ar-SEH-nih-koh","ipa":"/aɾˈseniko/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ar-seh-NIK","ipa":"/aʁsɛnik/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulfide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."}},{"atomic_number":34,"symbol":"Se","name":"Selenium","atomic_mass":78.971,"category":"Nonmetal","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulfur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and gray forms","discovered_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","named_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Selenium_in_sandstone_Westwater_Canyon_Section_23_Mine_Grants%2C_New_Mexico.jpg/960px-Selenium_in_sandstone_Westwater_Canyon_Section_23_Mine_Grants%2C_New_Mexico.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Selenium_trigonal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/34_%28Se_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-34_%28Se_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/960px-Hexagonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Luna_statue.jpg/960px-Luna_statue.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Polyselenide.svg/960px-Polyselenide.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Selenium-dioxide-chain-3D-balls.png/960px-Selenium-dioxide-chain-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/SeBlackRed.jpg"],"color":"#FFA100","year_discovered":"1817","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":true,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Glassmaking","Photocells","Pigments"],"visible_color":"Red (amorphous) or gray (crystalline)","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 6","abundance_in_earth_crust":"0.05 ppm","density":4.81,"reactivity":"Moderate","top_producing_countries":["China","Japan"],"interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red color and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a gray metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"seh-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/səˈliːniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Selenio","pronunciation":"seh-LEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/seˈlenjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Sélénium","pronunciation":"seh-leh-NYOM","ipa":"/selenjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Selen","pronunciation":"zeh-LAYN","ipa":"/zeˈleːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Seleen","pronunciation":"seh-LAYN","ipa":"/sɛˈleːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"suh-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/sɪˈliːniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Selênio","pronunciation":"seh-LEH-nyoo","ipa":"/sɛˈleniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Selenio","pronunciation":"se-LEH-nyo","ipa":"/sɛˈlɛːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Selen","pronunciation":"se-LEH-ni-um","ipa":"/sɛˈleːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Selen","pronunciation":"se-LEH-ni-um","ipa":"/sɛˈleːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Seleeni","pronunciation":"se-LEH-ni-um","ipa":"/sɛˈleːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Selen","pronunciation":"se-LEH-ni-um","ipa":"/sɛˈleːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Selen","pronunciation":"se-LEH-nyum","ipa":"/sɛˈlɛnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Selenyum","pronunciation":"se-len-YUM","ipa":"/sɛlenˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Селен","pronunciation":"se-LEH-niy","ipa":"/sɛˈlɛnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سيلينيوم","pronunciation":"si-LEH-nyum","ipa":"/siˈlɛːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"硒","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"硒","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"セレン","pronunciation":"se-re-n","ipa":"/sɛɾen/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"셀레늄","pronunciation":"sel-le-nyum","ipa":"/sɛllɛnɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Selênio","pronunciation":"seh-LEH-nyoo","ipa":"/sɛˈleniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Selenio","pronunciation":"seh-LEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/seˈlenjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Selenio","pronunciation":"seh-LEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/seˈlenjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Sélénium","pronunciation":"seh-leh-NYOM","ipa":"/selenjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."}},{"atomic_number":35,"symbol":"Br","name":"Bromine","atomic_mass":79.904,"category":"Halogen","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","discovered_by":"Antoine Balard","named_by":"Antoine Jérôme Balard","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/960px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png/960px-Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg/960px-2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg/960px-Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/N-Bromosuccinimide.svg/960px-N-Bromosuccinimide.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/960px-Orthorhombic.svg.png"],"color":"#A62929","year_discovered":"1826","state_at_room_temperature":"Liquid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"is_toxic":true,"is_safe":false,"is_stable":true,"common_uses":["Flame 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deposits."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"BROH-meen","ipa":"/ˈbroʊmiːn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈbɾomo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Brome","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/bʁom/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/bʁoːm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Broom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/broːm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"BROH-meen","ipa":"/ˈbrəʊmiːn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-moo","ipa":"/ˈbɾomu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-mo","ipa":"/ˈbroːmo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROOM","ipa":"/broːm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/ˈbˀrɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Bromi","pronunciation":"BRO-mi","ipa":"/ˈbromi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/bruːm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/brɔm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Brom","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/bɾom/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Бром","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/brom/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بروم","pronunciation":"BROOM","ipa":"/broːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"溴","pronunciation":"xiù","ipa":"/ɕiow˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"溴","pronunciation":"xiù","ipa":"/ɕiow˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"臭素","pronunciation":"shū-so","ipa":"/ɕuːso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"브로민","pronunciation":"beu-ro-min","ipa":"/pɯɾomin/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-moo","ipa":"/ˈbɾomu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈbɾomo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Bromo","pronunciation":"BROH-moh","ipa":"/ˈbɾomo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Brome","pronunciation":"BROM","ipa":"/bʁom/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odor), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."}},{"atomic_number":36,"symbol":"Kr","name":"Krypton","atomic_mass":83.798,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Krypton is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"William Ramsay and Morris Travers","named_by":"William Ramsay and Morris 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gas."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KRIP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrɪptɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Kriptón","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/kɾipˈton/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/kʁiptɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"KRÜP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkʁʏptɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"KRIP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrɪptɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KRIP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrɪptɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Criptônio","pronunciation":"krip-TOH-nyoo","ipa":"/kɾipˈtoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cripto","pronunciation":"KREEP-to","ipa":"/ˈkriːpto/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"KRÜP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrʏptɔn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"KRÜP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrʏptɔn/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"KRÜP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrʏptɔn/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"KRÜP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrʏptɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"KRIP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkrɨptɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kripton","pronunciation":"KRIP-ton","ipa":"/ˈkɾipton/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Криптон","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/krʲɪpˈton/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كريبتون","pronunciation":"krip-TOON","ipa":"/kriːbtuːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氪","pronunciation":"kè","ipa":"/kʰɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氪","pronunciation":"kè","ipa":"/kʰɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"クリプトン","pronunciation":"ku-ri-pu-ton","ipa":"/kɯɾipɯton/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"크립톤","pronunciation":"keu-rip-teon","ipa":"/kʰɯɾiptʰʌn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Criptônio","pronunciation":"krip-TOH-nyoo","ipa":"/kɾipˈtoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Kriptón","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/kɾipˈton/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Kriptón","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/kɾipˈton/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"krip-TON","ipa":"/kʁiptɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."}},{"atomic_number":37,"symbol":"Rb","name":"Rubidium","atomic_mass":85.468,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","discovered_by":"Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff","named_by":"Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Rubidium chloride (RbCl)","Rubidium carbonate (Rb₂CO₃)"],"common_uses":["Atomic clocks","Vacuum tubes","Glassmaking"],"abundance_on_earth":"90 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 8, 1","density":1.532,"melting_point":"39.3°C (102.7°F)","boiling_point":"688°C (1270°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Die_Flammenf%C3%A4rbung_des_Rubidium.jpg/960px-Die_Flammenf%C3%A4rbung_des_Rubidium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/USNO_rubidium_fountain.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/37_%28Rb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-37_%28Rb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg/960px-Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rb5.JPG/960px-Rb5.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Rb9O2_cluster.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RbH.JPG/960px-RbH.JPG"],"color":"#702EB0","year_discovered":"1861","is_toxic":false,"is_safe":false,"is_stable":true,"abundance_in_earth_crust":"90 ppm","reactivity":"Highly reactive","top_producing_countries":["Canada","Russia"],"interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"roo-BID-ee-um","ipa":"/ruːˈbɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Rubidio","pronunciation":"roo-BEE-dee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈβiðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"roo-bee-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁybidjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"roo-BEE-dee-oom","ipa":"/ʁuˈbiːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"roo-BEE-dee-um","ipa":"/ryˈbiːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"roo-BID-ee-um","ipa":"/ruːˈbɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Rubídio","pronunciation":"hoo-BEE-djoo","ipa":"/xuˈbidʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Rubidio","pronunciation":"ru-BI-dyo","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ru-BI-di-um","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ru-BI-di-um","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ru-BI-di-um","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ru-BI-di-um","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Rubid","pronunciation":"ru-BI-dyum","ipa":"/ruˈbidjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Rubidyum","pronunciation":"ru-bid-YUM","ipa":"/rubidˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Рубидий","pronunciation":"ru-BI-diy","ipa":"/ruˈbidij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"روبيديوم","pronunciation":"ru-BI-dyum","ipa":"/ruˈbiːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铷","pronunciation":"rú","ipa":"/ɻu³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銣","pronunciation":"rú","ipa":"/ɻu³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ルビジウム","pronunciation":"ru-bi-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾubidʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"루비듐","pronunciation":"ru-bi-dyum","ipa":"/ɾubidɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Rubídio","pronunciation":"hoo-BEE-djoo","ipa":"/xuˈbidʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Rubidio","pronunciation":"roo-BEE-dee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈβiðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Rubidio","pronunciation":"roo-BEE-dee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈβiðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"roo-bee-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁybidjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."}},{"atomic_number":38,"symbol":"Sr","name":"Strontium","atomic_mass":87.62,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"William Cruickshank","named_by":"Thomas Charles Hope","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Strontium carbonate (SrCO₃)","Strontium sulfate (SrSO₄)"],"common_uses":["Fireworks","Ceramics","Radiation shielding"],"abundance_on_earth":"370 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁵%","electron_shell_configuration":"2, 8, 18, 8, 2","density":2.64,"melting_point":"777°C (1431°F)","boiling_point":"1382°C (2520°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/960px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Strontium_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/38_%28Sr_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-38_%28Sr_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Celestine_Poland.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Ignis_Brunensis_2010-05-22_%285%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Monitor.arp.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Soviet_RTG.jpg"],"color":"#00FF00","year_discovered":"1790","is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"abundance_in_earth_crust":"0.034%","reactivity":"Moderately reactive","top_producing_countries":["Spain","Mexico"],"interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red color in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"STRON-shee-um","ipa":"/ˈstrɒntiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Estroncio","pronunciation":"es-TRON-see-oh","ipa":"/esˈtɾonsjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"stron-SYOM","ipa":"/stʁɔ̃sjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"SHTRON-tsee-oom","ipa":"/ˈʃtʁɔntsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"STRON-tsee-um","ipa":"/ˈstrɔntsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"STRON-tee-um","ipa":"/ˈstrɒntiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Estrôncio","pronunciation":"es-TRON-syoo","ipa":"/esˈtɾõsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Stronzio","pronunciation":"STRON-tsyo","ipa":"/ˈstronttsio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"STRON-ti-um","ipa":"/ˈstrontiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"STRON-ti-um","ipa":"/ˈsdʁɔntiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"STRON-ti-um","ipa":"/ˈstrontiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"STRON-ti-um","ipa":"/ˈstrontiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Stront","pronunciation":"STRON-tsyum","ipa":"/ˈstrɔntsjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Stronsiyum","pronunciation":"stron-ti-YUM","ipa":"/strontiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Стронций","pronunciation":"STRONT-siy","ipa":"/ˈstrɔntsij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سترونشيوم","pronunciation":"STRON-tyum","ipa":"/ˈstrɔntjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锶","pronunciation":"sī","ipa":"/sɿ⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鍶","pronunciation":"sī","ipa":"/sɿ⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ストロンチウム","pronunciation":"su-to-ron-chi-u-mu","ipa":"/sɯtoɾontɕɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"스트론튬","pronunciation":"seu-teu-ron-tyum","ipa":"/sɯtɯɾontɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Estrôncio","pronunciation":"es-TRON-syoo","ipa":"/esˈtɾõsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Estroncio","pronunciation":"es-TRON-see-oh","ipa":"/esˈtɾonsjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Estroncio","pronunciation":"es-TRON-see-oh","ipa":"/esˈtɾonsjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"stron-SYOM","ipa":"/stʁɔ̃sjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."}},{"atomic_number":39,"symbol":"Y","name":"Yttrium","atomic_mass":88.906,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Johan Gadolin","named_by":"Johan Gadolin","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-gray","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃)","Yttrium chloride (YCl₃)"],"common_uses":["Phosphors for TV screens","Lasers","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"33 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²","density":4.47,"melting_point":"1526°C (2779°F)","boiling_point":"3338°C (6040°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Piece_of_Yttrium.jpg/960px-Piece_of_Yttrium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yttrium_%2B_carbonate.jpg/960px-Yttrium_%2B_carbonate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/39_%28Y_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-39_%28Y_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg"],"color":"#94FFFF","year_discovered":"1794","is_toxic":false,"is_safe":true,"is_stable":true,"interesting_facts":["Yttrium 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after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."}},{"atomic_number":40,"symbol":"Zr","name":"Zirconium","atomic_mass":91.224,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","named_by":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂)","Zircon (ZrSiO₄)"],"common_uses":["Nuclear reactors","Abrasives","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"165 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁵%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d² 5s²","density":6.52,"melting_point":"1855°C 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sharpening."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"zer-KOH-nee-um","ipa":"/zɜːrˈkoʊniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Circonio","pronunciation":"sir-KOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/siɾˈkonjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"zeer-koh-NYOM","ipa":"/ziʁkɔnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"tsir-KOH-nee-oom","ipa":"/tsiʁˈkoːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"zir-KOH-nee-um","ipa":"/zɪrˈkoːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"zuh-KOH-nee-um","ipa":"/zəˈkəʊniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Zircônio","pronunciation":"zir-KOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ziɾˈkoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Zirconio","pronunciation":"zir-KO-nyo","ipa":"/dzirˈkɔːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Zirkonium","pronunciation":"sir-KO-ni-um","ipa":"/sɪrˈkoːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"sir-KO-ni-um","ipa":"/sɪrˈkoːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Zirkonium","pronunciation":"sir-KO-ni-um","ipa":"/sɪrˈkoːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Zirkonium","pronunciation":"sir-KO-ni-um","ipa":"/sɪrˈkoːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Cyrkon","pronunciation":"zir-KON","ipa":"/zɪrˈkɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Zirkonyum","pronunciation":"zir-kon-YUM","ipa":"/zɪrkonˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Цирконий","pronunciation":"tsir-KO-niy","ipa":"/tsɪrˈkɔnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"زيركونيوم","pronunciation":"zir-KON-yum","ipa":"/zɪrˈkɔnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锆","pronunciation":"gào","ipa":"/kao⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋯","pronunciation":"gào","ipa":"/kao⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ジルコニウム","pronunciation":"ji-ru-ko-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/dʑɪɾɯkonɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"지르코늄","pronunciation":"ji-ru-ko-nyum","ipa":"/tɕiɾɯkonɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Zircônio","pronunciation":"zir-KOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ziɾˈkoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Circonio","pronunciation":"sir-KOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/siɾˈkonjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Circonio","pronunciation":"sir-KOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/siɾˈkonjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"zeer-koh-NYOM","ipa":"/ziʁkɔnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-colored), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},{"atomic_number":41,"symbol":"Nb","name":"Niobium","atomic_mass":92.906,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Gray metallic","discovered_by":"Charles Hatchett","named_by":"Heinrich Rose","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Grayish-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅)","Niobium carbide"],"common_uses":["Steel alloys","Superconductors","Rocket nozzles"],"abundance_on_earth":"20 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹","density":8.57,"melting_point":"2477°C (4491°F)","boiling_point":"4744°C 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implants."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ny-OH-bee-um","ipa":"/naɪˈoʊbiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Niobio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-bee-oh","ipa":"/niˈoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"nee-oh-BYOM","ipa":"/njɔbjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"nee-OH-bee-oom","ipa":"/niˈoːbiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"nee-OH-bee-um","ipa":"/niˈoːbiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ny-OH-bee-um","ipa":"/naɪˈəʊbiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Nióbio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-byoo","ipa":"/niˈɔbiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Niobio","pronunciation":"ni-OH-byo","ipa":"/niˈɔːbio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Niob","pronunciation":"ni-O-bi-um","ipa":"/niˈoːbiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Niob","pronunciation":"ni-O-bi-um","ipa":"/niˈoːbiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ni-O-bi-um","ipa":"/niˈoːbiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Niob","pronunciation":"ni-O-bi-um","ipa":"/niˈoːbiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Niob","pronunciation":"ni-O-byum","ipa":"/niˈɔbjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Niyobyum","pronunciation":"ni-yob-YUM","ipa":"/nijobˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Ниобий","pronunciation":"ni-O-biy","ipa":"/niˈobij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيوبيوم","pronunciation":"ni-YOO-byum","ipa":"/niˈjuːbjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铌","pronunciation":"niǔ","ipa":"/njou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈮","pronunciation":"niǔ","ipa":"/njou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ニオブ","pronunciation":"ni-o-bu","ipa":"/niobɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"나이오븀","pronunciation":"na-i-o-byum","ipa":"/naɪobɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Nióbio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-byoo","ipa":"/niˈɔbiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Niobio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-bee-oh","ipa":"/niˈoβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Niobio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-bee-oh","ipa":"/niˈoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"nee-oh-BYOM","ipa":"/njɔbjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."}},{"atomic_number":42,"symbol":"Mo","name":"Molybdenum","atomic_mass":95.95,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Gray metallic","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Peter Jacob Hjelm","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Gray metallic","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)","Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃)"],"common_uses":["Steel alloys","Catalysts","Lubricants"],"abundance_on_earth":"1.2 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has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulfide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"moh-LIB-deh-num","ipa":"/məˈlɪbdənəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Molibdeno","pronunciation":"moh-leeb-DEH-noh","ipa":"/moliβˈdeno/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Molybdène","pronunciation":"moh-lib-DEN","ipa":"/mɔlibdɛn/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Molybdän","pronunciation":"moh-lyb-DEN","ipa":"/moˈlʏbdɛːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Molybdeen","pronunciation":"moh-lib-DAYN","ipa":"/moˈlɪbdeːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"muh-LIB-duh-num","ipa":"/məˈlɪbdənəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Molibdênio","pronunciation":"moh-lib-DEH-nyoo","ipa":"/molibˈdeniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Molibdeno","pronunciation":"mo-LIB-de-no","ipa":"/moˈlibdeno/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Molybden","pronunciation":"mo-LYB-den","ipa":"/moˈlybdɛn/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Molybdæn","pronunciation":"mo-LYB-daen","ipa":"/moˈlybˌdɛˀn/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Molybdeeni","pronunciation":"mo-LYB-dee-ni","ipa":"/moˈlybdeːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Molybden","pronunciation":"mo-LYB-den","ipa":"/moˈlybdɛn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Molibden","pronunciation":"mo-LIB-den","ipa":"/moˈlibdɛn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Molibden","pronunciation":"mo-lib-DEN","ipa":"/molibˈdɛn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Молибден","pronunciation":"mo-lib-DEN","ipa":"/molibˈdɛn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"موليبدنوم","pronunciation":"mo-lib-DEN","ipa":"/molibˈdɛn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钼","pronunciation":"mù","ipa":"/mu⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉬","pronunciation":"mù","ipa":"/mu⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"モリブデン","pronunciation":"mo-ri-bu-de-n","ipa":"/moɾibɯden/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"몰리브데넘","pronunciation":"mol-li-bu-den-eom","ipa":"/mollibɯdenʌm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Molibdênio","pronunciation":"moh-lib-DEH-nyoo","ipa":"/molibˈdeniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Molibdeno","pronunciation":"moh-leeb-DEH-noh","ipa":"/moliβˈdeno/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Molibdeno","pronunciation":"moh-leeb-DEH-noh","ipa":"/moliβˈdeno/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Molybdène","pronunciation":"moh-lib-DEN","ipa":"/mɔlibdɛn/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."}},{"atomic_number":43,"symbol":"Tc","name":"Technetium","atomic_mass":98,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery gray metallic","discovered_by":"Emilio Segrè and Carlo Perrier","named_by":"Emilio Segrè","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium","is_synthetic":true,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-gray","is_found_in_nature":false,"most_common_forms":["Technetium-99m","Technetium dioxide"],"common_uses":["Medical imaging (radiopharmaceuticals)","Corrosion inhibitors"],"abundance_on_earth":"Trace (synthetic)","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²","density":11.5,"melting_point":"2157°C (3915°F)","boiling_point":"4265°C (7709°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/960px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Drytec_Technetium_Generator_%2802210375%29_%288468527888%29.jpg/960px-Drytec_Technetium_Generator_%2802210375%29_%288468527888%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Technetium_%28Element_-_43%29.jpg/960px-Technetium_%28Element_-_43%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Technetium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Technetium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chloro-containing_coordination_complexes_of_technetium_%28Tc-99%29.jpg/960px-Chloro-containing_coordination_complexes_of_technetium_%28Tc-99%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg/960px-First_technetium-99m_generator_-_1958.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Technetium_on_gold_foil.jpg/960px-Technetium_on_gold_foil.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Technetium-99.svg/960px-Technetium-99.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Technetium-sample.jpg/960px-Technetium-sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/43_%28Tc_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-43_%28Tc_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png"],"color":"#3B9E9E","interesting_facts":["Technetium 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corrosion."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"tek-NEE-shee-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈniːʃiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Tecnecio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/tekˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Technétium","pronunciation":"tek-neh-SYOM","ipa":"/tɛknesiɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-tsee-oom","ipa":"/tɛçˈneːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-tsee-um","ipa":"/tɛçˈneːtsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"tek-NEE-shee-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈniːʃiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tecnécio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-syoo","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tecnezio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-tsyo","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛːtsio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-ti-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈneːtiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-ti-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈneːtiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Teknetium","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-ti-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈneːtiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-ti-um","ipa":"/tɛkˈneːtiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Technet","pronunciation":"tek-NET-yum","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛtjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Teknesyum","pronunciation":"tek-net-YUM","ipa":"/tɛknɛtˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Технеций","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-tsiy","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛtsij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تكنيشيوم","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-tyum","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛːtjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锝","pronunciation":"è","ipa":"/ɤ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎝","pronunciation":"è","ipa":"/ɤ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"テクネチウム","pronunciation":"te-ku-ne-chi-u-mu","ipa":"/tɛkɯnɛtɕɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"테크네튬","pronunciation":"tek-ne-tyum","ipa":"/tɛknɛtɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tecnécio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-syoo","ipa":"/tɛkˈnɛsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Tecnecio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/tekˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Tecnecio","pronunciation":"tek-NEH-see-oh","ipa":"/tekˈnesjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Technétium","pronunciation":"tek-neh-SYOM","ipa":"/tɛknesiɔm/"}],"explanation":"From 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cells."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"roo-THEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ruːˈθiːniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Rutenio","pronunciation":"roo-TEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈtenjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Ruthénium","pronunciation":"roo-teh-NYOM","ipa":"/ʁytenjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"roo-TEH-nee-oom","ipa":"/ʁuˈteːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"roo-TEH-nee-um","ipa":"/ryˈteːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"roo-THEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ruːˈθiːniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Rutênio","pronunciation":"hoo-TEH-nyoo","ipa":"/xuˈteniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Rutenio","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-nyo","ipa":"/ruˈtɛːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Rutenium","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-ni-um","ipa":"/ruˈteːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-ni-um","ipa":"/ruˈteːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Rutenium","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-ni-um","ipa":"/ruˈteːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-ni-um","ipa":"/ruˈteːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ruten","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-nyum","ipa":"/ruˈtɛnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Rutenyum","pronunciation":"ru-ten-YUM","ipa":"/rutenˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Рутений","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-niy","ipa":"/ruˈtɛnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"روثينيوم","pronunciation":"ru-TEH-nyum","ipa":"/ruˈtɛːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钌","pronunciation":"liǎo","ipa":"/ljao²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釕","pronunciation":"liǎo","ipa":"/ljao²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ルテニウム","pronunciation":"ru-te-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾɯtɛnɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"루테늄","pronunciation":"ru-te-nyum","ipa":"/ɾɯtɛnɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Rutênio","pronunciation":"hoo-TEH-nyoo","ipa":"/xuˈteniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Rutenio","pronunciation":"roo-TEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈtenjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Rutenio","pronunciation":"roo-TEH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ruˈtenjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Ruthénium","pronunciation":"roo-teh-NYOM","ipa":"/ʁytenjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."}},{"atomic_number":45,"symbol":"Rh","name":"Rhodium","atomic_mass":102.91,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewelry.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","discovered_by":"William Hyde Wollaston","named_by":"William Hyde Wollaston","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Rhodium chloride (RhCl₃)","Rhodium sulfate"],"common_uses":["Catalytic converters","Jewelry plating","Electrical contacts"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.0002 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹","density":12.41,"melting_point":"1964°C (3567°F)","boiling_point":"3695°C (6683°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rhodium_foil_and_wire.jpg/960px-Rhodium_foil_and_wire.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rhodium_78g_sample.jpg/960px-Rhodium_78g_sample.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/White-gold--rhodium-plated.jpg/960px-White-gold--rhodium-plated.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/960px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/45_%28Rh_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-45_%28Rh_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/HRh%28CO%29P3again.png/960px-HRh%28CO%29P3again.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/960px-NFPA_704.svg.png"],"color":"#0A7D8C","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red color of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewelry and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈroʊdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Rodio","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾoðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"roh-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁɔdjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-oom","ipa":"/ˈʁoːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈroːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈrəʊdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Ródio","pronunciation":"HOH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈxɔdʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Rodio","pronunciation":"RO-dyo","ipa":"/ˈrɔːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Rodium","pronunciation":"RO-di-um","ipa":"/ˈroːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"RO-di-um","ipa":"/ˈʁoːdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Rodium","pronunciation":"RO-di-um","ipa":"/ˈroːdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"RO-di-um","ipa":"/ˈroːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Rod","pronunciation":"RO-dyum","ipa":"/ˈrɔdjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Rodyum","pronunciation":"ro-di-YUM","ipa":"/rodiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Родий","pronunciation":"RO-diy","ipa":"/ˈrodij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"روديوم","pronunciation":"RO-dyum","ipa":"/ˈrɔːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铑","pronunciation":"luó","ipa":"/luo³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銠","pronunciation":"luó","ipa":"/luo³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ロジウム","pronunciation":"ro-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾodʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"로듐","pronunciation":"ro-dyum","ipa":"/ɾodɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Ródio","pronunciation":"HOH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈxɔdʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Rodio","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾoðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Rodio","pronunciation":"ROH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾoðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"roh-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁɔdjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in color."}},{"atomic_number":46,"symbol":"Pd","name":"Palladium","atomic_mass":106.42,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","discovered_by":"William Hyde Wollaston","named_by":"William Hyde Wollaston","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Palladium chloride (PdCl₂)","Palladium nitrate"],"common_uses":["Catalysts","Hydrogen storage","Jewelry"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.015 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰","density":12.02,"melting_point":"1554.9°C (2830.8°F)","boiling_point":"2963°C (5365°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/960px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG/960px-Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG/960px-2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/RR3415-0002_25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg/960px-Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png"],"color":"#006985","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewelry, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"pah-LAY-dee-um","ipa":"/pəˈleɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Paladio","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/paˈlaðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"pah-lah-DYOM","ipa":"/paladjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-dee-oom","ipa":"/paˈlaːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-dee-um","ipa":"/paˈlaːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"puh-LAY-dee-um","ipa":"/pəˈleɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Paládio","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-djoo","ipa":"/paˈladʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Palladio","pronunciation":"pal-LA-dyo","ipa":"/palˈlaːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"pal-LA-di-um","ipa":"/palˈlaːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"pal-LA-di-um","ipa":"/palˈlaːdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"pal-LA-di-um","ipa":"/palˈlaːdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"pal-LA-di-um","ipa":"/palˈlaːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Pallad","pronunciation":"pal-LA-dyum","ipa":"/palˈladjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Paladyum","pronunciation":"pal-la-di-YUM","ipa":"/palladi̥ˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Палладий","pronunciation":"pal-LA-diy","ipa":"/palˈladij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بلاديوم","pronunciation":"pal-LA-dyum","ipa":"/palˈlaːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钯","pronunciation":"bǎ","ipa":"/pa²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈀","pronunciation":"bǎ","ipa":"/pa²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"パラジウム","pronunciation":"pa-ra-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/paɾadʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"팔라듐","pronunciation":"pal-la-dyum","ipa":"/palladɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Paládio","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-djoo","ipa":"/paˈladʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Paladio","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/paˈlaðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Paladio","pronunciation":"pah-LAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/paˈlaðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"pah-lah-DYOM","ipa":"/paladjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."}},{"atomic_number":47,"symbol":"Ag","name":"Silver","atomic_mass":107.87,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewelry, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Metallic gray","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Silver chloride (AgCl)","Silver nitrate (AgNO₃)"],"common_uses":["Jewelry","Photography","Electronics"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.075 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹","density":10.49,"melting_point":"961.8°C (1763.2°F)","boiling_point":"2162°C (3924°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/960px-Silver_crystal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg/960px-1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2022-american-eagle-silver-one-ounce-bullion-coin-obverse.png/960px-2022-american-eagle-silver-one-ounce-bullion-coin-obverse.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/960px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Price_of_silver.webp/960px-Price_of_silver.webp.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/960px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png/960px-Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg/960px-Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg"],"color":"#C0C0C0","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulfur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SIL-ver","ipa":"/ˈsɪlvər/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Plata","pronunciation":"PLAH-tah","ipa":"/ˈplata/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Argent","pronunciation":"ar-ZHAN","ipa":"/aʁʒɑ̃/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Silber","pronunciation":"ZIL-ber","ipa":"/ˈzɪlbɐ/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Zilver","pronunciation":"ZIL-ver","ipa":"/ˈzɪlvər/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"SIL-vuh","ipa":"/ˈsɪlvə/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Prata","pronunciation":"PRAH-tah","ipa":"/ˈpɾatɐ/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Argento","pronunciation":"ar-JEN-to","ipa":"/arˈdʒɛnto/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"SILVER","ipa":"/ˈsɪlvɛr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Sølv","pronunciation":"SOELV","ipa":"/ˈsølˀ/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Hopea","pronunciation":"HO-pea","ipa":"/ˈhopɛa/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Sølv","pronunciation":"SOELV","ipa":"/ˈsølv/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Srebro","pronunciation":"SREBR-o","ipa":"/ˈsrɛbrɔ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Gümüş","pronunciation":"GU-myush","ipa":"/ɡyˈmyʃ/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Серебро","pronunciation":"se-RE-bro","ipa":"/sɛˈrɛbrɔ/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فضة","pronunciation":"FID-da","ipa":"/ˈfɪdːa/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"银","pronunciation":"yín","ipa":"/jin³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銀","pronunciation":"yín","ipa":"/jin³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"銀","pronunciation":"gin","ipa":"/ɡin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"은","pronunciation":"eun","ipa":"/ɯn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Prata","pronunciation":"PRAH-tah","ipa":"/ˈpɾatɐ/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Plata","pronunciation":"PLAH-tah","ipa":"/ˈplata/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Plata","pronunciation":"PLAH-tah","ipa":"/ˈplata/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Argent","pronunciation":"ar-ZHAN","ipa":"/aʁʒɑ̃/"}],"explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."}},{"atomic_number":48,"symbol":"Cd","name":"Cadmium","atomic_mass":112.41,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-gray metallic","discovered_by":"Friedrich Stromeyer","named_by":"Friedrich Stromeyer","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-blue","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Cadmium sulfide (CdS)","Cadmium oxide (CdO)"],"common_uses":["Batteries","Pigments","Coatings"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.1 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²","density":8.65,"melting_point":"321.1°C (609.9°F)","boiling_point":"767°C (1413°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/960px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2022cadmium.png/960px-2022cadmium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Cadmium_cutoff.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Cadmium_sulfide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/48_%28Cd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-48_%28Cd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CdSeqdots.jpg/960px-CdSeqdots.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HeCd_laser.jpg/960px-HeCd_laser.jpg"],"color":"#FFD98F","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkædmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cadmio","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈkaðmjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"kad-MYOM","ipa":"/kadmjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-oom","ipa":"/ˈkadmiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkadmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkædmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cádmio","pronunciation":"KAD-myoo","ipa":"/ˈkadmiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cadmio","pronunciation":"KAD-myo","ipa":"/ˈkadmio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kadmium","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkadmiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkadmiom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kadmium","pronunciation":"KAD-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈkadmiom/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kadmium","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈkadmiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Kadm","pronunciation":"KAD-m","ipa":"/kadm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kadmiyum","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-yum","ipa":"/ˈkadmijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Кадмий","pronunciation":"KAD-mee","ipa":"/ˈkadmʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كادميوم","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-yoom","ipa":"/kaːdmijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镉","pronunciation":"gé","ipa":"/kɤ˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎘","pronunciation":"gé","ipa":"/kɤ˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"カドミウム","pronunciation":"ka-do-mi-u-mu","ipa":"/kadomiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"카드뮴","pronunciation":"ka-deu-myum","ipa":"/kʰadɯmjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cádmio","pronunciation":"KAD-myoo","ipa":"/ˈkadmiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cadmio","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈkaðmjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cadmio","pronunciation":"KAD-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈkaðmjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"kad-MYOM","ipa":"/kadmjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."}},{"atomic_number":49,"symbol":"In","name":"Indium","atomic_mass":114.82,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","discovered_by":"Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter","named_by":"Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Indium oxide (In₂O₃)","Indium tin oxide"],"common_uses":["Touchscreens","Semiconductors","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.05 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹","density":7.31,"melting_point":"156.6°C (313.9°F)","boiling_point":"2072°C (3762°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indium.jpg/960px-Indium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indium_wetting_glass.jpg/960px-Indium_wetting_glass.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Indium_wire.jpg/960px-Indium_wire.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indium_world_production.svg/960px-Indium_world_production.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/49_%28In_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-49_%28In_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/960px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dell_axim_LCD_under_microscope.jpg/960px-Dell_axim_LCD_under_microscope.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kristallstruktur_Chrom%28III%29-chlorid.png/960px-Kristallstruktur_Chrom%28III%29-chlorid.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/S-process-elem-Ag-to-Sb.svg/960px-S-process-elem-Ag-to-Sb.svg.png"],"color":"#A67573","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈɪndiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Indio","pronunciation":"EEN-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈindjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"an-DYOM","ipa":"/ɛ̃djɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"IN-dee-oom","ipa":"/ˈɪndiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈɪndiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈɪndiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Índio","pronunciation":"EEN-djoo","ipa":"/ˈĩdʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Indio","pronunciation":"EEN-dyo","ipa":"/ˈiːndio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈindiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈindiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"IN-di-um","ipa":"/ˈindiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"IN-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈindiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ind","pronunciation":"IND","ipa":"/ɪnd/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"İndiyum","pronunciation":"IN-dee-yum","ipa":"/ˈindijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Индий","pronunciation":"EEN-dee","ipa":"/ˈɪndʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"إنديوم","pronunciation":"in-DEE-yoom","ipa":"/indijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铟","pronunciation":"yīn","ipa":"/in˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銦","pronunciation":"yīn","ipa":"/in˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"インジウム","pronunciation":"in-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/indʑiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"인듐","pronunciation":"in-dyum","ipa":"/indjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Índio","pronunciation":"EEN-djoo","ipa":"/ˈĩdʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Indio","pronunciation":"EEN-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈindjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Indio","pronunciation":"EEN-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈindjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"an-DYOM","ipa":"/ɛ̃djɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analyzing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."}},{"atomic_number":50,"symbol":"Sn","name":"Tin","atomic_mass":118.71,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Tin oxide (SnO₂)","Stannic chloride (SnCl₄)"],"common_uses":["Cans","Solder","Coatings"],"abundance_on_earth":"2.3 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²","density":7.31,"melting_point":"231.9°C (449.4°F)","boiling_point":"2602°C (4715°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg/960px-Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Punched_tin_barn_lantern.jpeg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png/960px-Tin%28II%29-chloride-xtal-1996-3D-balls-front.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/960px-Tin-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tin_Prices.webp/960px-Tin_Prices.webp.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/TinConsChart.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/50_%28Sn_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-50_%28Sn_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/960px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg/960px-Alfonso_Santiago_Leyva_and_his_son_Tom%C3%A1s_working.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/960px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png"],"color":"#668080","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a gray powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"TIN","ipa":"/tɪn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Estaño","pronunciation":"es-TAN-yoh","ipa":"/esˈtaɲo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Étain","pronunciation":"eh-TAN","ipa":"/etɛ̃/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Zinn","pronunciation":"TSIN","ipa":"/tsɪn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"TIN","ipa":"/tɪn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"TIN","ipa":"/tɪn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Estanho","pronunciation":"es-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/esˈtɐɲu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Stagno","pronunciation":"sta-GNO","ipa":"/staˈɲɲo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Tenn","pronunciation":"TEN","ipa":"/tɛn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"TIN","ipa":"/ˈtˢin/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Tina","pronunciation":"TI-na","ipa":"/ˈtina/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Tinn","pronunciation":"TINN","ipa":"/tɪn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Cyna","pronunciation":"ci-NA","ipa":"/tɕiˈna/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kalay","pronunciation":"KA-lay","ipa":"/kaˈlaj/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Олово","pronunciation":"O-lo-vo","ipa":"/ˈolovo/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"قصدير","pronunciation":"ka-SDIR","ipa":"/kasˈdiːr/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锡","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錫","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"スズ","pronunciation":"su-zu","ipa":"/sɯzɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"주석","pronunciation":"ju-seok","ipa":"/tɕusʌk/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Estanho","pronunciation":"es-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/esˈtɐɲu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Estaño","pronunciation":"es-TAN-yoh","ipa":"/esˈtaɲo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Estaño","pronunciation":"es-TAN-yoh","ipa":"/esˈtaɲo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Étain","pronunciation":"eh-TAN","ipa":"/etɛ̃/"}],"explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."}},{"atomic_number":51,"symbol":"Sb","name":"Antimony","atomic_mass":121.76,"category":"Metalloid","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","discovered_by":"Ancient civilizations","named_by":"Unknown (ancient use)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃)","Antimony pentachloride"],"common_uses":["Flame retardants","Alloys","Batteries"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.2 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³","density":6.68,"melting_point":"630.6°C (1167°F)","boiling_point":"1587°C (2889°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Antimony_massive.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antimony_symbol.svg/960px-Antimony_symbol.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg/960px-World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/51_%28Sb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-51_%28Sb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Antimon.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/InSb_IR_detector.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/960px-NFPA_704.svg.png"],"color":"#9E63B5","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"AN-tih-moh-nee","ipa":"/ˈæntɪmoʊni/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Antimonio","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/antiˈmonjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Antimoine","pronunciation":"an-tee-MWAN","ipa":"/ɑ̃timwan/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Antimon","pronunciation":"an-tee-MON","ipa":"/ˈantimɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Antimoon","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOHN","ipa":"/ˈɑntimoːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"AN-tih-mun-ee","ipa":"/ˈæntɪmənɪ/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Antimônio","pronunciation":"an-chee-MOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɐ̃tʃiˈmoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Antimonio","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOH-nyo","ipa":"/antiˈmɔːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Antimon","pronunciation":"AN-tee-mon","ipa":"/ˈantimɔn/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Antimon","pronunciation":"AN-tee-mon","ipa":"/ˈantimɔn/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Antimoni","pronunciation":"AN-ti-mo-ni","ipa":"/ˈantimoni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Antimon","pronunciation":"AN-tee-mon","ipa":"/ˈantimɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Antymon","pronunciation":"AN-tü-mon","ipa":"/ˈantɨmɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Antimon","pronunciation":"AN-ti-mon","ipa":"/ˈantimon/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Сурьма","pronunciation":"soor-MAH","ipa":"/sʊrˈma/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أنتيمون","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOON","ipa":"/antiːmuːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锑","pronunciation":"tī","ipa":"/tʰi˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銻","pronunciation":"tī","ipa":"/tʰi˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アンチモン","pronunciation":"an-chi-mon","ipa":"/antɕimon/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"안티모니","pronunciation":"an-ti-mo-ni","ipa":"/antʰimoni/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Antimônio","pronunciation":"an-chee-MOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɐ̃tʃiˈmoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Antimonio","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/antiˈmonjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Antimonio","pronunciation":"an-tee-MOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/antiˈmonjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Antimoine","pronunciation":"an-tee-MWAN","ipa":"/ɑ̃timwan/"}],"explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulfide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."}},{"atomic_number":52,"symbol":"Te","name":"Tellurium","atomic_mass":127.6,"category":"Metalloid","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous gray","discovered_by":"Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein","named_by":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂)","Tellurium chloride"],"common_uses":["Solar panels","Thermoelectric devices","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.001 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴","density":6.24,"melting_point":"449.5°C (841.1°F)","boiling_point":"988°C (1810°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tellurium-89043.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/960px-Tellurium2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Tellurium_element.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/52_%28Te_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-52_%28Te_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/960px-Hexagonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/NREL_Array.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NuSTAR_detector.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Swift%27s_instrument_Burst_Alert_Telescope_%28BAT%29_the_detector_plane.jpg"],"color":"#D47A00","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odor that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"teh-LOOR-ee-um","ipa":"/tɛˈlʊəriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Teluro","pronunciation":"teh-LOO-roh","ipa":"/teˈluɾo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Tellure","pronunciation":"teh-LYUR","ipa":"/tɛlyʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Tellur","pronunciation":"teh-LOOR","ipa":"/tɛˈluːɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Telluur","pronunciation":"teh-LYUR","ipa":"/tɛˈlyːr/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"tuh-LYOO-ree-um","ipa":"/tɪˈljʊəriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Telúrio","pronunciation":"teh-LOO-ryoo","ipa":"/tɛˈluɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tellurio","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ryo","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Tellur","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ri-um","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Tellur","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ri-um","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːriɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Telluuri","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ri-um","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːriɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Tellur","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ri-um","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːriɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tellur","pronunciation":"tel-LU-ryum","ipa":"/tɛlˈlurjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Tellür","pronunciation":"tel-lur-YUM","ipa":"/tɛllurˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Теллур","pronunciation":"tel-LUR","ipa":"/tɛlˈlur/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تيلوريوم","pronunciation":"tel-LUR-yum","ipa":"/tɛlˈluːrjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"碲","pronunciation":"pǒ","ipa":"/pʰo²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"碲","pronunciation":"pǒ","ipa":"/pʰo²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"テルル","pronunciation":"te-ru-ru","ipa":"/tɛɾɯɾɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"텔루륨","pronunciation":"tel-lu-ryum","ipa":"/tɛllɯɾɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Telúrio","pronunciation":"teh-LOO-ryoo","ipa":"/tɛˈluɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Teluro","pronunciation":"teh-LOO-roh","ipa":"/teˈluɾo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Teluro","pronunciation":"teh-LOO-roh","ipa":"/teˈluɾo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Tellure","pronunciation":"teh-LYUR","ipa":"/tɛlyʁ/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."}},{"atomic_number":53,"symbol":"I","name":"Iodine","atomic_mass":126.9,"category":"Halogen","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic gray (solid), violet (gas)","discovered_by":"Bernard Courtois","named_by":"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Grayish-black","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Potassium iodide (KI)","Iodine tincture"],"common_uses":["Disinfectants","Photography","Thyroid treatment"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.45 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵","density":4.93,"melting_point":"113.7°C (236.7°F)","boiling_point":"184.3°C (363.7°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diiodine_cation.jpg/960px-Diiodine_cation.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iodine-evaporating.jpg/960px-Iodine-evaporating.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Iodine-pentoxide-3D-balls.png/960px-Iodine-pentoxide-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iodine-triphenylphosphine_charge-transfer_complex_in_dichloromethane.jpg/960px-Iodine-triphenylphosphine_charge-transfer_complex_in_dichloromethane.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls-B.png/960px-Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls-B.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Iodine_monochloride1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sample_of_iodine.jpg/960px-Sample_of_iodine.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/53_%28I_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-53_%28I_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/960px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Carte_iodurie_france_%C2%B5g_par_jour_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Mornex_1987_Le_Guen_2000.jpg"],"color":"#940094","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-colored vapor.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"EYE-oh-dyne","ipa":"/ˈaɪədaɪn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Yodo","pronunciation":"YOH-doh","ipa":"/ˈjoðo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Iode","pronunciation":"ee-OD","ipa":"/jɔd/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Iod","pronunciation":"YOHT","ipa":"/joːt/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Jood","pronunciation":"YOHT","ipa":"/joːt/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"EYE-uh-deen","ipa":"/ˈaɪədiːn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Iodo","pronunciation":"ee-OH-doo","ipa":"/iˈodu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Iodio","pronunciation":"YOH-dyo","ipa":"/ˈjɔːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Jod","pronunciation":"YOOD","ipa":"/juːd/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Jod","pronunciation":"YOOD","ipa":"/ˈjoːˀd/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Jodi","pronunciation":"YOH-di","ipa":"/ˈjodi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Jod","pronunciation":"YOOD","ipa":"/juːd/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Jod","pronunciation":"YOD","ipa":"/jɔd/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"İyot","pronunciation":"ee-YOT","ipa":"/iˈjot/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Йод","pronunciation":"YOT","ipa":"/jot/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"يود","pronunciation":"YOOD","ipa":"/juːd/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"碘","pronunciation":"diǎn","ipa":"/tjen˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"碘","pronunciation":"diǎn","ipa":"/tjen˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ヨウ素","pronunciation":"yō-so","ipa":"/joːso/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아이오딘","pronunciation":"a-i-o-din","ipa":"/aiodɪn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Iodo","pronunciation":"ee-OH-doo","ipa":"/iˈodu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Yodo","pronunciation":"YOH-doh","ipa":"/ˈjoðo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Yodo","pronunciation":"YOH-doh","ipa":"/ˈjoðo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Iode","pronunciation":"ee-OD","ipa":"/jɔd/"}],"explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet color of iodine vapor."}},{"atomic_number":54,"symbol":"Xe","name":"Xenon","atomic_mass":131.29,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colorless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","discovered_by":"William Ramsay and Morris Travers","named_by":"William Ramsay","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","visible_color":"Colorless","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Xenon difluoride (XeF₂)","Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF₄)"],"common_uses":["Lighting","Medical imaging","Ion propulsion"],"abundance_on_earth":"0.09 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶","density":5.9,"melting_point":"-111.8°C (-169.2°F)","boiling_point":"-108.1°C (-162.6°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG/960px-An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solid_and_liquid_xenon.jpg/960px-Solid_and_liquid_xenon.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Xenon-flash.gif","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/960px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Xenon_ion_engine_prototype.png/960px-Xenon_ion_engine_prototype.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/960px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Xenon_tetrafluoride.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/54_%28Xe_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-54_%28Xe_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png"],"color":"#429EB0","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ZEE-non","ipa":"/ˈziːnɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Xenón","pronunciation":"kseh-NON","ipa":"/kseˈnon/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Xénon","pronunciation":"KSEH-non","ipa":"/kseˈnɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"KSEH-non","ipa":"/ˈkseːnɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈksɛnɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ZEE-non","ipa":"/ˈziːnɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Xenônio","pronunciation":"kseh-NOH-nyoo","ipa":"/kseˈnoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Xeno","pronunciation":"KSEN-on","ipa":"/ˈksɛnon/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈkseːnon/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈgsenɔn/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Ksenon","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈksɛnon/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈkseːnon/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ksenon","pronunciation":"KSE-non","ipa":"/ˈksɛnon/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Ksenon","pronunciation":"ze-NON","ipa":"/zɛˈnɔn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Ксенон","pronunciation":"KSEN-on","ipa":"/ˈksɛnɔn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"زينون","pronunciation":"ZI-non","ipa":"/ˈzɪnɔn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氙","pronunciation":"xiān","ipa":"/ɕjɛn⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氙","pronunciation":"xiān","ipa":"/ɕjɛn⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"キセノン","pronunciation":"ki-se-non","ipa":"/kisɛnon/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"제논","pronunciation":"je-non","ipa":"/tɕɛnon/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Xenônio","pronunciation":"kseh-NOH-nyoo","ipa":"/kseˈnoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Xenón","pronunciation":"kseh-NON","ipa":"/kseˈnon/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Xenón","pronunciation":"kseh-NON","ipa":"/kseˈnon/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Xénon","pronunciation":"KSEH-non","ipa":"/kseˈnɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."}},{"atomic_number":55,"symbol":"Cs","name":"Cesium","atomic_mass":132.91,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Cesium is a soft, gold-colored metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","discovered_by":"Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff","named_by":"Robert Bunsen","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-gold","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Cesium chloride (CsCl)","Cesium sulfate (Cs₂SO₄)"],"common_uses":["Atomic clocks","Drilling fluids","Photoelectric cells"],"abundance_on_earth":"3 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁷%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 6s¹","density":1.93,"melting_point":"28.5°C (83.3°F)","boiling_point":"671°C (1239.8°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cesium.jpg/960px-Cesium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/55_%28Cs_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-55_%28Cs_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CsCrystals.JPG/960px-CsCrystals.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg/960px-Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirDoseChernobylVector.svg/960px-AirDoseChernobylVector.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Caesium_chloride.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cs-137-decay.svg/960px-Cs-137-decay.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Cs11O3_cluster.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CsCl_polyhedra.png/960px-CsCl_polyhedra.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/CsX%40DWNT.jpg"],"color":"#57178F","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of cesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Cesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery color, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or gray.","Cesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive cesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SEE-zee-um","ipa":"/ˈsiːziəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cesio","pronunciation":"SEH-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈsesjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Césium","pronunciation":"seh-ZYOM","ipa":"/seziɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Cäsium","pronunciation":"TSEH-zee-oom","ipa":"/ˈtsɛːziʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"SEH-zee-um","ipa":"/ˈseːziʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","name":"Caesium","pronunciation":"SEE-zee-um","ipa":"/ˈsiːziəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Césio","pronunciation":"SEH-zyoo","ipa":"/ˈsɛziu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cesio","pronunciation":"CHEH-zyo","ipa":"/ˈtʃɛːzio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"SEH-see-um","ipa":"/ˈseːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Cæsium","pronunciation":"SEH-see-um","ipa":"/ˈseːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"SEH-si-um","ipa":"/ˈseːsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"SEH-see-um","ipa":"/ˈseːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Cez","pronunciation":"TSETS","ipa":"/tsɛts/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Sezyum","pronunciation":"SEZ-yum","ipa":"/ˈsezjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Цезий","pronunciation":"TSEH-zee","ipa":"/ˈtsɛzʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سيزيوم","pronunciation":"see-ZEE-yoom","ipa":"/siːzijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铯","pronunciation":"sè","ipa":"/sɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銫","pronunciation":"sè","ipa":"/sɤ˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"セシウム","pronunciation":"se-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/seɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"세슘","pronunciation":"se-syum","ipa":"/seɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Césio","pronunciation":"SEH-zyoo","ipa":"/ˈsɛziu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cesio","pronunciation":"SEH-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈsesjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cesio","pronunciation":"SEH-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈsesjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Césium","pronunciation":"seh-ZYOM","ipa":"/seziɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or grayish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."}},{"atomic_number":56,"symbol":"Ba","name":"Barium","atomic_mass":137.33,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Humphry Davy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Barium sulfate (BaSO₄)","Barium carbonate (BaCO₃)"],"common_uses":["X-ray imaging","Glass production","Fireworks"],"abundance_on_earth":"425 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 6s²","density":3.62,"melting_point":"727°C (1341°F)","boiling_point":"1870°C (3398°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/BariumXray.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Barium_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/56_%28Ba_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-56_%28Ba_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2006_Fireworks_1.JPG/960px-2006_Fireworks_1.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Barite.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BariteWorldProductionUSGS.PNG/960px-BariteWorldProductionUSGS.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Benitoite_HD.jpg/960px-Benitoite_HD.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/960px-NFPA_704.svg.png"],"color":"#00C900","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colors.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulfate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"BAIR-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈbɛriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Bario","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈbaɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Baryum","pronunciation":"bah-RYOM","ipa":"/baʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-oom","ipa":"/ˈbaːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈbaːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"BAIR-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈbeəriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Bário","pronunciation":"BAH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈbaɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Bario","pronunciation":"BAH-ryo","ipa":"/ˈbaːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈbaːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈbaːriom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"BAH-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈbaːriom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈbaːriom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Bar","pronunciation":"BAR","ipa":"/bar/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Baryum","pronunciation":"BAH-ryum","ipa":"/ˈbaɾjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Барий","pronunciation":"BAH-ree","ipa":"/ˈbarʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"باريوم","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-yoom","ipa":"/baːrijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钡","pronunciation":"bèi","ipa":"/pei˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋇","pronunciation":"bèi","ipa":"/pei˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"バリウム","pronunciation":"ba-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/bariɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"바륨","pronunciation":"ba-ryum","ipa":"/parjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Bário","pronunciation":"BAH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈbaɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Bario","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈbaɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Bario","pronunciation":"BAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈbaɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Baryum","pronunciation":"bah-RYOM","ipa":"/baʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulfate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."}},{"atomic_number":57,"symbol":"La","name":"Lanthanum","atomic_mass":138.91,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","named_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃)","Lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃)"],"common_uses":["Optical glass","Lighting","Hydrogen storage"],"abundance_on_earth":"39 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 5d¹ 6s²","density":6.15,"melting_point":"920°C (1688°F)","boiling_point":"3464°C (6267°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Lanthanum-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_1.jpg/960px-Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_2.jpg/960px-Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_3.jpg/960px-Lanthanum_%28Element_-_57%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Lanthanum_element.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Lanthanum%27.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Lanthanum.jpg"],"color":"#70D4FF","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"LAN-thah-num","ipa":"/ˈlænθənəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Lantano","pronunciation":"lan-TAH-noh","ipa":"/lanˈtano/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Lanthane","pronunciation":"lan-TAN","ipa":"/lɑ̃tan/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Lanthan","pronunciation":"lan-TAHN","ipa":"/lanˈtaːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Lanthaan","pronunciation":"lan-TAHN","ipa":"/lɑnˈtaːn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"LAN-thuh-num","ipa":"/ˈlænθənəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Lantânio","pronunciation":"lan-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/lɐ̃ˈtaniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Lantanio","pronunciation":"lan-TAH-nyo","ipa":"/lanˈtaːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Lantan","pronunciation":"LAN-tan","ipa":"/ˈlantan/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Lanthan","pronunciation":"LAN-tan","ipa":"/ˈlantan/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Lantaani","pronunciation":"LAN-tah-ni","ipa":"/lanˈtaːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Lantan","pronunciation":"LAN-tan","ipa":"/ˈlantan/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Lantan","pronunciation":"LAN-tan","ipa":"/ˈlantan/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Lantan","pronunciation":"LAN-tan","ipa":"/ˈlantan/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Лантан","pronunciation":"lan-TAN","ipa":"/lanˈtan/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"لانثانوم","pronunciation":"lan-tah-NEE-yoom","ipa":"/laːntaːnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镧","pronunciation":"lán","ipa":"/lan˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鑭","pronunciation":"lán","ipa":"/lan˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ランタン","pronunciation":"ran-tan","ipa":"/rantan/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"란타넘","pronunciation":"ran-ta-neom","ipa":"/rantʰanʌm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Lantânio","pronunciation":"lan-TAN-yoo","ipa":"/lɐ̃ˈtaniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Lantano","pronunciation":"lan-TAH-noh","ipa":"/lanˈtano/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Lantano","pronunciation":"lan-TAH-noh","ipa":"/lanˈtano/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Lanthane","pronunciation":"lan-TAN","ipa":"/lɑ̃tan/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."}},{"atomic_number":58,"symbol":"Ce","name":"Cerium","atomic_mass":140.12,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray","discovered_by":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","named_by":"Jöns Jakob Berzelius","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-gray","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Cerium oxide (CeO₂)","Cerium sulfate"],"common_uses":["Glass polishing","Catalysts","Flint in lighters"],"abundance_on_earth":"66 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²","density":6.77,"melting_point":"795°C (1463°F)","boiling_point":"3443°C (6229°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cerium_phase_diagram.jpg/960px-Cerium_phase_diagram.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/58_%28Ce_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-58_%28Ce_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bastnaesite_crystal_structure.png/960px-Bastnaesite_crystal_structure.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg/960px-5_mm_Tinted_White_LED_%28on%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Auer_von_Welsbach.jpg/960px-Auer_von_Welsbach.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Ceric_ammonium_nitrate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/960px-Hexagonal.svg.png"],"color":"#FFFFC7","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"SEER-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈsɪəriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Cerio","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈseɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Cérium","pronunciation":"seh-RYOM","ipa":"/seʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Cer","pronunciation":"TSEHR","ipa":"/tseːɐ̯/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈseːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"SEER-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈsɪəriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Cério","pronunciation":"SEH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈsɛɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Cerio","pronunciation":"CHEH-ryo","ipa":"/ˈtʃeːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈseːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈseːriom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"SEH-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈseːriom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈseːriom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Cer","pronunciation":"TSER","ipa":"/tsɛr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Seryum","pronunciation":"SEHR-yum","ipa":"/ˈseɾjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Церий","pronunciation":"TSEH-ree","ipa":"/ˈtsɛrʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سيريوم","pronunciation":"see-REE-yoom","ipa":"/siːrijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铈","pronunciation":"shì","ipa":"/ʂɻ˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈰","pronunciation":"shì","ipa":"/ʂɻ˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"セリウム","pronunciation":"se-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/seɾiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"세륨","pronunciation":"se-ryum","ipa":"/seɾjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Cério","pronunciation":"SEH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈsɛɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Cerio","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈseɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Cerio","pronunciation":"SEH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈseɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Cérium","pronunciation":"seh-RYOM","ipa":"/seʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."}},{"atomic_number":59,"symbol":"Pr","name":"Praseodymium","atomic_mass":140.91,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass coloring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Carl Auer von Welsbach","named_by":"Carl Auer von Welsbach","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Praseodymium oxide (Pr₂O₃)","Praseodymium chloride"],"common_uses":["Magnets","Projector lamps","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"9.2 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f³ 6s²","density":6.77,"melting_point":"935°C (1715°F)","boiling_point":"3130°C (5666°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Praseodymium%28III%29_hydroxide.jpg/960px-Praseodymium%28III%29_hydroxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Praseodymium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Praseodymium_%2859_Pr%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_1.jpg/960px-Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_2.jpg/960px-Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_3.jpg/960px-Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_4.jpg/960px-Praseodymium_%28Element_-_59%29_4.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Praseodymium_description.png"],"color":"#D9FFC7","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green color of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow color to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibers can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"pray-zee-oh-DIM-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌpreɪziəˈdɪmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Praseodimio","pronunciation":"pra-seh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/pɾaseˈoðimjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Praséodyme","pronunciation":"prah-zeh-oh-DEEM","ipa":"/pʁazeodim/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Praseodym","pronunciation":"PRAH-zeh-oh-düm","ipa":"/pʁazeˈoːdyːm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"prah-zeh-oh-DEE-mee-um","ipa":"/pɾaːzeoˈdiːmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"pray-zee-oh-DIM-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌpreɪziəʊˈdɪmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Praseodímio","pronunciation":"prah-zeh-oh-DEE-myoo","ipa":"/pɾazeɔˈdimiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Praseodimio","pronunciation":"pra-ze-o-DIM-myo","ipa":"/prazeˈɔdimmio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Praseodym","pronunciation":"pra-se-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/prasɛˈoːdymiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Praseodym","pronunciation":"pra-se-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/prasɛˈoːdymiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Praseodyymi","pronunciation":"pra-se-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/prasɛˈoːdymiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Praseodym","pronunciation":"pra-se-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/prasɛˈoːdymiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Prazeodym","pronunciation":"pra-ze-o-DIM-yum","ipa":"/prazɛˈɔdimjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Praseodimyum","pronunciation":"pra-ze-o-dim-YUM","ipa":"/prazɛodimˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Празеодим","pronunciation":"pra-ze-o-DIM-iy","ipa":"/prazɛˈodimij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"براسيوديميوم","pronunciation":"pra-zi-yoo-DIM-yum","ipa":"/praziˈuːdɪmjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镨","pronunciation":"pǔ","ipa":"/pu²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐠","pronunciation":"pǔ","ipa":"/pu²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"プラセオジム","pronunciation":"pu-ra-se-o-ji-mu-mu","ipa":"/pɯɾasɛodʑimɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"프라세오디뮴","pronunciation":"pul-la-se-o-di-myum","ipa":"/pɯllasɛodimɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Praseodímio","pronunciation":"prah-zeh-oh-DEE-myoo","ipa":"/pɾazeɔˈdimiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Praseodimio","pronunciation":"pra-seh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/pɾaseˈoðimjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Praseodimio","pronunciation":"pra-seh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/pɾaseˈoðimjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Praséodyme","pronunciation":"prah-zeh-oh-DEEM","ipa":"/pʁazeodim/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."}},{"atomic_number":60,"symbol":"Nd","name":"Neodymium","atomic_mass":144.24,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass coloring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Carl Auer von Welsbach","named_by":"Carl Auer von Welsbach","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃)","Neodymium chloride"],"common_uses":["Magnets","Lasers","Alloys"],"abundance_on_earth":"38 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²","density":7.01,"melting_point":"1024°C (1875°F)","boiling_point":"3074°C (5565°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/4_Neodymium_magnets_from_hard_disks-6175.jpg/960px-4_Neodymium_magnets_from_hard_disks-6175.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/60_%28Nd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-60_%28Nd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Neodymium%28III%29_acetate.jpg/960px-Neodymium%28III%29_acetate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Neodymium%28III%29_hydroxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Neodymium2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Neodymium_daylight1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Neodymium_fluorescent1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Neodymium_glass_light_bulb_under_fluorescent_and_incandescent_light.jpg/960px-Neodymium_glass_light_bulb_under_fluorescent_and_incandescent_light.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Neodymium_tl1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ACE_Didymium_Glasses_RX-1205-BK_Z87%2B.JPG/960px-ACE_Didymium_Glasses_RX-1205-BK_Z87%2B.JPG"],"color":"#C7FFC7","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking color that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialized uses."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"nee-oh-DIM-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Neodimio","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/neoˈðimjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Néodyme","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEEM","ipa":"/neodim/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Neodym","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DÜM","ipa":"/neoˈdyːm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-mee-um","ipa":"/neoˈdiːmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"nee-oh-DIM-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌniːəʊˈdɪmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Neodímio","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-myoo","ipa":"/neoˈdimiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Neodimio","pronunciation":"neo-DIM-myo","ipa":"/neoˈdimmio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Neodym","pronunciation":"ne-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/neˈoːdymiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Neodym","pronunciation":"ne-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/neˈoːdymiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Neodyymi","pronunciation":"ne-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/neˈoːdymiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Neodym","pronunciation":"ne-o-DY-mi-um","ipa":"/neˈoːdymiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Neodym","pronunciation":"ne-o-DIM-yum","ipa":"/nɛˈɔdimjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Neodimyum","pronunciation":"ne-o-dim-YUM","ipa":"/neodimˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Неодим","pronunciation":"ne-o-DIM-iy","ipa":"/nɛˈodimij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيوديميوم","pronunciation":"ni-yoo-DIM-yum","ipa":"/niːuˈdɪmjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钕","pronunciation":"niǔ","ipa":"/njou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釹","pronunciation":"niǔ","ipa":"/njou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ネオジム","pronunciation":"ne-o-ji-mu-mu","ipa":"/neodʑimɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"네오디뮴","pronunciation":"ne-o-di-myum","ipa":"/neodimɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Neodímio","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-myoo","ipa":"/neoˈdimiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Neodimio","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/neoˈðimjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Neodimio","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEE-mee-oh","ipa":"/neoˈðimjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Néodyme","pronunciation":"neh-oh-DEEM","ipa":"/neodim/"}],"explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."}},{"atomic_number":61,"symbol":"Pm","name":"Promethium","atomic_mass":145,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell","named_by":"Jacob A. Marinsky","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium","is_synthetic":true,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":false,"most_common_forms":["Promethium chloride (PmCl₃)","Promethium oxide"],"common_uses":["Nuclear batteries","Research"],"abundance_on_earth":"Trace (synthetic)","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁸%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²","density":7.26,"melting_point":"1100°C (2012°F)","boiling_point":"3000°C (5432°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Promethium%28III%29_nitrate_hydrate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Promethium-147_solution.jpg/960px-Promethium-147_solution.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_1.jpg/960px-Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_2.jpg/960px-Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_3.jpg/960px-Promethium_%28Element_-_61%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Promethium_description.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Promethium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/61_%28Pm_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-61_%28Pm_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Charles_D._Coryell_M.I.T._May_1947.png"],"color":"#A3FFC7","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"proh-MEE-thee-um","ipa":"/proʊˈmiːθiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Prometio","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-tee-oh","ipa":"/pɾoˈmetjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Prométhium","pronunciation":"proh-meh-TYOM","ipa":"/pʁomɛtjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-tsee-oom","ipa":"/pʁoˈmeːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-tsee-um","ipa":"/pɾoˈmeːtsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"pruh-MEE-thee-um","ipa":"/prəˈmiːθiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Promécio","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-syoo","ipa":"/pɾoˈmɛsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Promezio","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-tyo","ipa":"/proˈmɛːtio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Prometium","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-ti-um","ipa":"/proˈmeːtiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-ti-um","ipa":"/proˈmeːtiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-ti-um","ipa":"/proˈmeːtiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-ti-um","ipa":"/proˈmeːtiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Promet","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-tyum","ipa":"/prɔˈmɛtjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Prometyum","pronunciation":"pro-met-YUM","ipa":"/prometˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Прометий","pronunciation":"pro-MEH-tiy","ipa":"/proˈmɛtij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بروميثيوم","pronunciation":"pro-MEE-tyum","ipa":"/proˈmiːtjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钷","pronunciation":"pǒ","ipa":"/po²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉕","pronunciation":"pǒ","ipa":"/po²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"プロメチウム","pronunciation":"pu-ro-me-chi-u-mu","ipa":"/pɯɾomɛtɕɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"프로메튬","pronunciation":"pul-lo-me-tyum","ipa":"/pɯllomɛtɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Promécio","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-syoo","ipa":"/pɾoˈmɛsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Prometio","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-tee-oh","ipa":"/pɾoˈmetjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Prometio","pronunciation":"proh-MEH-tee-oh","ipa":"/pɾoˈmetjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Prométhium","pronunciation":"proh-meh-TYOM","ipa":"/pʁomɛtjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."}},{"atomic_number":62,"symbol":"Sm","name":"Samarium","atomic_mass":150.36,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","named_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Samarium oxide (Sm₂O₃)","Samarium chloride"],"common_uses":["Magnets","Nuclear reactors","Lasers"],"abundance_on_earth":"7.05 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²","density":7.52,"melting_point":"1072°C (1962°F)","boiling_point":"1900°C (3452°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Samarium%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Samarium-sulfate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Samariumiodide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/62_%28Sm_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-62_%28Sm_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg/960px-153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/960px-Rhombohedral.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Samarskite-fresh.jpg/960px-Samarskite-fresh.jpg"],"color":"#8FFFC7","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidizes in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"sah-MAIR-ee-um","ipa":"/səˈmɛriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Samario","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/saˈmaɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"sah-mah-RYOM","ipa":"/samaʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ree-oom","ipa":"/zaˈmaːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ree-um","ipa":"/saˈmaːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"suh-MAIR-ee-um","ipa":"/səˈmeəriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Samário","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ryoo","ipa":"/saˈmaɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Samario","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ryo","ipa":"/saˈmaːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ri-um","ipa":"/saˈmaːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ri-um","ipa":"/saˈmaːriɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ri-um","ipa":"/saˈmaːriɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ri-um","ipa":"/saˈmaːriɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Samar","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ryum","ipa":"/saˈmarjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Samaryum","pronunciation":"sa-mar-YUM","ipa":"/samarˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Самарий","pronunciation":"sa-MA-riy","ipa":"/saˈmarij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سماريوم","pronunciation":"sa-MA-ryum","ipa":"/saˈmaːrjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钐","pronunciation":"shān","ipa":"/ʂan⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釤","pronunciation":"shān","ipa":"/ʂan⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"サマリウム","pronunciation":"sa-ma-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/samaɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"사마륨","pronunciation":"sa-ma-ryum","ipa":"/samaɾɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Samário","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ryoo","ipa":"/saˈmaɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Samario","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/saˈmaɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Samario","pronunciation":"sah-MAH-ree-oh","ipa":"/saˈmaɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"sah-mah-RYOM","ipa":"/samaʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."}},{"atomic_number":63,"symbol":"Eu","name":"Europium","atomic_mass":151.96,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Eugène-Anatole Demarçay","named_by":"Eugène-Anatole Demarçay","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium","is_synthetic":false,"state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","visible_color":"Silvery-white","is_found_in_nature":true,"most_common_forms":["Europium oxide (Eu₂O₃)","Europium chloride"],"common_uses":["Phosphors","Nuclear reactors","Anti-counterfeiting"],"abundance_on_earth":"2 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"10⁻⁶%","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²","density":5.24,"melting_point":"822°C (1512°F)","boiling_point":"1527°C (2781°F)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Europium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Europium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Europium_on_air_oxidized.jpg/960px-Europium_on_air_oxidized.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Europium_%2863_Eu%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europium_%28Element_-_63%29_1.jpg/960px-Europium_%28Element_-_63%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Europium_%28Element_-_63%29_2.jpg/960px-Europium_%28Element_-_63%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Europium_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Europium_metal_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Europium_metal.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Europium_neutron_scattering_length.png/960px-Europium_neutron_scattering_length.png"],"color":"#61FFC7","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced color in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"yoo-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/jʊˈroʊpiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Europio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pee-oh","ipa":"/ewˈɾopjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"uh-roh-PYOM","ipa":"/øʁɔpjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"oy-ROH-pee-oom","ipa":"/ɔɪˈʁoːpiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"oo-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/øˈroːpiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"yoo-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/jʊˈrəʊpiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Európio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pyoo","ipa":"/ewˈɾɔpiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Europio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pyo","ipa":"/ewˈrɔːpio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ew-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/ewˈroːpiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"eh-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/eˈroːpiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"eh-ROH-pi-um","ipa":"/eˈroːpiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"eh-ROH-pee-um","ipa":"/eˈroːpiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Europ","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROP","ipa":"/ewˈrɔp/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Avropiyum","pronunciation":"av-ROH-pyum","ipa":"/avˈɾɔpjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Европий","pronunciation":"yev-ROH-pee","ipa":"/jɪvˈropʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"يوروبيوم","pronunciation":"yo-ro-BEE-yoom","ipa":"/joːrobijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铕","pronunciation":"yǒu","ipa":"/jow˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銪","pronunciation":"yǒu","ipa":"/jow˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ユウロピウム","pronunciation":"yū-ro-pi-u-mu","ipa":"/juːɾopiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"유로퓸","pronunciation":"yu-ro-pyum","ipa":"/juɾopʰjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Európio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pyoo","ipa":"/ewˈɾɔpiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Europio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pee-oh","ipa":"/ewˈɾopjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Europio","pronunciation":"eh-oo-ROH-pee-oh","ipa":"/ewˈɾopjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"uh-roh-PYOM","ipa":"/øʁɔpjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."}},{"atomic_number":64,"symbol":"Gd","name":"Gadolinium","atomic_mass":157.25,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac","named_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃)","Gadolinium chloride"],"commonUses":["MRI contrast agents","Nuclear reactors"],"top_producing_countries":["China","United States"],"year_discovered":"1880","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"specificHeat":0.236,"thermalConductivity":"10.6 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":1400000.0,"vaporPressure":0.00018,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gadolinium-2.jpg/960px-Gadolinium-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gadolinium-4.jpg/960px-Gadolinium-4.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gadolinium_%2864_Gd%29.jpg/960px-Gadolinium_%2864_Gd%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadolinium_%28Element_-_64%29.jpg/960px-Gadolinium_%28Element_-_64%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gadolinium_%28Gd%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gadolinium_1.jpg/960px-Gadolinium_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gadolinium_2.jpg/960px-Gadolinium_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Gadolinium_description.png"],"color":"#45FFC7","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"gad-oh-LIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Gadolinio","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/ɡaðoˈlinjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"gah-doh-lee-NYOM","ipa":"/ɡadolinjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nee-oom","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ɡaːdoˈliːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"gad-uh-LIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Gadolínio","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nyoo","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Gadolinio","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-nyo","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːniom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-ni-um","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːniom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliːniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Gadolin","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEEN","ipa":"/ɡaˈdolʲin/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Gadolinyum","pronunciation":"gah-do-LIN-yum","ipa":"/ɡadoˈlinjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Гадолиний","pronunciation":"gah-do-LEE-nee","ipa":"/ɡədɐˈlʲiːnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"غادولينيوم","pronunciation":"gah-do-lee-NEE-yoom","ipa":"/ɡaːdoliːnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钆","pronunciation":"gá","ipa":"/ka˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釓","pronunciation":"gá","ipa":"/ka˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ガドリニウム","pronunciation":"ga-do-ri-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ɡadoriниɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"가돌리늄","pronunciation":"ga-dol-li-nyum","ipa":"/kadollinjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Gadolínio","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nyoo","ipa":"/ɡadoˈliniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Gadolinio","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/ɡaðoˈlinjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Gadolinio","pronunciation":"gah-doh-LEE-nee-oh","ipa":"/ɡaðoˈlinjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"gah-doh-lee-NYOM","ipa":"/ɡadolinjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analyzed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."}},{"atomic_number":65,"symbol":"Tb","name":"Terbium","atomic_mass":158.93,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","named_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Terbium oxide (Tb₄O₇)"],"commonUses":["Green phosphors in TV screens","Magnets"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1843","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f9 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"11.1 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":1200000.0,"vaporPressure":0.00016,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Terbium-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Terbium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Terbium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Pure_terbium%2C_3_grams._Original_size_-_1_cm.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Terbium_%2865_Tb%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_1.jpg/960px-Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_2.jpg/960px-Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_3.jpg/960px-Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_4.jpg/960px-Terbium_%28Element_-_65%29_4.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Terbium_element.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Terbium_prvek.jpg/960px-Terbium_prvek.jpg"],"color":"#30FFC7","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green color in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honoring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"TER-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈtɜːrbiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Terbio","pronunciation":"TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"tehr-BYOM","ipa":"/tɛʁbjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"TEHR-bee-oom","ipa":"/ˈtɛʁbiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"TEHR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"TUR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈtɜːbiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Térbio","pronunciation":"TEHR-byoo","ipa":"/ˈtɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Terbio","pronunciation":"TER-byo","ipa":"/ˈtɛːrbio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"TER-bi-um","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"TER-bi-um","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"TER-bi-um","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"TER-bi-um","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Terb","pronunciation":"TER-byum","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Terbiyum","pronunciation":"ter-bi-YUM","ipa":"/tɛrbiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Тербий","pronunciation":"TER-biy","ipa":"/ˈtɛrbij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تيربيوم","pronunciation":"TER-byum","ipa":"/ˈtɛːrbjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铽","pronunciation":"tè","ipa":"/tʰɤ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋱","pronunciation":"tè","ipa":"/tʰɤ⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"テルビウム","pronunciation":"te-ru-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/tɛɾɯbɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"터븀","pronunciation":"ter-byum","ipa":"/tɛɾbɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Térbio","pronunciation":"TEHR-byoo","ipa":"/ˈtɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Terbio","pronunciation":"TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Terbio","pronunciation":"TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"tehr-BYOM","ipa":"/tɛʁbjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"}},{"atomic_number":66,"symbol":"Dy","name":"Dysprosium","atomic_mass":162.5,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","named_by":"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Magnets","Nuclear reactor control rods"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1886","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f10 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"specificHeat":0.17,"thermalConductivity":"10.7 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":1100000.0,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dysprosium%28III%29_sulfate_octahydrate.jpg/960px-Dysprosium%28III%29_sulfate_octahydrate.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Dysprosium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dysprosium_%2866_Dy%29.jpg/960px-Dysprosium_%2866_Dy%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_1.jpg/960px-Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_2.jpg/960px-Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_3.jpg/960px-Dysprosium_%28Element_-_66%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dysprosium_prvek.jpg/960px-Dysprosium_prvek.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dysprosium-2.jpg/960px-Dysprosium-2.jpg"],"color":"#1FFFC7","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zee-um","ipa":"/dɪsˈproʊziəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Disprosio","pronunciation":"dees-PROH-see-oh","ipa":"/disˈpɾosjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"dis-proh-ZYOM","ipa":"/dispʁoziɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"dys-PROH-zee-oom","ipa":"/dʏsˈpʁoːziʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zee-um","ipa":"/dɪsˈproːziʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zee-um","ipa":"/dɪsˈprəʊziəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Disprósio","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zyoo","ipa":"/dʒisˈpɾɔziu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Disprosio","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zyo","ipa":"/disˈprɔːzio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"dü-SPROH-see-um","ipa":"/dyˈspruːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"dü-SPROH-see-um","ipa":"/dyˈspruːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"dü-SPRO-si-um","ipa":"/dyˈsprɔsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-see-um","ipa":"/dysˈproːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Dysproz","pronunciation":"DIS-prots","ipa":"/ˈdɨsprɔts/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Disprosyum","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-syum","ipa":"/disˈpɾɔsjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Диспрозий","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zee","ipa":"/dʲɪsˈprɔzʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ديسبروسيوم","pronunciation":"dis-broo-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/disbruːsijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镝","pronunciation":"dī","ipa":"/ti˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鏑","pronunciation":"dī","ipa":"/ti˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ジスプロシウム","pronunciation":"ji-su-pu-ro-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/dʑisɯpɯɾoɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"디스프로슘","pronunciation":"dis-peu-ro-syum","ipa":"/tispʰɯɾoɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Disprósio","pronunciation":"dis-PROH-zyoo","ipa":"/dʒisˈpɾɔziu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Disprosio","pronunciation":"dees-PROH-see-oh","ipa":"/disˈpɾosjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Disprosio","pronunciation":"dees-PROH-see-oh","ipa":"/disˈpɾosjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"dis-proh-ZYOM","ipa":"/dispʁoziɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."}},{"atomic_number":67,"symbol":"Ho","name":"Holmium","atomic_mass":164.93,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Per Teodor Cleve","named_by":"Per Teodor Cleve","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Holmium oxide (Ho₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Lasers","Magnets"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1878","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f11 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"16.2 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":1300000.0,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Holmium_%281%29.jpg/960px-Holmium_%281%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Holmium%28III%29_oxide.jpg/960px-Holmium%28III%29_oxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Holmium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Holmium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Holmium2.jpg/960px-Holmium2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_1.jpg/960px-Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_2.jpg/960px-Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_3.jpg/960px-Holmium_%28Element_-_67%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Holmium_1-croprotated.jpg"],"color":"#00FF9C","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colorings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhoʊlmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Holmio","pronunciation":"OHL-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈolmjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ol-MYOM","ipa":"/ɔlmjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-oom","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɒlmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Hólmio","pronunciation":"OL-myoo","ipa":"/ˈɔlmiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Olmio","pronunciation":"OL-myo","ipa":"/ˈɔlmio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"HOL-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Holm","pronunciation":"HOLM","ipa":"/xɔlm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Holmiyum","pronunciation":"HOL-mee-yum","ipa":"/ˈhɔlmijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Гольмий","pronunciation":"GOL-mee","ipa":"/ˈɡolʲmʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"هولميوم","pronunciation":"hool-MEE-yoom","ipa":"/hoːlmijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钬","pronunciation":"huǒ","ipa":"/xwo˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈥","pronunciation":"huǒ","ipa":"/xwo˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ホルミウム","pronunciation":"ho-ru-mi-u-mu","ipa":"/hoɾɯmiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"홀뮴","pronunciation":"hol-myum","ipa":"/holmjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Hólmio","pronunciation":"OL-myoo","ipa":"/ˈɔlmiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Holmio","pronunciation":"OHL-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈolmjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Holmio","pronunciation":"OHL-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈolmjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ol-MYOM","ipa":"/ɔlmjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."}},{"atomic_number":68,"symbol":"Er","name":"Erbium","atomic_mass":167.26,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibers, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","named_by":"Carl Gustaf Mosander","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Erbium oxide (Er₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Fiber optics","Lasers"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1843","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f12 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"14.5 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fibers amplify light signals, making long-distance fiber-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink color and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ER-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɜːrbiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Erbio","pronunciation":"ER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ehr-BYOM","ipa":"/ɛʁbjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"EHR-bee-oom","ipa":"/ˈɛʁbiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"EHR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɛrbiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"UR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɜːbiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Érbio","pronunciation":"EHR-byoo","ipa":"/ˈɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Erbio","pronunciation":"EHR-byo","ipa":"/ˈɛɾbio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"EHR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɛrbiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"EHR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɛrbiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"EHR-bi-um","ipa":"/ˈɛrbiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"EHR-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɛrbiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Erb","pronunciation":"EHR-b","ipa":"/ɛrb/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Erbiyum","pronunciation":"EHR-byum","ipa":"/ˈɛɾbjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Эрбий","pronunciation":"EHR-bee","ipa":"/ˈɛrbʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"إربيوم","pronunciation":"eer-BEE-yoom","ipa":"/iːrbijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铒","pronunciation":"ěr","ipa":"/ɤɾ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉺","pronunciation":"ěr","ipa":"/ɤɾ˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"エルビウム","pronunciation":"e-ru-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/eɾɯbiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"에르븀","pronunciation":"eo-byum","ipa":"/ʌbjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Érbio","pronunciation":"EHR-byoo","ipa":"/ˈɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Erbio","pronunciation":"ER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeɾβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Erbio","pronunciation":"ER-bee-oh","ipa":"/ˈeɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ehr-BYOM","ipa":"/ɛʁbjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"}},{"atomic_number":69,"symbol":"Tm","name":"Thulium","atomic_mass":168.93,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery gray","discovered_by":"Per Teodor Cleve","named_by":"Per Teodor Cleve","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Thulium oxide (Tm₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Portable X-ray machines","Lasers"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1879","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f13 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"16.9 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is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"THYOO-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈθjuːliəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Tulio","pronunciation":"TOO-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtulio/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"too-LYOM","ipa":"/tyljɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"TOO-lee-oom","ipa":"/ˈtuːliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"TOO-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈtuːliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"THYOO-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈθjuːliəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Túlio","pronunciation":"TOO-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈtuliu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tulio","pronunciation":"TU-lyo","ipa":"/ˈtuːlio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Tulium","pronunciation":"TU-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtuːliɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"TU-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtuːliɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Tulium","pronunciation":"TU-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtuːliɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"TU-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtuːliɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tul","pronunciation":"TU-lyum","ipa":"/ˈtuljɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Tulyum","pronunciation":"tu-li-YUM","ipa":"/tuliˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Тулий","pronunciation":"TU-liy","ipa":"/ˈtulij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ثوليوم","pronunciation":"TU-lyum","ipa":"/ˈtuːljɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铥","pronunciation":"chǒu","ipa":"/tʂʰou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銩","pronunciation":"chǒu","ipa":"/tʂʰou²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ツリウム","pronunciation":"chu-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/tɕɯɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"툴륨","pronunciation":"tul-lyum","ipa":"/tɯlljɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Túlio","pronunciation":"TOO-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈtuliu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Tulio","pronunciation":"TOO-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtulio/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Tulio","pronunciation":"TOO-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtulio/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"too-LYOM","ipa":"/tyljɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honor the element's Scandinavian origins."}},{"atomic_number":70,"symbol":"Yb","name":"Ytterbium","atomic_mass":173.04,"category":"Lanthanide","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac","named_by":"Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Ytterbium oxide (Yb₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Lasers","Atomic clocks"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1878","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 6s2","oxidationStates":[2,3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"38 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":3500000.0,"specificHeat":0.155,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ytterbium%28III%29_oxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/1_Million_Ytterbium_Atoms_Illuminated_by_a_Blue_Laser_%285940299799%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_a_sample_of_pure_ytterbium.jpg/960px-An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_a_sample_of_pure_ytterbium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Ultrapure_ytterbium%2C_2_grams._Original_size_in_cm_-_1_x_1.5.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ytterbium_%2870_Yb%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ytterbium_%28Element_-_70%29_1.jpg/960px-Ytterbium_%28Element_-_70%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ytterbium_%28Element_-_70%29_2.jpg/960px-Ytterbium_%28Element_-_70%29_2.jpg"],"color":"#00BF38","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibers power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ih-TER-bee-um","ipa":"/ɪˈtɜːrbiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Iterbio","pronunciation":"ih-TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/iˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ee-tehr-BYOM","ipa":"/iteʁbjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ÜT-ehr-bee-oom","ipa":"/ˈʏtɐbiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"IT-ehr-bee-um","ipa":"/ˈɪtərbiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ih-TUR-bee-um","ipa":"/ɪˈtɜːbiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Itérbio","pronunciation":"ee-TEHR-byoo","ipa":"/iˈtɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Itterbio","pronunciation":"i-TER-byo","ipa":"/iˈtɛːrbio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"y-TER-bi-um","ipa":"/yˈtɛrbiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"y-TER-bi-um","ipa":"/yˈtɛrbiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"y-TER-bi-um","ipa":"/yˈtɛrbiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"y-TER-bi-um","ipa":"/yˈtɛrbiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Iterb","pronunciation":"y-TER-byum","ipa":"/yˈtɛrbjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"İterbiyum","pronunciation":"i-ter-bi-YUM","ipa":"/itɛrbiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Иттербий","pronunciation":"i-TER-biy","ipa":"/iˈtɛrbij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"إيتيربيوم","pronunciation":"i-TER-byum","ipa":"/iˈtɛːrbjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镱","pronunciation":"yì","ipa":"/i⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐿","pronunciation":"yì","ipa":"/i⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"イッテルビウム","pronunciation":"i-te-ru-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/itɛɾɯbɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"이터븀","pronunciation":"i-ter-byum","ipa":"/itɛɾbɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Itérbio","pronunciation":"ee-TEHR-byoo","ipa":"/iˈtɛɾbiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Iterbio","pronunciation":"ih-TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/iˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Iterbio","pronunciation":"ih-TER-bee-oh","ipa":"/iˈteɾβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ee-tehr-BYOM","ipa":"/iteʁbjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."}},{"atomic_number":71,"symbol":"Lu","name":"Lutetium","atomic_mass":174.97,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialized alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Georges Urbain","named_by":"Georges Urbain","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Lutetium oxide (Lu₂O₃)"],"commonUses":["Petroleum refining","Medical imaging"],"top_producing_countries":["China"],"year_discovered":"1907","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2","oxidationStates":[3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"16.4 W/m·K","electricalConductivity":1800000.0,"specificHeat":0.154,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Electron_shell_071_lutetium.png/960px-Electron_shell_071_lutetium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/71_lutetium_%28Lu%29_enhanced_Bohr_model.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/71--lutetium%2C_cut_piece.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lutetium_%28Element_-_71%29_1.jpg/960px-Lutetium_%28Element_-_71%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lutetium_%28Element_-_71%29_2.jpg/960px-Lutetium_%28Element_-_71%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lutetium_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Lutetium_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lutetium_amp.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lutetium_element.jpg"],"color":"#00AB24","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"loo-TEE-shee-um","ipa":"/luːˈtiːʃiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Lutecio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-oh","ipa":"/luˈtesjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Lutétium","pronunciation":"loo-teh-SYOM","ipa":"/lytesjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-tsee-oom","ipa":"/luˈteːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-tsee-um","ipa":"/lyˈteːtsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"loo-TEE-shee-um","ipa":"/luːˈtiːʃiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Lutécio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-syoo","ipa":"/luˈtɛsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Lutezio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-tsyo","ipa":"/luˈtɛːtsio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-um","ipa":"/lyˈteːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-um","ipa":"/lyˈteːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-si-um","ipa":"/lyˈteːsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-um","ipa":"/lyˈteːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Lutet","pronunciation":"loo-TET","ipa":"/luˈtɛt/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Lutesyum","pronunciation":"loo-TET-yum","ipa":"/luˈtetjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Лютеций","pronunciation":"lyoo-TEH-tsee","ipa":"/lʲʊˈtʲɛtsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"لوتيتيوم","pronunciation":"loo-tee-TEE-yoom","ipa":"/luːtiːtijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镥","pronunciation":"lǔ","ipa":"/lu˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鑥","pronunciation":"lǔ","ipa":"/lu˨˩˦/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ルテチウム","pronunciation":"ru-te-chi-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾɯtetɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"루테튬","pronunciation":"ru-te-tyum","ipa":"/ɾutetʰjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Lutécio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-syoo","ipa":"/luˈtɛsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Lutecio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-oh","ipa":"/luˈtesjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Lutecio","pronunciation":"loo-TEH-see-oh","ipa":"/luˈtesjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Lutétium","pronunciation":"loo-teh-SYOM","ipa":"/lytesjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honor his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."}},{"atomic_number":72,"symbol":"Hf","name":"Hafnium","atomic_mass":178.49,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray","discovered_by":"Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy","named_by":"Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Hafnium oxide (HfO₂)"],"commonUses":["Nuclear reactor control rods","Superalloys"],"top_producing_countries":["Australia","United States"],"year_discovered":"1923","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2","oxidationStates":[4],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"23 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.144,"meltingPoint":"2233 °C / 4051 °F","boilingPoint":"4603 °C / 8317 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Hafnium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hafnium_bits.jpg/960px-Hafnium_bits.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hafnium_ebeam_remelted.jpg/960px-Hafnium_ebeam_remelted.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hafnium_pellets_with_a_thin_oxide_layer.jpg/960px-Hafnium_pellets_with_a_thin_oxide_layer.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/72_%28Hf_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-72_%28Hf_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/960px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg/960px-Apollo_AS11-40-5866.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Moseley_step_ladder.jpg/960px-Moseley_step_ladder.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/960px-NFPA_704.svg.png"],"color":"#4DC2FF","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhæfniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Hafnio","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈhafnjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"haf-NYOM","ipa":"/hafnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-oom","ipa":"/ˈhafniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhɑfniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhæfniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Háfnio","pronunciation":"HAF-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈhafniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Afnio","pronunciation":"AF-nyo","ipa":"/ˈafnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhafniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhafniom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"HAF-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈhafniom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈhafniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Hafn","pronunciation":"HAFN","ipa":"/hafn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Hafniyum","pronunciation":"HAF-nyum","ipa":"/ˈhafnjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Гафний","pronunciation":"GAF-nee","ipa":"/ˈɡafnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"هافنيوم","pronunciation":"haf-NEE-yoom","ipa":"/hafnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铪","pronunciation":"hā","ipa":"/xa˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉿","pronunciation":"hā","ipa":"/xa˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ハフニウム","pronunciation":"ha-fu-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/hafɯniɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"하프늄","pronunciation":"ha-peu-nyum","ipa":"/hapʰɯnjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Háfnio","pronunciation":"HAF-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈhafniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Hafnio","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈhafnjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Hafnio","pronunciation":"HAF-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈhafnjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"haf-NYOM","ipa":"/hafnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honor the city where their research was conducted."}},{"atomic_number":73,"symbol":"Ta","name":"Tantalum","atomic_mass":180.95,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Gray blue","discovered_by":"Anders Ekeberg","named_by":"Anders Ekeberg","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅)"],"commonUses":["Capacitors","Surgical implants"],"top_producing_countries":["Rwanda","Congo"],"year_discovered":"1802","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2","oxidationStates":[5],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"57.5 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.14,"meltingPoint":"3017 °C / 5462 °F","boilingPoint":"5458 °C / 9856 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tantalum_world_production.svg/960px-Tantalum_world_production.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World_Tantalum_Production_2006.svg/960px-World_Tantalum_Production_2006.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Tantalum_Production_2015.svg/960px-World_Tantalum_Production_2015.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/73_%28Ta_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-73_%28Ta_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/DOSBIWoneRotamer.png/960px-DOSBIWoneRotamer.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Tantal-Perle-Wiki-07-02-25-P1040364b.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tantalio.png/960px-Tantalio.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Tantalite.jpg"],"color":"#4DA6FF","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalizing' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-lum","ipa":"/ˈtæntələm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Tántalo","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-loh","ipa":"/ˈtantalo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Tantale","pronunciation":"tan-TAL","ipa":"/tɑ̃tal/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"TAN-tal","ipa":"/ˈtantal/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Tantaal","pronunciation":"TAN-tahl","ipa":"/tɑnˈtaːl/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"TAN-tuh-lum","ipa":"/ˈtæntələm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tântalo","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-loo","ipa":"/ˈtɐ̃talu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tantalio","pronunciation":"TAN-ta-lo","ipa":"/ˈtantalo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"TAN-ta-lum","ipa":"/ˈtantalɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"TAN-ta-lum","ipa":"/ˈtɑntalɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Tantaali","pronunciation":"TAN-ta-li","ipa":"/ˈtantali/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"TAN-ta-lum","ipa":"/ˈtantalɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"TAN-tal","ipa":"/ˈtantal/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Tantal","pronunciation":"tan-TAL","ipa":"/tanˈtal/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Тантал","pronunciation":"TAN-tal","ipa":"/ˈtantal/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تنتالوم","pronunciation":"TAN-tal","ipa":"/ˈtantal/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钽","pronunciation":"tǎn","ipa":"/tʰan²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉭","pronunciation":"tǎn","ipa":"/tʰan²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"タンタル","pronunciation":"tan-ta-ru","ipa":"/tantaɾɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"탄탈럼","pronunciation":"tan-tal-leom","ipa":"/tantallʌm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tântalo","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-loo","ipa":"/ˈtɐ̃talu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Tántalo","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-loh","ipa":"/ˈtantalo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Tántalo","pronunciation":"TAN-tah-loh","ipa":"/ˈtantalo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Tantale","pronunciation":"tan-TAL","ipa":"/tɑ̃tal/"}],"explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalizingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."}},{"atomic_number":74,"symbol":"W","name":"Tungsten","atomic_mass":183.84,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Grayish white, lustrous","discovered_by":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","named_by":"Torbern Bergman","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Tungsten carbide (WC)","Tungsten trioxide (WO₃)"],"commonUses":["Light bulb filaments","Cutting tools"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Russia"],"year_discovered":"1783","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2","oxidationStates":[2,3,4,5,6],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"173 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.134,"meltingPoint":"3422 °C / 6192 °F","boilingPoint":"5930 °C / 10706 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG/960px-Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/960px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Tungsten_rod_with_oxidised_surface.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg/960px-World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/74_%28W_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-74_%28W_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/960px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ammoniumparawolframat.png/960px-Ammoniumparawolframat.png"],"color":"#2194D6","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"TUNG-sten","ipa":"/ˈtʌŋstən/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Wolframio","pronunciation":"vol-FRAH-mee-oh","ipa":"/bolˈfɾamjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Tungstène","pronunciation":"tunk-STEN","ipa":"/tœ̃ɡstɛn/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Wolfram","pronunciation":"VOL-fram","ipa":"/ˈvɔlfʁam/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Wolfraam","pronunciation":"VOL-fram","ipa":"/ˈʋɔlˌfraːm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"TUNG-stun","ipa":"/ˈtʌŋstən/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tungstênio","pronunciation":"tung-STEN-yoo","ipa":"/tũɡˈsteniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tungsteno","pronunciation":"VOLF-ra-mo","ipa":"/ˈvolfɾamo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Volfram","pronunciation":"VOLF-ram","ipa":"/ˈvɔlfrɑm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Wolfram","pronunciation":"VOLF-ram","ipa":"/ˈvɔlˌfram/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Volframi","pronunciation":"VOLF-ra-mi","ipa":"/ˈvolframi/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Wolfram","pronunciation":"VOLF-ram","ipa":"/ˈvɔlfrɑm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Wolfram","pronunciation":"WOLT-fram","ipa":"/ˈwɔltfram/"},{"locale":"tr","pronunciation":"TUNG-sten","ipa":"/ˈtʊŋstɛn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Вольфрам","pronunciation":"VOLF-ram","ipa":"/ˈvɔlfrɑm/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تنغستن","pronunciation":"TUNG-sten","ipa":"/ˈtʊŋstɛn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钨","pronunciation":"wū","ipa":"/u⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎢","pronunciation":"wū","ipa":"/u⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"タングステン","pronunciation":"ta-ng-su-ten","ipa":"/taŋsɯtɛn/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"텅스텐","pronunciation":"tung-seu-ten","ipa":"/tʰuŋsɯtɛn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tungstênio","pronunciation":"tung-STEN-yoo","ipa":"/tũɡˈsteniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Wolframio","pronunciation":"vol-FRAH-mee-oh","ipa":"/bolˈfɾamjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Wolframio","pronunciation":"vol-FRAH-mee-oh","ipa":"/bolˈfɾamjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Tungstène","pronunciation":"tunk-STEN","ipa":"/tœ̃ɡstɛn/"}],"explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."}},{"atomic_number":75,"symbol":"Re","name":"Rhenium","atomic_mass":186.21,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-gray","discovered_by":"Masataka Ogawa (claimed) / Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg (credited)","named_by":"Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Rhenium trioxide (ReO₃)","Rhenium disulfide (ReS₂)"],"commonUses":["Jet engines","Superalloys"],"top_producing_countries":["Chile","United States"],"year_discovered":"1925","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2","oxidationStates":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"48 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.137,"meltingPoint":"3186 °C / 5767 °F","boilingPoint":"5596 °C / 10105 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Electron_shell_075_rhenium.png/960px-Electron_shell_075_rhenium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ACS_rhenium.svg/960px-ACS_rhenium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Flaky_interlocking_rhenium_powder.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pure_rhenium_bead%2C_arc_melted%2C_21_grams._Original_size_in_cm_-_1.5_x_1.7.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Rhenium_%2875_Re%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rhenium_%28Element_-_75%29_1.jpg/960px-Rhenium_%28Element_-_75%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rhenium_%28Element_-_75%29_2.jpg/960px-Rhenium_%28Element_-_75%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rhenium_0%2C9g.jpg/960px-Rhenium_0%2C9g.jpg"],"color":"#267DAB","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"REE-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈriːniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Renio","pronunciation":"REH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈrenjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Rhénium","pronunciation":"reh-NYOM","ipa":"/ʁenjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"REH-nee-oom","ipa":"/ˈʁeːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"REH-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈreːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"REE-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈriːniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Rênio","pronunciation":"HEH-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈxeniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Renio","pronunciation":"REH-nyo","ipa":"/ˈrɛːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"REH-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈreːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"REH-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈreːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Renium","pronunciation":"REH-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈreːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"REH-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈreːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ren","pronunciation":"REH-nyum","ipa":"/ˈrɛnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Renyum","pronunciation":"re-ni-YUM","ipa":"/reniˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Рений","pronunciation":"REH-niy","ipa":"/ˈrɛnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"رينيوم","pronunciation":"REH-nyum","ipa":"/ˈrɛːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铼","pronunciation":"lái","ipa":"/lai³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錸","pronunciation":"lái","ipa":"/lai³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"レニウム","pronunciation":"re-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾenɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"레늄","pronunciation":"re-nyum","ipa":"/ɾenɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Rênio","pronunciation":"HEH-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈxeniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Renio","pronunciation":"REH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈrenjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Renio","pronunciation":"REH-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈrenjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Rhénium","pronunciation":"reh-NYOM","ipa":"/ʁenjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."}},{"atomic_number":76,"symbol":"Os","name":"Osmium","atomic_mass":190.23,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","discovered_by":"Smithson Tennant","named_by":"Smithson Tennant","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄)"],"commonUses":["Fountain pen nibs","Electrical contacts"],"top_producing_countries":["Russia","South Africa"],"year_discovered":"1803","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2","oxidationStates":[2,3,4,6,8],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"87.6 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.13,"meltingPoint":"3033 °C / 5491 °F","boilingPoint":"5000 °C / 9032 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is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odor.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"OZ-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈɒzmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Osmio","pronunciation":"OZ-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈosmjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"os-MYOM","ipa":"/ɔsmjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"OS-mee-oom","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"OS-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"OZ-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈɒzmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Ósmio","pronunciation":"OS-myoo","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Osmio","pronunciation":"OZ-myo","ipa":"/ˈɔzmio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"OS-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"OS-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"OS-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"OS-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Osm","pronunciation":"OS-myum","ipa":"/ˈɔsmjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Osmiyum","pronunciation":"oz-mi-YUM","ipa":"/ozmiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Осмий","pronunciation":"OS-miy","ipa":"/ˈɔsmij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أوزميوم","pronunciation":"OZ-myum","ipa":"/ˈɔzmjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锇","pronunciation":"é","ipa":"/ɤ³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鋨","pronunciation":"é","ipa":"/ɤ³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"オスミウム","pronunciation":"o-su-mi-u-mu","ipa":"/osɯmɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"오스뮴","pronunciation":"os-myum","ipa":"/osmɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Ósmio","pronunciation":"OS-myoo","ipa":"/ˈɔsmiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Osmio","pronunciation":"OZ-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈosmjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Osmio","pronunciation":"OZ-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈosmjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"os-MYOM","ipa":"/ɔsmjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odor'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."}},{"atomic_number":77,"symbol":"Ir","name":"Iridium","atomic_mass":192.22,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Smithson Tennant","named_by":"Smithson Tennant","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Iridium dioxide (IrO₂)","Iridium chloride"],"commonUses":["Spark plugs","Electrical contacts"],"top_producing_countries":["South Africa","Russia"],"year_discovered":"1803","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2","oxidationStates":[1,2,3,4,6],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"147 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.131,"meltingPoint":"2446 °C / 4435 °F","boilingPoint":"4428 °C / 8002 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Iridium2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Iridium_%2877_Ir%29_%28cropped%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/960px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/77_%28Ir_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-77_%28Ir_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/960px-C-HactnBergGrah.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/960px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG/960px-Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg/960px-Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg/960px-IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg"],"color":"#175487","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colorful salts."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ih-RID-ee-um","ipa":"/ɪˈrɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Iridio","pronunciation":"ih-REE-dee-oh","ipa":"/iˈɾiðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ee-ree-DYOM","ipa":"/iʁidjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee-oom","ipa":"/iˈʁiːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee-um","ipa":"/iˈriːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ih-RID-ee-um","ipa":"/ɪˈrɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Irídio","pronunciation":"ee-REE-djoo","ipa":"/iˈɾidʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Iridio","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dyo","ipa":"/iˈriːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee-um","ipa":"/iˈriːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee-um","ipa":"/iˈriːdiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ee-REE-di-um","ipa":"/iˈriːdiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee-um","ipa":"/iˈriːdiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Iryd","pronunciation":"ee-RIT","ipa":"/iˈrɨt/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"İridyum","pronunciation":"ee-RID-yum","ipa":"/iˈɾidjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Иридий","pronunciation":"ee-REE-dee","ipa":"/ɪˈrʲiːdʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"إيريديوم","pronunciation":"ee-ree-DEE-yoom","ipa":"/iːriːdijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铱","pronunciation":"yī","ipa":"/i˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"銥","pronunciation":"yī","ipa":"/i˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"イリジウム","pronunciation":"i-ri-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/iɾidʑiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"이리듐","pronunciation":"i-ri-dyum","ipa":"/iridjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Irídio","pronunciation":"ee-REE-djoo","ipa":"/iˈɾidʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Iridio","pronunciation":"ih-REE-dee-oh","ipa":"/iˈɾiðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Iridio","pronunciation":"ih-REE-dee-oh","ipa":"/iˈɾiðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ee-ree-DYOM","ipa":"/iʁidjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colors displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colors of a rainbow."}},{"atomic_number":78,"symbol":"Pt","name":"Platinum","atomic_mass":195.08,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"Antonio de Ulloa","named_by":"Antonio de Ulloa","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Platinum chloride (PtCl₂)","Platinum oxide"],"commonUses":["Catalytic converters","Jewelry"],"top_producing_countries":["South Africa","Russia"],"year_discovered":"1735","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1","oxidationStates":[2,4],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"71.6 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.133,"meltingPoint":"1768 °C / 3214 °F","boilingPoint":"3825 °C / 6917 °F","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/960px-Platinum_crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg/960px-One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/960px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG/960px-Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/960px-Platinum_Mining.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Platinum_price.webp/960px-Platinum_price.webp.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/960px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Platinum_world_production.svg/960px-Platinum_world_production.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg/960px-Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg"],"color":"#D0D0E0","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewelry and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"PLAT-ih-num","ipa":"/ˈplætɪnəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Platino","pronunciation":"PLAH-tee-noh","ipa":"/ˈplatino/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Platine","pronunciation":"plah-TEEN","ipa":"/platinə/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Platin","pronunciation":"plah-TEEN","ipa":"/plaˈtiːn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"plah-TEE-nah","ipa":"/plaˈtiːnaː/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"PLAT-uh-num","ipa":"/ˈplætɪnəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"plah-CHEE-nah","ipa":"/plaˈtʃina/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Platino","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-no","ipa":"/ˈplaːtino/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈplaːtɪna/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Platin","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈpladina/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈplaːtina/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈplaːtɪna/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Platyna","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈplatɪna/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Platin","pronunciation":"pla-TIN","ipa":"/plaˈtin/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Платина","pronunciation":"PLA-ti-na","ipa":"/ˈplatɪna/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بلاتين","pronunciation":"PLA-teen","ipa":"/ˈplaːtiːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铂","pronunciation":"bó","ipa":"/po³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉑","pronunciation":"bó","ipa":"/po³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"白金","pronunciation":"ha-ku-kin","ipa":"/hakɯkin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"백금","pronunciation":"baek-geum","ipa":"/pɛkɡɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Platina","pronunciation":"plah-CHEE-nah","ipa":"/plaˈtʃina/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Platino","pronunciation":"PLAH-tee-noh","ipa":"/ˈplatino/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Platino","pronunciation":"PLAH-tee-noh","ipa":"/ˈplatino/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Platine","pronunciation":"plah-TEEN","ipa":"/platinə/"}],"explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."}},{"atomic_number":79,"symbol":"Au","name":"Gold","atomic_mass":196.97,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewelry, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","discovered_by":"Known since ancient times","named_by":"Ancient civilizations","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Native gold","Gold chloride (AuCl₃)"],"commonUses":["Jewelry","Electronics","Currency"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Australia","Russia","United States"],"year_discovered":"Ancient","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1","oxidationStates":[1,3],"isStable":true,"thermalConductivity":"318 W/m·K","specificHeat":0.129,"density":19.32,"meltingPoint":"1064 °C / 1947 °F","boilingPoint":"2970 °C / 5378 °F","corrosionResistance":"Highly corrosion-resistant","economicValue":"Very high","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG/960px-Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/960px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/960px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/960px-Gold-crystals.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Beowulf_-_gold.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gold255.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/960px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/960px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg"],"color":"#FFD123","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square meter.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"gohld","ipa":"/ɡoʊld/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Oro","pronunciation":"OH-roh","ipa":"/ˈoɾo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Or","pronunciation":"OR","ipa":"/ɔʁ/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"GOLT","ipa":"/ɡɔlt/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Goud","pronunciation":"KHOWT","ipa":"/ɣɑut/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"GOHLD","ipa":"/ɡəʊld/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Ouro","pronunciation":"OH-roo","ipa":"/ˈoɾu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Oro","pronunciation":"OH-ro","ipa":"/ˈɔːro/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Guld","pronunciation":"GÜLD","ipa":"/ɡɵld/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Guld","pronunciation":"GOOL","ipa":"/ˈɡ̊ɔl/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kulta","pronunciation":"KOOL-tah","ipa":"/ˈkuːltɑ/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Gull","pronunciation":"GOOL","ipa":"/ɡɵlː/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Złoto","pronunciation":"ZWOH-to","ipa":"/ˈzwɔtɔ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Altın","pronunciation":"al-TUN","ipa":"/alˈtɯn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Золото","pronunciation":"ZOH-lo-to","ipa":"/ˈzolətə/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ذهب","pronunciation":"za-HAB","ipa":"/zaˈhab/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"金","pronunciation":"jīn","ipa":"/tɕin˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"金","pronunciation":"jīn","ipa":"/tɕin˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"金","pronunciation":"kin","ipa":"/kin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"금","pronunciation":"geum","ipa":"/kɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Ouro","pronunciation":"OH-roo","ipa":"/ˈoɾu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Oro","pronunciation":"OH-roh","ipa":"/ˈoɾo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Oro","pronunciation":"OH-roh","ipa":"/ˈoɾo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Or","pronunciation":"OR","ipa":"/ɔʁ/"}],"explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."}},{"atomic_number":80,"symbol":"Hg","name":"Mercury","atomic_mass":200.59,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","discovered_by":"Known since ancient times","named_by":"Ancient civilizations","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)","state_at_room_temperature":"Liquid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Mercury(II) chloride","Cinnabar (HgS)"],"commonUses":["Thermometers","Barometers","Fluorescent lamps"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Kyrgyzstan"],"year_discovered":"Ancient","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2","oxidationStates":[1,2],"isToxic":true,"density":13.534,"meltingPoint":"-38.83 °C / -37.89 °F","boilingPoint":"356.7 °C / 674.1 °F","electricalConductivity":1040000.0,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/960px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/960px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/EPA_workers_clean_up_residential_mercury_spill_%283986684199%29.jpg/960px-EPA_workers_clean_up_residential_mercury_spill_%283986684199%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Mercury-27128.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg/960px-Mercury_discharge_tube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mercury_in_Ice_Core_Upper_Fremont_Glacier.svg/960px-Mercury_in_Ice_Core_Upper_Fremont_Glacier.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Mercury_memory.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/960px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg/960px-Mercuryvaporlamp.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg/960px-Pound-coin-floating-in-mercury.jpg"],"color":"#B8B8D0","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapor glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"MER-kyuh-ree","ipa":"/ˈmɜːrkjʊri/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Mercurio","pronunciation":"mer-KOO-ree-oh","ipa":"/merˈkuɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Mercure","pronunciation":"mehr-KYUR","ipa":"/mɛʁkyʁ/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Quecksilber","pronunciation":"KVEK-zil-ber","ipa":"/ˈkvɛkˌzɪlbɐ/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Kwik","pronunciation":"KVIK","ipa":"/kvɪk/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"MUR-kyuh-ree","ipa":"/ˈmɜːkjʊri/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Mercúrio","pronunciation":"mehr-KOO-ryoo","ipa":"/mɛɾˈkuɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Mercurio","pronunciation":"MER-ku-ryo","ipa":"/ˈmɛrkurio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Kvicksilver","pronunciation":"KVICK-silver","ipa":"/ˈkvɪkˌsɪlvɛr/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Kviksølv","pronunciation":"KVICK-soelv","ipa":"/ˈkʰvegˌsølˀ/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Elohopea","pronunciation":"EH-loh-ho-pea","ipa":"/ˈelohopɛɑ/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Kvikksølv","pronunciation":"KVICK-soelv","ipa":"/ˈkvɪkˌsølv/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Rtęć","pronunciation":"RTOOTS","ipa":"/ˈrtɨts/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Cıva","pronunciation":"cu-VA","ipa":"/dʒuˈva/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Ртуть","pronunciation":"r-TUT","ipa":"/rˈtutʲ/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"زئبق","pronunciation":"zib-bak","ipa":"/ˈzɪbˌbak/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"汞","pronunciation":"gǒng","ipa":"/koŋ²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"汞","pronunciation":"gǒng","ipa":"/koŋ²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"水銀","pronunciation":"su-i-gin","ipa":"/sɯiɡin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"수은","pronunciation":"su-eun","ipa":"/sɯɯn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Mercúrio","pronunciation":"mehr-KOO-ryoo","ipa":"/mɛɾˈkuɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Mercurio","pronunciation":"mer-KOO-ree-oh","ipa":"/merˈkuɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Mercurio","pronunciation":"mer-KOO-ree-oh","ipa":"/merˈkuɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Mercure","pronunciation":"mehr-KYUR","ipa":"/mɛʁkyʁ/"}],"explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinization of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."}},{"atomic_number":81,"symbol":"Tl","name":"Thallium","atomic_mass":204.38,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Thallium is a soft, gray metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","discovered_by":"William Crookes","named_by":"Claude-Auguste Lamy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Thallium sulfate (Tl₂SO₄)","Thallium oxide"],"commonUses":["Electronics","Optical lenses","Radiation shielding"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Kazakhstan"],"year_discovered":"1861","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1","oxidationStates":[1,3],"isToxic":true,"density":11.85,"meltingPoint":"304 °C / 579 °F","boilingPoint":"1473 °C / 2683 °F","corrosionResistance":"Poor","vaporPressure":0.1,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Thallium_pieces_in_ampoule.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thallium_rod_corroded.jpg/960px-Thallium_rod_corroded.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/8_grams_pure_thallium_under_argon._Original_size_in_cm_-_0.7_x_1.5.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Thallium_%2881_Tl%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thallium_%28Element_-_81%29_1.jpg/960px-Thallium_%28Element_-_81%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thallium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Thallium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Thallium_%28Element_-_81%29_2.jpg/960px-Thallium_%28Element_-_81%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Thallium_in_periodic_table.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Thallium_pieces.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Thallium_place.png"],"color":"#A6544D","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odorless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialized infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"THAL-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈθæliəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Talio","pronunciation":"TAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtalio/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"tah-LYOM","ipa":"/taljɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"TAH-lee-oom","ipa":"/ˈtaliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"TAH-lee-um","ipa":"/ˈtaliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"THAL-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈθæliəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tálio","pronunciation":"TAH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈtaliu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tallio","pronunciation":"TAL-lyo","ipa":"/ˈtallɪo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Tallium","pronunciation":"TAL-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtalliɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"TAL-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtɑlliɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Tallium","pronunciation":"TAL-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtalliɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"TAL-li-um","ipa":"/ˈtalliɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tal","pronunciation":"TAL","ipa":"/tal/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Talyum","pronunciation":"tal-YUM","ipa":"/talˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Таллий","pronunciation":"TAL-liy","ipa":"/ˈtallij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ثاليوم","pronunciation":"TAL-yum","ipa":"/ˈtaːljɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铊","pronunciation":"tā","ipa":"/tʰa⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉈","pronunciation":"tā","ipa":"/tʰa⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"タリウム","pronunciation":"ta-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/taɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"탈륨","pronunciation":"tal-lyum","ipa":"/talljɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tálio","pronunciation":"TAH-lyoo","ipa":"/ˈtaliu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Talio","pronunciation":"TAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtalio/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Talio","pronunciation":"TAH-lee-oh","ipa":"/ˈtalio/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"tah-LYOM","ipa":"/taljɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analyzing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."}},{"atomic_number":82,"symbol":"Pb","name":"Lead","atomic_mass":207.2,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-gray metallic","discovered_by":"Known since ancient times","named_by":"Ancient civilizations","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Galena (PbS)","Lead oxide"],"commonUses":["Batteries","Radiation shielding","Ammunition"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Australia","United States"],"year_discovered":"Ancient","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2","oxidationStates":[2,4],"isToxic":true,"density":11.34,"meltingPoint":"327.5 °C / 621.5 °F","boilingPoint":"1749 °C / 3180 °F","corrosionResistance":"Moderate","industrialApplications":["Plumbing","Construction"],"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kymographic_recording_of_the_effect_of_lead_on_frog_heart..jpg/960px-Kymographic_recording_of_the_effect_of_lead_on_frog_heart..jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lead-2.jpg/960px-Lead-2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lead_shielding.jpg/960px-Lead_shielding.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28raster%29.png/960px-Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28raster%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/82_%28Pb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-82_%28Pb_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Crystal_glass.jpg/960px-Crystal_glass.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Angeln_zubehoer_grundblei_01.jpg"],"color":"#575961","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"led","ipa":"/lɛd/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Plomo","pronunciation":"PLOH-moh","ipa":"/ˈplomo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Plomb","pronunciation":"PLON","ipa":"/plɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Blei","pronunciation":"BLAY","ipa":"/blaɪ/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Lood","pronunciation":"LOHT","ipa":"/loːt/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"LED","ipa":"/lɛd/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Chumbo","pronunciation":"SHOOM-boo","ipa":"/ˈʃũbu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Piombo","pronunciation":"PYOHM-bo","ipa":"/ˈpjɔːmbo/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Bly","pronunciation":"BLÜÜ","ipa":"/blyː/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Bly","pronunciation":"BLÜÜ","ipa":"/blyː/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Lyijy","pronunciation":"LÜÜ-yü","ipa":"/ˈlyːjy/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Bly","pronunciation":"BLÜÜ","ipa":"/blyː/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ołów","pronunciation":"OH-woof","ipa":"/ˈɔwuf/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kurşun","pronunciation":"koor-SHOON","ipa":"/kurˈʃun/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Свинец","pronunciation":"svee-NYETS","ipa":"/svʲɪˈnʲets/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"رصاص","pronunciation":"ra-SAAS","ipa":"/raˈsaːs/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铅","pronunciation":"qiān","ipa":"/tɕʰjen˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉛","pronunciation":"qiān","ipa":"/tɕʰjen˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"鉛","pronunciation":"na-ma-ri","ipa":"/namari/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"납","pronunciation":"nap","ipa":"/nap/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Chumbo","pronunciation":"SHOOM-boo","ipa":"/ˈʃũbu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Plomo","pronunciation":"PLOH-moh","ipa":"/ˈplomo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Plomo","pronunciation":"PLOH-moh","ipa":"/ˈplomo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Plomb","pronunciation":"PLON","ipa":"/plɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."}},{"atomic_number":83,"symbol":"Bi","name":"Bismuth","atomic_mass":208.98,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","discovered_by":"Claude François Geoffroy","named_by":"Claude François Geoffroy","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Bismuthinite (Bi₂S₃)","Bismuth oxide"],"commonUses":["Medicines","Cosmetics","Alloys"],"top_producing_countries":["China","Mexico"],"year_discovered":"Ancient","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3","oxidationStates":[3,5],"isStable":true,"density":9.78,"meltingPoint":"271.4 °C / 520.5 °F","boilingPoint":"1564 °C / 2847 °F","electricalConductivity":770000.0,"thermalExpansionCoefficient":13.4,"images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg/960px-Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bismuth_symbol.svg/960px-Bismuth_symbol.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Bismuthvanadat.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg/960px-BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg/960px-Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MatlockiteStructure.png/960px-MatlockiteStructure.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BiPrice.png/960px-BiPrice.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bi_phase_diagram.png/960px-Bi_phase_diagram.png"],"color":"#9E4FB5","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"BIZ-muth","ipa":"/ˈbɪzmʌθ/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"beez-MOO-toh","ipa":"/bisˈmuto/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"biz-MOT","ipa":"/bismyt/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Bismut","pronunciation":"BIS-moot","ipa":"/ˈbɪsmʊt/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Bismut","pronunciation":"BIS-mut","ipa":"/ˈbɪsmʏt/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"BIZ-muth","ipa":"/ˈbɪzməθ/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"biz-MOO-too","ipa":"/bɪzˈmutu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"biz-MOO-to","ipa":"/biˈzmuːto/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Vismut","pronunciation":"VIS-moot","ipa":"/ˈvɪsmɵt/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Vismut","pronunciation":"BIS-moot","ipa":"/ˈbismud/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Vismutti","pronunciation":"vis-MOOT-ti","ipa":"/visˈmuːtti/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Vismut","pronunciation":"bis-MOOT","ipa":"/bisˈmuːt/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Bizmut","pronunciation":"BIZ-moot","ipa":"/ˈbizmut/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Bizmut","pronunciation":"BIZ-moot","ipa":"/ˈbizmut/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Висмут","pronunciation":"vis-MOOT","ipa":"/vʲɪˈsmut/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بزموت","pronunciation":"baz-MOOT","ipa":"/bazmuːt/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铋","pronunciation":"bì","ipa":"/pi˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉍","pronunciation":"bì","ipa":"/pi˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ビスマス","pronunciation":"bi-su-ma-su","ipa":"/bisɯmasɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"비스무트","pronunciation":"bis-mu-seu","ipa":"/pismɯsɯ/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"biz-MOO-too","ipa":"/bɪzˈmutu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"beez-MOO-toh","ipa":"/bisˈmuto/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Bismuto","pronunciation":"beez-MOO-toh","ipa":"/bisˈmuto/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"biz-MOT","ipa":"/bismyt/"}],"explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinized to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."}},{"atomic_number":84,"symbol":"Po","name":"Polonium","atomic_mass":209,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","discovered_by":"Marie Curie","named_by":"Marie Curie","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Polonium oxide (PoO₂)","Polonium chloride"],"commonUses":["Antistatic devices","Neutron sources"],"top_producing_countries":["Russia"],"year_discovered":"1898","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4","oxidationStates":[2,4],"isToxic":true,"density":9.2,"meltingPoint":"254 °C / 489 °F","boilingPoint":"962 °C / 1764 °F","radioactiveDecayMode":"Alpha decay","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Polonium_%28Element_-_84%29_2.jpg/960px-Polonium_%28Element_-_84%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Polonium_%28Element_-_84%29_1.jpg/960px-Polonium_%28Element_-_84%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Polonium_on_brass_sheet.jpg/960px-Polonium_on_brass_sheet.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg/960px-2019-11-22_Spark_plugs_and_static_eliminators_with_radioactive_polonium_at_museum_display.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Model_of_polonium_Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_monument_Warsaw.jpg/960px-Model_of_polonium_Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_monument_Warsaw.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Polonium_210.png/960px-Polonium_210.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Polonium-209_%2815271104925%29.jpg/960px-Polonium-209_%2815271104925%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Polonium-210.svg/960px-Polonium-210.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polonium.staticmaster.jpg/960px-Polonium.staticmaster.jpg"],"color":"#AB5C00","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-um","ipa":"/pəˈloʊniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Polonio","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/poˈlonjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"poh-loh-NYOM","ipa":"/pɔlɔnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-oom","ipa":"/poˈloːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-um","ipa":"/poˈloːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"puh-LOH-nee-um","ipa":"/pəˈləʊniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Polônio","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nyoo","ipa":"/poˈloniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Polonio","pronunciation":"po-LO-nyo","ipa":"/poˈlɔːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"po-LO-ni-um","ipa":"/poˈloːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"po-LO-ni-um","ipa":"/poˈloːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"po-LO-ni-um","ipa":"/poˈloːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"po-LO-ni-um","ipa":"/poˈloːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Polon","pronunciation":"po-LO-nyum","ipa":"/pɔˈlɔnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Polonyum","pronunciation":"po-lon-YUM","ipa":"/polonˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Полоний","pronunciation":"po-LO-niy","ipa":"/poˈlonij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بولونيوم","pronunciation":"po-LON-yum","ipa":"/poˈlɔnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钋","pronunciation":"pō","ipa":"/po⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釙","pronunciation":"pō","ipa":"/po⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ポロニウム","pronunciation":"po-ro-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/poɾonɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"폴로늄","pronunciation":"pol-lo-nyum","ipa":"/pollonɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Polônio","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nyoo","ipa":"/poˈloniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Polonio","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/poˈlonjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Polonio","pronunciation":"poh-LOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/poˈlonjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"poh-loh-NYOM","ipa":"/pɔlɔnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."}},{"atomic_number":85,"symbol":"At","name":"Astatine","atomic_mass":210,"category":"Post-transition metal","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","discovered_by":"Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè","named_by":"Emilio Segrè","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isSynthetic":true,"mostCommonForms":["Astatine-211"],"commonUses":["Cancer treatment (experimental)"],"year_discovered":"1940","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5","oxidationStates":[-1,1,3,5],"halfLife":"8 hours (At-211)","isToxic":true,"radioactiveDecayMode":"Alpha decay","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Astatine-211_in_bismuth_target.jpg/960px-Astatine-211_in_bismuth_target.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Astatine-iodide-3D-vdW.svg/960px-Astatine-iodide-3D-vdW.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Glow_from_a_sample_of_astatine_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Glow_from_a_sample_of_astatine_%28cropped%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Astatine_%28Element_-_85%29.jpg/960px-Astatine_%28Element_-_85%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Astatine-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Astatine-3D-vdW.svg/960px-Astatine-3D-vdW.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Astatine-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Astatine.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/First_Image_of_Astatine_-_English_Label_%28cropped_more%29.jpg/960px-First_Image_of_Astatine_-_English_Label_%28cropped_more%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/First_Image_of_Astatine_-_English_Label.jpg/960px-First_Image_of_Astatine_-_English_Label.jpg"],"color":"#754F45","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporize from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesized in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"AS-tah-teen","ipa":"/ˈæstətiːn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Astato","pronunciation":"ahs-TAH-toh","ipa":"/asˈtato/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Astate","pronunciation":"ah-STAT","ipa":"/astat/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Astat","pronunciation":"ah-STAHT","ipa":"/aˈstaːt/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Astaat","pronunciation":"AH-staat","ipa":"/aˈstaːt/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"AS-tuh-teen","ipa":"/ˈæstətiːn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Ástato","pronunciation":"AH-stah-too","ipa":"/ˈastatu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Astato","pronunciation":"ah-STAH-to","ipa":"/aˈstaːto/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Astat","pronunciation":"ah-STAAT","ipa":"/aˈstaːt/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Astat","pronunciation":"ah-STAAT","ipa":"/aˈstaːd/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Astatiini","pronunciation":"ah-stah-TEE-ni","ipa":"/astaˈtiːni/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Astat","pronunciation":"ah-STAAT","ipa":"/aˈstaːt/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Astat","pronunciation":"AH-stat","ipa":"/ˈastat/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Astatin","pronunciation":"ah-stah-TEEN","ipa":"/astaˈtin/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Астат","pronunciation":"ah-STAT","ipa":"/ɐˈstat/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أستاتين","pronunciation":"ah-stah-TEEN","ipa":"/astaːtiːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"砹","pronunciation":"ài","ipa":"/ai˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"砈","pronunciation":"ài","ipa":"/ai˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アスタチン","pronunciation":"a-su-ta-chin","ipa":"/asɯtatɕin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아스타틴","pronunciation":"a-seu-ta-tin","ipa":"/asɯtʰatʰin/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Ástato","pronunciation":"AH-stah-too","ipa":"/ˈastatu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Astato","pronunciation":"ahs-TAH-toh","ipa":"/asˈtato/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Astato","pronunciation":"ahs-TAH-toh","ipa":"/asˈtato/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Astate","pronunciation":"ah-STAT","ipa":"/astat/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesized it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."}},{"atomic_number":86,"symbol":"Rn","name":"Radon","atomic_mass":222,"category":"Noble gas","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colorless gas","discovered_by":"Friedrich Ernst Dorn","named_by":"William Ramsay","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon","state_at_room_temperature":"Gas","isFoundInNature":true,"mostCommonForms":["Radon-222 (radioactive)"],"commonUses":["Cancer treatment","Geology (earthquake prediction)"],"year_discovered":"1900","electron_shell_configuration":"[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6","oxidationStates":[2],"halfLife":"3.8 days (Rn-222)","isToxic":true,"radioactiveDecayMode":"Alpha decay","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Radon86%281%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Radon_spectrum.png/960px-Radon_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Radon_Concentration_next_to_Uranium_Mine.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Radon_Lognormal_distribution.gif/960px-Radon_Lognormal_distribution.gif","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Radon_apparatus.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Radon_decay_in_a_cloud_chamber.jpg/960px-Radon_decay_in_a_cloud_chamber.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Radon_detector.jpg/960px-Radon_detector.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radon_test_kit.jpg/960px-Radon_test_kit.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Stanowisko_pomiaru_radonu_glebowego_wf_pw.jpg/960px-Stanowisko_pomiaru_radonu_glebowego_wf_pw.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/US_homes_over_recommended_radon_levels.gif"],"color":"#428296","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"RAY-don","ipa":"/ˈreɪdɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Radón","pronunciation":"rah-DON","ipa":"/raˈðon/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"rah-DON","ipa":"/ʁadɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"RAH-don","ipa":"/ˈʁaːdɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"RAH-don","ipa":"/ˈraːdɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"RAY-don","ipa":"/ˈreɪdɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Radônio","pronunciation":"hah-DOH-nyoo","ipa":"/xaˈdoniu/"},{"locale":"it","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈraːdon/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈraːdon/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈʁɑˌðon/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈraːdɔn/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈraːdɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"RA-don","ipa":"/ˈradɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","pronunciation":"ra-DON","ipa":"/raˈdɔn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Радон","pronunciation":"ra-DON","ipa":"/raˈdɔn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"رادون","pronunciation":"ra-DON","ipa":"/raˈdɔn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"氡","pronunciation":"dōng","ipa":"/toŋ⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"氡","pronunciation":"dōng","ipa":"/toŋ⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ラドン","pronunciation":"ra-don","ipa":"/ɾadon/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"라돈","pronunciation":"ra-don","ipa":"/ɾadon/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Radônio","pronunciation":"hah-DOH-nyoo","ipa":"/xaˈdoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Radón","pronunciation":"rah-DON","ipa":"/raˈðon/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Radón","pronunciation":"rah-DON","ipa":"/raˈðon/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"rah-DON","ipa":"/ʁadɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardized."}},{"atomic_number":87,"symbol":"Fr","name":"Francium","atomic_mass":223,"category":"Alkali metal","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","discovered_by":"Marguerite Perey","named_by":"Marguerite Perey","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","isSynthetic":true,"mostCommonForms":["Francium-223"],"commonUses":["Research purposes"],"year_discovered":"1939","electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 7s1","oxidationStates":[1],"halfLife":"22 minutes (Fr-223)","radioactiveDecayMode":"Beta decay","density":1.87,"meltingPoint":"27 °C / 81 °F (estimated)","boilingPoint":"677 °C / 1251 °F (estimated)","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Francium_%28Element_-_87%29_2.jpg/960px-Francium_%28Element_-_87%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Atomic_spectrum_of_francium.svg/960px-Atomic_spectrum_of_francium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Francium-87.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Francium_%28200%2C000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Franciumtrap.PNG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Francium_%28Element_-_87%29_1.jpg/960px-Francium_%28Element_-_87%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Pichblende.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Fr%2C87.jpg"],"color":"#420066","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporize from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-um","ipa":"/ˈfrænsiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Francio","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈfɾansjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"fran-SYOM","ipa":"/fʁɑ̃sjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"FRAN-tsee-oom","ipa":"/ˈfʁantsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"FRAN-tsee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɾɑntsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-um","ipa":"/ˈfrænsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Frâncio","pronunciation":"FRAN-syoo","ipa":"/ˈfɾɐ̃siu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Francio","pronunciation":"FRAN-cho","ipa":"/ˈfrantʃio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-um","ipa":"/ˈfransiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-um","ipa":"/ˈfransiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"FRAN-si-um","ipa":"/ˈfransiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-um","ipa":"/ˈfransiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Frans","pronunciation":"FRANK","ipa":"/frank/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Fransiyum","pronunciation":"fran-SEE-yum","ipa":"/franˈsijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Франций","pronunciation":"FRAN-tsee","ipa":"/ˈfrantsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فرانسيوم","pronunciation":"fran-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/fransijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钫","pronunciation":"fāng","ipa":"/faŋ˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鍅","pronunciation":"fāng","ipa":"/faŋ˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"フランシウム","pronunciation":"fu-ran-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/fɯranɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"프랑슘","pronunciation":"peu-rang-syum","ipa":"/pʰɯɾaŋɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Frâncio","pronunciation":"FRAN-syoo","ipa":"/ˈfɾɐ̃siu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Francio","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈfɾansjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Francio","pronunciation":"FRAN-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈfɾansjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"fran-SYOM","ipa":"/fʁɑ̃sjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honor of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."}},{"atomic_number":88,"symbol":"Ra","name":"Radium","atomic_mass":226,"category":"Alkaline earth metal","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","discovered_by":"Marie Curie and Pierre Curie","named_by":"Marie Curie","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/960px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Radium226.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Radium_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg/960px-Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/960px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg/960px-WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/88_%28Ra_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-88_%28Ra_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/960px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png"],"color":"#007D00","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"RAY-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈreɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Radio","pronunciation":"RAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾaðio/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"rah-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁadjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"RAH-dee-oom","ipa":"/ˈʁaːdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"RAH-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈraːdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"RAY-dee-um","ipa":"/ˈreɪdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Rádio","pronunciation":"HAH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈxadʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Radio","pronunciation":"RA-dyo","ipa":"/ˈraːdio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"RA-di-um","ipa":"/ˈraːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"RA-di-um","ipa":"/ˈraːdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"RA-di-um","ipa":"/ˈraːdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"RA-di-um","ipa":"/ˈraːdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Rad","pronunciation":"RA-dyum","ipa":"/ˈradjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Radyum","pronunciation":"ra-di-YUM","ipa":"/radiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Радий","pronunciation":"RA-diy","ipa":"/ˈradij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"راديوم","pronunciation":"RA-dyum","ipa":"/ˈraːdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镭","pronunciation":"léi","ipa":"/lei³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐳","pronunciation":"léi","ipa":"/lei³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ラジウム","pronunciation":"ra-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾadʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"라듐","pronunciation":"ra-dyum","ipa":"/ɾadɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Rádio","pronunciation":"HAH-djoo","ipa":"/ˈxadʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Radio","pronunciation":"RAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾaðio/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Radio","pronunciation":"RAH-dee-oh","ipa":"/ˈɾaðio/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"rah-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁadjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."}},{"atomic_number":89,"symbol":"Ac","name":"Actinium","atomic_mass":227,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Friedrich Oskar Giesel","named_by":"Friedrich Oskar Giesel","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png/960px-Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/960px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Actinium_%28Element_-_89%29.jpg/960px-Actinium_%28Element_-_89%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Actinium-225.svg/960px-Actinium-225.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Actinium-227.svg/960px-Actinium-227.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Actinium-228.svg/960px-Actinium-228.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Actinium-atom-3D-vdW.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decay_Chain_of_Actinium_FR.svg/960px-Decay_Chain_of_Actinium_FR.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Raies_Actinium.png/960px-Raies_Actinium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/89_%28Ac_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-89_%28Ac_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png"],"color":"#70ABFA","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ækˈtɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Actinio","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/akˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ak-tee-NYOM","ipa":"/aktinjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-nee-oom","ipa":"/akˈtiːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-nee-um","ipa":"/ɑkˈtiːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ækˈtɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Actínio","pronunciation":"ak-CHEE-nyoo","ipa":"/akˈtʃiniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Attinio","pronunciation":"at-CHEE-nyo","ipa":"/atˈtʃiːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-nee-um","ipa":"/akˈtiːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-nee-um","ipa":"/akˈtiːniom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Aktinium","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-ni-um","ipa":"/akˈtiːniom/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Aktinium","pronunciation":"ak-TEE-nee-um","ipa":"/akˈtiːniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Aktyn","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-yoom","ipa":"/akˈtɨnjum/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Aktinyum","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-yum","ipa":"/akˈtinjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Актиний","pronunciation":"ak-TEEN-ee","ipa":"/akˈtʲiːnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أكتينيوم","pronunciation":"ak-tee-NEE-yoom","ipa":"/aktiːnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锕","pronunciation":"ā","ipa":"/a˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錒","pronunciation":"ā","ipa":"/a˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アクチニウム","pronunciation":"a-ku-chi-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/akɯtɕiniɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"악티늄","pronunciation":"ak-ti-nyum","ipa":"/aktʰinjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Actínio","pronunciation":"ak-CHEE-nyoo","ipa":"/akˈtʃiniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Actinio","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/akˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Actinio","pronunciation":"ak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/akˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ak-tee-NYOM","ipa":"/aktinjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."}},{"atomic_number":90,"symbol":"Th","name":"Thorium","atomic_mass":232.04,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","discovered_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","named_by":"Jöns Jacob Berzelius","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thorium_sample_0.1g.jpg/960px-Thorium_sample_0.1g.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Decay_Chain_Thorium.svg/960px-Decay_Chain_Thorium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Old_thorium_dioxide_gas_mantle_-_oblong_shape.JPG/960px-Old_thorium_dioxide_gas_mantle_-_oblong_shape.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PSM_V74_D233_Thorium_radioactive_incandescent_gas_mantle_placed_above_plant_seeds.png/960px-PSM_V74_D233_Thorium_radioactive_incandescent_gas_mantle_placed_above_plant_seeds.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Thorium_half_sandwich.svg/960px-Thorium_half_sandwich.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg/960px-Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/90_%28Th_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-90_%28Th_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/CaF2_polyhedra.png/960px-CaF2_polyhedra.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat-no_total.svg/960px-Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat-no_total.svg.png"],"color":"#00BAFF","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"THOR-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈθɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Torio","pronunciation":"TOH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈtoɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"toh-RYOM","ipa":"/tɔʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"TOH-ree-oom","ipa":"/ˈtoːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"TOH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈtoːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"THAW-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈθɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tório","pronunciation":"TOH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈtɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Torio","pronunciation":"TO-ryo","ipa":"/ˈtɔːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Torium","pronunciation":"TO-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈtoːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"TO-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈtoːriɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Torium","pronunciation":"TO-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈtoːriɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Torium","pronunciation":"TO-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈtoːriɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tor","pronunciation":"TO-ryum","ipa":"/ˈtɔrjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Toryum","pronunciation":"tor-YUM","ipa":"/torˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Торий","pronunciation":"TO-riy","ipa":"/ˈtorij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ثوريوم","pronunciation":"TO-ryum","ipa":"/ˈtɔːrjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钍","pronunciation":"tǔ","ipa":"/tʰu²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"釷","pronunciation":"tǔ","ipa":"/tʰu²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"トリウム","pronunciation":"to-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/toɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"토륨","pronunciation":"to-ryum","ipa":"/toɾɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tório","pronunciation":"TOH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈtɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Torio","pronunciation":"TOH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈtoɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Torio","pronunciation":"TOH-ree-oh","ipa":"/ˈtoɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"toh-RYOM","ipa":"/tɔʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honoring mythological figures."}},{"atomic_number":91,"symbol":"Pa","name":"Protactinium","atomic_mass":231.04,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Kasper Fajans and Otto Hahn","named_by":"Kasper Fajans and Otto Hahn","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Protactinium_%28Element_-_91%29_2.jpg/960px-Protactinium_%28Element_-_91%29_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Protactinium_%28Element_-_91%29_1.jpg/960px-Protactinium_%28Element_-_91%29_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Protactinium-233.jpg/960px-Protactinium-233.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/91_%28Pa_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-91_%28Pa_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/960px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PaCl5.svg/960px-PaCl5.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Periodensystem_Mendelejews.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Uraninite-39029.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Uranocene-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/960px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png"],"color":"#00A1FF","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TIN-ee-um","ipa":"/proʊtækˈtɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Protactinio","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/pɾotakˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"proh-tak-tee-NYOM","ipa":"/pʁɔtaktinjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TEE-nee-oom","ipa":"/pʁoˌtakˈtiːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TEE-nee-um","ipa":"/pɾoˌtɑkˈtiːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TIN-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌprəʊtækˈtɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Protactínio","pronunciation":"proh-tak-CHEE-nyoo","ipa":"/pɾotakˈtʃiniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Protoattinio","pronunciation":"pro-tat-TI-nyo","ipa":"/protatˈtiːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Protaktinium","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TI-ni-um","ipa":"/protakˈtiːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TI-ni-um","ipa":"/protakˈtiːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Protaktinium","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TI-ni-um","ipa":"/protakˈtiːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Protaktinium","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TI-ni-um","ipa":"/protakˈtiːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Protaktyn","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TIN-yum","ipa":"/prɔtakˈtinjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Protaktinyum","pronunciation":"pro-tak-tin-YUM","ipa":"/protaktinˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Протактиний","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TI-niy","ipa":"/protakˈtinij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بروتكتينيوم","pronunciation":"pro-tak-TIN-yum","ipa":"/protakˈtinjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镤","pronunciation":"pú","ipa":"/pu³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鏷","pronunciation":"pú","ipa":"/pu³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"プロトアクチニウム","pronunciation":"pu-ro-ta-ku-chi-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/pɯɾotakɯtɕɪnɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"프로트악티늄","pronunciation":"pul-lo-tak-ti-nyum","ipa":"/pɯllotaktinɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Protactínio","pronunciation":"proh-tak-CHEE-nyoo","ipa":"/pɾotakˈtʃiniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Protactinio","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/pɾotakˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Protactinio","pronunciation":"proh-tak-TIN-ee-oh","ipa":"/pɾotakˈtinjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"proh-tak-tee-NYOM","ipa":"/pʁɔtaktinjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."}},{"atomic_number":92,"symbol":"U","name":"Uranium","atomic_mass":238.03,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metallic","discovered_by":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","named_by":"Martin Heinrich 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(2075°F)","boiling_point":"4131°C (7468°F)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":true,"is_synthetic":false,"most_common_compound":"Uranium dioxide (UO₂)","year_discovered":"1789","year_named":1789,"visible_color":"Silvery gray","most_common_forms":["Uranium dioxide (UO₂)","Uranium hexafluoride (UF₆)"],"common_uses":["Nuclear fuel","Military armor-piercing projectiles","Radiation shielding"],"abundance_on_earth":"2.7 ppm","abundance_in_universe":"0.00018%","is_safe":false,"is_toxic":true,"can_be_touched":false,"electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 5f³ 6d¹ 7s²","is_stable":false,"top_producing_countries":["Kazakhstan","Canada","Australia"],"estimated_global_quantity":"6.1 million tonnes","economicValue":"High, due to nuclear applications","atomic_radius":156,"electronegativity":1.38,"thermal_conductivity":"27.5 W/m·K","electrical_conductivity":3.8,"specific_heat":0.12,"oxidation_states":[6,5,4,3],"crystal_structure":"Orthorhombic","isotopes":["U-238","U-235","U-234"],"radioactive_decay_mode":"Alpha decay","industrial_applications":["Nuclear reactors","Radiography","Military applications"],"biological_role":"None","environmental_impact":"Radioactive contamination risk","reactivity":"Highly reactive with air and water","corrosion_resistance":"Poor","tensile_strength":"250 MPa","common_ore_sources":["Pitchblende (U₃O₈)","Uraninite"],"vapor_pressure":0.01,"first_ionization_energy":597.6,"thermal_expansion_coefficient":13.9,"interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"YOOR-ay-nee-um","ipa":"/jʊˈreɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Uranio","pronunciation":"oo-RAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/uˈɾanjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"oo-rah-NYOM","ipa":"/yʁanjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Uran","pronunciation":"OO-rahn","ipa":"/uˈʁaːn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"oo-RAH-nee-um","ipa":"/yˈraːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"yoo-RAY-nee-um","ipa":"/jʊˈreɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Urânio","pronunciation":"oo-RAN-yoo","ipa":"/uˈɾaniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Uranio","pronunciation":"u-RA-nyo","ipa":"/uˈraːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","name":"Uran","pronunciation":"u-RA-ni-um","ipa":"/uˈraːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","name":"Uran","pronunciation":"u-RA-ni-um","ipa":"/uˈraːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Uraani","pronunciation":"u-RA-ni-um","ipa":"/uˈraːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","name":"Uran","pronunciation":"u-RA-ni-um","ipa":"/uˈraːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Uran","pronunciation":"u-RAN","ipa":"/uˈran/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Uranyum","pronunciation":"u-ran-YUM","ipa":"/uranˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Уран","pronunciation":"u-RAN","ipa":"/uˈran/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"يورانيوم","pronunciation":"yu-RAN-yum","ipa":"/juˈraːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铀","pronunciation":"yóu","ipa":"/jou³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈾","pronunciation":"yóu","ipa":"/jou³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ウラン","pronunciation":"u-ra-n","ipa":"/ɯɾan/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"우라늄","pronunciation":"u-ra-nyum","ipa":"/ɯɾanɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Urânio","pronunciation":"oo-RAN-yoo","ipa":"/uˈɾaniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Uranio","pronunciation":"oo-RAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/uˈɾanjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Uranio","pronunciation":"oo-RAH-nee-oh","ipa":"/uˈɾanjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"oo-rah-NYOM","ipa":"/yʁanjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."}},{"atomic_number":93,"symbol":"Np","name":"Neptunium","atomic_mass":237,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson","named_by":"Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Np%28IV%29_in_8_M_HCl..jpg/960px-Np%28IV%29_in_8_M_HCl..jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Np_ox_st.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Decay_Chain%284n%2B1%2C_Neptunium_Series%29.svg/960px-Decay_Chain%284n%2B1%2C_Neptunium_Series%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Neptunium_%28Element_-_93%29_3.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Neptunium_Purex_process.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Phase_diagram_of_neptunium_%281975%29.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/93_%28Np_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-93_%28Np_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/960px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Neptunocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/960px-Neptunocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png"],"color":"#0080FF","density":20.25,"melting_point":"644°C (1191°F)","boiling_point":"3902°C (7056°F)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":false,"is_synthetic":true,"most_common_compound":"Neptunium dioxide (NpO₂)","year_discovered":"1940","year_named":1940,"visible_color":"Silvery","most_common_forms":["NpO₂","NpF₆"],"common_uses":["Nuclear research","Neutron detection instruments"],"is_safe":false,"is_toxic":true,"can_be_touched":false,"electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²","is_stable":false,"top_producing_countries":["United States (nuclear reactors)"],"estimated_global_quantity":"Limited (mainly synthetic)","radioactive_decay_mode":"Beta decay","industrial_applications":["Nuclear energy research"],"biological_role":"None","reactivity":"Reacts with oxygen and water","first_ionization_energy":604.5,"interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesized, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"nep-TYOO-nee-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtjuːniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Neptunio","pronunciation":"nep-TOO-nee-oh","ipa":"/nepˈtunjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"nep-too-NYOM","ipa":"/nɛptunjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"nep-TOO-nee-oom","ipa":"/nɛpˈtuːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"nep-TOO-nee-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtyːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"nep-TYOO-nee-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtjuːniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Netúnio","pronunciation":"neh-TOO-nyoo","ipa":"/nɛˈtuniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Nettunio","pronunciation":"net-TU-nyo","ipa":"/nɛtˈtuːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"nep-TU-ni-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtuːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"nep-TU-ni-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtuːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"nep-TU-ni-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtuːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"nep-TU-ni-um","ipa":"/nɛpˈtuːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Neptun","pronunciation":"nep-TU-nyum","ipa":"/nɛpˈtunjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Neptünyum","pronunciation":"nep-tun-YUM","ipa":"/nɛptunˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Нептуний","pronunciation":"nep-TU-niy","ipa":"/nɛpˈtunij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نبتونيوم","pronunciation":"nab-TU-nyum","ipa":"/nabˈtuːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镎","pronunciation":"nài","ipa":"/nai⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錼","pronunciation":"nài","ipa":"/nai⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ネプツニウム","pronunciation":"ne-pu-tu-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/nɛpɯtɯnɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"넵투늄","pronunciation":"nep-tu-nyum","ipa":"/nɛptɯnjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Netúnio","pronunciation":"neh-TOO-nyoo","ipa":"/nɛˈtuniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Neptunio","pronunciation":"nep-TOO-nee-oh","ipa":"/nepˈtunjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Neptunio","pronunciation":"nep-TOO-nee-oh","ipa":"/nepˈtunjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"nep-too-NYOM","ipa":"/nɛptunjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesized it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."}},{"atomic_number":94,"symbol":"Pu","name":"Plutonium","atomic_mass":244,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","discovered_by":"Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur Wahl","named_by":"Glenn T. 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Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."}},{"atomic_number":95,"symbol":"Am","name":"Americium","atomic_mass":243,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","discovered_by":"Glenn T. Seaborg","named_by":"Glenn T. Seaborg","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Americium_microscope.jpg/960px-Americium_microscope.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/95_%28Am_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-95_%28Am_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/960px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/960px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/960px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/960px-Hexagonal.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/InsideSmokeDetector.jpg/960px-InsideSmokeDetector.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Residential_smoke_detector_2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Uranocene-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg"],"color":"#545CF2","density":13.67,"melting_point":"1176°C (2149°F)","boiling_point":"2011°C (3652°F)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":false,"is_synthetic":true,"most_common_compound":"Americium oxide (AmO₂)","year_discovered":"1944","year_named":1945,"visible_color":"Silvery white","common_uses":["Smoke detectors","Industrial gauges"],"is_safe":false,"is_toxic":true,"can_be_touched":false,"electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²","is_stable":false,"radioactive_decay_mode":"Alpha decay","industrial_applications":["Neutron sources","Ionization chambers"],"interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionize air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"am-er-ISH-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌæmɜːˈrɪʃiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Americio","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-oh","ipa":"/ameˈɾisjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Américium","pronunciation":"ah-meh-ree-SYOM","ipa":"/ameʁisjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-tsee-oom","ipa":"/amɛˈʁiːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-tsee-um","ipa":"/aˌmɛˈriːtsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"am-uh-RIS-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌæməˈrɪsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Amerício","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-syoo","ipa":"/amɛˈɾisiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Americio","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-cho","ipa":"/ameˈriːtʃio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-um","ipa":"/amɛˈriːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-um","ipa":"/amɛˈriːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Amerikium","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-si-um","ipa":"/amɛˈriːsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-um","ipa":"/amɛˈriːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ameryk","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-tsyoom","ipa":"/amɛˈɾɨtsjum/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Amerikyum","pronunciation":"ah-mehr-SEE-yum","ipa":"/amɛrˈsijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Америций","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REET-see","ipa":"/ɐˈmʲeɾʲɪtsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أمريسيوم","pronunciation":"ah-mee-ree-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/amiːɾisiːjuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镅","pronunciation":"méi","ipa":"/mei˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎇","pronunciation":"méi","ipa":"/mei˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アメリシウム","pronunciation":"a-me-ri-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/amɛɾɪʃiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아메리슘","pronunciation":"a-me-ri-syum","ipa":"/amɛɾiɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Amerício","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-syoo","ipa":"/amɛˈɾisiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Americio","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-oh","ipa":"/ameˈɾisjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Americio","pronunciation":"ah-meh-REE-see-oh","ipa":"/ameˈɾisjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Américium","pronunciation":"ah-meh-ree-SYOM","ipa":"/ameʁisjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."}},{"atomic_number":96,"symbol":"Cm","name":"Curium","atomic_mass":247,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","discovered_by":"Glenn T. 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Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, and Stanley G. Thompson","named_by":"Glenn T. 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Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street Jr., and Albert Ghiorso","named_by":"Stanley G. Thompson and Glenn T. 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Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honor the place of discovery instead."}},{"atomic_number":99,"symbol":"Es","name":"Einsteinium","atomic_mass":252,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","discovered_by":"Albert Ghiorso and co-workers","named_by":"Albert Ghiorso","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/EinsteiniumGlow.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/99_%28Es_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-99_%28Es_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png/960px-ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EsProduction.png/960px-EsProduction.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg/960px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg"],"color":"#B31FD4","density":8.84,"melting_point":"860°C (1580°F)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":false,"is_synthetic":true,"year_discovered":"1952","year_named":1955,"visible_color":"Silvery","is_safe":false,"is_toxic":true,"electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 5f¹¹ 7s²","radioactive_decay_mode":"Alpha decay","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ine-STINE-ee-um","ipa":"/aɪnˈstaɪniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Einsteinio","pronunciation":"ine-STINE-ee-oh","ipa":"/ainˈstajnjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTEH-nyom","ipa":"/ɛnstɛnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-nee-oom","ipa":"/aɪnˈʃtaɪniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-nee-um","ipa":"/aɪnˈsteɪniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ayn-STY-nee-um","ipa":"/aɪnˈstaɪniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Einstênio","pronunciation":"ayn-STEN-yoo","ipa":"/ɐĩˈsteniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Einsteinio","pronunciation":"ayn-STEH-nyo","ipa":"/ainˈʃteːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-nee-um","ipa":"/ainˈʃteiniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-nee-um","ipa":"/ainˈʃteiniom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-ni-um","ipa":"/ainˈʃteiniom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAY-nee-um","ipa":"/ainˈʃteiniom/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTAYN","ipa":"/ainˈʃtain/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Aynştaynyum","pronunciation":"ayn-STAYN-yum","ipa":"/ainˈstainjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Эйнштейний","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTEYN-ee","ipa":"/ɛɪnˈʃtɛɪnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"آينشتاينيوم","pronunciation":"ayn-shtayn-EE-yoom","ipa":"/ainʃtainijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锿","pronunciation":"āi","ipa":"/ai˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鑀","pronunciation":"āi","ipa":"/ai˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"アインスタイニウム","pronunciation":"a-in-su-ta-i-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ainɯsɯtainiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"아인슈타이늄","pronunciation":"a-in-syu-ta-i-nyum","ipa":"/ainɕɯtʰainjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Einstênio","pronunciation":"ayn-STEN-yoo","ipa":"/ɐĩˈsteniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Einsteinio","pronunciation":"ine-STINE-ee-oh","ipa":"/ainˈstajnjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Einsteinio","pronunciation":"ine-STINE-ee-oh","ipa":"/ainˈstajnjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"ayn-SHTEH-nyom","ipa":"/ɛnstɛnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."}},{"atomic_number":100,"symbol":"Fm","name":"Fermium","atomic_mass":257,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Albert Ghiorso and co-workers","named_by":"Albert Ghiorso","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Fermium-Ytterbium_Alloy.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Decay_of_Fermium-257_to_the_Neptunium_series.gif/960px-Decay_of_Fermium-257_to_the_Neptunium_series.gif","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fermium-257_Zerfall_bis_zur_Neptunium-Reihe.gif/960px-Fermium-257_Zerfall_bis_zur_Neptunium-Reihe.gif","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png/960px-ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/960px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg"],"color":"#B31FBA","melting_point":"1527°C (2781°F) (estimated)","state_at_room_temperature":"Solid","is_found_in_nature":false,"is_synthetic":true,"year_discovered":"1952","year_named":1953,"visible_color":"Unknown (likely silvery)","is_safe":false,"is_toxic":true,"electron_shell_configuration":"[Rn] 5f¹² 7s²","radioactive_decay_mode":"Alpha decay","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"FER-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɜːrmiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Fermio","pronunciation":"FER-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈfeɾmjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"fehr-MYOM","ipa":"/fɛʁmjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee-oom","ipa":"/ˈfɛʁmiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"FUR-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɜːmiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Férmio","pronunciation":"FEHR-myoo","ipa":"/ˈfɛɾmiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Fermio","pronunciation":"FEHR-myo","ipa":"/ˈfɛɾmio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"FEHR-mi-um","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee-um","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Ferm","pronunciation":"FEHRM","ipa":"/fɛrm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Fermiyum","pronunciation":"FEHRM-yum","ipa":"/ˈfɛrmjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Фермий","pronunciation":"FEHR-mee","ipa":"/ˈfʲɛrmʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فيرميوم","pronunciation":"feer-MEE-yoom","ipa":"/fiːrmijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镄","pronunciation":"féi","ipa":"/fei˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐨","pronunciation":"féi","ipa":"/fei˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"フェルミウム","pronunciation":"fe-ru-mi-u-mu","ipa":"/feɾɯmiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"페르뮴","pronunciation":"pe-reu-myum","ipa":"/pʰeɾɯmjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Férmio","pronunciation":"FEHR-myoo","ipa":"/ˈfɛɾmiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Fermio","pronunciation":"FER-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈfeɾmjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Fermio","pronunciation":"FER-mee-oh","ipa":"/ˈfeɾmjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"fehr-MYOM","ipa":"/fɛʁmjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."}},{"atomic_number":101,"symbol":"Md","name":"Mendelevium","atomic_mass":258,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, and Bernard G. Harvey","named_by":"Glenn T. Seaborg","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Elektronskal_101.svg/960px-Elektronskal_101.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mendelevium.svg/960px-Mendelevium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/960px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/960px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Fblock_fd_promotion_energy.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/Md_datasheet.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/25th_anniversary_celebration_commemorating_the_discovery_of_element-101._G._Choppin%2C_Glenn_Seaborg%2C_B.G._Harvey%2C_and_Albert_Ghiorso._Photograph_taken_March_28%2C_1980._BBC8807-07139._-_DPLA_-_af8f363d95fee61acde8a270e0bc229c.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg"],"color":"#B30DA6","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEE-vee-um","ipa":"/ˌmɛndɪˈliːviəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Mendelevio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mendeˈlevjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Mendélévium","pronunciation":"man-deh-leh-VYOM","ipa":"/mɑ̃deleˈvjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-oom","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"men-duh-LEE-vee-um","ipa":"/ˌmɛndəˈliːviəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Mendelévio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vyoo","ipa":"/mẽdɛˈlɛviu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Mendelevio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vyo","ipa":"/mendɛˈlɛːvio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vi-um","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈleːviom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Mendelew","pronunciation":"men-DEH-lef","ipa":"/mɛnˈdɛlɛf/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Mendelevyum","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vyum","ipa":"/mɛndɛˈlɛvjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Менделевий","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee","ipa":"/mʲɪndʲɪˈlʲevʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"مندليفيوم","pronunciation":"men-deh-leh-VEE-yoom","ipa":"/mɛndɛleːvijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"钔","pronunciation":"mén","ipa":"/mən˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鍆","pronunciation":"mén","ipa":"/mən˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"メンデレビウム","pronunciation":"men-de-re-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/mendɛɾebiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"멘델레븀","pronunciation":"men-del-le-byum","ipa":"/mɛndɛllɛbjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Mendelévio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vyoo","ipa":"/mẽdɛˈlɛviu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Mendelevio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mendeˈlevjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Mendelevio","pronunciation":"men-deh-LEH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mendeˈlevjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Mendélévium","pronunciation":"man-deh-leh-VYOM","ipa":"/mɑ̃deleˈvjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organization of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."}},{"atomic_number":102,"symbol":"No","name":"Nobelium","atomic_mass":259,"category":"Actinide","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elektronskal_102.svg/960px-Elektronskal_102.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AlfredNobel2.jpg/960px-AlfredNobel2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Fblock_fd_promotion_energy.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Frederic_and_Irene_Joliot-Curie.jpg/960px-Frederic_and_Irene_Joliot-Curie.jpg"],"color":"#BD0D87","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"noh-BEL-ee-um","ipa":"/noʊˈbɛliəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Nobelio","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lee-oh","ipa":"/noˈβeljo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Nobélium","pronunciation":"noh-beh-LYOM","ipa":"/nɔbeljɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lee-oom","ipa":"/noˈbeːliʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lee-um","ipa":"/noˈbeːliʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"noh-BEL-ee-um","ipa":"/nəʊˈbɛliəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Nobélio","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lyoo","ipa":"/noˈbɛliu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Nobelio","pronunciation":"no-BEH-lyo","ipa":"/noˈbɛːlio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"no-BEH-li-um","ipa":"/noˈbeːliɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"no-BEH-li-um","ipa":"/noˈbeːliɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"no-BEH-li-um","ipa":"/noˈbeːliɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"no-BEH-li-um","ipa":"/noˈbeːliɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Nobel","pronunciation":"no-BEH-lyum","ipa":"/nɔˈbɛljɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Nobelyum","pronunciation":"no-bel-YUM","ipa":"/nobelˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Нобелий","pronunciation":"no-BEH-liy","ipa":"/noˈbɛlij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نوبيليوم","pronunciation":"no-BEL-yum","ipa":"/noˈbɛljɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"锘","pronunciation":"nuò","ipa":"/nuo⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鍩","pronunciation":"nuò","ipa":"/nuo⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ノーベリウム","pronunciation":"no-be-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/nobɛɾɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"노벨륨","pronunciation":"no-bel-lyum","ipa":"/nobɛllɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Nobélio","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lyoo","ipa":"/noˈbɛliu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Nobelio","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lee-oh","ipa":"/noˈβeljo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Nobelio","pronunciation":"noh-BEH-lee-oh","ipa":"/noˈβeljo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Nobélium","pronunciation":"noh-beh-LYOM","ipa":"/nɔbeljɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."}},{"atomic_number":103,"symbol":"Lr","name":"Lawrencium","atomic_mass":266,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","named_by":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrencium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/96904536.thumb3.jpeg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ernest_Lawrence.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/F-block_elution_sequence.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg/960px-First_Ionization_Energy_blocks.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Elektronskal_103.svg/960px-Elektronskal_103.svg.png"],"color":"#C70066","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"law-REN-see-um","ipa":"/lɔːˈrɛnsiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Lawrencio","pronunciation":"law-REN-see-oh","ipa":"/lawˈɾensjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"loh-REN-syom","ipa":"/lɔʁɑ̃sjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"loh-REN-tsee-oom","ipa":"/lɔˈʁɛntsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"loh-REN-tsee-um","ipa":"/lɔˈrɛntsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"luh-REN-see-um","ipa":"/ləˈrɛnsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Laurêncio","pronunciation":"lah-oo-REN-syoo","ipa":"/laʊˈɾẽsiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Laurenzio","pronunciation":"law-REN-tsyo","ipa":"/lawˈɾɛntsio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"loh-REN-see-um","ipa":"/lɔˈrɛnsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"loh-REN-see-um","ipa":"/lɔˈrɛnsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"loh-REN-si-um","ipa":"/lɔˈrɛnsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"loh-REN-see-um","ipa":"/lɔˈrɛnsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Lorens","pronunciation":"LOH-rens","ipa":"/ˈlɔrɛns/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Lawrensiyum","pronunciation":"lo-ren-SEE-yum","ipa":"/loɾenˈsijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Лоуренсий","pronunciation":"lo-oo-REN-tsee","ipa":"/loˈurɛntsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"لورنسيوم","pronunciation":"law-ren-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/laːwɾensijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"铹","pronunciation":"láo","ipa":"/lau˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐒","pronunciation":"láo","ipa":"/lau˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ローレンシウム","pronunciation":"rō-ren-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/roːɾenɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"로렌슘","pronunciation":"ro-ren-syum","ipa":"/ɾoɾenɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Laurêncio","pronunciation":"lah-oo-REN-syoo","ipa":"/laʊˈɾẽsiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Lawrencio","pronunciation":"law-REN-see-oh","ipa":"/lawˈɾensjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Lawrencio","pronunciation":"law-REN-see-oh","ipa":"/lawˈɾensjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"loh-REN-syom","ipa":"/lɔʁɑ̃sjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesized this element in 1961 and named it to honor Lawrence's foundational contributions."}},{"atomic_number":104,"symbol":"Rf","name":"Rutherfordium","atomic_mass":267,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Electron_shell_104_rutherfordium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Igor_Kurchatov_001.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/RfCl4.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/255Rf_decay_scheme_2006.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/255Rf_decay_scheme.png/960px-255Rf_decay_scheme.png"],"color":"#CC0059","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"ruh-ther-FOR-dee-um","ipa":"/ˌrʌðɜːrˈfɔːrdiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Rutherfordio","pronunciation":"roo-ther-FOR-dee-oh","ipa":"/ɾuteɾˈfoɾðjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"roo-tehr-for-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁytɛʁfɔʁdjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"roo-tehr-FOR-dee-oom","ipa":"/ʁuːtɐˈfɔʁdiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"roo-tehr-FOR-dee-um","ipa":"/ryːtərˈfɔrdiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"ruh-thuh-FAW-dee-um","ipa":"/ˌrʌðəˈfɔːdiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Rutherfórdio","pronunciation":"hoo-ter-FOR-djoo","ipa":"/xutɛɾˈfɔɾdʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Rutherfordio","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-dyo","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔːrdio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-di-um","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔrdiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-di-um","ipa":"/ʁutɛrˈfɔrdiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-di-um","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔrdiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-di-um","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔrdiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Rutherford","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-dyum","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔrdjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Rutherfordyum","pronunciation":"ru-ter-for-di-YUM","ipa":"/rutɛrfordiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Резерфордий","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-diy","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔrdij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"رذرفورديوم","pronunciation":"ru-ter-FOR-dyum","ipa":"/rutɛrˈfɔːrdjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𬬻","pronunciation":"lú","ipa":"/lu³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鑪","pronunciation":"lú","ipa":"/lu³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ラザホージウム","pronunciation":"ra-za-fo-ji-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾazafodʑɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"러더포듐","pronunciation":"ra-der-po-dyum","ipa":"/ɾadɛɾpodɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Rutherfórdio","pronunciation":"hoo-ter-FOR-djoo","ipa":"/xutɛɾˈfɔɾdʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Rutherfordio","pronunciation":"roo-ther-FOR-dee-oh","ipa":"/ɾuteɾˈfoɾðjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Rutherfordio","pronunciation":"roo-ther-FOR-dee-oh","ipa":"/ɾuteɾˈfoɾðjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"roo-tehr-for-DYOM","ipa":"/ʁytɛʁfɔʁdjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."}},{"atomic_number":105,"symbol":"Db","name":"Dubnium","atomic_mass":270,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Electron_shell_105_Dubnium.svg/1280px-Electron_shell_105_Dubnium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/7s_electrons_dubnium_relativistic_vs_nonrelativistic.svg/960px-7s_electrons_dubnium_relativistic_vs_nonrelativistic.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Atomic_orbitals_dubnium.svg/960px-Atomic_orbitals_dubnium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/960px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/960px-Niels_Bohr.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nucleus_half_life_and_decay.svg/960px-Nucleus_half_life_and_decay.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Otto_Hahn_%28Nobel%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Radiochem_104%2B_Transactinide.svg/960px-Radiochem_104%2B_Transactinide.svg.png"],"color":"#D1004F","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"DUB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈdʌbniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Dubnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈduβnjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"doob-NYOM","ipa":"/dybnɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-oom","ipa":"/ˈduːbniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈdyːbniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"DUB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈdʌbniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Dúbnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈdubniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Dubnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nyo","ipa":"/ˈduːbnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈduːbniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈduːbniom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"DOOB-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈduːbniom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-um","ipa":"/ˈduːbniom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Dubn","pronunciation":"DOOBN","ipa":"/dubn/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Dubnyum","pronunciation":"DOOB-nyum","ipa":"/ˈduːbnjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Дубний","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee","ipa":"/ˈdubnʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"دوبنيوم","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-yoom","ipa":"/duːbnijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𬭊","pronunciation":"dù","ipa":"/tu˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"𬭊","pronunciation":"dù","ipa":"/tu˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ドブニウム","pronunciation":"do-bu-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/dobɯniɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"두브늄","pronunciation":"deo-beu-nyum","ipa":"/tʌbɯnjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Dúbnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nyoo","ipa":"/ˈdubniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Dubnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈduβnjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Dubnio","pronunciation":"DOOB-nee-oh","ipa":"/ˈduβnjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"doob-NYOM","ipa":"/dybnɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."}},{"atomic_number":106,"symbol":"Sg","name":"Seaborgium","atomic_mass":271,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","named_by":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Seaborgium_hexacarbonyl.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Seaborgium_hexacarbonyl.svg/960px-Seaborgium_hexacarbonyl.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seaborgium_table_bug.png/960px-Seaborgium_table_bug.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chemist_Glenn_Seaborg_%2814678590682%29.jpg/960px-Chemist_Glenn_Seaborg_%2814678590682%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Seaborg_in_lab_-_restoration.jpg/960px-Seaborg_in_lab_-_restoration.jpg"],"color":"#D90045","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"see-BOR-gee-um","ipa":"/siːˈbɔːrɡiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Seaborgio","pronunciation":"see-BOR-hee-oh","ipa":"/seˈboɾxjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"see-bor-GYOM","ipa":"/sibɔʁɡjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"see-BOR-gee-oom","ipa":"/siˈbɔʁɡiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"see-BOR-gee-um","ipa":"/siˈbɔrɡiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"see-BAW-gee-um","ipa":"/siːˈbɔːɡiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Seabórgio","pronunciation":"see-BOR-djoo","ipa":"/seaˈbɔɾdʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Seaborgio","pronunciation":"si-BOR-jyo","ipa":"/siˈbɔːrdʒio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"SE-bor-gi-um","ipa":"/ˈseːborɡiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"SEE-bor-gi-um","ipa":"/ˈsiːborɡiɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"SEE-bor-gi-um","ipa":"/ˈsiːborɡiɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"SEE-bor-gi-um","ipa":"/ˈsiːborɡiɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Seaborg","pronunciation":"si-BOR-gyum","ipa":"/siˈbɔrɡjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Seaborjyum","pronunciation":"si-bor-gi-YUM","ipa":"/siborɡiˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Сиборгий","pronunciation":"si-BOR-giy","ipa":"/siˈbɔrɡij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"سيبورغيوم","pronunciation":"si-BOR-gyum","ipa":"/siˈbɔːrɡjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𬭳","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"𬭳","pronunciation":"xī","ipa":"/ɕi⁵⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"シーボーギウム","pronunciation":"shi-bo-gi-u-mu","ipa":"/ɕiboɡɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"시보귬","pronunciation":"si-bo-gyum","ipa":"/sibodɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Seabórgio","pronunciation":"see-BOR-djoo","ipa":"/seaˈbɔɾdʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Seaborgio","pronunciation":"see-BOR-hee-oh","ipa":"/seˈboɾxjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Seaborgio","pronunciation":"see-BOR-hee-oh","ipa":"/seˈboɾxjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"see-bor-GYOM","ipa":"/sibɔʁɡjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."}},{"atomic_number":107,"symbol":"Bh","name":"Bohrium","atomic_mass":270,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Electron_shell_107_Bohrium.svg/960px-Electron_shell_107_Bohrium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/960px-Niels_Bohr.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Elektronskal_107.svg/960px-Elektronskal_107.svg.png"],"color":"#E00038","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modeled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"BOR-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈbɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Bohrio","pronunciation":"BOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/ˈboɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"boh-RYOM","ipa":"/bɔʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-oom","ipa":"/ˈboːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈboːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"BAW-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈbɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Bório","pronunciation":"BOH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈbɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Bohrio","pronunciation":"BOH-ryo","ipa":"/ˈbɔːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈboːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈboːriom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"BOH-ri-um","ipa":"/ˈboːriom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-um","ipa":"/ˈboːriom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Bohr","pronunciation":"BOH-ree","ipa":"/ˈbɔɾɨ/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Bohryum","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-yum","ipa":"/ˈboɾijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Борий","pronunciation":"BOH-ree","ipa":"/ˈborʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"بوريوم","pronunciation":"BOH-ree-yoom","ipa":"/boːrijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𬭛","pronunciation":"bō","ipa":"/po˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"𬭛","pronunciation":"bō","ipa":"/po˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ボーリウム","pronunciation":"bo-o-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/boːriɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"보륨","pronunciation":"bo-ri-um","ipa":"/poriɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Bório","pronunciation":"BOH-ryoo","ipa":"/ˈbɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Bohrio","pronunciation":"BOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/ˈboɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Bohrio","pronunciation":"BOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/ˈboɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"boh-RYOM","ipa":"/bɔʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesized it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honor, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."}},{"atomic_number":108,"symbol":"Hs","name":"Hassium","atomic_mass":277,"category":"Transition metal","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/960px-Molybdenit_1.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hassium-tetroxide-2D-dimensions.svg/960px-Hassium-tetroxide-2D-dimensions.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/960px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg/960px-Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/960px-Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG/960px-GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/960px-Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png"],"color":"#E6002E","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesized in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"HAS-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈhæsiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Hassio","pronunciation":"HA-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈhasjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"hah-SYOM","ipa":"/asjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"HAH-see-oom","ipa":"/ˈhasiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"HAH-see-um","ipa":"/ˈhɑsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"HAS-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈhæsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Hássio","pronunciation":"HAH-syoo","ipa":"/ˈhasiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Hassio","pronunciation":"HAS-syo","ipa":"/ˈhasːio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"HAS-see-um","ipa":"/ˈhasiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"HAS-see-um","ipa":"/ˈhasiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"HAS-si-um","ipa":"/ˈhasiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"HAS-see-um","ipa":"/ˈhasiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Has","pronunciation":"HAS","ipa":"/has/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Hasyum","pronunciation":"HAS-see-yum","ipa":"/ˈhasijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Хассий","pronunciation":"KHAS-see","ipa":"/ˈxasʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"هاسيوم","pronunciation":"hah-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/haːsijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𬭆","pronunciation":"hēi","ipa":"/xei˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"𬭆","pronunciation":"hēi","ipa":"/xei˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ハッシウム","pronunciation":"has-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/haʃːiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"하슘","pronunciation":"ha-syum","ipa":"/haɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Hássio","pronunciation":"HAH-syoo","ipa":"/ˈhasiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Hassio","pronunciation":"HA-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈhasjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Hassio","pronunciation":"HA-see-oh","ipa":"/ˈhasjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"hah-SYOM","ipa":"/asjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesized it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognized by IUPAC in 1997."}},{"atomic_number":109,"symbol":"Mt","name":"Meitnerium","atomic_mass":278,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elektronskal_109.svg/960px-Elektronskal_109.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alcobendas_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_%28MUNCYT%29_090.jpg/960px-Alcobendas_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_%28MUNCYT%29_090.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lise_Meitner_%281878-1968%29%2C_lecturing_at_Catholic_University%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_1946.jpg/960px-Lise_Meitner_%281878-1968%29%2C_lecturing_at_Catholic_University%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_1946.jpg"],"color":"#EB0026","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"mite-NER-ee-um","ipa":"/maɪtˈnɪəriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Meitnerio","pronunciation":"mite-NER-ee-oh","ipa":"/maitˈneɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"mayt-neh-RYOM","ipa":"/mɛtnɛʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree-oom","ipa":"/maɪtˈneːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree-um","ipa":"/maɪtˈneːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"myt-NEER-ee-um","ipa":"/maɪtˈnɪəriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Meitnério","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ryoo","ipa":"/maɪtˈnɛɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Meitnerio","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ryo","ipa":"/maitˈnɛːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree-um","ipa":"/maiˈtneːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree-um","ipa":"/maiˈtneːriom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ri-um","ipa":"/maiˈtneːriom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree-um","ipa":"/maiˈtneːriom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Meitner","pronunciation":"MAYT-nehr","ipa":"/ˈmaɪtnɛr/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Maytneriyum","pronunciation":"mayt-neh-REE-yum","ipa":"/maitnɛˈɾijum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Майтнерий","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ree","ipa":"/ˈmaɪtnɛrʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"مايتنيريوم","pronunciation":"mayt-nee-REE-yoom","ipa":"/maitniriːjuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"䥑","pronunciation":"mài","ipa":"/mai˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"䥑","pronunciation":"mài","ipa":"/mai˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"マイトネリウム","pronunciation":"ma-i-to-ne-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/maitoneriɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"마이트너륨","pronunciation":"ma-i-teu-ne-ryum","ipa":"/maitʰɯneɾjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Meitnério","pronunciation":"mayt-NEH-ryoo","ipa":"/maɪtˈnɛɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Meitnerio","pronunciation":"mite-NER-ee-oh","ipa":"/maitˈneɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Meitnerio","pronunciation":"mite-NER-ee-oh","ipa":"/maitˈneɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"mayt-neh-RYOM","ipa":"/mɛtnɛʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."}},{"atomic_number":110,"symbol":"Ds","name":"Darmstadtium","atomic_mass":281,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Elektronskal_110.svg/960px-Elektronskal_110.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alcobendas_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_%28MUNCYT%29_-_Elemento_Darmstatio.jpg/960px-Alcobendas_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_%28MUNCYT%29_-_Elemento_Darmstatio.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg/960px-Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Superheavy_decay_modes_predicted_%28KTUY%29.svg/960px-Superheavy_decay_modes_predicted_%28KTUY%29.svg.png"],"color":"#EB002E","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-um","ipa":"/dɑːrmˈstætiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Darmstadtio","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-oh","ipa":"/daɾmˈstatjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"darm-shtadt-SYOM","ipa":"/daʁmʃtadtjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"DARM-shtadt-ee-oom","ipa":"/ˈdaʁmˌʃtatiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"DARM-stat-ee-um","ipa":"/ˈdɑrmˌstɑtiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-um","ipa":"/dɑːmˈstætiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Darmstádio","pronunciation":"darm-SHTAH-djoo","ipa":"/daɾmˈʃtadʒiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Darmstadtio","pronunciation":"darm-SHTAHT-tyo","ipa":"/darmˈʃtatːio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-um","ipa":"/darmˈstatiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-um","ipa":"/darmˈstatiom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-i-um","ipa":"/darmˈstatiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-um","ipa":"/darmˈstatiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Darmsztadt","pronunciation":"darm-SHTAT","ipa":"/darmˈʃtat/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Darmstadtyum","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-yum","ipa":"/darmˈstatjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Дармштадтий","pronunciation":"darm-SHTAT-tee","ipa":"/darmˈʃtatːɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"دارمشتاتيوم","pronunciation":"darm-shtat-TEE-yoom","ipa":"/daːrmʃtadtijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𫟼","pronunciation":"dá","ipa":"/ta˧˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鐽","pronunciation":"dá","ipa":"/ta˧˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ダームスタチウム","pronunciation":"dā-mu-su-ta-chi-u-mu","ipa":"/daːmɯsɯtatɕiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"다름슈타튬","pronunciation":"da-reum-syu-ta-tyum","ipa":"/tarɯmɕjɯtʰatʰjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Darmstádio","pronunciation":"darm-SHTAH-djoo","ipa":"/daɾmˈʃtadʒiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Darmstadtio","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-oh","ipa":"/daɾmˈstatjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Darmstadtio","pronunciation":"darm-STAT-ee-oh","ipa":"/daɾmˈstatjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"darm-shtadt-SYOM","ipa":"/daʁmʃtadtjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."}},{"atomic_number":111,"symbol":"Rg","name":"Roentgenium","atomic_mass":282,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png/960px-Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG/960px-Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281888-1900%29%2C_88374_p.jpg/960px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281888-1900%29%2C_88374_p.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Elektronskal_111.svg/960px-Elektronskal_111.svg.png"],"color":"#EB0038","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"rent-GEN-ee-um","ipa":"/rɛntˈɡɛniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Roentgenio","pronunciation":"rent-GEN-ee-oh","ipa":"/ɾontˈxenjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"RUNT-geh-nyom","ipa":"/ʁœntɡɛnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Röntgenium","pronunciation":"RUNT-geh-nee-oom","ipa":"/ʁœntˈɡeːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Röntgenium","pronunciation":"RUNT-geh-nee-um","ipa":"/rœntˈɣeːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"rent-GEE-nee-um","ipa":"/rɛntˈɡiːniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Roentgênio","pronunciation":"rent-GEH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɾõtˈɡeniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Roentgenio","pronunciation":"roen-TGE-nyo","ipa":"/roenˈtɡɛːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"RENT-gen-i-um","ipa":"/ˈrɛntɡɛniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"RENT-gen-i-um","ipa":"/ˈʁɛntɡɛniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"RENT-ge-ni-um","ipa":"/ˈrɛntɡɛniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"RENT-gen-i-um","ipa":"/ˈrɛntɡɛniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Roentgen","pronunciation":"rent-GEH-nyum","ipa":"/rɛnˈtɡɛnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Röntgenyum","pronunciation":"rent-gen-YUM","ipa":"/rɛntɡɛnˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Рентгений","pronunciation":"RENT-gen-iy","ipa":"/ˈrɛntɡɛnij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"رونتغنيوم","pronunciation":"rent-GEH-nyum","ipa":"/rɛntˈɡɛːnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"錀","pronunciation":"lún","ipa":"/lun³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"錀","pronunciation":"lún","ipa":"/lun³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"レントゲニウム","pronunciation":"re-n-to-ge-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾɛntogɛnɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"뢴트게늄","pronunciation":"ren-teu-ge-nyum","ipa":"/ɾɛntɯɡɛnɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Roentgênio","pronunciation":"rent-GEH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɾõtˈɡeniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Roentgenio","pronunciation":"rent-GEN-ee-oh","ipa":"/ɾontˈxenjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Roentgenio","pronunciation":"rent-GEN-ee-oh","ipa":"/ɾontˈxenjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"RUNT-geh-nyom","ipa":"/ʁœntɡɛnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."}},{"atomic_number":112,"symbol":"Cn","name":"Copernicium","atomic_mass":285,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","named_by":"Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Electron_shell_112_Copernicium_-_no_label.svg/960px-Electron_shell_112_Copernicium_-_no_label.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Electron_shell_112_Copernicium.svg/960px-Electron_shell_112_Copernicium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/112_copernicium_%28Cn%29_enhanced_Bohr_model.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Copernicium.svg/960px-Copernicium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/960px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg"],"color":"#EB0045","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the center of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"koh-per-NIK-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌkoʊpɜːrˈnɪkiəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Copernicio","pronunciation":"koh-per-NEE-see-oh","ipa":"/koperˈnisjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-nee-SYOM","ipa":"/kɔpɛʁnisjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-NEE-tsee-oom","ipa":"/kopɛʁˈniːtsiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-NEE-tsee-um","ipa":"/kopɛrˈniːtsiʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"koh-PUR-nih-see-um","ipa":"/kəʊˈpɜːnɪsiəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Copernício","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-NEE-syoo","ipa":"/kopɛɾˈnisiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Copernicio","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-cho","ipa":"/kopɛrˈniːtʃio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-see-um","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈniːsiɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-see-um","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈniːsiom/"},{"locale":"fi","name":"Kopernikium","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-si-um","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈniːsiom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-see-um","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈniːsiom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Kopernik","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-tsyoom","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈnɨtsjum/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Kopernikyum","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-nik-YOOM","ipa":"/kopɛrˈnikjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Коперниций","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-NEE-tsee","ipa":"/kɔpɛrˈnʲiːtsɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"كوبرنيكيوم","pronunciation":"ko-pehr-nee-SEE-yoom","ipa":"/koːbɛrniːsijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"鎶","pronunciation":"gē","ipa":"/kɤ˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鎶","pronunciation":"gē","ipa":"/kɤ˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"コペルニシウム","pronunciation":"ko-pe-ru-ni-shi-u-mu","ipa":"/kopɛɾɯniʃiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"코페르니슘","pronunciation":"ko-pe-reu-ni-syum","ipa":"/kʰopɛɾɯniɕjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Copernício","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-NEE-syoo","ipa":"/kopɛɾˈnisiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Copernicio","pronunciation":"koh-per-NEE-see-oh","ipa":"/koperˈnisjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Copernicio","pronunciation":"koh-per-NEE-see-oh","ipa":"/koperˈnisjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"koh-pehr-nee-SYOM","ipa":"/kɔpɛʁnisjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1996 and proposed the name to honor Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."}},{"atomic_number":113,"symbol":"Nh","name":"Nihonium","atomic_mass":286,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"RIKEN","named_by":"RIKEN","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nihonium_Nucleus.jpg/960px-Nihonium_Nucleus.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Element_113_decay_chains.svg/960px-Element_113_decay_chains.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/960px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/960px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/960px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/960px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg/960px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg.png"],"color":"#EB0052","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesized at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honor of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"nih-HOH-nee-um","ipa":"/nɪˈhoʊniəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Nihonio","pronunciation":"nih-HOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/niˈhonjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"nee-oh-NYOM","ipa":"/niɔnjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"nee-HOH-nee-oom","ipa":"/niˈhoːniʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"nee-HOH-nee-um","ipa":"/niˈhoːniʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"nih-HOH-nee-um","ipa":"/nɪˈhɒniəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Nihônio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-nyoo","ipa":"/niˈoniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Nihonio","pronunciation":"ni-OH-nyo","ipa":"/niˈɔːnio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"ni-HO-ni-um","ipa":"/niˈhoːniɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"ni-HO-ni-um","ipa":"/niˈhoːniɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"ni-HO-ni-um","ipa":"/niˈhoːniɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"ni-HO-ni-um","ipa":"/niˈhoːniɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Nihon","pronunciation":"ni-HO-nyum","ipa":"/niˈhɔnjɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Nihonyum","pronunciation":"ni-hon-YUM","ipa":"/nihonˈjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Нихоний","pronunciation":"ni-HO-niy","ipa":"/niˈhonij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"نيهونيوم","pronunciation":"ni-HON-yum","ipa":"/niˈhɔnjɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"鉨","pronunciation":"nǐ","ipa":"/ni²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉨","pronunciation":"nǐ","ipa":"/ni²¹⁴/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"ニホニウム","pronunciation":"ni-hon-ni-u-mu","ipa":"/nihonniɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"니호늄","pronunciation":"ni-hon-nyum","ipa":"/nihonnɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Nihônio","pronunciation":"nee-OH-nyoo","ipa":"/niˈoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Nihonio","pronunciation":"nih-HOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/niˈhonjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Nihonio","pronunciation":"nih-HOH-nee-oh","ipa":"/niˈhonjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"nee-oh-NYOM","ipa":"/niɔnjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honor the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognizing it in 2016."}},{"atomic_number":114,"symbol":"Fl","name":"Flerovium","atomic_mass":289,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerovium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Elektronskal_114.svg/960px-Elektronskal_114.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IBA_nuclear_shells.svg/960px-IBA_nuclear_shells.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Next_proton_shell.svg/960px-Next_proton_shell.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/RUSMARKA-1660.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/IBA_nuclear_shells.png"],"color":"#EB0066","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbors, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"fler-OH-vee-um","ipa":"/flɛˈroʊviəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Flerovio","pronunciation":"fler-OH-vee-oh","ipa":"/fleˈɾoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","name":"Flérovium","pronunciation":"fleh-roh-VYOM","ipa":"/fleʁɔvjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee-oom","ipa":"/fleˈʁoːviʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee-um","ipa":"/fleˈroːviʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"fluh-ROH-vee-um","ipa":"/flɪˈrəʊviəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Fleróvio","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vyoo","ipa":"/flɛˈɾɔviu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Flerovio","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vyo","ipa":"/flɛˈrɔːvio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee-um","ipa":"/fleˈroːviɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee-um","ipa":"/fleˈroːviom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vi-um","ipa":"/fleˈroːviom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee-um","ipa":"/fleˈroːviom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Flerow","pronunciation":"FLEH-rov","ipa":"/ˈflɛrɔv/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Flerovyum","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vyum","ipa":"/fleˈɾɔvjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Флеровий","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vee","ipa":"/fleˈrovʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"فليروفيوم","pronunciation":"fle-roo-VEE-yoom","ipa":"/fleːruːvijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𫓧","pronunciation":"fū","ipa":"/fu˥˥/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鈇","pronunciation":"fū","ipa":"/fu˥˥/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"フレロビウム","pronunciation":"fu-re-ro-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/fɯɾeɾobiɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"플레로븀","pronunciation":"peul-le-ro-byum","ipa":"/pʰɯllerobjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Fleróvio","pronunciation":"fleh-ROH-vyoo","ipa":"/flɛˈɾɔviu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Flerovio","pronunciation":"fler-OH-vee-oh","ipa":"/fleˈɾoβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Flerovio","pronunciation":"fler-OH-vee-oh","ipa":"/fleˈɾoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","name":"Flérovium","pronunciation":"fleh-roh-VYOM","ipa":"/fleʁɔvjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesized the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."}},{"atomic_number":115,"symbol":"Mc","name":"Moscovium","atomic_mass":290,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elektronskal_115.svg/960px-Elektronskal_115.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/U.S._Department_of_Energy_-_Science_-_529_005_001_%289735158765%29.jpg/960px-U.S._Department_of_Energy_-_Science_-_529_005_001_%289735158765%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/960px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/960px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/DOE-2013194-SIMULATION_OF_AN_ACCELERATED_CALCIUM-43_ION_AND_AN_AMERICIUM-243_TARGET_ATOM_JUST_BEFORE_THEY_COLLIDE.jpg"],"color":"#EB0080","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesized in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɒsˈkoʊviəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Moscovio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mosˈkoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"mos-koh-VYOM","ipa":"/mɔskɔvjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-oom","ipa":"/mɔsˈkoːviʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɔsˈkoːviʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-um","ipa":"/mɒsˈkəʊviəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Moscóvio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vyoo","ipa":"/mɔsˈkɔviu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Moscovio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vyo","ipa":"/mosˈkɔːvio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vi-um","ipa":"/mosˈkoːviɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vi-um","ipa":"/mosˈkoːviɔm/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vi-um","ipa":"/mosˈkoːviɯm/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vi-um","ipa":"/mosˈkoːviɵm/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Moskow","pronunciation":"mos-KO-vium","ipa":"/mosˈkɔviɵm/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Moskovyum","pronunciation":"mos-ko-VY-um","ipa":"/moskoˈviɯm/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Московий","pronunciation":"mos-KO-viy","ipa":"/mosˈkovij/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"موسكوفيوم","pronunciation":"mos-KO-vyum","ipa":"/mosˈkovɪɯm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"镆","pronunciation":"mò","ipa":"/mo⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鏌","pronunciation":"mò","ipa":"/mo⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"モスコビウム","pronunciation":"mo-su-ko-bi-u-mu","ipa":"/mosɯkobɪɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"모스코븀","pronunciation":"mo-seu-ko-byum","ipa":"/mosɯkobɪɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Moscóvio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vyoo","ipa":"/mɔsˈkɔviu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Moscovio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mosˈkoβjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Moscovio","pronunciation":"mos-KOH-vee-oh","ipa":"/mosˈkoβjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"mos-koh-VYOM","ipa":"/mɔskɔvjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesized in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."}},{"atomic_number":116,"symbol":"Lv","name":"Livermorium","atomic_mass":293,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermorium","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Electron_shell_116_Livermorium.svg/960px-Electron_shell_116_Livermorium.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/960px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Robert_Livermore.jpg","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elektronskal_116.svg/960px-Elektronskal_116.svg.png"],"color":"#EB009C","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"liv-er-MOR-ee-um","ipa":"/ˌlɪvɜːrˈmɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Livermorio","pronunciation":"liv-er-MOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/liβeɾˈmoɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-moh-RYOM","ipa":"/livɛʁmɔʁjɔm/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree-oom","ipa":"/livɐˈmoːʁiʊm/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree-um","ipa":"/livərˈmoːriʏm/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"liv-uh-MAW-ree-um","ipa":"/ˌlɪvəˈmɔːriəm/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Livermório","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ryoo","ipa":"/livɛɾˈmɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Livermorio","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ryo","ipa":"/livɛrˈmɔːrio/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree-um","ipa":"/livərˈmoːriɵm/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree-um","ipa":"/livərˈmoːriom/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ri-um","ipa":"/livərˈmoːriom/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree-um","ipa":"/livərˈmoːriom/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Liwermorium","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ryoom","ipa":"/livɛrˈmɔrjum/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Livermoryum","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOR-yum","ipa":"/livɛrˈmoɾjum/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Ливерморий","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ree","ipa":"/livɛrˈmorʲɪj/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"ليفرموريوم","pronunciation":"lee-feer-moo-REE-yoom","ipa":"/liːfɛrmuːrijuːm/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"𫟷","pronunciation":"lì","ipa":"/li˥˩/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鉝","pronunciation":"lì","ipa":"/li˥˩/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"リバモリウム","pronunciation":"ri-ba-mo-ri-u-mu","ipa":"/ɾibamoriɯmɯ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"리버모륨","pronunciation":"ri-beo-mo-ryum","ipa":"/ɾibʌmoɾjɯm/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Livermório","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-MOH-ryoo","ipa":"/livɛɾˈmɔɾiu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Livermorio","pronunciation":"liv-er-MOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/liβeɾˈmoɾjo/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Livermorio","pronunciation":"liv-er-MOR-ee-oh","ipa":"/liβeɾˈmoɾjo/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"lee-vehr-moh-RYOM","ipa":"/livɛʁmɔʁjɔm/"}],"explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesize it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognized the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honoring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."}},{"atomic_number":117,"symbol":"Ts","name":"Tennessine","atomic_mass":294,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Oak Ridge National Laboratory","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DecayChain_Tennessine.svg/960px-DecayChain_Tennessine.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/960px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/960px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/960px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/960px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png"],"color":"#EB00B2","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"TEN-eh-seen","ipa":"/ˈtɛnɪsiːn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Teneso","pronunciation":"teh-NEH-soh","ipa":"/teˈneso/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"teh-neh-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛsin/"},{"locale":"de","name":"Tennessin","pronunciation":"teh-NEH-sin","ipa":"/tɛˈnɛsɪn/"},{"locale":"nl","name":"Tennessin","pronunciation":"teh-NEH-sin","ipa":"/tɛˈnɛsɪn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"TEN-uh-seen","ipa":"/ˈtɛnɪsiːn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Tennessínio","pronunciation":"teh-neh-SEE-nyoo","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsiniu/"},{"locale":"it","name":"Tennesso","pronunciation":"te-ne-SIN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsin/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈseːn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈseːˀn/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈseːn/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈseːn/"},{"locale":"pl","name":"Tennesyn","pronunciation":"te-ne-SIN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsin/"},{"locale":"tr","name":"Tennesin","pronunciation":"te-ne-SIN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsin/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Теннессин","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsiːn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"تينيسين","pronunciation":"te-ne-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsiːn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"鿬","pronunciation":"tián","ipa":"/tʰjɛn³⁵/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鿬","pronunciation":"tián","ipa":"/tʰjɛn³⁵/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"テネシン","pronunciation":"te-ne-shin","ipa":"/tɛnɛɕin/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"테네신","pronunciation":"te-ne-sin","ipa":"/tɛnɛsin/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Tennessínio","pronunciation":"teh-neh-SEE-nyoo","ipa":"/tɛnɛˈsiniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Teneso","pronunciation":"teh-NEH-soh","ipa":"/teˈneso/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Teneso","pronunciation":"teh-NEH-soh","ipa":"/teˈneso/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"teh-neh-SEEN","ipa":"/tɛnɛsin/"}],"explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesized in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."}},{"atomic_number":118,"symbol":"Og","name":"Oganesson","atomic_mass":294,"category":"Super Heavy Element","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","discovered_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","named_by":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson","images":["https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/960px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Oganesson-294_nuclear.svg/960px-Oganesson-294_nuclear.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Oganesson-294_nuclear-tr.svg/960px-Oganesson-294_nuclear-tr.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Radial_density-energy_level_graphic_for_the_valence_orbital_of_oganesson.svg/960px-Radial_density-energy_level_graphic_for_the_valence_orbital_of_oganesson.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/960px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/960px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png"],"color":"#EB00D8","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesized in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin":{"pronunciation_guides":[{"locale":"en-US","pronunciation":"oh-gah-NES-on","ipa":"/ˌoʊɡəˈnɛsɒn/"},{"locale":"es","name":"Oganesón","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SON","ipa":"/oɣaneˈson/"},{"locale":"fr","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SON","ipa":"/ɔɡanɛsɔ̃/"},{"locale":"de","pronunciation":"oh-gah-NEH-son","ipa":"/oɡaˈnɛsɔn/"},{"locale":"nl","pronunciation":"oh-gah-NEH-son","ipa":"/oɡaˈnɛsɔn/"},{"locale":"en-GB","pronunciation":"oh-gah-NES-son","ipa":"/ˌɒɡəˈnɛsɒn/"},{"locale":"pt-BR","name":"Oganessônio","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɔɡanɛˈsoniu/"},{"locale":"it","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛsson/"},{"locale":"sv","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛsɔn/"},{"locale":"da","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛsɔn/"},{"locale":"fi","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛssɔn/"},{"locale":"nb","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛssɔn/"},{"locale":"pl","pronunciation":"o-ga-NE-son","ipa":"/ɔgaˈnɛsɔn/"},{"locale":"tr","pronunciation":"o-ga-ne-SON","ipa":"/oganɛˈsɔn/"},{"locale":"ru","name":"Оганесон","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛssɔn/"},{"locale":"ar","name":"أوغانيسون","pronunciation":"o-ga-NES-son","ipa":"/ogaˈnɛssɔn/"},{"locale":"zh-Hans","name":"鿫","pronunciation":"ào","ipa":"/ao⁵¹/"},{"locale":"zh-Hant","name":"鿫","pronunciation":"ào","ipa":"/ao⁵¹/"},{"locale":"ja","name":"オガネソン","pronunciation":"o-ga-ne-son","ipa":"/oganesoɴ/"},{"locale":"ko","name":"오가네손","pronunciation":"o-ga-ne-son","ipa":"/oganesɔn/"},{"locale":"pt-PT","name":"Oganessônio","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SOH-nyoo","ipa":"/ɔɡanɛˈsoniu/"},{"locale":"es-ES","name":"Oganesón","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SON","ipa":"/oɣaneˈson/"},{"locale":"es-419","name":"Oganesón","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SON","ipa":"/oɣaneˈson/"},{"locale":"fr-CA","pronunciation":"oh-gah-neh-SON","ipa":"/ɔɡanɛsɔ̃/"}],"explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."}}],"localizations":{"ar":{"Actinium":{"name":"أكتينيوم","summary":"الأكتينيوم هو معدن مشع ناعم فضي يستخدم بشكل أساسي في الأبحاث وكمصدر للنيوترونات.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["يتوهج الأكتينيوم بضوء أزرق شاحب غريب في الظلام بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي المكثف.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"aktis\"، وتعني الشعاع أو الشعاع.","ويعطي اسمه لسلسلة عناصر الأكتينيدات.","تتم دراسة الأكتينيوم-225 كعلاج مستهدف بجسيمات ألفا ضد السرطان.","وهو أكثر إشعاعًا بحوالي 150 مرة من الراديوم.","الأكتينيوم نادر للغاية، ويوجد فقط بكميات ضئيلة في خامات اليورانيوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي من الكلمة اليونانية \"aktis\" (ἀκτίς)، وتعني \"شعاع\" أو \"شعاع\"؛ قام أندريه لويس ديبيرن بعزله لأول مرة في عام 1899 من خام اليورانيوم وأطلق عليه اسم النشاط الإشعاعي القوي؛ ويعطي اسمه لسلسلة الأكتينيدات من العناصر الثقيلة."},"Aluminum":{"name":"ألومنيوم","summary":"الألومنيوم هو معدن أبيض فضي، خفيف الوزن، ومقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في مجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات.","appearance":"معدن رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["الألومنيوم هو المعدن الأكثر وفرة في القشرة الأرضية، ومع ذلك كان من الصعب جدًا تنقيته، وكان أكثر قيمة من الذهب.","في مأدبة أقيمت في ثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر، ورد أن الضيوف الأكثر تكريمًا في فرنسا تناولوا الطعام باستخدام أدوات المائدة المصنوعة من الألومنيوم بينما استخدم الآخرون الذهب.","وهو قابل لإعادة التدوير بالكامل، وإعادة تدوير الألومنيوم تستخدم حوالي 5% فقط من الطاقة اللازمة لتصنيعه من الخام الخام.","تتشكل طبقة أكسيد رقيقة ذاتية الشفاء على الفور على الألومنيوم، مما يحميه من التآكل.","إن عملية هول-هيرولت، التي تم اختراعها في عام 1886، جعلت الألومنيوم رخيصًا باستخدام الكهرباء لاستخراجه من الألومينا.","الألومنيوم خفيف وقوي وغير مغناطيسي، مما يجعله مثاليًا للطائرات والعلب والرقائق."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"الشب\" اللاتينية (الشب، وهو مركب يستخدم منذ العصور القديمة في الصباغة والدباغة)؛ صاغ همفري ديفي كلمة \"ألومنيوم\" في عام 1807 ثم قام بتعديلها لاحقًا إلى \"ألومنيوم\"، بينما اعتمد معظم العالم تهجئة \"ألومنيوم\"."},"Americium":{"name":"أمريسيوم","summary":"الأمريسيوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في أجهزة كشف الدخان وكمصدر للنيوترونات في التطبيقات الصناعية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي، يفقد بريقه ببطء في الهواء","interesting_facts":["يستخدم الأمريسيوم بكميات صغيرة في معظم أجهزة كشف الدخان المنزلية.","تم تسميته على اسم الأمريكتين، وهو ما يعكس تسمية اليوروبيوم على اسم أوروبا.","تم إنتاج الأمريسيوم لأول مرة خلال مشروع مانهاتن في عام 1944.","في كاشف الدخان، يصدر الأمريسيوم جسيمات ألفا التي تؤين الهواء؛ الدخان يعطل التيار ويطلق الإنذار.","يتوهج بشكل خافت في الظلام بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي المكثف.","تتم دراسة الأمريسيوم كمصدر طاقة طويل الأمد محتمل للبعثات الفضائية المستقبلية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم تسميته على اسم الأمريكتين، القارات التي تم إنتاجه فيها لأول مرة، بواسطة جلين سيبورج في عام 1944؛ أطلق عليه سيبورج اسمًا عن طريق القياس المتعمد مع اليوروبيوم (الذي سمي على اسم أوروبا)، نظرًا لأن الأمريسيوم يحتل نفس الموقع في سلسلة الأكتينيدات كما يفعل اليوروبيوم في سلسلة اللانثانيدات."},"Antimony":{"name":"أنتيمون","summary":"الأنتيمون هو معدن هش، أبيض مزرق يستخدم في مثبطات اللهب، والسبائك، وأشباه الموصلات.","appearance":"فضي، أبيض مزرق","interesting_facts":["تم استخدام الأنتيمون منذ مصر القديمة ككحل، وهو مستحضر تجميل للعين السوداء.","وهو عبارة عن شبه فلز يتوسع، بشكل غير عادي، عندما يتجمد، مما يجعله مفيدًا للمسبوكات الحادة وأنواع المعادن.","تستخدم مركبات الأنتيمون على نطاق واسع كمثبطات للهب في البلاستيك والمنسوجات.","رمزها الكيميائي Sb يأتي من الكلمة اللاتينية \"stibium\".","استخدم الكيميائيون في العصور الوسطى حبوب الأنتيمون كملين قابل لإعادة الاستخدام، وتم استعادتها وتمريرها على أنها \"حبوب أبدية\".","يتم خلط الأنتيمون بالرصاص لجعله أكثر صلابة، كما هو الحال في أنواع الطباعة القديمة وألواح البطاريات."],"naming_origin_explanation":"يأتي الاسم الإنجليزي من كلمة \"أنتيمونيوم\" اللاتينية في العصور الوسطى، ذات أصل غير مؤكد (ربما من كلمة \"إثمد\" العربية أو عبارة لاتينية تعني \"ليس وحده\"، لأن الأنتيمون نادرًا ما يوجد في شكل نقي)؛ يأتي الرمز Sb من كلمة \"stibium\" اللاتينية، وهو اسم خام الكبريتيد الأسود المستخدم كمستحضرات تجميل منذ مصر القديمة."},"Argon":{"name":"أرغون","summary":"الأرجون هو غاز نبيل عديم اللون والرائحة ويشكل حوالي 1% من الغلاف الجوي للأرض.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["يشكل الأرجون حوالي 1% من الغلاف الجوي للأرض، مما يجعله الغاز النبيل الأكثر وفرة في الهواء.","يأتي اسمها من الكلمة اليونانية التي تعني \"كسول\" لأنها غير متفاعلة كيميائيًا.","يستخدم الأرجون لملء المصابيح المتوهجة لأنه لا يتفاعل مع الفتيل الساخن.","يستخدم عمال اللحام الأرجون كغاز وقائي لحماية المعدن الساخن من التفاعل مع الأكسجين الموجود في الهواء.","معظم الأرجون الموجود في الأرض هو الأرجون-40، الناتج عن التحلل الإشعاعي للبوتاسيوم-40 في الصخور.","غالبًا ما تمتلئ النوافذ ذات الزجاج المزدوج بالأرجون لأنه يعزل الهواء بشكل أفضل من الهواء العادي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"الأرجون\" اليوناني (خامل أو غير نشط، محايد لـ \"أرجوس\")، أطلق عليه ويليام رامزي واللورد رايلي في عام 1894 لأن الغاز خامل كيميائيًا ومتردد للغاية في التفاعل مع أي شيء."},"Arsenic":{"name":"زرنيخ","summary":"الزرنيخ هو معدن سام يستخدم تاريخيا في المبيدات الحشرية والآن في أشباه الموصلات وإنتاج الزجاج.","appearance":"رمادي معدني","interesting_facts":["يشتهر الزرنيخ بأنه \"سم الملوك وملك السموم\"، حيث لم يتم اكتشافه لعدة قرون وهو المفضل في جرائم القتل التاريخية.","على الرغم من سميته، إلا أن آثارًا صغيرة من الزرنيخ قد تكون مادة مغذية ضرورية لبعض الحيوانات.","يعد زرنيخيد الغاليوم ومركبات الزرنيخ الأخرى أمرًا حيويًا لأشباه الموصلات الحديثة ومصابيح LED.","يؤثر تلوث المياه الجوفية بالزرنيخ على مياه الشرب لملايين الأشخاص في جميع أنحاء العالم.","وهو يتسامى، ويتحول مباشرة من الحالة الصلبة إلى الحالة الغازية عند تسخينه، وله رائحة تشبه رائحة الثوم.","تم استخدام الأصباغ الخضراء التي تحتوي على الزرنيخ في السابق في ورق الحائط وربما تسببت في تسميم الأسر الفيكتورية ببطء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"الزرنيخون\" اليوناني (orpiment الأصفر، خام كبريتيد الزرنيخ)، ربما هو من \"zarnikh\" الفارسية (خام الزرنيخ)؛ قد ترتبط الكلمة أيضًا باليونانية \"arrhen\" (ذكر أو قوي)، مما يعكس الخصائص القوية لمركبات الزرنيخ."},"Astatine":{"name":"أستاتين","summary":"الأستاتين هو عنصر مشع نادر يستخدم بشكل أساسي في البحث العلمي وربما في علاج السرطان.","appearance":"غير معروف، ربما معدني","interesting_facts":["الأستاتين هو أندر العناصر الموجودة في الطبيعة؛ يوجد أقل من جرام في القشرة الأرضية في أي وقت.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"astatos\" والتي تعني \"غير مستقر\".","لم يسبق لأحد أن رأى عينة مرئية لأنها سوف تتبخر من نشاطها الإشعاعي المكثف.","وهو أثقل الهالوجينات وتم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1940.","تتم دراسة الأستاتين-211 كعلاج مستهدف لسرطان جسيمات ألفا.","ويبلغ عمر النصف لنظائره الأكثر استقرارًا حوالي 8 ساعات فقط."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم تسميته من الكلمة اليونانية \"astatos\" (ἄστατος)، والتي تعني \"غير مستقر\"؛ قام ديل كورسون، وكينيث ماكنزي، وإميليو سيغري بتصنيعه في عام 1940 في بيركلي واختاروا الاسم لأن جميع نظائر الأستاتين مشعة وتتحلل بسرعة، مما يجعل العنصر غير مستقر بطبيعته."},"Barium":{"name":"باريوم","summary":"الباريوم معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في سوائل الحفر والدهانات والتصوير الطبي.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يشرب المرضى \"وجبة الباريوم\" أو \"ابتلاع الباريوم\" لأن الباريوم يحجب الأشعة السينية، ويكشف عن الجهاز الهضمي.","تمنح مركبات الباريوم الألعاب النارية ألوانها الخضراء الزاهية.","اسمها مشتق من الكلمة اليونانية \"barys\" والتي تعني ثقيل.","على الرغم من أن المعدن سام، إلا أن كبريتات الباريوم غير القابلة للذوبان المستخدمة في الفحوصات الطبية تمر عبر الجسم بأمان.","الباريوم شديد التفاعل بحيث يجب تخزينه تحت الزيت ولا يتم العثور عليه حرًا في الطبيعة.","يستخدم معدن الباريت (كبريتات الباريوم) لوزن سوائل الحفر في صناعة النفط."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"barys\" اليونانية (الثقيل)، أطلق عليها همفري ديفي عام 1808 لأن كبريتات الباريوم (الباريت، الخام الشائع) كثيفة بشكل غير عادي بالنسبة للمعادن اللافلزية."},"Berkelium":{"name":"بركيليوم","summary":"البركيليوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في المقام الأول في البحث العلمي وإنتاج العناصر الأثقل.","appearance":"فضي","interesting_facts":["سُمي البركيليوم على اسم بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، حيث تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1949.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي نادر للغاية، ولم يتم إنتاج سوى كميات ضئيلة منه على الإطلاق.","تم استخدام البركيليوم كمادة مستهدفة لتصنيع عنصر التينيسين فائق الثقل.","يمكن أن يستغرق إنتاج عينة صغيرة من البركيليوم عدة أشهر في مفاعل عالي التدفق.","وهو شديد الإشعاع وليس له أي استخدامات خارج نطاق البحث العلمي.","يكمل البركيليوم المجموعة بالتربيوم، وقد تم تسمية كلا العنصرين بأسماء مدن ووضعهما في مواضع متطابقة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، حيث تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1949 في مختبر الإشعاع بجامعة كاليفورنيا؛ تعكس التسمية عمدًا عنصر التيربيوم، الذي سمي على اسم مدينة يتربي السويدية، حيث يشغل كلا العنصرين مواقع متطابقة في سلسلة اللانثانيدات والأكتينيدات على التوالي."},"Beryllium":{"name":"بيريليوم","summary":"البريليوم معدن صلب رمادي اللون يوجد بشكل طبيعي في الصخور المعدنية والفحم والتربة والغبار البركاني.","appearance":"رمادي فولاذي","interesting_facts":["والبريليوم شفاف بشكل ملحوظ بالنسبة للأشعة السينية، لذلك يتم استخدامه لصنع نوافذ لأنابيب الأشعة السينية وأجهزة الكشف.","إنه أحد أخف المعادن الإنشائية ولكنه يتمتع بنسبة صلابة إلى وزن أعلى من الفولاذ.","الأحجار الكريمة الزمرد والزبرجد كلاهما شكل من أشكال معدن البريل، وهو سيليكات الألومنيوم البريليوم.","غبار البريليوم شديد السمية ويمكن أن يسبب مرضًا رئويًا مزمنًا يسمى داء البيريليوم.","مرايا تلسكوب جيمس ويب الفضائي مصنوعة من البريليوم المطلي بالذهب لأنه يحافظ على شكله في درجات حرارة شديدة البرودة.","وفي عام 1932، اكتشف جيمس تشادويك النيوترون عن طريق قذف البريليوم بجسيمات ألفا."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى حجر البريل، وهو مشتق من كلمة \"beryllos\" اليونانية، لأن لويس نيكولا فاوكيلين قام بعزل البريليوم لأول مرة من معادن البريل والزمرد في عام 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"بزموت","summary":"البزموت هو معدن هش ذو سمية منخفضة، ويستخدم في مستحضرات التجميل والإجراءات الطبية والسبائك.","appearance":"أبيض فضي مع لون قزحي الألوان","interesting_facts":["يشكل البزموت بلورات قوس قزح مذهلة ومتقزحة اللون على شكل قادوس على شكل سلم.","إنه العنصر الأثقل الذي يعتبر، لأغراض عملية، مستقرًا، وله عمر نصف طويل لا يمكن تصوره تقريبًا.","البزموت هو العنصر الرئيسي في البيبتو بيسمول، والذي يستخدم لتهدئة اضطرابات المعدة.","مثل الماء، يتمدد البزموت عندما يتجمد.","يتم استخدامه في السبائك ذات نقطة الانصهار المنخفضة لمرشات الحريق وأجهزة السلامة.","البزموت هو أحد المعادن القليلة الأقل كثافة في بعض السبائك، وهو بديل غير سام للرصاص في العديد من المنتجات."],"naming_origin_explanation":"مشتقة من الكلمة الألمانية القديمة \"Wismut\" أو \"Wismuth\"، ربما من \"weiße Masse\" (الكتلة البيضاء) أو مصطلح عامل منجم من أصل غير مؤكد؛ يُعرف منذ القرن الخامس عشر كمعدن مميز، ويتم الخلط أحيانًا مع الرصاص أو القصدير، ويتم تحويله إلى اللاتينية إلى \"بيسموتوم\" قبل أن يصبح \"البزموت\" في الاستخدام الحديث."},"Bohrium":{"name":"بوريوم","summary":"البوهريوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية البوهريوم على اسم نيلز بور، الفيزيائي الذي وضع نموذجًا لبنية الذرة.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل ينتج عددًا قليلًا من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","تم إنشاء بوريوم لأول مرة في عام 1981 في ألمانيا.","نظائرها مشعة بشكل مكثف وتتحلل في ثوان أو أقل.","تشير التجارب إلى أن البوهريوم يشبه الرينيوم كيميائيًا، في المجموعة 7.","ليس له أي استخدامات خارج نطاق البحث الأساسي في أثقل العناصر."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم نيلز بور، الفيزيائي الدنماركي الذي طور النموذج الكمي للذرة وقدم مساهمات أساسية لفهم البنية الذرية؛ قام GSI Darmstadt، ألمانيا، بتوليفه في عام 1981 واقترح الاسم تكريمًا له، وتم اعتماده رسميًا من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) في عام 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"بورون","summary":"البورون هو عنصر فلز ضروري لنمو النبات ولكن يمكن أن يكون سامًا بشكل زائد.","appearance":"أسود-بني","interesting_facts":["تعطي مركبات البورون لونًا أخضر ساطعًا مميزًا للهب، مما يجعله مفيدًا في الألعاب النارية.","البورون ضروري لنمو النبات، ولكن بكميات صغيرة فقط؛ الكثير سام للمحاصيل.","زجاج البورسليكات، المصنوع من البورون، يقاوم الصدمات الحرارية ويستخدم في تجهيزات المطابخ والأواني الزجاجية للمختبرات.","يمتص نظير البورون-10 النيوترونات بسهولة، لذلك يُستخدم البورون في قضبان التحكم والدروع للمفاعلات النووية.","تم استخدام البوراكس، وهو معدن البورون، منذ آلاف السنين كعامل تنظيف وتدفق لحام المعادن.","البورون هو شبه فلز، ويشترك في خصائص كل من المعادن وغير المعادن، وهو موصل رديء في درجة حرارة الغرفة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم البوراكس، المعدن الذي تم عزله منه لأول مرة، مع كلمة \"بوراكس\" مشتقة من كلمة \"البراق\" العربية أو \"البورة\" الفارسية، والتي تعني البوراكس أو الملح الصخري."},"Bromine":{"name":"بروم","summary":"البروم هو سائل بني محمر في درجة حرارة الغرفة ويستخدم في مثبطات اللهب ومعالجة المياه والمستحضرات الصيدلانية.","appearance":"السائل الأحمر البني","interesting_facts":["البروم هو أحد عنصرين فقط يكونان سائلين في درجة حرارة الغرفة، إلى جانب الزئبق.","وهو سائل كثيف ذو لون بني محمر ينبعث منه أبخرة سامة خانقة.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"بروموس\" التي تعني \"الرائحة الكريهة\".","استخرج القدماء صبغة أرجوانية ثمينة، أرجوانية صورية، من القواقع البحرية باستخدام مركبات البروم.","تم استخدام مركبات البروم على نطاق واسع كمثبطات للهب في الإلكترونيات والأثاث.","يتم استخراج معظم البروم من مياه البحر ورواسب المياه المالحة الغنية بالملح."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"بروموس\" اليونانية (الرائحة الكريهة أو الرائحة الكريهة)، والتي أطلق عليها أنطوان جيروم بالارد اسم \"البروم\" في عام 1826 لأن البروم السائل ينتج رائحة كريهة وخانقة للغاية."},"Cadmium":{"name":"كادميوم","summary":"الكادميوم هو معدن ناعم، أبيض مزرق، يستخدم بشكل أساسي في البطاريات والأصباغ والطلاء الكهربائي.","appearance":"فضي رمادي مزرق معدني","interesting_facts":["يعطي الكادميوم أصباغًا زاهية باللون الأصفر والبرتقالي والأحمر، وقد حظى بتقدير فنانين مثل مونيه وفان جوخ منذ فترة طويلة.","وهو سام ويتراكم في الجسم، مسببًا مرض العظام المؤلم \"إيتاي-إيتاي\" الذي شوهد في اليابان في القرن العشرين.","كانت بطاريات النيكل والكادميوم القابلة لإعادة الشحن (NiCd) شائعة للغاية في السابق.","تعمل طبقات الكادميوم على حماية الفولاذ من التآكل، خاصة في أجزاء الطائرات.","تم اكتشافه عام 1817 كشوائب في خامات الزنك.","يمتص الكادميوم النيوترونات بسهولة، لذلك يتم استخدامه في قضبان التحكم للمفاعلات النووية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"كادميا\" اللاتينية (كالامين، خام كربونات الزنك)، وفي النهاية من كلمة \"كادميا\" اليونانية (أرض طيبة، التي سميت على اسم قدموس، المؤسس الأسطوري لطيبة)، منذ اكتشاف الكادميوم في عام 1817 كشوائب في خامات الزنك."},"Calcium":{"name":"كالسيوم","summary":"الكالسيوم هو معدن رمادي ناعم ضروري للكائنات الحية، وخاصة في فسيولوجيا الخلية وتكوين العظام.","appearance":"رمادي باهت، فضي","interesting_facts":["الكالسيوم هو المعدن الأكثر وفرة في جسم الإنسان، حيث يتم تخزين حوالي 99٪ منه في العظام والأسنان.","الحجر الجيري والطباشير والرخام كلها أشكال من كربونات الكالسيوم.","وهو العنصر الخامس الأكثر وفرة في القشرة الأرضية.","تعمل أيونات الكالسيوم كإشارة عالمية داخل الخلايا، مما يؤدي إلى كل شيء بدءًا من تقلص العضلات وحتى الإخصاب.","يتوهج الجير الحي (أكسيد الكالسيوم) بشكل ساطع عند تسخينه ويستخدم لإضاءة المراحل، مما يعطينا عبارة \"في دائرة الضوء\".","يتم بناء الشعاب المرجانية والأصداف البحرية بشكل كبير من كربونات الكالسيوم المستخرجة من مياه البحر."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من اللاتينية \"كالكس\" أو \"كالسيس\" (الجير أو الحجر الجيري)، لأن همفري ديفي عزله لأول مرة في عام 1808 عن طريق التحليل الكهربائي لأكسيد الكالسيوم (الجير الحي)، وهي مادة استخدمها الرومان منذ فترة طويلة في البناء."},"Californium":{"name":"كاليفورنيوم","summary":"الكاليفورنيوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في مصادر النيوترونات، وعلاج السرطان، وتحليل المواد.","appearance":"معدن فضي، يتوهج في الظلام بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي","interesting_facts":["يعد الكاليفورنيوم من أغلى المواد على وجه الأرض، حيث يصل سعر الجرام الواحد منه إلى ملايين الدولارات.","وقد سُمي على اسم ولاية كاليفورنيا الأمريكية، حيث تم اكتشافه عام 1950.","كاليفورنيوم-252 هو باعث نيوتروني قوي يستخدم لبدء تشغيل المفاعلات النووية وفي الماسحات الضوئية الصناعية.","يستخدم للكشف عن الذهب والنفط من خلال التحليل النيوتروني للصخور.","يطلق ميكروغرام واحد عددًا هائلاً من النيوترونات في كل ثانية.","ويستخدم الكاليفورنيوم أيضًا لتحديد التعب المعدني وإيجاد نقاط الضعف في الطائرات والآلات."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم ولاية كاليفورنيا الأمريكية وجامعة كاليفورنيا، حيث تم تصنيعه في عام 1950؛ اختار طومسون وسيبورج وستريت وجيورسو الاسم مشيرين إلى نفاد الأجرام السماوية القريبة منهم وقرروا تكريم مكان الاكتشاف بدلاً من ذلك."},"Carbon":{"name":"كربون","summary":"الكربون هو لبنة البناء الأساسية للحياة، ويوجد في جميع المركبات العضوية المعروفة.","appearance":"يختلف (الجرافيت أسود، الماس واضح)","interesting_facts":["يشكل الكربون مركبات أكثر من جميع العناصر الأخرى مجتمعة، وهو الأساس الكيميائي لجميع أشكال الحياة المعروفة.","يعتبر كل من الماس والجرافيت من الكربون النقي، إلا أن الماس هو أصلب المواد الطبيعية بينما الجرافيت ناعم بدرجة كافية للكتابة به.","الجرافين، وهو طبقة واحدة من ذرات الكربون، أقوى بحوالي 200 مرة من الفولاذ ويوصل الكهرباء بشكل أفضل من النحاس.","يستخدم التأريخ بالكربون 14 التحلل المستمر لنظائر الكربون المشعة لتحديد عمر المادة التي كانت حية ذات يوم حتى عمر 50000 عام تقريبًا.","تنتشر ذرات الكربون المتكونة داخل النجوم عبر الكون عندما تنفجر تلك النجوم، مما يجعلنا مصنوعين حرفيًا من غبار النجوم.","تم اكتشاف بكمينسترفوليرين، وهو جزيء على شكل كرة قدم يتكون من 60 ذرة كربون، في عام 1985 وتم تسميته على اسم المهندس المعماري بكمينستر فولر."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من اللاتينية \"كاربو\" (فحم أو فحم)، مما يعكس أن الكربون كان معروفًا منذ العصور القديمة على شكل فحم، وجرافيت، وماس."},"Cerium":{"name":"سيريوم","summary":"السيريوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في المحولات الحفازة، وتلميع الزجاج، والسبائك.","appearance":"رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["السيريوم هو الأكثر وفرة من جميع العناصر الأرضية النادرة، وأكثر شيوعا من النحاس.","تم تسميته على اسم الكوكب القزم سيريس، الذي تم اكتشافه قبل عامين.","السيريوم هو العنصر الرئيسي المنتج للشرارة في سبائك \"الصوان\" الأخف وزنا وإشعال النار.","أكسيد السيريوم هو مسحوق تلميع ناعم يستخدم لإضفاء لمسة نهائية ناعمة على الزجاج والأحجار الكريمة.","تتم إضافته إلى المحولات الحفازة للمساعدة في تخزين وإطلاق الأكسجين.","يمكن أن يشتعل السيريوم المقطوع حديثًا تلقائيًا في الهواء، مما يجعله قابلاً للاشتعال."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم الكوكب القزم سيريس، الذي تم اكتشافه عام 1801 وسمي على اسم إلهة الزراعة الرومانية؛ أطلق عليه مارتن هاينريش كلابروث ويونس جاكوب بيرسيليوس اسمًا في عام 1803، متبعًا أسلوب تسمية العناصر الجديدة بأسماء الأجرام السماوية."},"Cesium":{"name":"سيزيوم","summary":"السيزيوم هو معدن ناعم ذهبي اللون معروف باستخدامه في الساعات الذرية والتطبيقات الإلكترونية المختلفة.","appearance":"فضي-ذهبي معدني","interesting_facts":["والثاني يتم تعريفه رسميًا من خلال اهتزازات ذرات السيزيوم، أساس الساعات الذرية.","السيزيوم هو أحد أكثر المعادن تفاعلاً، وينفجر بعنف عند ملامسته للماء.","يذوب عند درجة حرارة 28 درجة مئوية تقريبًا، لذا فهو سائل في يوم دافئ.","له لون ذهبي فضي، وهو واحد من المعادن القليلة التي ليست فضية أو رمادية.","كان السيزيوم أول عنصر اكتشفه التحليل الطيفي، بواسطة بنسن وكيرشوف في عام 1860.","يعد السيزيوم 137 المشع أحد المنتجات البارزة للانشطار النووي وهو مصدر قلق في الحوادث النووية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اللاتينية \"caesius\" (أزرق سماوي أو أزرق رمادي)، أطلق عليها روبرت بنسن وغوستاف كيرشوف عام 1860 اسم الخطين الطيفيين المميزين باللون الأزرق الساطع اللذين استخدماهما لتحديد العنصر."},"Chlorine":{"name":"كلور","summary":"الكلور هو غاز شديد التفاعل، ذو لون أصفر مخضر يستخدم كمطهر وفي التطبيقات الصناعية المختلفة.","appearance":"غاز أصفر مخضر","interesting_facts":["الكلور هو غاز أصفر مخضر تم استخدامه كسلاح كيميائي في الحرب العالمية الأولى.","إن الكميات الصغيرة التي تضاف إلى مياه الشرب وحمامات السباحة تقتل البكتيريا وتنقذ حياة عدد لا يحصى من الأمراض المنقولة بالمياه.","بالاشتراك مع الصوديوم، يشكل الكلور ملح الطعام العادي، وهو ضروري للحياة.","إنه تفاعلي للغاية لدرجة أنه يبيض الأصباغ والمطهرات بسهولة، ولهذا السبب يتم استخدامه في مواد التبييض المنزلية.","تم عزل الكلور لأول مرة في عام 1774 على يد كارل فيلهلم شيل، الذي لم يدرك أنه عنصر جديد.","على الرغم من أنها سامة كغاز، إلا أن أيونات الكلوريد الموجودة في جسمك تعتبر حيوية لعملية الهضم ووظيفة الأعصاب."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"كلوروس\" اليونانية (أخضر شاحب أو أصفر مخضر)، أطلق عليها همفري ديفي عام 1810 لتعكس اللون الأصفر والأخضر المميز للغاز."},"Chromium":{"name":"كروم","summary":"الكروم هو معدن صلب ولامع ومقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في طلاء الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ والكروم.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["يمنح الكروم الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ لمعانه ومقاومته للصدأ، ويشكل طبقة أكسيد واقية غير مرئية.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"chroma\" التي تعني اللون، لأن مركباتها ملونة بشكل واضح.","الكروم هو ما يجعل الياقوت أحمر والزمرد أخضر كشوائب ضئيلة في البلورات.","يمنح طلاء الكروم لمسة نهائية لامعة وصلبة تشبه المرآة لتزيين السيارة وأدواتها.","يعد الكروم من أصعب المعادن ومقاوم للتآكل بشكل كبير.","تعتبر بعض مركبات الكروم من العناصر الغذائية الأساسية بكميات ضئيلة، في حين أن مركبات أخرى (الكروم 6) سامة ومسببة للسرطان."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اليونانية \"chroma\" (اللون)، والتي أطلق عليها لويس نيكولا فاوكيلين عام 1798 لأن مركبات الكروم تعرض مجموعة واسعة من الألوان الزاهية - الأحمر في الياقوت، والأخضر في الزمرد، والبرتقالي في الكروكيت."},"Cobalt":{"name":"كوبالت","summary":"الكوبالت هو معدن صلب لامع ذو لون رمادي فضي يستخدم في السبائك والبطاريات وهو ضروري لفيتامين ب12.","appearance":"معدن رمادي لامع","interesting_facts":["تم استخدام الكوبالت لأكثر من 2000 عام لمنح الزجاج والسيراميك لونًا أزرقًا عميقًا ورائعًا.","اسمها يأتي من \"kobold\"، وهو عفريت مؤذ من عمال المناجم الألمان يُلقى عليه اللوم في الخامات المزعجة.","ويعد الكوبالت عنصرا رئيسيا في بطاريات الليثيوم أيون القابلة لإعادة الشحن والتي تستخدم في تشغيل الهواتف والسيارات الكهربائية.","وهو واحد من ثلاثة عناصر مغناطيسية طبيعية فقط في درجة حرارة الغرفة، إلى جانب الحديد والنيكل.","ويستخدم النظير المشع الكوبالت 60 لعلاج السرطان وتعقيم المعدات الطبية.","الكوبالت ضروري للحياة باعتباره ذرة المعدن الموجودة في قلب فيتامين ب12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"كوبولد\" الألمانية (عفريت أو عفريت)، لأن عمال المناجم الألمان ألقوا باللوم على روح شريرة تحت الأرض في خام الكوبالت المزعج الذي أطلق أبخرة الزرنيخ السامة ولم ينتج أي نحاس على الرغم من تشابهه مع خام النحاس."},"Copernicium":{"name":"كوبرنيكيوم","summary":"الكوبرنيسيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["سمي كوبرنيسيوم على اسم عالم الفلك نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس، الذي وضع الشمس في مركز النظام الشمسي.","تم إنشاؤه لأول مرة في عام 1996 في ألمانيا.","من المتوقع أن يكون الكوبرنيسيوم سائلًا أو غازًا متطايرًا في درجة حرارة الغرفة، ويتصرف مثل الزئبق إلى حد ما.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتكون من ذرة واحدة في كل مرة.","نظائرها شديدة الإشعاع وقصيرة العمر.","يقع أسفل الزئبق في المجموعة 12 من الجدول الدوري."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس، عالم الفلك البولندي الألماني الذي اقترح أن الأرض تدور حول الشمس؛ قامت GSI Darmstadt بتوليفها في عام 1996 واقترحت الاسم لتكريم كوبرنيكوس، مع اعتماد IUPAC رسميًا له في عام 2010 بمناسبة الذكرى 537 لميلاده."},"Copper":{"name":"نحاس","summary":"النحاس هو معدن ذهبي محمر معروف بموصليته الحرارية والكهربائية العالية، ويستخدم على نطاق واسع في الأسلاك الكهربائية والسباكة.","appearance":"معدني محمر","interesting_facts":["كان النحاس أحد المعادن الأولى التي استخدمها البشر، وعمل لأكثر من 10,000 عام.","إنه موصل ممتاز للكهرباء، ويأتي في المرتبة الثانية بعد الفضة، ولهذا السبب يملأ أسلاكنا وكابلاتنا.","تقتل الأسطح النحاسية بشكل طبيعي العديد من البكتيريا والفيروسات، مما يجعلها مفيدة لمقابض الأبواب وتجهيزات المستشفيات.","تمثال الحرية مغطى بالنحاس الذي تحول إلى اللون الأخضر بمرور الوقت حيث شكل طبقة واقية.","إن خلط النحاس بالقصدير ينتج عنه البرونز، ومع الزنك يصنع النحاس، وهما خلائط شكلت تاريخ البشرية.","يعد النحاس من العناصر الغذائية الأساسية التي تساعد الجسم على تكوين خلايا الدم الحمراء والحفاظ على الأعصاب."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"cuprum\" اللاتينية، المشتقة من كلمة \"Kypros\" اليونانية (قبرص)، الجزيرة التي كانت المصدر الرئيسي للنحاس في العالم القديم؛ يعود الرمز Cu أيضًا إلى هذا الاسم اللاتيني."},"Curium":{"name":"كيوريوم","summary":"الكوريوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في استكشاف الفضاء كمصدر للطاقة وفي البحث العلمي.","appearance":"معدن فضي، يشوه في الهواء","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الكوريوم على اسم ماري وبيير كوري، رواد أبحاث النشاط الإشعاعي.","ويتوهج بضوء أرجواني أو أحمر ناعم في الظلام بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي الشديد.","الكوريوم مشع للغاية لدرجة أنه يولد حرارة كبيرة وكان يعتبر بمثابة طاقة للمركبات الفضائية.","تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1944، قبل الأمريسيوم الأخف.","قامت الأدوات المعتمدة على الكوريوم بتحليل التركيب الكيميائي للمريخ وأسطح الكواكب الأخرى.","كل الكوريوم مصنوع بشكل مصطنع. لا شيء موجود في الطبيعة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم ماري وبيير كوري، رائدي أبحاث النشاط الإشعاعي؛ أطلق عليه جلين سيبورج اسم \"الكوريوم\" في عام 1944 تكريمًا للزوجين اللذين جعلت اكتشافاتهما الكيمياء النووية ممكنة، مشيرًا إلى أن موقع الكوريوم في سلسلة الأكتينيدات يعكس الجادولينيوم في اللانثانيدات - والذي سمي على اسم عالم كيميائي، باتباع نمط موازٍ."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"دارمشتاتيوم","summary":"دارمشتاتيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["سُمي دارمشتاتيوم على اسم مدينة دارمشتات بألمانيا، حيث تم اكتشافه عام 1994.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل تم إنشاؤه في مسرعات الجسيمات.","لم يتم صنع سوى عدد قليل من ذرات الدارمشتاتيوم.","وتعيش ذراتها لمدة أقل من ثانية قبل أن تتحلل.","ومن المتوقع أن يشبه البلاتين كيميائيا في المجموعة 10.","دارمشتاتيوم ليس له استخدامات عملية خارج نطاق البحث العلمي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم مدينة دارمشتات، ألمانيا، حيث تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1994 في جي إس آي دارمشتات؛ وهو يتبع تقليد تسمية العناصر التي تم إنشاؤها حديثًا على اسم مواقع الاكتشاف، وقد اعتمد الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) الاسم رسميًا في عام 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"دوبنيوم","summary":"الدبنيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في الأبحاث العلمية لاستكشاف خصائص العناصر الثقيلة.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية دوبنيوم على اسم دوبنا، روسيا، موطن معهد الأبحاث النووية الشهير.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتم تصنيعه فقط في مسرعات الجسيمات.","كان اكتشافه جزءًا من \"حروب ترانسفيرميوم\"، وهو نزاع على التسمية خلال الحرب الباردة.","توجد ذرات الدبنيوم لمدة ثوانٍ فقط أو أقل قبل أن تتحلل.","لم يتم إنشاء سوى عدد قليل من ذرات الدوبنيوم.","ومن المتوقع أن يشبه كيميائيا التنتالوم في المجموعة 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم دوبنا، روسيا، موطن المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية؛ وقد حل الاسم نزاعاً أثناء الحرب الباردة أطلق عليه العلماء الأمريكيون اسم \"هاهنيوم\" وأطلق عليه العلماء السوفييت اسم \"نيلزبوريوم\"، قبل أن يتبنى الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) اسم المدينة المحايدة في عام 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"ديسبروسيوم","summary":"الديسبروسيوم هو معدن أبيض فضي يستخدم في المغناطيس وأشعة الليزر وقضبان التحكم في المفاعلات النووية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يأتي اسم الديسبروسيوم من الكلمة اليونانية \"dysprositos\"، والتي تعني \"يصعب الحصول عليه\"، لأنه كان من الصعب جدًا عزله.","ويضاف إلى مغناطيس النيوديميوم بحيث يحافظ على قوته عند درجات الحرارة المرتفعة في المحركات وتوربينات الرياح.","يتمتع الديسبروسيوم بواحدة من أعلى القوة المغناطيسية لأي عنصر عند درجات الحرارة المنخفضة.","يمتص النيوترونات بشكل جيد ويستخدم في قضبان التحكم في المفاعلات النووية.","السبائك القائمة على الديسبروسيوم تغير شكلها في المجالات المغناطيسية، وهي مفيدة في المحركات ومحولات الطاقة.","وتعتبر مادة حاسمة لتكنولوجيا الطاقة النظيفة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم تسميته من الكلمة اليونانية \"dysprositos\" (δυσπρόσιτος)، والتي تعني \"يصعب الوصول إليه\"؛ صاغ بول إميل ليكوك دي بويسبودران الاسم في عام 1886، مما يعكس الصعوبة البالغة في عزله عن خامه - وهي عملية تتطلب تسعة عشر هطولًا."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"آينشتاينيوم","summary":"آينشتاينيوم هو معدن شديد الإشعاع، يستخدم في المقام الأول للبحث العلمي وفي إنتاج العناصر الأثقل.","appearance":"معدن فضي، يتوهج بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي","interesting_facts":["تم اكتشاف آينشتاينيوم في عام 1952 في حطام أول اختبار للقنبلة الهيدروجينية.","سميت على اسم ألبرت أينشتاين.","يتوهج آينشتاينيوم باللون الأزرق في الظلام بسبب نشاطه الإشعاعي الشديد.","ومن النادر جدًا أن يتم إنتاج كميات قابلة للوزن فقط في بعض الأحيان.","إن دراسة الأينشتاينيوم أمر صعب للغاية لأنه يدمر الحاوية والأدوات الخاصة به.","وليس له استخدامات عملية خارج نطاق البحث العلمي الأساسي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم ألبرت أينشتاين، الذي صاغ النظرية النسبية الخاصة والمعادلة E=mc² الكامنة وراء الطاقة النووية؛ وقد أطلق عليه ألبرت غيورسو وزملاؤه هذا الاسم في عام 1955 بعد اكتشافه في حطام أول اختبار للقنبلة الهيدروجينية في عام 1952، والذي بقي سراً لعدة سنوات."},"Erbium":{"name":"إربيوم","summary":"الإربيوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في الألياف الضوئية والليزر والتكنولوجيا النووية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["تعمل الألياف المشبعة بالإربيوم على تضخيم الإشارات الضوئية، مما يجعل إنترنت الألياف الضوئية لمسافات طويلة ممكنًا.","يعطي الزجاج والزجاج لوناً وردياً ناعماً ويستخدم في النظارات الشمسية والزجاج المزخرف.","يستخدم ليزر الإربيوم في طب الأسنان وتجميل الجلد.","تم تسميته على اسم يتربي، السويد، حيث يتقاسم هذا الأصل مع العديد من العناصر الأرضية النادرة الأخرى.","يضاف الإربيوم إلى بعض السبائك المعدنية، بما في ذلك الفاناديوم، لجعلها أكثر قابلية للاستخدام.","فهو يمتص ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء بكفاءة، وهو ما يكمن وراء العديد من استخدامات الليزر."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم قرية يتربي في جزيرة ريسارو في السويد، حيث تم استخراج معدن الجادولينيت الذي يحتوي عليه لأول مرة؛ قام كارل غوستاف موساندر بفصله عن الإيتريا في عام 1843، و\"الإربيوم\" هو أحد أسماء العناصر الأربعة المشتقة من اسم مكان واحد \"يتربي\"."},"Europium":{"name":"يوروبيوم","summary":"اليوروبيوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في المواد الفوسفورية وقضبان التحكم والمفاعلات النووية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يوفر اليوروبيوم الفوسفور الأحمر والأزرق الذي كان ينتج الألوان في شاشات التلفاز والكمبيوتر القديمة.","يتم استخدامه كعلامة لمكافحة التزييف في الأوراق النقدية لليورو، متوهجة تحت الضوء فوق البنفسجي.","اليوروبيوم هو العنصر الأكثر تفاعلاً بين العناصر الأرضية النادرة، حيث يفقد بريقه سريعًا في الهواء.","سميت على اسم قارة أوروبا.","تعمل الفوسفورات المشبعة باليوروبيوم على جعل مصابيح الفلورسنت ومصابيح LED الموفرة للطاقة تتوهج بشكل ساطع.","وهي واحدة من العناصر الأرضية النادرة الأقل وفرة في القشرة الأرضية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت باسم أوروبا، القارة، من قبل يوجين أناتول ديمارساي في عام 1901، الذي عزلها طيفيًا؛ كان من بين عدة عناصر سميت بأسماء مناطق جغرافية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين."},"Fermium":{"name":"فيرميوم","summary":"الفرميوم هو معدن اصطناعي مشع يستخدم بشكل أساسي في البحث العلمي ودراسة عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا فضيًا","interesting_facts":["تم اكتشاف الفرميوم أيضًا في تداعيات أول اختبار للقنبلة الهيدروجينية في عام 1952.","سميت على اسم الفيزيائي إنريكو فيرمي، رائد التفاعلات النووية.","الفرميوم هو أثقل عنصر يمكن تصنيعه بكميات قابلة للوزن عن طريق القصف النيوتروني.","وبعيدًا عن الفرميوم، يجب تصنيع العناصر ذرة واحدة في كل مرة باستخدام مسرعات الجسيمات.","لم يتم إنتاج سوى كميات صغيرة وغير مرئية من الفرميوم.","إنه موجود فقط كعنصر اصطناعي وليس له استخدامات تجارية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم إنريكو فيرمي، الفيزيائي الأمريكي الإيطالي الذي بنى أول مفاعل نووي اصطناعي في عام 1942 وقدم مساهمات تأسيسية في الفيزياء النووية وفيزياء الجسيمات؛ أطلق عليه ألبرت غيورسو وزملاؤه اسمه في عام 1953 بعد اكتشافه في نفس حطام اختبار القنبلة الهيدروجينية الذي أنتج آينشتاينيوم."},"Flerovium":{"name":"فليروفيوم","summary":"الفليروفيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لاستكشاف خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تمت تسمية فليروفيوم على اسم مختبر فليروف للتفاعلات النووية في روسيا.","تم إنشاؤه لأول مرة في عام 1998 من قبل فريق في دوبنا، روسيا.","تشير بعض التنبؤات إلى أن الفليروفيوم قد يكون مستقرًا بشكل غير عادي أو حتى يشبه الغاز، على الرغم من أنه لا يزال مشعًا.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتكون من ذرة واحدة في كل مرة.","يقع الفليروفيوم أسفل الرصاص في المجموعة 14 من الجدول الدوري.","وتتحلل نظائره في غضون ثوانٍ، ولكنها أطول عمرًا من العديد من الجيران، مما يشير إلى \"جزيرة الاستقرار\"."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم مختبر فليروف للتفاعلات النووية في دوبنا، روسيا، والذي سمي على اسم الفيزيائي السوفييتي جورجي فليوروف؛ شارك فليوروف في تأسيس المختبر وقدم مساهمات كبيرة في الفيزياء النووية، وقام فريقه بتركيب العنصر لأول مرة في عام 1998، مع اعتماد الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) الاسم رسميًا في عام 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"فلور","summary":"الفلور هو غاز أصفر شاحب شديد التفاعل وهو العنصر الأكثر سالبية كهربية.","appearance":"غاز أصفر شاحب","interesting_facts":["الفلور هو العنصر الأكثر تفاعلاً وسلبية كهربية بين جميع العناصر، حيث يتفاعل مع كل المواد الأخرى تقريبًا، وأحيانًا بشكل متفجر.","إنها شديدة العدوانية لدرجة أنها يمكن أن تجعل مواد مثل الأسبستوس وحتى الماء تشتعل فيها النيران.","تساعد الكميات الضئيلة من الفلورايد المضافة إلى مياه الشرب ومعجون الأسنان على منع تسوس الأسنان.","التيفلون، الطلاء غير اللاصق الموجود على أواني الطهي، هو بوليمر يحتوي على الفلور (PTFE).","تعرض العديد من الكيميائيين للتسمم أو القتل أثناء محاولتهم عزل الفلور، مما أكسبهم لقب \"شهداء الفلور\" قبل نجاح هنري مويسان في عام 1886.","الفلور هو غاز أصفر شاحب في درجة حرارة الغرفة وهو أخف الهالوجينات."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اللاتينية \"fluere\" (يتدفق)، لأن معدن الفلوريت كان يستخدم على نطاق واسع كتدفق معدني؛ تم اقتراح اسم العنصر بواسطة أندريه ماري أمبير في عام 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"فرانسيوم","summary":"الفرانسيوم معدن نادر للغاية ومشع، وليس له تطبيقات مهمة بسبب عدم استقراره.","appearance":"غير معروف، ربما معدني","interesting_facts":["الفرانسيوم هو ثاني أندر العناصر الموجودة في الطبيعة بعد الأستاتين.","وكان آخر عنصر تم اكتشافه في الطبيعة على يد مارغريت بيري في فرنسا عام 1939.","سميت على اسم فرنسا، موطنها الأصلي.","الفرانسيوم مشع للغاية لدرجة أن أي كمية مرئية منه سوف تتبخر على الفور من حرارته.","ويبلغ عمر النصف لنظائره الأكثر استقرارًا حوالي 22 دقيقة فقط.","إنه أكثر الفلزات القلوية تفاعلاً، لكن خصائصه السائبة نادرة جدًا ولم يتم ملاحظتها مطلقًا."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم فرنسا، البلد الذي اكتشفته مارغريت بيري عام 1939 في معهد كوري في باريس؛ قامت بتسمية العنصر تكريمًا لوطنها، متبعةً تقليد تسمية العناصر بعد الأماكن، وأصبحت أول امرأة تُنتخب لعضوية الأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"غادولينيوم","summary":"الجادولينيوم هو معدن أبيض فضي يستخدم في عوامل التباين في التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي والفوسفور وعلاج التقاط النيوترونات.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يتم حقن مركبات الجادولينيوم كعوامل تباين لجعل فحوصات التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي أكثر وضوحًا.","وله قدرة غير عادية على امتصاص النيوترونات، وهي أعلى من أي عنصر مستقر، وهو مفيد في المفاعلات النووية.","الجادولينيوم مغناطيسي أقل بقليل من درجة حرارة الغرفة ويتم دراسته للتبريد المغناطيسي.","تم تسميته على اسم الكيميائي الفنلندي يوهان جادولين، رائد أبحاث الأرض النادرة.","يسخن الجادولينيوم عند وضعه في مجال مغناطيسي ويبرد عند إزالته، وهو التأثير الحراري المغناطيسي.","يتم استخدامه في بعض أنواع أجهزة الكشف التصويرية الطبية والأمنية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم الجادولينيت، المعدن الذي تم التعرف على أكسيده لأول مرة؛ تم تسمية الجادولينيت على اسم يوهان غادولين، الكيميائي الفنلندي الذي قام بتحليله لأول مرة؛ عزل جان شارل دي ماريناك العنصر الأرضي الجديد في عام 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"غاليوم","summary":"الغاليوم معدن فضي ناعم ينصهر عند درجة حرارة أعلى بقليل من درجة حرارة الغرفة ويستخدم في الإلكترونيات وأشباه الموصلات.","appearance":"أزرق فضي","interesting_facts":["يذوب الغاليوم عند درجة حرارة 30 درجة مئوية تقريبًا، لذا ستذوب قطعة صلبة في يدك.","وقد تنبأ مندليف بوجوده تحت اسم \"eka-aluminium\" قبل اكتشافه في عام 1875.","يستخدم زرنيخيد الغاليوم في الإلكترونيات عالية السرعة، ومصابيح LED، والخلايا الشمسية للمركبات الفضائية.","على الرغم من أنه يذوب بسهولة، إلا أن الغاليوم يغلي عند درجة حرارة تزيد عن 2400 درجة مئوية، وهي واحدة من أكبر درجات حرارة السائل لأي عنصر.","يمكن للجاليوم أن يجعل الألومنيوم هشًا عن طريق التسرب إلى حدود حبيباته، مما يؤدي إلى إضعاف المعدن بشكل كبير.","على عكس معظم المواد، يتمدد الغاليوم عندما يتجمد، مثل الماء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم جاليا، الاسم اللاتيني لفرنسا، من قبل المكتشف بول إميل ليكوك دي بويسبودران في عام 1875؛ قد يكون الاسم أيضًا تورية على كلمة \"gallus\" (الديك اللاتيني)، وهي تلاعب بلقب Lecoq الذي يعني \"الديك\" بالفرنسية."},"Germanium":{"name":"جيرمانيوم","summary":"الجرمانيوم هو معدن صلب، رمادي-أبيض يستخدم في أشباه الموصلات، والألياف الضوئية، والبصريات تحت الحمراء.","appearance":"أبيض رمادي","interesting_facts":["تنبأ مندليف بالجرمانيوم على أنه \"eka-silicon\" وساعد اكتشافه عام 1886 في تأكيد الجدول الدوري.","كانت الترانزستورات الأولى في الأربعينيات والخمسينيات من القرن العشرين مصنوعة من الجرمانيوم قبل أن يحل السيليكون محلها.","وهو شفاف بالنسبة للأشعة تحت الحمراء، لذلك يستخدم في عدسات نظارات الرؤية الليلية والكاميرات الحرارية.","الجرمانيوم هو شبه موصل فلز ذو مظهر أبيض رمادي لامع.","تستخدم الألياف الضوئية مركبات الجرمانيوم للتحكم في كيفية انتقال الضوء عبر الزجاج.","مثل الماء والسيليكون، يتمدد الجرمانيوم عندما يتصلب."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم جرمانيا، الاسم اللاتيني لألمانيا، من قبل كليمنس وينكلر، الذي اكتشفها عام 1886؛ وقد أكد هذا الاكتشاف توقع مندليف بوجود عنصر مفقود كان قد أطلق عليه اسم \"eka-silicon\"."},"Gold":{"name":"ذهب","summary":"الذهب معدن كثيف وناعم ذو قيمة عالية لاستخدامه في المجوهرات والإلكترونيات والعملة.","appearance":"أصفر معدني لامع","interesting_facts":["الذهب خامل للغاية لدرجة أنه يمكن أن يظل لامعًا لآلاف السنين، ولهذا السبب لا تزال المصنوعات الذهبية القديمة تتألق.","إنها مرنة بشكل لا يصدق. ويمكن طرق جرام واحد في لوح يغطي حوالي متر مربع.","ويُعتقد أن كل الذهب الموجود على الأرض تقريبًا قد وصل عبر اصطدامات الكويكبات بعد تشكل الكوكب.","الذهب موصل للكهرباء بشكل جيد ولا يتآكل أبدًا، لذلك يتم استخدامه للوحة الاتصالات الإلكترونية الهامة.","رمزها الكيميائي Au يأتي من الكلمة اللاتينية aurum، والتي تعني \"الفجر المشرق\".","تُغطى أقنعة رواد الفضاء بطبقة رقيقة جدًا من الذهب لتعكس الإشعاع الشمسي الضار."],"naming_origin_explanation":"يأتي الاسم الإنجليزي \"الذهب\" من الكلمة الجرمانية البدائية \"gulþą\" المرتبطة بـ \"الأصفر\" ؛ الرمز Au مشتق من الكلمة اللاتينية \"aurum\"، والتي يُعتقد أنها تعني \"الفجر الساطع\" أو \"وهج شروق الشمس\". لقد كان الذهب معروفًا وقيمًا منذ عصور ما قبل التاريخ في جميع الثقافات تقريبًا."},"Hafnium":{"name":"هافنيوم","summary":"الهافنيوم معدن فضي لامع يستخدم في المفاعلات النووية وقضبان التحكم والسبائك عالية الحرارة.","appearance":"رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["تم التنبؤ بوجود الهافنيوم من خلال النظرية الذرية، وتم العثور عليه عام 1923 في خام الزركونيوم.","سميت على اسم هافنيا، الاسم اللاتيني لكوبنهاجن.","يمتص الهافنيوم النيوترونات بشكل جيد للغاية ويستخدم في قضبان التحكم في الغواصات النووية.","حلت المركبات القائمة على الهافنيوم محل ثاني أكسيد السيليكون كعوازل في رقائق الكمبيوتر الحديثة.","إنه يتمتع بواحدة من أعلى نقاط الانصهار بين جميع العناصر ويستخدم في السبائك الفائقة للمحركات النفاثة.","الهافنيوم مطابق كيميائيًا تقريبًا للزركونيوم، مما يجعل فصل الاثنين صعبًا للغاية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم هافنيا، وهو الاسم اللاتيني لكوبنهاجن بالدنمارك، حيث اكتشفها ديرك كوستر وجورج دي هيفيسي عام 1923 بواسطة التحليل الطيفي للأشعة السينية؛ لقد اختاروا الاسم لتكريم المدينة التي أجروا فيها بحثهم."},"Hassium":{"name":"هاسيوم","summary":"الهاسيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم بشكل أساسي في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الهاسيوم على اسم ولاية هيسن الألمانية، موطن المختبر الذي تم اكتشافه فيه.","تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1984 عن طريق قصف الرصاص بأيونات الحديد.","الهاسيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يُصنع فقط في مسرعات الجسيمات.","وعلى الرغم من ندرته، أكد العلماء أنه يتصرف مثل الأوزميوم، في المجموعة الثامنة.","ذراته موجودة لأجزاء من الثانية فقط قبل أن تتحلل.","تم إنتاج أعداد صغيرة فقط من ذرات الهاسيوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم ولاية هيسن الألمانية (باللاتينية: Hassia)، حيث يقع GSI Darmstadt - المختبر الذي قام بتركيبه لأول مرة في عام 1984؛ يتبع الاسم تقليد تسمية العناصر حسب أماكن اكتشافها وتم الاعتراف به رسميًا من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) في عام 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"هيليوم","summary":"الهيليوم هو غاز عديم اللون والرائحة والمذاق وغير سام وخامل وأحادي الذرة، وهو يتصدر مجموعة الغازات النبيلة في الجدول الدوري.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["تم اكتشاف الهيليوم لأول مرة في طيف الشمس عام 1868، قبل أن يتم العثور عليه على الأرض، وسمي على اسم إله الشمس اليوناني هيليوس.","وهو العنصر الوحيد الذي لا يمكن ترسيخه بالتبريد عند الضغط الجوي العادي مهما بلغت درجة برودته.","تحت درجة حرارة 2.17 كلفن، يصبح الهيليوم السائل سائلًا فائقًا يمكن أن يتدفق دون احتكاك، بل ويتسلل إلى جدران الحاوية الخاصة به.","يؤدي استنشاق الهيليوم إلى رفع طبقة صوتك مؤقتًا لأن الصوت ينتقل عبره أسرع بثلاث مرات تقريبًا من انتقاله عبر الهواء.","يأتي معظم هيليوم الأرض من التحلل الإشعاعي لليورانيوم والثوريوم في أعماق الأرض ويتم استخلاصه من الغاز الطبيعي.","الهيليوم هو ثاني أكثر العناصر وفرة في الكون، ومع ذلك فهو نادر نسبيا وغير متجدد على الأرض."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"هيليوس\" اليونانية (الشمس)، لأنه تم اكتشاف الهيليوم لأول مرة في الطيف الشمسي خلال كسوف الشمس الكلي عام 1868 قبل التأكد من وجوده على الأرض."},"Holmium":{"name":"هولميوم","summary":"الهولميوم معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في المغناطيس وقضبان التحكم النووي والليزر.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يتمتع الهولميوم بأقوى الخصائص المغناطيسية لأي عنصر طبيعي.","يستخدم ليزر الهولميوم في الطب لتفتيت حصوات الكلى وعلاج تضخم البروستاتا.","سميت على اسم Holmia، الاسم اللاتيني لستوكهولم.","يعطي الهولميوم الزجاج والزركونيا المكعبة ألوانًا صفراء وحمراء.","يتم استخدامه لإنشاء أقوى المجالات المغناطيسية الاصطناعية المعروفة على شكل قطع قطبية.","تُستخدم محاليل أكسيد الهولميوم كمعيار معايرة لأجهزة قياس الطيف الضوئي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم هولميا، وهو الاسم اللاتيني لستوكهولم، السويد، حيث كان مقر بير تيودور كليف - الذي اكتشف العنصر في عام 1878 -؛ إنه يتبع تقليد تسمية العناصر الأرضية النادرة بأسماء الأماكن المرتبطة باكتشافها."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"هيدروجين","summary":"الهيدروجين هو أخف العناصر وأكثر المواد الكيميائية وفرة في الكون.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["الهيدروجين هو العنصر الأكثر وفرة في الكون، ويشكل ما يقرب من 75٪ من جميع المواد الطبيعية من حيث الكتلة.","وهو العنصر الوحيد الذي تحمل نظائره الثلاثة (البروتيوم، والديوتيريوم، والتريتيوم) أسماء مميزة خاصة بها.","تم استخدام الهيدروجين السائل كوقود للصواريخ منذ ستينيات القرن الماضي، لتشغيل المراحل العليا من صاروخ Saturn V الذي حمل رواد الفضاء إلى القمر.","تحت الضغط الشديد، كما هو الحال داخل كوكب المشتري، يتصرف الهيدروجين مثل المعدن السائل ويمكنه توصيل الكهرباء.","حدد هنري كافنديش الهيدروجين كمادة متميزة في عام 1766، واصفا إياه بـ \"الهواء القابل للاشتعال\".","ذرة الهيدروجين هي أبسط ذرة موجودة: بروتون واحد يدور حوله إلكترون واحد."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اليونانية \"hydro\" (ماء) و\"genes\" (تشكيل)، وتعني \"المشكل الماء\". سمي بهذا الاسم من قبل أنطوان لافوازييه عام 1783 لأن احتراق الهيدروجين ينتج عنه ماء."},"Indium":{"name":"إنديوم","summary":"الإنديوم هو معدن ناعم ومرن يستخدم في أشباه الموصلات وشاشات اللمس وكطبقة واقية للمحامل.","appearance":"بريق معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["الإنديوم ناعم جدًا بحيث يمكنك طعنه بظفر، ويصدر \"صرخة\" مسموعة عند ثنيه، مثل القصدير.","يشكل أكسيد قصدير الإنديوم طبقة شفافة موصلة للكهرباء على شاشات اللمس وشاشات العرض المسطحة.","تم تسميته على اسم الخط النيلي اللامع في طيف انبعاثه.","يظل الإنديوم ناعمًا وقابلاً للعمل حتى في درجات الحرارة المنخفضة للغاية، وهو مفيد في الأختام المفرغة.","له نقطة انصهار منخفضة جدًا ويستخدم في السبائك والجنود الخاصة ذات درجات الحرارة المنخفضة.","ارتفع الطلب على الإنديوم مع انتشار الهواتف الذكية وشاشات LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"indicum\" اللاتينية (indigo)، والتي أطلق عليها فرديناند رايخ وهيرونيموس ريختر اسم \"indicum\" في عام 1863 نسبة إلى الخط الطيفي الأزرق النيلي اللامع الذي لاحظوه عند تحليل بقايا خام الزنك باستخدام تقنية التحليل الطيفي الجديدة آنذاك."},"Iodine":{"name":"يود","summary":"اليود هو مادة غير معدنية داكنة، لامعة، ذات لون أرجواني-أسود ضرورية لوظيفة الغدة الدرقية، وتستخدم كمطهر.","appearance":"رمادي معدني لامع (صلب)، بنفسجي (غاز)","interesting_facts":["اليود ضروري للغدة الدرقية، ولهذا السبب غالبًا ما يتم تعزيز ملح الطعام به.","عند تسخينه، يتصاعد اليود الصلب إلى بخار مذهل باللون البنفسجي.","اسمها مشتق من الكلمة اليونانية \"iodes\" والتي تعني البنفسج.","منذ فترة طويلة تستخدم صبغة اليود كمطهر لتطهير الجروح.","يحول اليود النشا إلى اللون الأزرق الداكن، وهو تفاعل يستخدم كاختبار كيميائي.","يستخدم اليود المشع 131 لتشخيص وعلاج أمراض الغدة الدرقية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"iode\" الفرنسية، المستمدة من كلمة \"ioeides\" اليونانية (شبيهة بالبنفسج)، والتي أطلق عليها همفري ديفي في عام 1813 نسبة إلى اللون البنفسجي المذهل لبخار اليود."},"Iridium":{"name":"إيريديوم","summary":"الإيريديوم هو معدن كثيف ومقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في شمعات الإشعال والبوتقات والتطبيقات الصناعية المختلفة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["تُعد الطبقة العالمية من الطين الغني بالإيريديوم دليلًا رئيسيًا على أن اصطدام كويكب أدى إلى مقتل الديناصورات، نظرًا لأن الإيريديوم نادر على الأرض ولكنه شائع في الكويكبات.","الإيريديوم هو المعدن الأكثر مقاومة للتآكل، فهو يقاوم الأحماض التي تذيب أي شيء آخر تقريبًا.","وهو أحد العناصر الأكثر كثافة، ويكاد يكون مرتبطًا بالأوسيميوم.","كان الكيلوغرام القياسي عبارة عن أسطوانة من البلاتين والإيريديوم محفوظة بالقرب من باريس.","أطراف إيريديوم شمعات الإشعال لأنها تتحمل الحرارة الشديدة دون تآكل.","اسمها يأتي من إيريس، إلهة قوس قزح اليونانية، لأملاحها الملونة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم إيريس، إلهة قوس قزح اليونانية (باللاتينية: iris)، على يد سميثسون تينانت في عام 1803؛ يعكس الاسم التنوع المذهل للألوان التي تعرضها أملاح ومركبات الإيريديوم، والتي تذكر تينانت بألوان قوس قزح."},"Iron":{"name":"حديد","summary":"الحديد معدن قوي ومرن وهو ضروري لإنتاج الفولاذ ومكون حيوي للهيموجلوبين.","appearance":"معدن لامع ذو لون رمادي","interesting_facts":["الحديد هو العنصر الأكثر وفرة على الأرض من حيث الكتلة، ويشكل جزءًا كبيرًا من قلب الكوكب المنصهر.","يولد قلب الحديد السائل الذي يدور حول الأرض المجال المغناطيسي الذي يحمينا من الإشعاع الشمسي.","يوجد الحديد في مركز الهيموجلوبين، وهو الجزيء الذي يحمل الأكسجين في الدم ويجعله أحمر اللون.","الحديد هو أثقل عنصر يمكن أن تصنعه النجوم عن طريق الاندماج الطبيعي؛ تتطلب العناصر الأثقل انفجارات السوبرنوفا.","أدى العصر الحديدي، الذي بدأ حوالي عام 1200 قبل الميلاد، إلى تحويل الحضارة الإنسانية بأدوات وأسلحة أقوى.","الصدأ هو أكسيد الحديد، الذي يتشكل عندما يتفاعل الحديد ببطء مع الأكسجين والماء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"الكلمة الإنجليزية \"حديد\" تأتي من كلمة \"iren\" الإنجليزية القديمة، المرتبطة بكلمة \"isarno\" الجرمانية البدائية، ربما من جذر سلتيك لـ \"المعدن المقدس\"؛ الرمز Fe مشتق من كلمة \"ferrum\" اللاتينية (الحديد)، والتي تم صهرها واستخدامها منذ عام 1200 قبل الميلاد على الأقل."},"Krypton":{"name":"كريبتون","summary":"الكريبتون هو غاز نبيل عديم اللون والرائحة يستخدم في مصابيح الفلورسنت والتصوير الفوتوغرافي وكغاز ملء النوافذ الموفرة للطاقة.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["يأتي اسم الكريبتون من الكلمة اليونانية \"كريبتوس\"، والتي تعني \"مخفي\"، لأنه كان من الصعب جدًا العثور عليه في الهواء.","من عام 1960 إلى عام 1983، تم تعريف المتر رسميًا على أساس الطول الموجي للضوء المنبعث من الكريبتون-86.","ينتج الكريبتون ضوءًا أبيضًا لامعًا ويستخدم في بعض الفلاشات والمصابيح الفوتوغرافية عالية الأداء.","إنه غاز نبيل وهو تقريبًا غير متفاعل تمامًا، على الرغم من أن بعض مركبات الكريبتون يمكن أن تتشكل بالقوة.","ويستخدم الكريبتون في بعض النوافذ الموفرة للطاقة ومصابيح الفلورسنت.","على الرغم من \"الكريبتونيت\" الموجود في الكتاب الهزلي، إلا أن الكريبتون الحقيقي عبارة عن غاز غير ضار وعديم اللون وعديم الرائحة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"كريبتوس\" اليونانية (مخفي)، والتي أطلق عليها ويليام رامزي وموريس ترافرز في عام 1898 لأن الكريبتون كان من الصعب للغاية اكتشافه وعزله - فقد ظل \"مخفيًا\" داخل بقايا الهواء السائل."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"لانثانوم","summary":"اللانثانم هو معدن ناعم أبيض فضي يستخدم في عدسات الكاميرا والمحفزات والبطاريات القابلة لإعادة الشحن.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يأتي اسم اللانثانوم من الكلمة اليونانية \"lanthanein\"، والتي تعني \"الاستلقاء مخفيًا\"، لأنه كان مختبئًا في خام السيريوم.","وهو يعطي أول سلسلة من اللانثانيدات، وهي العناصر \"الأرضية النادرة\"، اسمها.","ويستخدم اللانثانم في زجاج عدسات الكاميرا والتلسكوبات عالية الجودة لثني الضوء بشكل حاد.","تخزن سبائك النيكل واللانثانوم الهيدروجين وتستخدم في بطاريات العديد من السيارات الهجينة.","تساعد مركبات اللانثانم على تكرير البترول وتحويله إلى بنزين كمحفزات.","إنها ناعمة بدرجة كافية للقطع بسكين وتتشوه بسرعة في الهواء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من اليونانية \"اللانثانين\" (للكذب مخفيًا أو الهروب من الملاحظة)، أطلق عليه كارل غوستاف موساندر في عام 1839 لأن اللانثانوم ظل غير مكتشف كشوائب في أكسيد السيريوم لسنوات قبل أن يحدده كعنصر مميز."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"لورنسيوم","summary":"اللورنسيوم عنصر اصطناعي مشع وليس له تطبيقات عملية خارج نطاق البحث العلمي.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا فضيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية اللورنسيوم على اسم إرنست لورانس، مخترع معجل الجسيمات السيكلوترون.","وهو العنصر الأخير في سلسلة الأكتينيدات.","لا يمكن إنشاء اللورنسيوم إلا بعدد قليل من الذرات في المرة الواحدة في المسرعات.","نظائرها الأكثر استقرارًا لها عمر نصف يبلغ بضع ساعات فقط.","يعد قياس خصائص اللورنسيوم أمرًا صعبًا للغاية، لأن عدد قليل جدًا من الذرات يتواجد لفترة وجيزة جدًا.","وليس له أي استخدامات خارج نطاق البحث العلمي الأساسي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم إرنست أورلاندو لورانس، الفيزيائي الأمريكي الذي اخترع معجل الجسيمات السيكلوترون في عام 1930، مما جعل إنشاء عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم ممكنا؛ قام مختبر لورانس بيركلي الوطني بتصنيع هذا العنصر في عام 1961 وأطلق عليه اسم تكريمًا لمساهمات لورانس التأسيسية."},"Lead":{"name":"رصاص","summary":"الرصاص هو معدن ناعم وثقيل يستخدم في البطاريات والحماية من الإشعاع والتطبيقات الصناعية المختلفة.","appearance":"رمادي مزرق معدني","interesting_facts":["الرصاص كثيف ويحجب الإشعاع، ولهذا السبب فهو يغطي مآزر ودروع الأشعة السينية.","استخدم الرومان أنابيب الرصاص في السباكة، وكلمة \"السباكة\" تأتي من الكلمة اللاتينية التي تعني الرصاص، \"بلومبوم\" (الرمز Pb).","يعتبر الرصاص سامًا للجهاز العصبي، ولهذا تمت إزالته من البنزين والطلاء.","فهي ناعمة وثقيلة وسهلة التشكيل، وهي صفات ذات قيمة منذ العصور القديمة.","يتم إعادة تدوير معظم الرصاص اليوم، إلى حد كبير من بطاريات السيارات.","الرصاص هو أثقل عنصر وله نظير مستقر تمامًا؛ كل شيء أثقل يكون مشعًا."],"naming_origin_explanation":"الكلمة الإنجليزية \"lead\" تأتي من كلمة \"lauda\" الجرمانية البدائية؛ يأتي الرمز Pb من الكلمة اللاتينية \"plumbum\"، والتي من المحتمل أنها مشتقة من لغة البحر الأبيض المتوسط ​​قبل اللاتينية، والتي أعطت اللغة الإنجليزية كلمة \"plumbing\" لأن الرومان استخدموا الرصاص على نطاق واسع في أنابيب المياه."},"Lithium":{"name":"ليثيوم","summary":"الليثيوم معدن قلوي ناعم أبيض فضي. وهو أخف المعادن وأقل العناصر الصلبة كثافة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["الليثيوم هو أخف المعادن وأقل العناصر الصلبة كثافة، لذلك يمكن للضوء أن يطفو على الماء أثناء التفاعل معه.","تعمل بطاريات الليثيوم أيون القابلة لإعادة الشحن على تشغيل معظم الهواتف وأجهزة الكمبيوتر المحمولة والمركبات الكهربائية الحديثة.","تم استخدام أملاح الليثيوم منذ الأربعينيات كمثبت للمزاج لعلاج الاضطراب ثنائي القطب.","لقد كان واحدًا من العناصر الثلاثة الأولى (مع الهيدروجين والهيليوم) التي تم إنشاؤها في عملية التخليق النووي للانفجار الكبير.","يحترق الليثيوم بلهب أحمر قرمزي مذهل، وهي خاصية تستخدم في الألعاب النارية والمشاعل.","يتم استخراج الكثير من الليثيوم الموجود في العالم من المسطحات الملحية المالحة الموجودة في جبال الأنديز في أمريكا الجنوبية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"ليثوس\" (الحجر) اليوناني، لأن يوهان أوغست أرفويدسون اكتشفه عام 1817 داخل معادن حجرية صلبة (بيتاليت)، على عكس الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم الموجودين في رماد النباتات."},"Livermorium":{"name":"ليفرموريوم","summary":"الليفرموريوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية ليفرموريوم على اسم مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني في كاليفورنيا.","تم إنشاؤه لأول مرة في عام 2000 من قبل فريق روسي أمريكي.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتكون من عدد قليل من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","توجد ذرات الليفرموريوم لمدة ميلي ثانية فقط قبل أن تتحلل.","ومن المتوقع أن يقع تحت البولونيوم في المجموعة 16.","ويتطلب إنتاجه دمج أيونات الكالسيوم مع أهداف الكوريوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني في ليفرمور، كاليفورنيا، والذي تعاون مع المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية لتركيبه في عام 2000؛ اعترفت IUPAC رسميًا بالاسم في عام 2012، وهو اسم المختبر نفسه تكريمًا لروبرت ليفرمور، وهو من أوائل المستوطنين في كاليفورنيا."},"Lutetium":{"name":"لوتيتيوم","summary":"اللوتيتيوم هو معدن فضي كثيف يستخدم في أجهزة الكشف عن التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني (PET) والمحفزات والسبائك المتخصصة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["اللوتيتيوم هو الأخير في سلسلة اللانثانيدات وواحد من أصلب العناصر الأرضية النادرة وأكثرها كثافة.","سميت باسم لوتيتيا، الاسم الروماني القديم لباريس.","تُستخدم بلورات اللوتيتيوم ككاشفات في ماسحات PET للتصوير الطبي.","وهو واحد من أندر وأغلى المعادن الأرضية النادرة التي يمكن الحصول عليها في شكل نقي.","ويستخدم اللوتيتيوم كمحفز في تكرير النفط.","يُستخدم مركب اللوتيتيوم المشع في العلاج الموجه لبعض أنواع السرطان."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم لوتيتيا، الاسم الروماني القديم لباريس، فرنسا؛ اختار جورج أوربان، الذي عزلها لأول مرة في عام 1907، الاسم لتكريم مدينته الأصلية، متبعًا الممارسة المتبعة المتمثلة في تسمية العناصر الأرضية النادرة بأسماء الأماكن."},"Magnesium":{"name":"مغنيسيوم","summary":"المغنيسيوم معدن رمادي لامع وهو عنصر أساسي لجميع الخلايا الحية.","appearance":"رمادي لامع صلب","interesting_facts":["يحترق المغنيسيوم بضوء أبيض مبهر، وكان يستخدم على نطاق واسع في مسحوق ومشاعل التصوير الفوتوغرافي المبكرة.","وهو المعدن الهيكلي الأخف وزنًا، وهو مخلوط بالألمنيوم لصنع أجزاء قوية وخفيفة الوزن للسيارات والطائرات.","يقع المغنيسيوم في مركز كل جزيء الكلوروفيل، مما يجعله ضروريًا لعملية التمثيل الضوئي في النباتات.","يحتاج جسم الإنسان إلى المغنيسيوم لمئات التفاعلات الإنزيمية، بما في ذلك تلك التي تحافظ على عمل العضلات والأعصاب.","المغنيسيوم هو العنصر الثامن الأكثر وفرة في القشرة الأرضية وهو ثالث أكثر العناصر الذائبة في مياه البحر.","ملح إبسوم، الذي يستخدم لتهدئة آلام العضلات، هو كبريتات المغنيسيوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم مغنيسيا، وهي منطقة في ثيساليا باليونان، حيث تم العثور على معادن تحتوي على المغنيسيوم؛ كما أدى اسم المكان نفسه إلى ظهور الكلمتين \"منغنيز\" و\"مغناطيس\"."},"Manganese":{"name":"منغنيز","summary":"المنغنيز معدن صلب وهش يستخدم بشكل أساسي في إنتاج الفولاذ لتحسين القوة والصلابة.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["المنغنيز ضروري لصنع الفولاذ، وإزالة الأكسجين والكبريت وإضافة القوة؛ تقريبا كل الفولاذ يحتوي عليه.","وهو عنصر رئيسي في البطاريات القلوية التي يمكن التخلص منها.","تم استخدام ثاني أكسيد المنغنيز من قبل رسامي الكهوف منذ عشرات الآلاف من السنين لصنع الصبغة السوداء.","اللون الأرجواني الداكن لبرمنجنات البوتاسيوم يجعله مطهرًا وكاشفًا كيميائيًا مفيدًا.","تغطي حقول واسعة من عقيدات المنغنيز أجزاء من قاع المحيط العميق.","المنغنيز هو عنصر غذائي أساسي يساعد الإنزيمات التي تحمي الخلايا من التلف."],"naming_origin_explanation":"مشتق من منطقة مغنيسيا في ثيساليا، اليونان - نفس المنطقة التي أعطت اسمها للمغنيسيوم - عن طريق \"المنغنيز\" اللاتينية في العصور الوسطى؛ ربما تم تعزيز الاسم بكلمة \"magnes\" اللاتينية (مغناطيس)، حيث تم الخلط تاريخياً بين خام المنغنيز وخام الحديد المغناطيسي."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"مايتنيريوم","summary":"الميتنريوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم حصريًا في البحث العلمي لدراسة العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية مايتنريوم على اسم ليز مايتنر، رائدة الانشطار النووي التي تم التغاضي عن مساهماتها لفترة طويلة.","إنه أحد العناصر القليلة التي تحمل اسم امرأة.","تم إنشاء Meitnerium لأول مرة في عام 1982 في ألمانيا.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتكون من ذرة واحدة في كل مرة.","تتحلل نظائرها بسرعة كبيرة، خلال أجزاء من الثانية إلى الثواني.","ومن المتوقع أن يتصرف مثل الإيريديوم، في المجموعة 9 من الجدول الدوري."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم ليز مايتنر، عالمة الفيزياء النمساوية السويدية التي شاركت في اكتشاف الانشطار النووي وشاركت في اكتشاف البروتكتينيوم، ولكن تم استبعادها بشكل مثير للجدل من جائزة نوبل عام 1944؛ اقترحت جي إس آي دارمشتات الاسم في عام 1992 اعترافًا طال انتظاره بإسهاماتها البارزة في العلوم النووية."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"مندليفيوم","summary":"المندليفيوم هو معدن اصطناعي مشع يستخدم بشكل رئيسي في الأبحاث العلمية لدراسة خصائص العناصر الثقيلة.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا فضيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية المندليفيوم على اسم ديمتري مندليف، مخترع الجدول الدوري.","تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 1955، بعدد قليل من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","لا يمكن إنتاج المندليفيوم إلا في مسرعات الجسيمات عن طريق قصف الأينشتاينيوم.","اكتشفت تجارب اكتشافها في البداية حوالي 17 ذرة فقط.","وهو مشع بشكل مكثف وله نظائر قصيرة العمر.","ليس للمندليفيوم أي استخدامات تتجاوز الأبحاث الأساسية في العناصر الثقيلة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم دميتري إيفانوفيتش مندلييف، الكيميائي الروسي الذي أنشأ الجدول الدوري في عام 1869؛ أطلق عليها جلين سيبورج وزملاؤه اسم \"ما بعد اليورانيوم\" في عام 1955 تكريمًا للعالم الذي جعل تنظيمه البصري للعناصر اكتشاف عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم ممكنًا من الناحية النظرية."},"Mercury":{"name":"زئبق","summary":"الزئبق معدن سائل كثيف فضي اللون يستخدم في موازين الحرارة، ومقاييس الضغط الجوي، ومصابيح الفلورسنت.","appearance":"فضي","interesting_facts":["الزئبق هو المعدن الوحيد الذي يكون سائلاً في درجة حرارة الغرفة.","تم تسميته على اسم الإله الرسول الروماني بسبب طبيعته السائلة سريعة الحركة، ورمزه Hg يأتي من \"hydrargyrum\"، ويعني \"الماء الفضي\".","تم استخدام الزئبق في مقاييس الحرارة والبارومترات لأنه يتمدد بالتساوي مع درجة الحرارة.","أصيب صانعو القبعات الذين تعرضوا للزئبق بالارتعاش والارتباك، مما ألهم عبارة \"مجنون مثل صانع القبعات\".","وهي سامة وتتراكم بيولوجيا، وتتراكم في الأسماك والأشخاص الذين يأكلونها.","يتوهج بخار الزئبق باللون الأزرق والأخضر عند كهربته، وهو أساس مصابيح الفلورسنت."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم عطارد، إله الرسول الروماني السريع، مما يعكس طبيعة العنصر السائلة وسريعة الحركة؛ يأتي الرمز Hg من كلمة \"hydrargyrum\"، وهي ترجمة لاتينية للكلمة اليونانية \"hydrargyros\" (ὑδράργυρος)، والتي تعني \"ماء فضي\"، في إشارة إلى مظهره الفضي السائل."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"موليبدنوم","summary":"الموليبدينوم هو معدن صلب فضي يستخدم في سبائك الفولاذ لزيادة القوة والمتانة ومقاومة التآكل.","appearance":"رمادي معدني","interesting_facts":["يتمتع الموليبدينوم بواحدة من أعلى نقاط الانصهار بين جميع العناصر، عند حوالي 2623 درجة مئوية.","يأتي اسمها من الكلمة اليونانية \"موليبدوس\" (الرصاص)، لأن خامها كان يتم الخلط بينه وبين الرصاص والجرافيت لفترة طويلة.","إن إضافة الموليبدينوم إلى الفولاذ يصنع سبائك عالية القوة تستخدم في الطائرات والأدوات والدروع.","وهو عنصر غذائي أساسي يساعد الإنزيمات في النباتات والحيوانات والبشر.","تستخدم البكتيريا المثبتة للنيتروجين الموليبدينوم لتحويل النيتروجين الجوي إلى شكل قابل للاستخدام.","ثاني كبريتيد الموليبدينوم هو مادة صلبة زلقة تستخدم كمادة تشحيم جافة ذات درجة حرارة عالية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"موليبدوس\" اليونانية (الرصاص)، لأن خام الموليبدينيت كان يتم الخلط بينه وبين خامات الرصاص لفترة طويلة؛ أظهر كارل فيلهلم شيل أنه كان متميزًا في عام 1778، وقام بيتر جاكوب هيلم بعزل المعدن في عام 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"موسكوفيوم","summary":"موسكوفيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تمت تسمية موسكوفيوم على اسم منطقة موسكو في روسيا، حيث يقع مختبر دوبنا.","تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 2003 من خلال التعاون الروسي الأمريكي.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل ينتج عددًا قليلًا من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","تتحلل ذرات موسكوفيوم خلال جزء من الثانية.","ومن المتوقع أن يقع تحت البزموت في المجموعة 15.","تمت تسميته رسميًا في عام 2016 إلى جانب ثلاثة عناصر جديدة أخرى."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم منطقة موسكو (منطقة موسكو) في روسيا، حيث يقع المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية في دوبنا؛ تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 2003 بالتعاون بين JINR ومختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني، وتم تسميته رسميًا من قبل IUPAC في عام 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"نيوديميوم","summary":"النيوديميوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في المغناطيسات القوية وأشعة الليزر وتلوين الزجاج.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["مغناطيس النيوديميوم هو أقوى المغناطيس الدائم المتاح بشكل شائع، وهو قادر على رفع وزنه عدة مرات.","توجد هذه المغناطيسات في كل شيء بدءًا من سماعات الأذن ومحركات الأقراص الصلبة وحتى توربينات الرياح ومحركات السيارات الكهربائية.","ويعني اسمها \"التوأم الجديد\"، حيث تم فصله من \"الديديميوم\" إلى جانب البراسيوديميوم في عام 1885.","يمنح النيوديميوم الزجاج لونًا مذهلاً يتحول بين اللون الأرجواني والأزرق حسب الضوء.","تعمل بلورات النيوديميوم المخدرة على تشغيل بعض أنواع الليزر عالية الطاقة الأكثر شيوعًا.","وهو أحد العناصر الأرضية النادرة الأكثر وفرة على الرغم من استخداماته المتخصصة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اليونانية \"neos\" (جديد) و\"didymos\" (التوأم)، أطلق عليها كارل أوير فون ويلسباخ اسم ديديميوم في عام 1885 عندما قام بفصل الديديميوم إلى براسيوديميوم ونيوديميوم - \"التوأم الجديد\" للزوج."},"Neon":{"name":"نيون","summary":"النيون هو غاز نبيل عديم اللون والرائحة، ينبعث منه توهج برتقالي محمر مميز عند كهربته.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["يتوهج النيون باللون البرتقالي والأحمر اللامع عندما يمر تيار كهربائي من خلاله، وهو أساس لافتات \"النيون\" الكلاسيكية.","وهو خامل تمامًا تقريبًا، ولا يشكل أي مركبات كيميائية عادية مستقرة في الظروف العادية.","تم اكتشاف النيون في عام 1898 من قبل رامزي وترافرز، اللذين أطلقا عليه اسم \"neos\" من الكلمة اليونانية \"neos\"، والتي تعني \"جديد\".","على الرغم من كونه العنصر الخامس الأكثر وفرة في الكون، إلا أن النيون نادر على الأرض، ولا يشكل سوى جزء صغير من الغلاف الجوي.","النيون السائل هو مبرد ممتاز، مع أكثر من 40 مرة من قدرة التبريد لكل حجم من الهيليوم السائل.","الألوان المختلفة التي تظهر في لافتات \"النيون\" تأتي في الواقع من غازات نبيلة أخرى؛ ينتج النيون النقي دائمًا ضوءًا برتقاليًا محمرًا."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"neos\" اليونانية (جديدة)، أطلق عليها ويليام رامزي وموريس ترافرز اسمًا في عام 1898 لتعكس أنه غاز نبيل تم اكتشافه حديثًا."},"Neptunium":{"name":"نبتونيوم","summary":"النبتونيوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في أدوات الكشف عن النيوترونات وتمت دراسته لدوره في المفاعلات النووية.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["كان النبتونيوم أول عنصر ما بعد اليورانيوم يتم تصنيعه في عام 1940.","تم تسميته على اسم كوكب نبتون، وهو استمرار للتسلسل بعد اليورانيوم (أورانوس).","النبتونيوم هو منتج ثانوي للمفاعلات النووية ويعتبر مصدر قلق طويل الأمد للنفايات النووية.","وهو فضي ومشع وواحد من أكثر معادن الأكتينيدات كثافة.","يمكن استخدام النبتونيوم-237 لصنع البلوتونيوم-238 لمصادر طاقة المركبات الفضائية.","توجد كميات ضئيلة من النبتونيوم بشكل طبيعي في خامات اليورانيوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم كوكب نبتون، الذي يقع خلف أورانوس في النظام الشمسي، كما يقع النبتونيوم بعد اليورانيوم في الجدول الدوري؛ قام إدوين ماكميلان وفيليب أبيلسون بتركيبه في عام 1940، مواصلين تسلسل تسمية الكواكب الذي بدأ باليورانيوم."},"Nickel":{"name":"نيكل","summary":"النيكل معدن أبيض فضي يستخدم في صناعة الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ والبطاريات والتطبيقات الصناعية المختلفة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية النيكل على اسم مصطلح تعدين ألماني يعني \"نحاس نيك القديم\"، لأن خامه يشبه النحاس ولكنه لا ينتج شيئًا.","إنه مقاوم للغاية للتآكل ويستخدم لطلاء المعادن الأخرى بالكهرباء للحماية.","يحتوي الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ عادة على النيكل، مما يحسن قوته ومقاومته للصدأ.","على الرغم من الاسم، فإن عملات \"النيكل\" الأمريكية الحديثة معظمها من النحاس، مع 25٪ فقط من النيكل.","يُعتقد أن لب الأرض يتكون إلى حد كبير من سبيكة الحديد والنيكل، والعديد من النيازك غنية بالنيكل.","النيكل هو أحد العناصر القليلة التي تكون مغناطيسية في درجة حرارة الغرفة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم اختصارها من كلمة \"Kupfernickel\" الألمانية (نحاس الشيطان أو نحاس نيك القديم)، وهي لعنة عمال المناجم لخام يشبه النحاس ولكنه لا ينتج عنه أي شيء؛ \"النيكل\" هو لقب ألماني للشيطان، مشتق من اسم نيكولاس."},"Nihonium":{"name":"نيهونيوم","summary":"النيهونيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية النيهونيوم على اسم اليابان ('نيهون')، وهو أول عنصر تم اكتشافه في دولة آسيوية.","تم تصنيعه في مختبر RIKEN في اليابان، وتم تأكيده في عام 2004 تقريبًا.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يتكون من عدد قليل من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","تتحلل ذرات النيهونيوم خلال ثوان من تكوينها.","ومن المتوقع أن يقع تحت الثاليوم في المجموعة 13.","وقد منح اكتشافه اليابان شرف تسمية عنصر جديد لأول مرة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت من \"نيهون\" (日本)، الكلمة اليابانية لليابان، وتعني \"أرض الشمس المشرقة\"؛ أكد العلماء في معهد RIKEN في اليابان تخليقه في عام 2004 واختاروا الاسم تكريمًا للعنصر الأول الذي تم اكتشافه في آسيا، مع اعتراف IUPAC به رسميًا في عام 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"نيوبيوم","summary":"النيوبيوم هو معدن ناعم ومرن يستخدم في المقام الأول في السبائك، وخاصة في إنتاج الصلب لتحسين القوة.","appearance":"رمادي معدني","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية النيوبيوم على اسم نيوب، ابنة تانتالوس في الأساطير اليونانية، مما يعكس ارتباطه الوثيق بالتنتالوم.","يصبح موصلًا فائقًا عندما يكون باردًا ويستخدم في مغناطيسات أجهزة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي ومسرعات الجسيمات.","يمكن أكسدة سبائك النيوبيوم لإنتاج قوس قزح من الألوان الشائعة في المجوهرات.","الكميات الصغيرة من النيوبيوم تجعل الفولاذ أقوى بكثير، ويستخدم في خطوط الأنابيب وإطارات السيارات.","كان يُطلق عليه ذات يوم اسم كولومبيوم في الولايات المتحدة، واستمر الاسم حتى القرن العشرين.","النيوبيوم مضاد للحساسية، لذلك يتم استخدامه لثقب الجسم والغرسات الطبية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم نيوب، ابنة تانتالوس في الأساطير اليونانية، من قبل هاينريش روز في عام 1844، لأن النيوبيوم يوجد دائمًا جنبًا إلى جنب مع التنتالوم وكان من الصعب جدًا التمييز بين العنصرين في البداية لدرجة أن الاقتران الأسطوري بين الوالدين والطفل بدا مناسبًا."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"نيتروجين","summary":"النيتروجين هو غاز عديم اللون والرائحة ويشكل حوالي 78% من الغلاف الجوي للأرض.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["يشكل النيتروجين حوالي 78% من الهواء الذي نتنفسه، ومع ذلك فهو غير متفاعل لدرجة أننا في الغالب نستنشقه مرة أخرى دون استخدام.","يغلي النيتروجين السائل عند -196 درجة مئوية ويستخدم لتجميد الطعام بسرعة، والحفاظ على العينات البيولوجية، وخلق تأثيرات ضبابية مثيرة.","تعتبر الرابطة الثلاثية التي تجمع ذرتين من النيتروجين معًا واحدة من أقوى الروابط الكيميائية المعروفة، مما يجعل غاز النيتروجين مستقرًا للغاية.","وتساعد عملية هابر-بوش، التي تحول النتروجين الجوي إلى أمونيا للأسمدة، على إطعام ما يقرب من نصف سكان العالم.","يعد النيتروجين مكونًا رئيسيًا في المتفجرات مثل مادة تي إن تي والنيتروجليسرين لأن روابطه تطلق طاقة هائلة عندما تنكسر.","تقوم البكتيريا الموجودة في جذور البقوليات بتثبيت النيتروجين الموجود في الهواء وتحويله إلى شكل يمكن للنباتات استخدامه، مما يعمل على إثراء التربة بشكل طبيعي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اليونانية \"نيترون\" (النيتر/الملح الصخري) و\"الجينات\" (التشكيل)، وتعني \"النيتر السابق\"، صاغها جان أنطوان تشابتال في عام 1790 لأن الملح الصخري وحمض النيتريك يحتويان على النيتروجين."},"Nobelium":{"name":"نوبيليوم","summary":"نوبليوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع وليس له تطبيقات مهمة خارج البحث العلمي.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا فضيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية نوبليوم على اسم ألفريد نوبل، مؤسس جوائز نوبل.","ولا يمكن تصنيعها إلا ذرة بذرة في مسرعات الجسيمات.","على غير العادة بالنسبة للأكتينيدات، يكون النوبيليوم أكثر استقرارًا في حالة الأكسدة +2.","كان اكتشافه في أواخر الخمسينيات محل نزاع بين المختبرات المتنافسة لسنوات.","جميع نظائر النوبيليوم مشعة وقصيرة العمر.","إنه موجود فقط في إعدادات البحث وليس له تطبيقات عملية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم ألفريد نوبل، الكيميائي السويدي الذي اخترع الديناميت وأسس جوائز نوبل؛ تم اقتراح الاسم في عام 1957 عندما ادعى فريق في ستوكهولم في البداية الاكتشاف، وتم الاحتفاظ به عندما تم نسب الاكتشاف المؤكد إلى مختبرات دوبنا وبيركلي."},"Oganesson":{"name":"أوغانيسون","summary":"الأوغانيسون هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون غازيًا أو معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["الأوغانيسون هو أثقل عنصر معروف، برقم ذري 118.","تم تسميته على اسم الفيزيائي يوري أوغانيسيان، وهو أحد العناصر القليلة التي سميت على اسم شخص حي.","على الرغم من أنه يقع في عمود الغاز النبيل، فمن المتوقع أن يكون الأوغانيسون مادة صلبة وربما متفاعلة، على عكس الغازات النبيلة الأخرى.","لم يتم إنشاء سوى عدد قليل من الذرات، كل منها تبقى على قيد الحياة لمدة أقل من مللي ثانية.","تم تصنيعه لأول مرة في عام 2002 من خلال التعاون الروسي الأمريكي في دوبنا.","أكمل أوغانيسون الصف السابع من الجدول الدوري."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم يوري أوغانيسيان، عالم الفيزياء النووية الروسي الأرمني الذي كان رائدًا في تخليق العناصر فائقة الثقل وقاد الفريق في JINR Dubna الذي أنشأ أوغانيسون في عام 2002؛ إنه واحد من عنصرين فقط تم تسميتهما على اسم شخص حي، مما يعكس النطاق الاستثنائي لمساهماته في هذا المجال."},"Osmium":{"name":"أوزميوم","summary":"الأوزميوم هو معدن كثيف، أبيض مزرق، معروف بصلابته ويستخدم في سن أقلام الحبر، والاتصالات الكهربائية، ومحاور الأجهزة.","appearance":"أبيض مزرق، معدني","interesting_facts":["الأوسيميوم هو العنصر الأكثر كثافة في الطبيعة، حيث تبلغ كثافته ضعف كثافة الرصاص تقريبًا.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"osme\" التي تعني الرائحة، لأن أكسيدها له رائحة حادة وسامة.","الأوزميوم شديد الصلابة وقد استخدم في صناعة إبر الفونوغراف المبكرة ورؤوس أقلام الحبر.","وهو أحد معادن المجموعة البلاتينية وله مظهر فضي مزرق.","يستخدم رابع أكسيد الأوزميوم لصبغ الأنسجة البيولوجية لإجراء الفحص المجهري الإلكتروني.","وهو أحد أندر العناصر الموجودة في القشرة الأرضية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي من الكلمة اليونانية \"osmē\" (ὀσμή)، وتعني \"الرائحة\" أو \"الرائحة\"؛ صاغ سميثسون تينانت الاسم في عام 1803 لأن رباعي أكسيد الأوزميوم، الذي يتشكل عندما يتعرض المعدن للهواء، له رائحة سامة حادة ومميزة."},"Oxygen":{"name":"أكسجين","summary":"الأكسجين هو غاز عديم اللون والرائحة ضروري للتنفس في معظم الكائنات الحية.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["يشكل الأكسجين حوالي 21% من الغلاف الجوي للأرض وهو العنصر الأكثر وفرة في قشرة الكوكب من حيث الكتلة.","يتم إنتاج معظم الأكسجين الذي نتنفسه عن طريق عملية التمثيل الضوئي، وتأتي نسبة كبيرة منه من العوالق النباتية في المحيطات.","الأكسجين السائل والصلب لونهما أزرق شاحب ومغناطيسيان، وينجذبان إلى المغناطيس.","الأوزون، وهو جزيء مكون من ثلاث ذرات أكسجين، يشكل طبقة واقية في طبقة الستراتوسفير تمتص الأشعة فوق البنفسجية الضارة.","تم اكتشاف الأكسجين بشكل مستقل في سبعينيات القرن الثامن عشر على يد كارل فيلهلم شيل وجوزيف بريستلي، وأطلق عليه اسم أنطوان لافوازييه.","على الرغم من أنه حيوي للحياة، إلا أن الأكسجين أيضًا شديد التفاعل ويؤدي إلى صدأ الحديد وحرق الوقود."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من اليونانية \"أوكسيس\" (حاد أو حامض) و\"جينات\" (تشكيل)، وتعني \"مشكل الحمض\"، أطلق عليها لافوازييه اسم لافوازييه في عام 1777 بناءً على الاعتقاد السائد آنذاك بأن الأكسجين جزء أساسي من جميع الأحماض."},"Palladium":{"name":"بلاديوم","summary":"البلاديوم معدن ثمين، أبيض فضي، يستخدم في المحولات الحفازة، والإلكترونيات، وتخزين الهيدروجين.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية البلاديوم على اسم الكويكب بالاس، الذي تم اكتشافه قبل المعدن مباشرة في عام 1803.","استخدامه الرئيسي هو في المحولات الحفازة، حيث يساعد في تحويل غازات العادم السامة إلى غازات غير ضارة.","يمكن للبلاديوم أن يمتص ما يصل إلى 900 مرة ضعف حجمه من غاز الهيدروجين، مثل الإسفنج المعدني.","وهو معدن ثمين من مجموعة البلاتين ويستخدم في الذهب الأبيض والمجوهرات الراقية وسبائك الأسنان.","البلاديوم ضروري للعديد من الأجهزة الإلكترونية، بما في ذلك المكثفات الصغيرة داخل الهواتف وأجهزة الكمبيوتر.","وقد لعبت دورًا مركزيًا في تجارب \"الاندماج البارد\" الشهيرة التي فقدت مصداقيتها لاحقًا عام 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم الكويكب بالاس، الذي تم اكتشافه عام 1802 وسمي على اسم بالاس أثينا؛ صاغ ويليام هايد ولاستون الاسم في عام 1803، متبعًا الموضة المعاصرة المتمثلة في تسمية العناصر الجديدة على اسم الأجرام السماوية المكتشفة حديثًا."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"فسفور","summary":"يعد الفوسفور عنصرًا أساسيًا شديد التفاعل في الجزيئات البيولوجية مثل DNA وATP.","appearance":"يختلف اللون (أشكال بيضاء أو حمراء أو سوداء)","interesting_facts":["يتوهج الفسفور الأبيض بشكل خافت في الظلام أثناء تفاعله مع الأكسجين، وهي الظاهرة التي أعطت \"الفسفور\" اسمها.","كان هذا هو العنصر الأول الذي تم اكتشافه مع مكتشف معروف، وتم عزله بواسطة هينيغ براند عام 1669 من البول المغلي.","يوجد الفوسفور في أشكال مختلفة بشكل لافت للنظر: الفوسفور الأبيض قابل للاشتعال بشكل خطير، في حين أن الفسفور الأحمر مستقر ويستخدم في شرائح علب الثقاب.","تستخدم كل خلية الفوسفور في DNA وRNA وATP، وهو الجزيء الذي يخزن وينقل الطاقة في الكائنات الحية.","يتم تحويل حوالي 85% من صخور الفوسفات المستخرجة إلى أسمدة، مما يجعل الفوسفور ضروريًا لإنتاج الغذاء العالمي.","يتم تقوية عظامك وأسنانك بواسطة فوسفات الكالسيوم، لذلك يتم تخزين الكثير من الفوسفور في جسمك في هيكلك العظمي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"فوسفور\" اليونانية (حامل الضوء، من كلمة \"phos\" = ضوء و \"phoros\" = حامل)، لأن الفوسفور الأبيض يتوهج بشكل خافت في الظلام عند الأكسدة؛ تم تطبيق الاسم بواسطة Hennig Brand عندما اكتشفه عام 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"بلاتين","summary":"البلاتين هو معدن كثيف ومرن ومقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في المحولات الحفازة والمجوهرات والإلكترونيات.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["البلاتين مقاوم للتآكل لدرجة أنه لا يفقد بريقه أبدًا، حتى في درجات الحرارة المرتفعة.","وهو محفز رئيسي في المحولات الحفازة، مما يساعد على تنظيف عوادم المركبات.","البلاتين أكثر كثافة من الذهب، وهو ذو قيمة كبيرة في المجوهرات الراقية وخواتم الزفاف.","بعض مركبات البلاتين، مثل سيسبلاتين، هي أدوية قوية للعلاج الكيميائي.","تنتج جنوب أفريقيا غالبية البلاتين في العالم.","يأتي اسمها من الكلمة الإسبانية \"بلاتينا\"، والتي تعني \"الفضة الصغيرة\"، وهو الاسم الذي أطلقه عليها عمال المناجم الأوائل باستخفاف."],"naming_origin_explanation":"مشتقة من الكلمة الإسبانية \"بلاتينا\"، وهي تصغير لكلمة \"بلاتا\" (الفضة)، وتعني \"القليل من الفضة\". استخدم المستكشفون الإسبان في أمريكا الجنوبية في القرن السادس عشر هذا المصطلح الرافض للإشارة إلى المعدن الشاحب الشبيه بالفضة الذي وجدوه ممزوجًا برواسب الذهب ولكن لم يتمكنوا من العمل بسهولة."},"Plutonium":{"name":"بلوتونيوم","summary":"البلوتونيوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في المفاعلات النووية والأسلحة النووية وكمصدر للطاقة للمركبات الفضائية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي، يفقد بريقه عند تعرضه للهواء","interesting_facts":["يشتهر البلوتونيوم باستخدامه في الأسلحة والمفاعلات النووية.","سمي على اسم الكوكب القزم بلوتو، بعد النبتونيوم واليورانيوم.","يعمل البلوتونيوم 238 على تشغيل المركبات الفضائية مثل مجسات Voyager ومركبة Curiosity بحرارتها الثابتة.","تكون قطعة البلوتونيوم دافئة عند اللمس بسبب الحرارة الناتجة عن اضمحلالها الإشعاعي.","له كيمياء غير عادية، موجودة في العديد من حالات الأكسدة الملونة في المحلول.","يتمدد البلوتونيوم وينكمش بشكل كبير بين أشكاله الصلبة المختلفة، مما يجعل تصنيعه صعبًا."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى بلوتو (الذي كان يُعتبر آنذاك الكوكب التاسع)، والذي يقع خلف نبتون، كما يقع البلوتونيوم خلف النبتونيوم؛ أطلق عليها جلين سيبورج اسم \"بلوتيوم\" في عام 1942، مشيرًا إلى أنه تم النظر في الشكل البديل \"بلوتيوم\" ولكن تم رفضه لصالح نهاية \"-onium\" الأكثر كلاسيكية."},"Polonium":{"name":"بولونيوم","summary":"البولونيوم هو معدن شديد الإشعاع يستخدم في الأجهزة المضادة للكهرباء الساكنة وكمصدر للحرارة في التطبيقات الفضائية.","appearance":"فضي","interesting_facts":["تم اكتشاف البولونيوم من قبل ماري وبيير كوري في عام 1898 وتم تسميته على اسم موطن ماري، بولندا.","وهو مشع بشكل مكثف، لدرجة أن جرامًا واحدًا منه يتوهج باللون الأزرق ويطلق حرارة كافية للبقاء دافئًا.","تم استخدام البولونيوم 210 في تسميم ألكسندر ليتفينينكو سيئ السمعة عام 2006.","وقد تم استخدامه كمصدر حرارة خفيف الوزن في مجسات الفضاء وكجهاز مضاد للكهرباء الساكنة.","البولونيوم نادر للغاية، ويتواجد في خامات اليورانيوم بكميات صغيرة.","يمكن أن تؤدي ذرة من البولونيوم إلى جرعة مميتة، مما يجعلها واحدة من أكثر المواد السامة المعروفة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم بولندا (باللاتينية: Polonia)، موطن ماري كوري التي شاركت في اكتشافها مع بيير كوري عام 1898؛ واختارت كوري الاسم تكريما لوطنها المحتل، الذي انقسم بين روسيا وبروسيا والنمسا، على أمل لفت الانتباه الدولي إلى قضيته."},"Potassium":{"name":"بوتاسيوم","summary":"البوتاسيوم معدن ناعم، أبيض فضي، ضروري لنمو النبات ومهم في العمليات البيولوجية.","appearance":"معدن رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["البوتاسيوم شديد التفاعل لدرجة أنه ينفجر في لهب أرجواني عندما يلامس الماء.","إنها ناعمة بدرجة كافية لتقطيعها بسكين وخفيفة بدرجة كافية لتطفو على الماء أثناء تفاعلها.","تعتبر أيونات البوتاسيوم ضرورية للإشارات العصبية ونبض القلب، ويعتبر الموز مصدرًا غذائيًا معروفًا.","رمزها الكيميائي K يأتي من \"kalium\"، الشكل اللاتيني للكلمة العربية التي تعني رماد النبات.","كان البوتاسيوم أول معدن تم عزله عن طريق التحليل الكهربائي، بواسطة همفري ديفي في عام 1807.","إن النظير المشع البوتاسيوم -40 الموجود في جسمك يجعلك مشعًا بشكل طفيف جدًا طوال حياتك."],"naming_origin_explanation":"الاسم الإنجليزي مشتق من \"البوتاس\" (رماد الخشب المتسرب في الأواني، وهو مصدر مبكر للعنصر)، بينما يأتي الرمز K من \"kalium\" اللاتينية، وفي النهاية من \"al-qali\" العربية (رماد النبات القلوي المستخدم في صناعة الصابون)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"براسيوديميوم","summary":"البراسيوديميوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في صناعة المغناطيس وتلوين الزجاج والسبائك.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["اسم البراسيوديميوم يعني \"التوأم الأخضر\" نسبة إلى اللون الأخضر لأملاحه.","يتم استخدامه في النظارات الخاصة التي تحمي عمال اللحام ونافخي الزجاج من الوهج الشديد والأشعة تحت الحمراء.","وبخلطه مع النيوديميوم، فإنه يشكل مغناطيسًا قويًا يستخدم في المحركات وسماعات الرأس.","يمنح البراسيوديميوم اللون الأصفر النقي لطلاء الزجاج والسيراميك.","وتم فصله عن مادة تسمى \"الدديميوم\" عام 1885، والتي تبين أنها مكونة من عنصرين.","يمكن للألياف المشبعة بالبراسيوديميوم تضخيم الإشارات الضوئية في بعض الأنظمة البصرية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اليونانية \"prasios\" (الكراث الأخضر) و \"didymos\" (التوأم)، أطلق عليها كارل أوير فون ويلسباخ اسم الديديميوم في عام 1885 عندما قسم الديديميوم إلى عنصرين: البراسيوديميوم، التوأم المملح الأخضر، والنيوديميوم، التوأم الجديد."},"Promethium":{"name":"بروميثيوم","summary":"البروميثيوم هو معدن مشع يستخدم في الدهانات المضيئة والبطاريات الذرية والأبحاث.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["البروميثيوم هو العنصر الأرضي النادر الوحيد الذي لا يحتوي على نظائر مستقرة؛ فهو مشع وغائب بشكل أساسي عن الطبيعة.","سميت على اسم بروميثيوس، العملاق اليوناني الذي سرق النار من الآلهة.","وقد تم استخدام البروميثيوم في الطلاء المضيء وفي البطاريات الذرية الصغيرة لأجهزة تنظيم ضربات القلب والمركبات الفضائية.","لقد ملأ وجوده فجوة طويلة الأمد في العنصر 61 في الجدول الدوري، والذي تم تأكيده في عام 1945.","يمكن أن ينتج البروميثيوم المتوهج ضوءًا أزرق مخضرًا خافتًا من إشعاعه الخاص.","ويُعتقد أن حوالي 500 جرام فقط من البروميثيوم يتواجد في القشرة الأرضية بأكملها في أي لحظة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم بروميثيوس، عملاق الأساطير اليونانية الذي سرق النار من الآلهة وأعطاها للبشرية؛ ومن الملائم أنه تم الحصول على البروميثيوم لأول مرة في عام 1945 من منتجات انشطار اليورانيوم في مفاعل نووي."},"Protactinium":{"name":"بروتكتينيوم","summary":"البروتكتينيوم هو معدن كثيف ذو لون رمادي فضي يستخدم بشكل رئيسي في البحث العلمي بسبب ندرته ونشاطه الإشعاعي.","appearance":"مشرق، فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["يعد البروتكتينيوم واحدًا من أندر وأغلى العناصر الموجودة في الطبيعة.","ويعني اسمه \"والد الأكتينيوم\"، لأنه يتحلل إلى الأكتينيوم.","وهي شديدة الإشعاع والسامة، وتتطلب معالجة دقيقة.","تم التعرف على البروتكتينيوم لأول مرة في عام 1913 وتم عزله في عام 1934.","تساعد نسبة البروتكتينيوم إلى الثوريوم في رواسب المحيطات العلماء على دراسة المناخ الماضي ودوران المحيطات.","وله استخدامات قليلة خارج البحث العلمي بسبب ندرته ونشاطه الإشعاعي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم تسميته من الكلمة اليونانية \"protos\" (πρῶτος)، والتي تعني \"الأول\"، مقترنة بـ \"الأكتينيوم\"، مما ينتج عنه \"والد الأكتينيوم\"؛ يعكس الاسم أن البروتكتينيوم-231 يضمحل إلى الأكتينيوم-227؛ أطلق عليه كاسبر فاجانز لأول مرة اسم \"بريفيوم\" في عام 1913، ولكن تم اعتماد \"بروتكتينيوم\" عندما تم التعرف على النظير الأطول عمرًا."},"Radium":{"name":"راديوم","summary":"الراديوم هو معدن شديد الإشعاع كان يستخدم في الدهانات المضيئة، ويتم الآن دراسته بشكل أساسي لمعرفة خصائصه المشعة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["تم اكتشاف الراديوم بواسطة ماري وبيير كوري في عام 1898 ويتوهج بضوء أزرق خافت في الظلام.","تمت إضافته ذات مرة إلى موانئ الساعات التي تتوهج في الظلام، مما أدى إلى تسميم \"فتيات الراديوم\" اللاتي رسمنها بشكل مأساوي.","قامت منتجات أوائل القرن العشرين بتسويق الراديوم في معجون الأسنان والماء ومستحضرات التجميل قبل فهم مخاطره.","الراديوم أكثر إشعاعًا بحوالي مليون مرة من نفس الكمية من اليورانيوم.","وقد تم استخدامه تاريخيًا في العلاج الإشعاعي للسرطان قبل أن تحل محله مصادر أكثر أمانًا.","لا تزال دفاتر ملاحظات ماري كوري مشعة لدرجة أنها مخزنة في صناديق مبطنة بالرصاص."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم من الكلمة اللاتينية \"radius\"، والتي تعني \"شعاع\" أو \"شعاع\"، على يد ماري وبيير كوري اللذين اكتشفاه في عام 1898؛ يشير الاسم إلى الإشعاع الشديد الذي يصدره العنصر، والذي لاحظوه كظاهرة جديدة ملحوظة عند عزله عن البتشبلند."},"Radon":{"name":"رادون","summary":"الرادون هو غاز نبيل مشع يستخدم في العلاج الإشعاعي وكمتتبع في الأبحاث الجيولوجية.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون","interesting_facts":["الرادون هو غاز نبيل مشع ينتج عن تحلل اليورانيوم في التربة والصخور.","وهو السبب الرئيسي لسرطان الرئة بين غير المدخنين، حيث يتسرب بشكل غير مرئي إلى الأقبية.","الرادون هو عديم اللون والرائحة والطعم، لذلك لا يمكن اكتشافه إلا بأدوات خاصة.","وهو الغاز الأكثر كثافة في الظروف العادية وأحد أثقل الغازات المعروفة.","تم استخدام الرادون في بعض العلاجات الإشعاعية الطبية المبكرة.","تتوفر مجموعات الاختبار المنزلي على نطاق واسع لأنه يمكن تقليل مستويات الرادون بالتهوية المناسبة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تم تسميته على اسم \"الراديوم\" - العنصر الذي يتم إنتاجه منه عن طريق التحلل الإشعاعي - مقترنًا باللاحقة \"-on\" المستخدمة للغازات النبيلة؛ اكتشفه فريدريش دورن لأول مرة في عام 1900 كغاز ينبعث من الراديوم، وكان يُطلق عليه اسم \"انبعاث الراديوم\" قبل توحيد اسم \"الرادون\"."},"Rhenium":{"name":"رينيوم","summary":"الرينيوم معدن كثيف ذو لون أبيض فضي يستخدم في المحركات النفاثة والخيوط والمحفزات.","appearance":"رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["كان الرينيوم أحد آخر العناصر المستقرة التي تم اكتشافها في عام 1925.","لديها واحدة من أعلى نقاط الانصهار ونقاط الغليان لجميع العناصر.","تسمح سبائك الرينيوم الفائقة لشفرات توربينات المحركات النفاثة والصاروخية بالعمل بشكل أكثر سخونة وأكثر كفاءة.","سمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى نهر الراين في ألمانيا.","الرينيوم نادر للغاية ويتم استخراجه بشكل رئيسي كمنتج ثانوي لتعدين النحاس والموليبدينوم.","يتم استخدامه كمحفز لإنتاج البنزين عالي الأوكتان والخالي من الرصاص."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى نهر الراين (باللاتينية: Rhenus)، الذي يتدفق عبر ألمانيا؛ اختار والتر نوداك، وإيدا تاكي، وأوتو بيرج الاسم في عام 1925 عندما اكتشفوا العنصر، متبعين تقليد تسمية العناصر بأسماء المعالم الجغرافية لوطن المكتشفين."},"Rhodium":{"name":"روديوم","summary":"الروديوم معدن نادر، لونه أبيض فضي، معروف بانعكاسه العالي ويستخدم في المحولات الحفازة والمجوهرات.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["الروديوم هو واحد من أندر المعادن الثمينة وأكثرها قيمة، وغالباً ما يكلف أكثر بكثير من الذهب.","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"رودون\" (الورد)، نسبة إلى اللون الأحمر الوردي لأملاحها.","يستخدم معظم الروديوم في المحولات الحفازة لتنظيف الغازات الضارة من عوادم السيارات.","إنه يعطي لمسة نهائية لامعة وصلبة وعاكسة ويستخدم في طلاء المجوهرات والمرايا المصنوعة من الذهب الأبيض.","الروديوم مقاوم للغاية للتآكل ولا يفقد بريقه في الهواء.","وهو أحد معادن مجموعة البلاتين ويتم استرداده بشكل رئيسي كمنتج ثانوي لتعدين البلاتين والنيكل."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"رودون\" اليونانية (الورد)، أطلق عليها ويليام هايد ولاستون اسمًا في عام 1804 لأن محاليل أملاح الروديوم تتميز باللون الأحمر الوردي."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"رونتغنيوم","summary":"الرونتجينيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم بشكل أساسي في البحث العلمي لدراسة العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الرونتجينيوم على اسم فيلهلم كونراد رونتجن، مكتشف الأشعة السينية.","تم إنشاؤه لأول مرة في عام 1994 في ألمانيا عن طريق دمج نوى النيكل والبزموت.","وهو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل ينتج عددًا قليلًا من الذرات في المرة الواحدة.","من المتوقع أن يقع الرونتجينيوم تحت الذهب في الجدول الدوري وقد يشاركه في بعض كيمياءه.","وتتحلل ذراتها خلال ثوان من تكوينها.","ليس لديها تطبيقات تتجاوز البحوث الأساسية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم فيلهلم كونراد رونتجن، الفيزيائي الألماني الذي اكتشف الأشعة السينية في عام 1895 وحصل على أول جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء في عام 1901؛ قامت GSI Darmstadt بتركيبه في عام 1994، واقترحت الاسم في عام 2004، واعتمده الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) رسميًا في نفس العام."},"Rubidium":{"name":"روبيديوم","summary":"الروبيديوم هو عنصر معدني ناعم أبيض فضي يستخدم في الإلكترونيات والأبحاث والساعات الذرية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["يشتعل الروبيديوم تلقائيًا في الهواء ويتفاعل بعنف مع الماء.","تم تسميته من اللاتينية \"روبيدوس\" (الأحمر العميق) للخطوط الحمراء في طيف الانبعاث.","تم اكتشاف الروبيديوم في عام 1861 من قبل بنسن وكيرشوف باستخدام تقنية التحليل الطيفي الجديدة.","ويذوب فوق درجة حرارة الجسم مباشرة، عند حوالي 39 درجة مئوية.","تُستخدم ذرات الروبيديوم في بعض الساعات الذرية الأكثر دقة في العالم.","استخدم العلماء الروبيديوم لإنشاء أول مكثف بوز-آينشتاين، وهي حالة جديدة غريبة من المادة، في عام 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اللاتينية \"روبيدوس\" (أحمر غامق أو أحمر داكن)، أطلق عليه روبرت بنسن وغوستاف كيرشوف عام 1861 اسم الخطين الطيفيين المميزين باللون الأحمر الغامق اللذين استخدماهما للتعرف عليه عبر تقنية التحليل الطيفي الجديدة آنذاك."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"روثينيوم","summary":"الروثينيوم هو معدن انتقالي نادر يستخدم في الاتصالات الكهربائية، والمقاومات ذات الأغشية السميكة، وكمحفز.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الروثينيوم على اسم روثينيا، وهو الاسم اللاتيني لروسيا، حيث تم اكتشافه عام 1844.","وهو أحد معادن مجموعة البلاتين وهو شديد الصلابة والهشاشة.","تؤدي إضافة كمية صغيرة من الروثينيوم إلى تحسين صلابة سبائك البلاتين والبلاديوم ومقاومة التآكل بشكل كبير.","يستخدم الروثينيوم في الاتصالات الكهربائية ومقاومات الرقائق داخل الإلكترونيات.","وهو يعمل كمحفز متعدد الاستخدامات، بما في ذلك في عمليات صنع الأمونيا وتنظيف الملوثات.","تجري الأبحاث على مركبات الروثينيوم كأصباغ ممتصة للضوء للخلايا الشمسية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى روثينيا، وهو الاسم اللاتيني لروسيا (أرض شعب الروس)، على يد كارل إرنست كلوز في عام 1844، الذي قام بالاكتشاف أثناء عمله في قازان في الإمبراطورية الروسية."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"رذرفورديوم","summary":"الرذرفورديوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في الأبحاث العلمية لدراسة خواص العناصر الثقيلة.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا فضيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية رذرفورديوم على اسم الفيزيائي إرنست رذرفورد، أبو الفيزياء النووية.","وهو أول العناصر الترانسكتينيدية (فائقة الثقل).","يتم تصنيع الرذرفورديوم عن طريق تحطيم النوى الذرية الأخف وزناً معًا في المسرعات.","وكان اكتشافه موضوع نزاع على التسمية خلال الحرب الباردة بين العلماء الأمريكيين والسوفيات.","يمكن إنشاء عدد قليل فقط من الذرات في المرة الواحدة، وهي تضمحل خلال ثوانٍ.","ومن المتوقع أن يتصرف كيميائيا مثل الهافنيوم، في المجموعة 4 من الجدول الدوري."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُمي على اسم إرنست رذرفورد، الفيزيائي النيوزيلندي المولد الذي اكتشف النواة الذرية ويعتبر أبو الفيزياء النووية؛ تم اقتراح الاسم من قبل باحثين أمريكيين في لورانس بيركلي وتم اعتماده رسميًا من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) في عام 1997 بعد نزاع على التسمية أثناء الحرب الباردة مع العلماء السوفييت."},"Samarium":{"name":"سماريوم","summary":"السماريوم هو معدن أبيض فضي يستخدم في المغناطيس والليزر وكممتص للنيوترونات في المفاعلات النووية.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["يحتفظ مغناطيس الساماريوم والكوبالت بقوته عند درجات الحرارة المرتفعة، ويستخدم في الطائرات والمعدات العسكرية.","وكان العنصر الأول الذي سمي على اسم شخص، عن طريق معدن السامارسكيت (على اسم مسؤول التعدين سامارسكي).","يمتص السماريوم النيوترونات بسهولة، لذلك يتم استخدامه في قضبان التحكم في المفاعلات النووية.","يستخدم مركب السماريوم المشع لتخفيف الألم الناتج عن السرطان الذي انتشر إلى العظام.","ويستخدم السماريوم كمحفز في الكيمياء وفي صناعة أنواع معينة من الزجاج والليزر.","وهو صلب إلى حد ما ويتأكسد ببطء في الهواء، ويشكل طبقة صفراء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم السامارسكيت، المعدن الذي تم التعرف عليه لأول مرة من قبل بول إميل ليكوك دي بويسبودران في عام 1879؛ تم تسمية السامارسكايت على اسم العقيد فاسيلي سامارسكي بيخوفيتس، وهو مسؤول منجم روسي - مما يجعل السماريوم أول عنصر يُسمى (بشكل غير مباشر) على اسم شخص حقيقي."},"Scandium":{"name":"سكانديوم","summary":"الإسكنديوم هو معدن ناعم أبيض فضي يستخدم في مكونات الطيران والسبائك عالية الأداء.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["تنبأ مندليف بوجود سكانديوم وخصائصه في عام 1869 باسم \"إيكا-بورون\" قبل اكتشافه في عام 1879.","إن إضافة كمية صغيرة من السكانديوم إلى الألومنيوم يخلق سبيكة قوية وخفيفة الوزن تستخدم في إطارات الدراجات المتطورة وأجزاء الطيران.","تم تسميته على اسم الدول الاسكندنافية، حيث تم استخراج المعدن الذي تم العثور عليه لأول مرة فيه.","تم استخدام سبائك الإسكنديوم والألومنيوم في بعض الطائرات المقاتلة السوفيتية من طراز ميج.","على الرغم من كونه شائعًا إلى حد ما في القشرة الأرضية، إلا أنه من الصعب استخراج السكانديوم ونادرًا ما يتركز في الخامات، مما يجعله باهظ الثمن.","يضاف يوديد سكانديوم إلى بعض مصابيح الهاليد المعدني لإنتاج ضوء يحاكي ضوء الشمس الطبيعي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم الدول الاسكندنافية (باللاتينية \"سكانديا\")، المنطقة التي اكتشفها لارس فريدريك نيلسون عام 1879 في معادن الإوكسنيت والجادولينيت من الدول الاسكندنافية."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"سيبورغيوم","summary":"السيبورجيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة خصائص العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية سيبورجيوم على اسم الكيميائي جلين تي سيبورج، الذي ساعد في اكتشاف العديد من عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم.","وكان العنصر الأول الذي سمي على اسم شخص كان لا يزال على قيد الحياة في ذلك الوقت.","السيبورجيوم هو عنصر اصطناعي فائق الثقل يُصنع فقط في مسرعات الجسيمات.","وتتحلل ذراته في غضون ثوان، لذلك لم تتم دراسة سوى عدد قليل منها.","وتشير التجارب الكيميائية إلى أنه يتصرف مثل التنغستن، في المجموعة 6 من الجدول الدوري.","تم إنشاؤه لأول مرة في عام 1974 عن طريق تحطيم أيونات الأكسجين في الكاليفورنيوم."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم جلين تي. سيبورج، الكيميائي الأمريكي الذي شارك في اكتشاف عشرة عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم؛ كان هذا هو العنصر الأول الذي تم تسميته على اسم شخص حي، والذي اقترحه لورانس بيركلي في عام 1994، على الرغم من اعتراض الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) في البداية قبل الموافقة رسميًا على الاسم في عام 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"سيلينيوم","summary":"السيلينيوم هو مادة غير معدنية لها خصائص مشابهة للكبريت والتيلوريوم، وتستخدم في الإلكترونيات وصناعة الزجاج وكمكمل غذائي.","appearance":"أشكال الأسود والأحمر والرمادي","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية السيلينيوم على اسم سيلين، إلهة القمر اليونانية.","تتغير موصليتها الكهربائية مع الضوء، وهي خاصية استخدمت في آلات التصوير وأجهزة قياس الضوء المبكرة.","السيلينيوم هو عنصر غذائي أساسي يدعم الإنزيمات المضادة للأكسدة، ولكنه سام عند تناوله بجرعات أكبر.","يعطي الزجاج اللون الأحمر ويستخدم أيضاً لإزالة الصبغة الخضراء عن الزجاج.","الجوز البرازيلي غني بشكل استثنائي بالسيلينيوم.","ويأتي السيلينيوم في عدة أشكال، بما في ذلك مسحوق أحمر وشكل معدني رمادي يوصل الكهرباء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"سيلين\" اليونانية (القمر)، والتي أطلق عليها يونس جاكوب بيرسيليوس اسم مصاحب للتيلوريوم في عام 1817 (من كلمة \"tellus\" اللاتينية، أي الأرض)، نظرًا لأن كلا العنصرين متشابهان كيميائيًا وتم العثور عليهما معًا في نفس رواسب الخام."},"Silicon":{"name":"سيليكون","summary":"السيليكون مادة صلبة بلورية صلبة وهشة ومكون رئيسي في أشباه الموصلات ورقائق الكمبيوتر.","appearance":"الصلبة البلورية الرمادية","interesting_facts":["السيليكون هو ثاني أكثر العناصر وفرة في القشرة الأرضية بعد الأكسجين، ومعظمه محبوس في الرمال والصخور على شكل سيليكا.","بلورات السيليكون فائقة النقاء هي أساس رقائق الكمبيوتر، مما أعطى وادي السيليكون اسمه.","السيليكون هو شبه موصل فلز، فهو يوصل الكهرباء بشكل أفضل من العوازل ولكنه أسوأ من المعادن.","الكوارتز والأوبال ومعظم الرمل هي مركبات السيليكون، ويصنع الزجاج في المقام الأول عن طريق ذوبان السيليكا.","تعتمد الألواح الشمسية على السيليكون لتحويل ضوء الشمس مباشرة إلى كهرباء.","وعلى الرغم من تشابه اسمه، إلا أن السيليكون (العنصر) يختلف عن السيليكون، وهو البوليمر المطاطي المرن الذي يحتوي عليه."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اللاتينية \"silex\" أو \"silicis\" (الصوان أو الحجر الصلب)، لأن السيليكون يوجد بكثرة في صخور الصوان والسيليكات؛ تم اقتراح اسم \"السيليكون\" من قبل توماس طومسون في عام 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"فضة","summary":"الفضة معدن ناعم، أبيض اللون، لامع، يتمتع بأعلى الموصلية الكهربائية والحرارية لأي عنصر، ويستخدم في المجوهرات، والإلكترونيات، والمرايا.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["تعتبر الفضة أفضل موصل للكهرباء والحرارة لجميع العناصر.","له خصائص مضادة للجراثيم الطبيعية، وكان يستخدم للحفاظ على الجروح والمياه نظيفة قبل فترة طويلة من الطب الحديث.","الفضة هي المعدن الأكثر انعكاسًا، ولهذا السبب تم استخدامها تقليديًا لدعم المرايا.","اعتمد الفيلم الفوتوغرافي على مركبات الفضة الحساسة للضوء لالتقاط الصور.","رمزها الكيميائي Ag يأتي من الكلمة اللاتينية \"argentum\"، وسميت دولة الأرجنتين باسمه.","تتحول الفضة إلى اللون الأسود عندما تتفاعل مع كميات صغيرة من مركبات الكبريت في الهواء."],"naming_origin_explanation":"الكلمة الإنجليزية \"silver\" تأتي من كلمة \"seolfor\" الإنجليزية القديمة، المرتبطة بكلمة \"silubra\" الجرمانية البدائية، ذات أصل غير مؤكد؛ الرمز Ag واسم البلد Argentina مشتقان من كلمة \"argentum\" اللاتينية (الفضة)، المرتبطة بالبريق الأبيض اللامع للعنصر."},"Sodium":{"name":"صوديوم","summary":"الصوديوم معدن ناعم، أبيض فضي، شديد التفاعل، وهو عنصر أساسي للحياة.","appearance":"معدن أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["الصوديوم شديد التفاعل بحيث يجب تخزينه تحت الزيت، وهو يفور ويمكن أن يشتعل عند سقوطه في الماء.","إنه ناعم بدرجة كافية للقطع بسكين، مما يكشف عن سطح فضي لامع يبهت بسرعة في الهواء.","تنتج مصابيح بخار الصوديوم توهجًا أصفر برتقاليًا مميزًا كان شائعًا في إنارة الشوارع.","ملح الطعام الشائع هو كلوريد الصوديوم، والصوديوم ضروري للنبضات العصبية وتوازن السوائل في الجسم.","يحترق الصوديوم بلهب أصفر ساطع، وهي خاصية تستخدم في اختبارات اللهب للتعرف عليه.","الرمز الكيميائي Na يأتي من الكلمة اللاتينية \"natrium\"، في إشارة إلى مركب الصودا الطبيعي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"يأتي الاسم الإنجليزي من كلمة \"soda\" (كلمة \"sodanum\" اللاتينية في العصور الوسطى، وهي علاج للصداع)، في حين أن الرمز Na مشتق من كلمة \"natrium\" اللاتينية، نفسها من كلمة \"natrun\" العربية/المصرية، وهي الكلمة التي تعني النطرون، وهو معدن كربونات الصوديوم الموجود بشكل طبيعي."},"Strontium":{"name":"سترونشيوم","summary":"السترونتيوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في الألعاب النارية والسيراميك والتطبيقات الإشعاعية.","appearance":"معدني فضي","interesting_facts":["تنتج أملاح السترونتيوم اللون الأحمر اللامع في الألعاب النارية ومشاعل الطوارئ.","سميت على اسم قرية سترونتيان الاسكتلندية، حيث تم العثور على خامها لأول مرة.","يمكن للنظير المشع السترونتيوم 90 الناتج عن التساقط النووي أن يستقر في العظام لأنه يحاكي الكالسيوم.","يستخدم السترونتيوم في بعض معاجين الأسنان لتقليل حساسية الأسنان.","ألومينات السترونتيوم تتوهج في الظلام لساعات وتستخدم في الدهانات المضيئة الحديثة.","مثل الكالسيوم، يتفاعل السترونتيوم مع الماء ولا يوجد أبدًا حرًا في الطبيعة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم سترونتيان، وهي قرية في أرجيلشاير، اسكتلندا، حيث تم اكتشاف معدن السترونتيانيت (كربونات السترونتيوم) لأول مرة في مناجم الرصاص المحلية حوالي عام 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"كبريت","summary":"الكبريت هو عنصر أصفر غير معدني يوجد عادة في المناطق البركانية وهو ضروري للحياة.","appearance":"بلورات صفراء زاهية","interesting_facts":["لقد عرف الكبريت منذ العصور القديمة ويشار إليه باسم \"الكبريت\" في الكتاب المقدس، ويعني \"الحجر المحترق\".","وتشتهر برائحة البيض الفاسد لكبريتيد الهيدروجين، على الرغم من أن الكبريت النقي نفسه عديم الرائحة.","يحترق الكبريت بلهب أزرق وينتج غاز ثاني أكسيد الكبريت الخانق.","ويستخدم معظم الكبريت المستخرج في صناعة حمض الكبريتيك، وهو أحد أكثر المواد الكيميائية الصناعية إنتاجًا في العالم.","تتشكل رواسب الكبريت الصفراء الزاهية حول الفتحات البركانية والينابيع الساخنة.","الكبريت هو عنصر أساسي للحياة، ويوجد في الأحماض الأمينية السيستين والميثيونين التي تساعد البروتينات على طيها."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"الكبريت\" اللاتينية (الكبريت)، وهي كلمة ذات أصل غير مؤكد ربما تكون مرتبطة بكلمة \"كبريت\" السنسكريتية؛ يُعرف الكبريت منذ العصور القديمة بالحجر الأصفر اللاذع الموجود حول البراكين، والذي يُسمى \"الكبريت\" في نصوص الكتاب المقدس."},"Tantalum":{"name":"تنتالوم","summary":"التنتالوم هو معدن كثيف ومقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في الإلكترونيات والغرسات الجراحية والسبائك ذات درجات الحرارة العالية.","appearance":"رمادي أزرق","interesting_facts":["مكثفات التنتالوم صغيرة الحجم ولكنها تخزن الكثير من الشحنات، وهي موجودة في كل هاتف وكمبيوتر محمول تقريبًا.","تم تسميته على اسم تانتالوس في الأسطورة اليونانية، مما يعكس مقاومته \"المثيرة\" للذوبان في الحمض.","التنتالوم متوافق حيويا ويستخدم في الغرسات الجراحية والألواح والدبابيس.","وهو يتمتع بأعلى نقطة انصهار لأي معدن، حيث تزيد عن 3000 درجة مئوية.","التنتالوم مقاوم للغاية للتآكل بفضل طبقة الأكسيد الصلبة.","يأتي جزء كبير من التنتالوم في العالم من خام الكولتان، مما يثير مخاوف بشأن المصادر الأخلاقية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم تانتالوس، الملك في الأساطير اليونانية محكوم عليه بالوقوف في بركة من الماء تحت أشجار الفاكهة التي تنحسر كلما وصل إليها؛ اختار أندرس إيكبيرج الاسم في عام 1802 لأن العنصر رفض بشدة امتصاص الحمض، تمامًا كما لم يتمكن تانتالوس من إشباع عطشه أبدًا."},"Technetium":{"name":"تكنيشيوم","summary":"التكنيتيوم هو معدن مشع ذو لون رمادي فضي يستخدم بشكل أساسي في التصوير الطبي والتصوير الشعاعي الصناعي.","appearance":"رمادي فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["كان التكنيتيوم هو العنصر الأول الذي تم تصنيعه بشكل صناعي، ويأتي اسمه من الكلمة اليونانية التي تعني \"اصطناعي\".","ليس له نظائر مستقرة، لذلك لا يوجد أي منها بشكل طبيعي على الأرض.","التكنيشيوم-99م هو المتتبع الإشعاعي الأكثر استخدامًا على نطاق واسع في التصوير الطبي، ويستخدم في عشرات الملايين من عمليات المسح سنويًا.","وقد تنبأ مندليف بوجود فجوة في الجدول الدوري باسم \"إيكا-منغنيز\".","تم اكتشاف التكنيتيوم في أطياف بعض النجوم البعيدة، مما يثبت أن العناصر لا تزال تتشكل فيها.","يمكن للكميات الصغيرة من التكنيشيوم أن تجعل الفولاذ مقاومًا للتآكل بشكل ملحوظ."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"technetos\" اليونانية (اصطناعية أو من صنع الإنسان)، أطلق عليها كارلو بيرييه وإميليو سيجري اسمًا في عام 1937 لأنه كان أول عنصر يتم إنتاجه صناعيًا، وتم إنشاؤه عن طريق قصف الموليبدينوم بالديوترونات في السيكلوترون."},"Tellurium":{"name":"تيلوريوم","summary":"التيلوريوم هو معدن هش، فضي اللون أبيض يستخدم في السبائك وأشباه الموصلات، والأجهزة الحرارية.","appearance":"رمادي فضي لامع","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية التيلوريوم على اسم الكلمة اللاتينية التي تعني الأرض، \"tellus\".","الأشخاص الذين يتعرضون لكميات ضئيلة يصابون برائحة \"نفس التيلوريوم\"، وهي رائحة قوية تشبه الثوم يمكن أن تستمر لأسابيع.","وهو معدن نادر، وهو نادر في القشرة الأرضية مثل البلاتين.","يستخدم تلوريد الكادميوم في صناعة الألواح الشمسية ذات الأغشية الرقيقة.","يعمل التيلوريوم على تحسين إمكانية تصنيع سبائك الفولاذ والنحاس.","يتم استخدامه في الأقراص الضوئية القابلة لإعادة الكتابة لأنه يمكنه التبديل بين الحالة الزجاجية والبلورية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من الكلمة اللاتينية \"tellus\" (الأرض)، التي أطلق عليها مارتن هاينريش كلابروث اسمًا في عام 1798؛ يقترن الاسم عمدًا بالسيلينيوم (سمي على اسم القمر) نظرًا لأن العنصرين متشابهان كيميائيًا وغالبًا ما يوجدان معًا."},"Tennessine":{"name":"تينيسين","summary":"التينيسين هو عنصر اصطناعي مشع يستخدم في البحث العلمي لدراسة العناصر فائقة الثقل.","appearance":"غير معروف، من المحتمل أن يكون معدنيًا أو شبه معدني","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية ولاية تينيسي على اسم ولاية تينيسي الأمريكية، موطن مختبر أوك ريدج الوطني.","وهو ثاني أثقل عنصر معروف وتم تأكيده في عام 2010.","وينتهي اسمه بـ \"-ine\" لأنه يقع في عمود الهالوجين، المجموعة 17.","وقد تطلب تصنيعه البركيليوم النادر الذي تم إنتاجه في أوك ريدج، وقصفه بأيونات الكالسيوم.","لم يتم صنع سوى عدد قليل من ذرات التينيسين.","وتتحلل ذراتها خلال جزء من الثانية."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم ولاية تينيسي الأمريكية، موطن مختبر أوك ريدج الوطني (الذي أنتج هدف البركيليوم الأساسي)، وجامعة فاندربيلت، وجامعة تينيسي؛ تم تصنيعه في عام 2010 وتم تسميته رسميًا من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) في عام 2016، مع اللاحقة \"-ine\" التي تعكس موقعه في مجموعة الهالوجين 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"تيربيوم","summary":"التيربيوم هو معدن أبيض فضي يستخدم في الفوسفور للإضاءة الخضراء، وأشعة الليزر، والأجهزة الضوئية الممغنطة.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يوفر التيربيوم اللون الأخضر في العديد من الفوسفورات المستخدمة في الإضاءة وشاشات العرض القديمة.","تم تسميتها على اسم قرية يتربي السويدية، وهي واحدة من أربعة عناصر تكرم تلك المدينة المنفردة.","تغير سبائك التيربيوم شكلها في المجال المغناطيسي، وتستخدم في أجهزة الاستشعار وأنظمة السونار.","يتوهج باللون الأخضر اللامع تحت الضوء فوق البنفسجي ويستخدم في الأحبار الأمنية.","التيربيوم هو معدن ترابي ناعم فضي اللون يمكن قطعه بالسكين.","يتم استخدامه في أجهزة الحالة الصلبة ومصابيح الفلورسنت الموفرة للطاقة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم قرية يتربي في جزيرة ريسارو السويدية، حيث تم جمع خام الجادولينيت في الأصل؛ قام كارل غوستاف موساندر بفصله عن اليتريا في عام 1843، و\"تيربيوم\" هو إعادة ترتيب مقطعي لكلمة \"يتربي\"."},"Thallium":{"name":"ثاليوم","summary":"الثاليوم معدن رمادي ناعم يستخدم في الإلكترونيات والأنظمة البصرية وبعض التطبيقات الطبية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["كان الثاليوم في يوم من الأيام سمًا مفضلاً، عديم الرائحة والطعم، مما أكسبه لقب \"السم المسموم\".","اسمها يأتي من الكلمة اليونانية \"ثالوس\"، وهي فرع أخضر، نسبة إلى الخط الأخضر الساطع في طيفه.","يسبب التسمم بالثاليوم تساقط الشعر، مما يساعد الأطباء في تشخيصه في بعض الأحيان.","يتم استخدام نظير الثاليوم المشع في اختبارات الإجهاد لتصوير القلب.","تُستخدم مركبات الثاليوم في البصريات والإلكترونيات المتخصصة بالأشعة تحت الحمراء.","تم اكتشافه عام 1861 باستخدام الطريقة الجديدة للتحليل الطيفي للهب."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي بهذا الاسم من الكلمة اليونانية \"thallos\" (θαός)، والتي تعني \"البرعم الأخضر\" أو \"الغصين الأخضر\"؛ أطلق عليه ويليام كروكس اسم هذا الاسم في عام 1861 على اسم الخط الطيفي الأخضر اللامع المميز الذي رآه عند تحليل بقايا حمض السيلينيوس باستخدام التقنية المطورة حديثًا للتحليل الطيفي للهب."},"Thorium":{"name":"ثوريوم","summary":"الثوريوم هو معدن ضعيف الإشعاع يستخدم في المفاعلات النووية والسبائك وأغطية الغاز.","appearance":"فضي، وغالبًا ما يكون ذو لون أسود","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الثوريوم على اسم ثور، إله الرعد الإسكندنافي.","ويتم بحثه باعتباره وقودًا نوويًا أكثر أمانًا ووفرة من اليورانيوم.","الثوريوم موجود في القشرة بحوالي ثلاث إلى أربع مرات أكثر وفرة من اليورانيوم.","توهجت عباءات الغاز الثورية بشكل مشرق، واستخدمت في الفوانيس لأكثر من قرن من الزمان.","تمت إضافته ذات مرة إلى عدسات الكاميرا عالية الجودة، والتي يمكن أن تتحول إلى اللون الأصفر قليلاً بمرور الوقت بسبب الإشعاع.","تقريبا كل الثوريوم هو نظير طويل العمر الثوريوم 232، مع نصف عمر أطول من عمر الكون."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم ثور، إله الرعد الإسكندنافي، من قبل الكيميائي السويدي يونس جاكوب بيرزيليوس الذي اكتشفه عام 1828؛ وجده بيرسيليوس في معدن نرويجي أطلق عليه اسم الثوريت وأطلق على العنصر الجديد اسم الإله، متبعًا تقليد تكريم الشخصيات الأسطورية."},"Thulium":{"name":"ثوليوم","summary":"الثوليوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في أجهزة الأشعة السينية المحمولة والليزر وبعض التطبيقات النووية.","appearance":"رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["الثوليوم هو أندر العناصر الأرضية النادرة المستقرة وواحد من أغلى العناصر.","سميت على اسم ثول، وهي أرض أسطورية في أقصى الشمال.","يُستخدم الثوليوم-170 المشع في أجهزة الأشعة السينية المحمولة التي لا تحتاج إلى كهرباء.","يتوهج الثوليوم باللون الأزرق تحت الضوء فوق البنفسجي ويستخدم في علامات مكافحة التزييف على الأوراق النقدية.","يستخدم ليزر الثوليوم في بعض العمليات الجراحية الطبية.","على الرغم من ندرته، لا يزال الثوليوم أكثر وفرة في القشرة من الذهب."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم ثول، وهو الاسم اليوناني والروماني القديم لأرض أسطورية تقع في أقصى الطرف الشمالي من العالم المعروف، وغالبًا ما يتم تحديدها مع الدول الاسكندنافية أو أيسلندا؛ اختار بير تيودور كليف الاسم في عام 1879 لتكريم أصول العنصر الاسكندنافية."},"Tin":{"name":"قصدير","summary":"القصدير هو معدن طيع، لونه أبيض فضي، يستخدم في اللحام، والطلاء، والسبائك مثل البرونز.","appearance":"أبيض فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["إن خلط القصدير بالنحاس ينتج عنه البرونز، وهو السبيكة التي حددت عصرًا كاملاً من تاريخ البشرية.","عند ثنيها، تصدر قطعة من القصدير صوت طقطقة يسمى \"صرخة القصدير\" أثناء إعادة ترتيب بلوراتها.","في البرد الشديد، يمكن أن يتفتت القصدير العادي إلى مسحوق رمادي، وهي عملية تسمى \"آفة القصدير\".","تحصل علب الصفيح على مقاومتها للتآكل من طبقة رقيقة من القصدير فوق الفولاذ.","يحتوي القصدير على نظائر أكثر استقرارًا (عشرة) من أي عنصر آخر.","يعتبر البيوتر واللحام من السبائك الشائعة المصنوعة من القصدير والتي تم استخدامها لعدة قرون."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تأتي الكلمة الإنجليزية \"tin\" من كلمة \"tin\" الإنجليزية القديمة، المرتبطة بكلمة \"tinam\" الجرمانية البدائية، ذات أصل غير مؤكد؛ يأتي الرمز Sn من كلمة \"stannum\" اللاتينية، والتي تشير في الأصل إلى سبيكة الرصاص الفضي قبل تطبيقها على القصدير."},"Titanium":{"name":"تيتانيوم","summary":"التيتانيوم معدن قوي وخفيف الوزن يستخدم على نطاق واسع في مجال الطيران والأجهزة الطبية والسبائك.","appearance":"رمادي-أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يتمتع التيتانيوم بأعلى نسبة قوة إلى كثافة بين أي عنصر معدني، فهو قوي مثل الفولاذ ولكنه أخف بنسبة 45% تقريبًا.","وهو متوافق حيويا، لذلك لا يرفضه الجسم، مما يجعله مثاليا لاستبدال مفصل الورك وزراعة الأسنان.","ثاني أكسيد التيتانيوم هو صبغة بيضاء لامعة تستخدم في الطلاء، وواقي الشمس، وحتى معجون الأسنان.","إنه يقاوم التآكل الناتج عن مياه البحر بشكل جيد ويتم استخدامه في أجزاء السفن وهياكل الغواصات.","سمي التيتانيوم على اسم العمالقة في الأساطير اليونانية بسبب قوته الكبيرة.","على الرغم من أن التيتانيوم هو العنصر التاسع الأكثر وفرة في القشرة الأرضية، إلا أن التيتانيوم مكلف لأنه يصعب استخراجه من خاماته."],"naming_origin_explanation":"تمت تسميته على اسم جبابرة الأساطير اليونانية - الآلهة البدائية القوية - بواسطة مارتن هاينريش كلابروث في عام 1795، الذي أراد اسمًا خاليًا من الارتباطات الجغرافية أو الشخصية."},"Tungsten":{"name":"تنغستن","summary":"التنغستن معدن صلب وكثيف وله أعلى نقطة انصهار بين جميع العناصر، ويستخدم في الخيوط وأدوات القطع والمقذوفات الخارقة للدروع.","appearance":"أبيض رمادي، لامع","interesting_facts":["التنغستن لديه أعلى نقطة انصهار لجميع المعادن، عند حوالي 3422 درجة مئوية.","تم استخدامه للشعيرات المتوهجة في المصابيح المتوهجة.","اسمها يأتي من اللغة السويدية التي تعني \"الحجر الثقيل\"، في حين أن رمزها W يأتي من \"wolfram\".","كربيد التنغستن قوي تقريبًا مثل الماس ويستخدم في لقم الثقب والمناشير والطلقات الخارقة للدروع.","وهو أحد العناصر الأكثر كثافة، إذ تساوي تقريبًا كثافة الذهب.","والتنغستن ضروري لبعض الإنزيمات في بعض الميكروبات المحبة للحرارة، وهو أثقل عنصر معروف تستخدمه الحياة."],"naming_origin_explanation":"كلمة \"تنجستن\" تأتي من الكلمات السويدية \"تونج\" (ثقيل) و\"ستين\" (حجر)، في إشارة إلى معدن السكليت؛ الرمز W يأتي من \"wolfram\"، مشتق من معدن الولفراميت - سمي بهذا الاسم لأنه \"يلتهم\" القصدير أثناء الصهر، مستحضرًا الذئب (ألمانية: Wolf Rahm، قشدة الذئب أو زبده)."},"Uranium":{"name":"يورانيوم","summary":"اليورانيوم معدن كثيف ومشع يستخدم كوقود في المفاعلات النووية وفي الأسلحة النووية.","appearance":"رمادي فضي معدني","interesting_facts":["اليورانيوم هو أثقل عنصر يتواجد بكميات كبيرة في الطبيعة.","تم تسميته على اسم كوكب أورانوس، الذي تم اكتشافه قبل ثماني سنوات فقط.","يمكن لكيلوغرام واحد من اليورانيوم 235 أن يطلق طاقة تعادل عدة آلاف من الأطنان من الفحم.","اكتشف هنري بيكريل النشاط الإشعاعي لليورانيوم في عام 1896 عندما قام بتعفير لوحات الصور الفوتوغرافية في الظلام.","واليورانيوم المنضب كثيف للغاية ويستخدم في صنع الدروع والذخيرة الخارقة للدروع.","يتوهج زجاج اليورانيوم، الذي كان شائعًا في القرن التاسع عشر، باللون الأخضر الساطع تحت الضوء فوق البنفسجي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم كوكب أورانوس، الذي تم اكتشافه قبل ثماني سنوات فقط، بواسطة مارتن هاينريش كلابروث في عام 1789؛ لقد اتبع تقليد تسمية العناصر بأسماء الأجرام السماوية، تمامًا كما تم تسمية التيلوريوم (العنصر الذي قبله) على اسم الأرض."},"Vanadium":{"name":"فاناديوم","summary":"الفاناديوم معدن صلب ذو لون رمادي فضي يستخدم في المقام الأول لتقوية سبائك الفولاذ والمواد الأخرى.","appearance":"رمادي فضي","interesting_facts":["سمي الفاناديوم على اسم فاناديس، وهو اسم الإلهة الإسكندنافية فريجا، بسبب مركباته ذات الألوان الجميلة.","وتظهر مركباته في قوس قزح من الألوان حسب حالة الأكسدة: الأرجواني، والأزرق، والأخضر، والأصفر.","إن إضافة كميات صغيرة من الفاناديوم إلى الفولاذ يجعله أكثر صلابة وصلابة، ويستخدم في الأدوات وقطع غيار السيارات.","استخدم هنري فورد فولاذ الفاناديوم في الموديل T لجعله أخف وزنًا وأقوى.","يمكن لبطاريات تدفق الأكسدة والاختزال الفاناديوم تخزين كميات كبيرة من الطاقة للشبكة الكهربائية.","تقوم بعض الكائنات البحرية التي تسمى النافورات البحرية بتركيز الفاناديوم في دمها بمستويات أعلى بكثير من مياه البحر المحيطة بها."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سمي على اسم فاناديس، وهو لقب إسكندنافي قديم للإلهة فريا، اختاره نيلز غابرييل سيفستروم في عام 1830 لأن مركبات الفاناديوم تشكل محاليل جميلة ومتعددة الألوان."},"Xenon":{"name":"زينون","summary":"الزينون هو غاز نبيل عديم اللون وكثيف وعديم الرائحة يستخدم في الإضاءة والتصوير الطبي ودفع المركبات الفضائية.","appearance":"غاز عديم اللون، ينبعث منه توهج أزرق عند إثارةه","interesting_facts":["يأتي اسم زينون من الكلمة اليونانية التي تعني \"غريب\"، لأنه كان اكتشافًا نادرًا في الهواء.","ينتج ضوءًا أبيضًا لامعًا ويستخدم في المصابيح الأمامية للسيارات وفلاش الكاميرا ومصابيح جهاز عرض الأفلام.","يمكن استخدام الزينون كمخدر آمن وقوي، رغم أنه مكلف.","على الرغم من كونه غازًا نبيلًا، إلا أن الزينون كان أول من شكّل مركبًا كيميائيًا حقيقيًا، وذلك في عام 1962.","تستخدم أجهزة الدفع الأيونية في المركبات الفضائية الزينون كوقود دافع، وتدفع المجسات بلطف عبر النظام الشمسي.","الزينون كثيف بدرجة كافية بحيث يمكنك أن تطفو جسمًا خفيف الوزن على الغاز غير المرئي."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من كلمة \"زينوس\" اليونانية (غريب أو أجنبي)، أطلق عليها ويليام رامزي وموريس ترافرز عام 1898 لأن الزينون ظهر كعنصر غير مألوف تمامًا مختبئًا في البقايا بعد تبخر الكريبتون السائل."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"إيتيربيوم","summary":"الإيتربيوم هو معدن فضي ناعم يستخدم في أجهزة الليزر والساعات الذرية وأجهزة قياس الضغط في المواد.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["الإيتربيوم هو واحد من أربعة عناصر سميت على اسم قرية يتربي السويدية الصغيرة.","تعتبر ساعات الإيتربيوم الذرية من بين أكثر أجهزة ضبط الوقت دقة على الإطلاق.","تزداد مقاومته الكهربائية بشكل حاد تحت الضغط العالي، ويستخدم كمقياس للضغط.","تعمل الألياف المشبعة بالإيتربيوم على تشغيل أشعة الليزر الصناعية عالية الطاقة لقطع ولحام المعادن.","وهو معدن أرضي نادر ناعم، ومرن، وفضي.","على غير العادة بالنسبة للانثانيدات، يمكن أن يأخذ الإيتربيوم حالة أكسدة مستقرة +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سميت على اسم قرية يتربي في جزيرة ريسارو بالقرب من ستوكهولم، السويد؛ قام جان تشارلز دي ماريجناك بعزل أكسيده لأول مرة في عام 1878 من معدن الإربيا، والإيتربيوم هو واحد من أربعة عناصر سُميت على اسم تلك القرية السويدية المنفردة."},"Yttrium":{"name":"إيتريوم","summary":"الإيتريوم هو عنصر معدني فضي يستخدم في الفوسفور والموصلات الفائقة وتكنولوجيا LED.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["تم تسمية الإيتريوم على اسم قرية يتربي السويدية، والتي أعطت اسمها لأربعة عناصر مختلفة.","تُستخدم بلورات الإيتريوم والألمنيوم والعقيق (YAG) في صنع أشعة ليزر قوية للطب والصناعة.","لقد ساعد في إنشاء أول موصلات فائقة الحرارة عالية الحرارة تعمل فوق نقطة غليان النيتروجين.","أنتجت مركبات الإيتريوم الفوسفور الأحمر في شاشات التلفاز الملونة القديمة.","يتم استخدامه لتقوية سبائك الألومنيوم والمغنيسيوم.","على الرغم من أنه يسمى أرضًا نادرة، إلا أن الإيتريوم أكثر وفرة في القشرة من الفضة أو الرصاص."],"naming_origin_explanation":"سُميت على اسم قرية يتربي الصغيرة الواقعة في جزيرة ريسارو في السويد، حيث تم جمع خام الجادولينيت لأول مرة في عام 1787؛ نفس اسم القرية مستوحى أيضًا من أسماء الإيتربيوم والإربيوم والتيربيوم."},"Zinc":{"name":"زنك","summary":"الزنك هو معدن فضي مزرق يستخدم عادة في الجلفنة والسبائك وكمعدن أساسي للعمليات البيولوجية.","appearance":"معدن فضي مزرق","interesting_facts":["يقوم الزنك بتغطية الفولاذ في عملية تسمى الجلفنة، حيث يضحي بنفسه لحماية الفولاذ من الصدأ.","وهو ضروري لجهاز المناعة لدى الإنسان، وتستخدم معينات الزنك للمساعدة في مكافحة نزلات البرد.","يحترق الزنك بلهب أخضر مزرق ساطع، وكان يُطلق عليه ذات يوم اسم \"صوف الفيلسوف\" عندما يتم جمع أكسيده الأبيض.","النحاس، المستخدم في الأدوات والتجهيزات، عبارة عن سبيكة من النحاس والزنك.","معظم العملات المعدنية الحديثة من فئة السنت والعديد من العملات الأخرى مصنوعة بشكل كبير من الزنك مع طبقة رقيقة من النحاس.","أكسيد الزنك هو العنصر النشط في العديد من مستحضرات الوقاية من الشمس وكريمات طفح الحفاضات."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"الزنك\" الألماني (الزنك)، استخدمه باراسيلسوس لأول مرة في القرن السادس عشر؛ قد يرتبط الأصل بـ \"Zinke\" (الشق أو السنبلة)، الذي يصف البلورات الشائكة التي تتشكل أثناء الصهر، أو ربما إلى \"الغناء\" الفارسي (الحجر)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"زيركونيوم","summary":"الزركونيوم معدن مقاوم للتآكل يستخدم في المفاعلات النووية والأدوات الجراحية والمواد الخزفية.","appearance":"أبيض فضي","interesting_facts":["يتميز الزركونيوم بمقاومته العالية للتآكل وبالكاد يمتص النيوترونات، مما يجعله مثاليًا لتكسية قضبان الوقود النووي.","الزركونيا المكعبة، مركب الزركونيوم، هو بديل شائع للماس في المجوهرات.","يحتوي حجر الزركون الكريم، وهو سيليكات الزركونيوم، على بعض من أقدم المعادن المعروفة على وجه الأرض، والتي يزيد عمرها عن 4 مليارات سنة.","مسحوق الزركونيوم شديد الاشتعال وكان يستخدم في المصابيح الكهربية.","وهو متوافق حيوياً ويستخدم في تيجان الأسنان وزراعة المفاصل.","يعتبر سيراميك ثاني أكسيد الزركونيوم قويًا بما يكفي لصنع شفرات السكاكين التي نادرًا ما تحتاج إلى شحذ."],"naming_origin_explanation":"من \"الزركون\" العربي (القرمزي أو ذو اللون الذهبي)، مشتق من \"الزرجون\" الفارسي (شبيه بالذهب)، لأن الزركون الأحجار الكريمة لها ألوان ذهبية؛ تم إعطاء الاسم من قبل مارتن هاينريش كلابروث في عام 1789."}},"da":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium er et blødt, sølvfarvet radioaktivt metal, der primært bruges i forskning og som neutronkilde.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), der betyder 'stråle' eller 'stråle'; André-Louis Debierne isolerede den først i 1899 fra uranmalm og navngav den for dens kraftige radioaktivitet; det giver sit navn til actinid-serien af tunge grundstoffer.","interesting_facts":["Actinium lyser med et uhyggeligt lyseblåt lys i mørke på grund af dets intense radioaktivitet.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'aktis', der betyder stråle eller stråle.","Det giver sit navn til aktinidrækken af elementer.","Actinium-225 undersøges for målrettet alfapartikelbehandling mod cancer.","Det er omkring 150 gange mere radioaktivt end radium.","Actinium er ekstremt sjældent og forekommer kun i spormængder i uranmalme."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium er et sølvhvidt, let og korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i en lang række applikationer.","appearance":"Sølvgrå metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'alumen' (alun, en forbindelse brugt siden antikken til farvning og garvning); Humphry Davy opfandt 'aluminium' i 1807 og senere reviderede det til 'aluminium', mens store dele af verden overtog stavningen 'aluminium'.","interesting_facts":["Aluminium er det mest udbredte metal i jordskorpen, men det var engang så svært at rense, at det var mere værdifuldt end guld.","Ved en banket i 1880'erne spiste Frankrigs mest ærede gæster angiveligt med aluminiumsbestik, mens andre brugte guld.","Det er fuldt genanvendeligt, og genanvendelse af aluminium bruger kun omkring 5 % af den energi, der er nødvendig for at fremstille det af rå malm.","Et tyndt, selvhelbredende oxidlag dannes øjeblikkeligt på aluminium og beskytter det mod korrosion.","Hall-Heroult-processen, opfundet i 1886, gjorde aluminium billigt ved at bruge elektricitet til at udvinde det fra aluminiumoxid.","Aluminium er let, stærkt og ikke-magnetisk, hvilket gør det ideelt til fly, dåser og folie."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges i røgdetektorer og som neutronkilde til industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvhvid, anløber langsomt i luften","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Amerika, de kontinenter, hvor det først blev produceret, af Glenn Seaborg i 1944; Seaborg navngav det efter bevidst analogi med europium (opkaldt efter Europa), da americium indtager samme position i actinid-serien som europium gør i lanthanid-serien.","interesting_facts":["Americium bruges i små mængder i de fleste husholdningsrøgdetektorer.","Det er opkaldt efter Amerika, hvilket afspejler europium, der er opkaldt efter Europa.","Americium blev først produceret under Manhattan Project i 1944.","I en røgdetektor udsender americium alfapartikler, der ioniserer luft; røg afbryder strømmen og udløser alarmen.","Den lyser svagt i mørket fra sin egen intense radioaktivitet.","Americium bliver undersøgt som en mulig langtidsholdbar strømkilde til fremtidige rummissioner."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimon","summary":"Antimon er en skør, blålig-hvid metalloid, der bruges i flammehæmmere, legeringer og halvledere.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet, blåhvidt","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navn kommer fra middelalderlatinsk 'antimonium' af usikker oprindelse (muligvis fra arabisk 'ithmid' eller en latinsk sætning, der betyder 'ikke alene', da antimon sjældent forekommer i ren form); symbolet Sb kommer fra latin 'stibium', navnet på den sorte sulfidmalm, der blev brugt som kosmetik siden det gamle Egypten.","interesting_facts":["Antimon er blevet brugt siden oldtidens Egypten som kohl, et kosmetisk middel til sorte øjne.","Det er en metalloid, der usædvanligt udvider sig, når den fryser, hvilket gør den anvendelig til skarpe støbegods og type metal.","Antimonforbindelser er meget udbredt som flammehæmmere i plast og tekstiler.","Dets kemiske symbol Sb kommer fra det latinske 'stibium'.","Middelalderlige alkymister brugte antimonpiller som et genanvendeligt afføringsmiddel, restituerede og blev videregivet som 'evige piller'.","Antimon er legeret med bly for at gøre det hårdere, som i gamle tryktyper og batteriplader."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon er en farveløs, lugtfri ædelgas, der udgør omkring 1 % af Jordens atmosfære.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'argon' (tomgang eller inaktiv, intetkøn af 'argos'), navngivet af William Ramsay og Lord Rayleigh i 1894, fordi gassen er kemisk inert og ekstremt tilbageholdende med at reagere med noget som helst.","interesting_facts":["Argon udgør næsten 1% af Jordens atmosfære, hvilket gør den til den mest udbredte ædelgas i luften.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske ord for 'doven', fordi det er så kemisk ikke-reaktivt.","Argon bruges til at fylde glødepærer, fordi det ikke reagerer med den varme glødetråd.","Svejsere bruger argon som en beskyttelsesgas for at beskytte varmt metal mod at reagere med ilt i luften.","Det meste af Jordens argon er argon-40, produceret af det radioaktive henfald af kalium-40 i sten.","Termoruder er ofte fyldt med argon, fordi det isolerer bedre end almindelig luft."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsen","summary":"Arsen er et giftigt metalloid, der historisk blev brugt i pesticider og nu i halvledere og glasproduktion.","appearance":"Metallisk grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'arsenikon' (gult orpiment, en sulfidmalm af arsen), selv muligvis fra persisk 'zarnikh' (arsenmalm); ordet kan også forbindes med græsk 'arrhen' (mandlig eller potent), hvilket afspejler de stærke egenskaber ved arsenforbindelser.","interesting_facts":["Arsen er berømt som 'kongers gift og giftens konge', uopdagelig i århundreder og en favorit i historiske mord.","På trods af dets toksicitet kan små spor af arsen være et nødvendigt næringsstof for nogle dyr.","Galliumarsenid og andre arsenforbindelser er afgørende for moderne halvledere og LED'er.","Arsenforurening af grundvandet påvirker drikkevandet fra millioner af mennesker verden over.","Det sublimerer og bliver direkte fra fast til gas, når det opvarmes, med en hvidløgslignende lugt.","Grønne pigmenter indeholdende arsen blev engang brugt i tapet og kan langsomt have forgiftet victorianske husholdninger."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astat","summary":"Astatin er et sjældent, radioaktivt grundstof, der primært bruges i videnskabelig forskning og potentielt i kræftbehandlinger.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'astatos' (ἄστατος), der betyder 'ustabil'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie og Emilio Segrè syntetiserede det i 1940 i Berkeley og valgte navnet, fordi alle astatin-isotoper er radioaktive og henfalder hurtigt, hvilket gør grundstoffet iboende ustabilt.","interesting_facts":["Astatin er det sjældneste naturligt forekommende grundstof; mindre end et gram findes i jordskorpen på noget tidspunkt.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'astatos', der betyder 'ustabil'.","Ingen har nogensinde set en synlig prøve, fordi den ville fordampe fra sin egen intense radioaktivitet.","Det er den tungeste af halogenerne og blev først syntetiseret i 1940.","Astatine-211 er ved at blive undersøgt til målrettet alfapartikelkræftbehandling.","Dens mest stabile isotop har en halveringstid på kun omkring 8 timer."]},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges til borevæsker, maling og medicinsk billedbehandling.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'barys' (tung), navngivet af Humphry Davy i 1808, fordi bariumsulfat (baryt, den almindelige malm) er usædvanligt tæt for et ikke-metallisk mineral.","interesting_facts":["Patienter drikker et 'bariummåltid' eller 'bariumsluge', fordi barium blokerer for røntgenstråler og afslører fordøjelseskanalen.","Bariumforbindelser giver fyrværkeri deres klare grønne farver.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'barys', der betyder tung.","Selvom metallet er giftigt, passerer det uopløselige bariumsulfat, der bruges i medicinske scanninger, gennem kroppen sikkert.","Barium er så reaktivt, at det skal opbevares under olie og findes aldrig frit i naturen.","Mineralet baryt (bariumsulfat) bruges til at vægte borevæsker i olieindustrien."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium er et radioaktivt metal, der primært bruges i videnskabelig forskning og produktion af tungere grundstoffer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Berkeley, Californien, hvor den første gang blev syntetiseret i 1949 ved University of California Radiation Laboratory; navngivningen afspejler bevidst terbium, opkaldt efter den svenske by Ytterby - begge elementer indtager matchende positioner i henholdsvis lanthanid- og aktinidrækken.","interesting_facts":["Berkelium er opkaldt efter Berkeley, Californien, hvor det første gang blev fremstillet i 1949.","Det er et ekstremt sjældent syntetisk element, med kun små mængder nogensinde produceret.","Berkelium blev brugt som målmateriale til at syntetisere det supertunge grundstof tennessine.","At producere en lille prøve af berkelium kan tage mange måneder i en højfluxreaktor.","Det er meget radioaktivt og har ingen anvendelse uden for videnskabelig forskning.","Berkelium fuldender et sæt med terbium, begge elementer opkaldt efter byer og placeret i matchende positioner."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium er et hårdt, gråligt metal, der naturligt findes i mineralske sten, kul, jord og vulkansk støv.","appearance":"Stålgrå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter beryl, ædelstenen, fra græsk 'beryllos', fordi Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin først isolerede beryllium fra beryl- og smaragdmineraler i 1798.","interesting_facts":["Beryllium er bemærkelsesværdigt gennemsigtigt for røntgenstråler, så det bruges til at lave vinduer til røntgenrør og detektorer.","Det er et af de letteste strukturelle metaller, men har et højere stivhed-til-vægt-forhold end stål.","Ædelstenene smaragd og akvamarin er begge former for mineralet beryl, et berylliumaluminiumsilicat.","Berylliumstøv er meget giftigt og kan forårsage en kronisk lungesygdom kaldet berylliose.","James Webb-rumteleskopets spejle er lavet af guldbelagt beryllium, fordi det holder sin form ved ekstremt kolde temperaturer.","I 1932 opdagede James Chadwick neutronen ved at bombardere beryllium med alfapartikler."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Vismut","summary":"Bismuth er et skørt metal med lav toksicitet, der bruges i kosmetik, medicinske procedurer og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid med en iriserende nuance","naming_origin_explanation":"Kommer fra det gamle tyske 'Wismut' eller 'Wismuth', muligvis fra 'weiße Masse' (hvid masse) eller en minearbejders term af usikker oprindelse; kendt siden det 15. århundrede som et særskilt metal, nogle gange forvekslet med bly eller tin, og latiniseret til 'bisemutum', før det blev 'vismut' i moderne brug.","interesting_facts":["Bismuth danner fantastiske, iriserende regnbuekrystaller med en tragtform i trappetrin.","Det er det tungeste element, der af praktiske årsager er stabilt, med en næsten ufattelig lang halveringstid.","Bismuth er hovedingrediensen i Pepto-Bismol, der bruges til at lindre urolig mave.","Som vand udvider vismut sig, når det fryser.","Det bruges i lavsmeltende legeringer til brandsprinklere og sikkerhedsanordninger.","Bismuth er et af de få metaller, der er mindre tætte i nogle legeringer og er en ikke-giftig erstatning for bly i mange produkter."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Niels Bohr, den danske fysiker, der udviklede atomets kvantemodel og gav grundlæggende bidrag til forståelsen af atomstrukturen; GSI Darmstadt i Tyskland syntetiserede det i 1981 og foreslog navnet til hans ære, officielt vedtaget af IUPAC i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium er opkaldt efter Niels Bohr, fysikeren, der modellerede atomets struktur.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun produceres få atomer ad gangen.","Bohrium blev først skabt i 1981 i Tyskland.","Dens isotoper er intenst radioaktive og henfalder på sekunder eller mindre.","Eksperimenter viser, at bohrium kemisk ligner rhenium i gruppe 7.","Det har ingen anvendelser uden for grundforskning i de tungeste elementer."]},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor er et metalloid element, der er essentielt for plantevækst, men kan være giftigt i overskud.","appearance":"Sort-brun","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter boraks, mineralet, hvorfra det først blev isoleret, med 'borax' afledt af arabisk 'buraq' eller persisk 'burah', der betyder borax eller salpeter.","interesting_facts":["Borforbindelser giver en karakteristisk lys grøn farve til flammer, hvilket gør det nyttigt i pyroteknik.","Bor er afgørende for plantevækst, dog kun i små mængder; for meget er giftigt for afgrøder.","Borosilikatglas, lavet med bor, modstår termisk stød og bruges i køkkengrej og laboratorieglas.","Isotopen bor-10 absorberer let neutroner, så bor bruges i kontrolstænger og afskærmning til atomreaktorer.","Borax, et bormineral, har været brugt i tusinder af år som rengøringsmiddel og flusmiddel til lodning af metaller.","Bor er en metalloid, der deler egenskaber af både metaller og ikke-metaller, og er en dårlig leder ved stuetemperatur."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom er en rødbrun væske ved stuetemperatur og bruges i flammehæmmere, vandbehandling og lægemidler.","appearance":"Rødbrun væske","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'bromos' (stank eller dårlig lugt), navngivet af Antoine Jérôme Balard i 1826, fordi flydende brom producerer en dybt ubehagelig, kvælende lugt.","interesting_facts":["Brom er et af kun to grundstoffer, der er flydende ved stuetemperatur, sammen med kviksølv.","Det er en tæt, rødbrun væske, der afgiver kvælende, giftige dampe.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'bromos', der betyder 'stank'.","Gamle folk udvandt et dyrebart lilla farvestof, Tyrian purpur, fra havsnegle ved hjælp af bromforbindelser.","Bromforbindelser blev meget brugt som flammehæmmere i elektronik og møbler.","Det meste brom udvindes fra havvand og saltrige saltlageaflejringer."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium er et blødt, blåligt-hvidt metal, der primært bruges i batterier, pigmenter og galvanisering.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet blågrå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'cadmia' (calamine, en zinkkarbonatmalm), i sidste ende fra græsk 'kadmeia' (thebansk jord, opkaldt efter Cadmus, den mytiske grundlægger af Theben), siden cadmium blev opdaget i 1817 som en urenhed i zinkmalme.","interesting_facts":["Cadmium giver levende gule, orange og røde pigmenter, som længe er værdsat af kunstnere som Monet og Van Gogh.","Det er giftigt og akkumuleres i kroppen, hvilket forårsager den smertefulde 'itai-itai' knoglesygdom, der blev set i Japan i det 20. århundrede.","Genopladelige nikkel-cadmium (NiCd) batterier var engang ekstremt almindelige.","Cadmiumbelægninger beskytter stål mod korrosion, især i flydele.","Det blev opdaget i 1817 som en urenhed i zinkmalme.","Cadmium absorberer let neutroner, så det bruges i kontrolstænger til atomreaktorer."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium er et blødt gråt metal, der er essentielt for levende organismer, især i cellefysiologi og knogledannelse.","appearance":"Mat grå, sølv","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'calx' eller 'calcis' (kalk eller kalksten), fordi Humphry Davy først isolerede det i 1808 ved elektrolyse af calciumoxid (quicklime), et materiale romerne længe havde brugt i byggeriet.","interesting_facts":["Calcium er det mest udbredte metal i den menneskelige krop, med omkring 99% lagret i knogler og tænder.","Kalksten, kridt og marmor er alle former for calciumcarbonat.","Det er det femte mest udbredte grundstof i jordskorpen.","Calciumioner fungerer som et universelt signal inde i celler, der udløser alt fra muskelsammentrækning til befrugtning.","Blød kalk (calciumoxid) glødede klart, når den blev opvarmet og blev brugt til at lyse scener, hvilket gav os sætningen 'i rampelyset'.","Koralrev og muslingeskaller er hovedsageligt bygget af calciumcarbonat udvundet fra havvand."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges i neutronkilder, kræftbehandling og materialeanalyse.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk, lyser i mørke på grund af sin radioaktivitet","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter den amerikanske stat Californien og University of California, hvor den blev syntetiseret i 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street og Ghiorso valgte navnet og bemærkede, at de var løbet tør for nærliggende himmellegemer og besluttede at ære stedet for opdagelsen i stedet.","interesting_facts":["Californium er et af de dyreste stoffer på jorden og koster millioner af dollars pr. gram.","Den er opkaldt efter den amerikanske stat Californien, hvor den blev opdaget i 1950.","Californium-252 er en kraftig neutronemitter, der bruges til at starte atomreaktorer og i industrielle scannere.","Det bruges til at detektere guld og olie gennem neutronanalyse af sten.","Et enkelt mikrogram frigiver et enormt antal neutroner hvert sekund.","Californium bruges også til at identificere metaltræthed og finde svage punkter i fly og maskiner."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Kulstof","summary":"Kulstof er en grundlæggende byggesten i livet, som findes i alle kendte organiske forbindelser.","appearance":"Varierer (grafit er sort, diamant er klar)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'carbo' (kul eller trækul), hvilket afspejler, at kulstof har været kendt siden antikken i form af trækul, grafit og diamant.","interesting_facts":["Kulstof danner flere forbindelser end alle andre grundstoffer tilsammen, og er det kemiske grundlag for alt kendt liv.","Diamant og grafit er begge rent kulstof, men alligevel er diamant det hårdeste naturmateriale, mens grafit er blødt nok til at skrive med.","Grafen, et enkelt lag af kulstofatomer, er omkring 200 gange stærkere end stål og leder elektricitet bedre end kobber.","Kulstof-14-datering bruger det konstante henfald af en radioaktiv kulstofisotop til at bestemme alderen af enganglevende materiale op til omkring 50.000 år gammelt.","Kulstofatomer smedet inde i stjerner spredes gennem universet, når disse stjerner eksploderer, hvilket gør os bogstaveligt talt lavet af stjernestøv.","Buckminsterfulleren, et fodbold-formet molekyle med 60 kulstofatomer, blev opdaget i 1985 og opkaldt efter arkitekten Buckminster Fuller."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i katalysatorer, glaspolering og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter dværgplaneten Ceres, opdaget i 1801 og selv opkaldt efter den romerske gudinde for landbruget; Martin Heinrich Klaproth og Jöns Jacob Berzelius navngav det i 1803, efter måden at opkalde nye elementer efter himmellegemer.","interesting_facts":["Cerium er det mest udbredte af alle sjældne jordarters grundstoffer, mere almindeligt end kobber.","Den er opkaldt efter dværgplaneten Ceres, opdaget to år tidligere.","Cerium er den vigtigste gnistproducerende ingrediens i 'flint' lighter og firestarter legeringer.","Ceriumoxid er det fine poleringspulver, der bruges til at give glas og ædelsten en glat finish.","Det tilsættes til katalysatorer for at hjælpe med at opbevare og frigive ilt.","Friskskåret cerium kan antændes spontant i luft, hvilket gør det pyroforisk."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cæsium","summary":"Cæsium er et blødt, guldfarvet metal kendt for dets brug i atomure og forskellige elektroniske applikationer.","appearance":"Sølv-guld metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'caesius' (himmelblå eller grålig-blå), opkaldt af Robert Bunsen og Gustav Kirchhoff i 1860 efter de to karakteristiske klare blå spektrallinjer, de brugte til at identificere grundstoffet.","interesting_facts":["Den anden er officielt defineret af vibrationerne af cæsiumatomer, grundlaget for atomure.","Cæsium er et af de mest reaktive metaller, der eksploderer voldsomt ved kontakt med vand.","Det smelter ved omkring 28 °C, så det er flydende på en varm dag.","Den har en gylden-sølvfarve, en af kun få metaller, der ikke er sølv eller grå.","Cæsium var det første grundstof opdaget ved spektroskopi af Bunsen og Kirchhoff i 1860.","Radioaktivt cæsium-137 er et bemærkelsesværdigt produkt af nuklear fission og et problem i nukleare ulykker."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Klor","summary":"Klor er en meget reaktiv, grønlig-gul gas, der anvendes som desinfektionsmiddel og i forskellige industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Grønlig-gul gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'chloros' (lysegrøn eller grønlig-gul), navngivet af Humphry Davy i 1810 for at afspejle gassens karakteristiske gul-grønne farve.","interesting_facts":["Klor er en grønlig-gul gas, der blev brugt som et kemisk våben i Første Verdenskrig.","Små mængder tilsat drikkevand og svømmebassiner dræber bakterier og har reddet utallige liv fra vandbårne sygdomme.","Kombineret med natrium danner klor almindeligt bordsalt, som er essentielt for livet.","Det er så reaktivt, at det let bleger farvestoffer og desinficerer, hvorfor det bruges i husholdningsblegemidler.","Klor blev først isoleret i 1774 af Carl Wilhelm Scheele, som ikke var klar over, at det var et nyt grundstof.","Selvom det er giftigt som en gas, er chloridioner i din krop afgørende for fordøjelsen og nervefunktionen."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Krom","summary":"Chrom er et hårdt, skinnende og korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i rustfrit stål og forkromning.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'chroma' (farve), navngivet af Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin i 1798, fordi chromforbindelser viser en bred vifte af levende farver - rød i rubiner, grøn i smaragder, orange i krokoit.","interesting_facts":["Chrom giver rustfrit stål dets glans og rustbestandighed og danner et usynligt beskyttende oxidlag.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske ord 'chroma', der betyder farve, fordi dets forbindelser er levende farvede.","Chrom er det, der gør rubiner røde og smaragder grønne som et spor af urenhed i krystallerne.","Forkromning giver en lys, hård, spejllignende finish til bilbeklædning og værktøj.","Chrom er et af de hårdeste metaller og er meget modstandsdygtigt over for korrosion.","Nogle chromforbindelser er essentielle næringsstoffer i spormængder, mens andre (chrom-6) er giftige og kræftfremkaldende."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Kobolt er et hårdt, skinnende, sølvgrå metal, der bruges i legeringer og batterier og er essentielt for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Skinnende gråt metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra tysk 'Kobold' (nisse eller imp), fordi tyske minearbejdere gav en drilsk underjordisk ånd skylden for den besværlige koboltmalm, der frigav giftige arsendampe og ikke gav kobber på trods af, at de lignede kobbermalm.","interesting_facts":["Kobolt er blevet brugt i over 2.000 år for at give glas og keramik en dyb, strålende blå farve.","Dens navn kommer fra 'kobold', en drilsk nisse, tyske minearbejdere, der får skylden for besværlige malme.","Kobolt er en nøgleingrediens i de genopladelige lithium-ion-batterier, der driver telefoner og elbiler.","Det er et af kun tre naturligt magnetiske elementer ved stuetemperatur sammen med jern og nikkel.","Den radioaktive isotop kobolt-60 bruges til at behandle kræft og til at sterilisere medicinsk udstyr.","Kobolt er afgørende for livet som metalatomet i hjertet af vitamin B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere egenskaberne af supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Nicolaus Copernicus, den polsk-tyske astronom, der foreslog, at Jorden kredser om Solen; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserede det i 1996 og foreslog navnet for at ære Copernicus, hvor IUPAC officielt adopterede det i 2010 i anledning af 537-året for hans fødsel.","interesting_facts":["Copernicium er opkaldt efter astronomen Nicolaus Copernicus, der placerede Solen i centrum af solsystemet.","Det blev først oprettet i 1996 i Tyskland.","Copernicium forudsiges at være en flygtig væske eller gas ved stuetemperatur, der opfører sig lidt som kviksølv.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof lavet et atom ad gangen.","Dens isotoper er meget radioaktive og kortlivede.","Det sidder under kviksølv i gruppe 12 i det periodiske system."]},"Copper":{"name":"Kobber","summary":"Kobber er et rødligt-guldmetal kendt for sin høje termiske og elektriske ledningsevne, der er meget udbredt i elektriske ledninger og VVS.","appearance":"Rødlig metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'cuprum' afledt af græsk 'Kypros' (Cypern), øen, der var den antikke verdens primære kilde til kobber; symbolet Cu sporer også tilbage til dette latinske navn.","interesting_facts":["Kobber var et af de første metaller, der blev brugt af mennesker, arbejdet i over 10.000 år.","Det er en fremragende leder af elektricitet, næst efter sølv, og det er derfor, det fylder vores ledninger og kabler.","Kobberoverflader dræber naturligt mange bakterier og vira, hvilket gør det nyttigt til dørhåndtag og hospitalsarmaturer.","Frihedsgudinden er dækket af kobber, der med tiden blev grøn, da den dannede en beskyttende patina.","Blanding af kobber med tin giver bronze, og med zink bliver der messing, to legeringer, der formede menneskets historie.","Kobber er et vigtigt spornæringsstof, der hjælper din krop med at danne røde blodlegemer og vedligeholde nerver."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges til udforskning af rummet som strømkilde og i videnskabelig forskning.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk, pletter i luften","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Marie og Pierre Curie, pionererne inden for radioaktivitetsforskning; Glenn Seaborg navngav den i 1944 for at ære parret, hvis opdagelser gjorde kernekemi mulig, idet han bemærkede, at curiums position i actinid-serien afspejler gadolinium i lanthaniderne - selv opkaldt efter en kemiker efter et parallelt mønster.","interesting_facts":["Curium er opkaldt efter Marie og Pierre Curie, pionerer inden for radioaktivitetsforskning.","Den lyser med et blødt lilla eller rødt lys i mørke på grund af dets intense radioaktivitet.","Curium er så radioaktivt, at det genererer betydelig varme og blev overvejet til rumfartøjskraft.","Det blev først syntetiseret i 1944, før det lettere americium.","Curium-baserede instrumenter har analyseret den kemiske sammensætning af Mars og andre planetariske overflader.","Al curium er lavet kunstigt; ingen findes i naturen."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at undersøge supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter byen Darmstadt, Tyskland, hvor den første gang blev syntetiseret i 1994 hos GSI Darmstadt; det følger traditionen med at navngive nyskabte elementer efter opdagelsesstederne, og IUPAC vedtog officielt navnet i 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium er opkaldt efter byen Darmstadt, Tyskland, hvor den blev opdaget i 1994.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt element skabt i partikelacceleratorer.","Kun få atomer af darmstadtium er nogensinde blevet fremstillet.","Dens atomer overlever i mindre end et sekund, før de forfalder.","Det forventes kemisk at ligne platin i gruppe 10.","Darmstadtium har ingen praktiske anvendelser uden for videnskabelig forskning."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at udforske tunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Dubna, Rusland, hjemsted for Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; navnet løste en koldkrigskonflikt, hvor amerikanske videnskabsmænd kaldte det 'hahnium' og sovjetiske videnskabsmænd kaldte det 'nielsbohrium', før IUPAC vedtog det neutrale by-baserede navn i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium er opkaldt efter Dubna, Rusland, hjemsted for et berømt atomforskningsinstitut.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt element fremstillet kun i partikelacceleratorer.","Dens opdagelse var en del af 'Transfermium Wars', en navnestrid under den kolde krig.","Dubnium-atomer eksisterer kun i sekunder eller mindre, før de henfalder.","Kun et lille antal dubnium-atomer er nogensinde blevet skabt.","Det forventes kemisk at ligne tantal i gruppe 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium er et sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i magneter, lasere og atomreaktorkontrolstave.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), hvilket betyder 'svært at komme til'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran opfandt navnet i 1886, hvilket afspejler den ekstreme vanskelighed ved at isolere den fra sin malm - en proces, der kræver nitten nedbør.","interesting_facts":["Dysprosiums navn kommer fra det græske 'dysprositos', der betyder 'svært at få', fordi det var så svært at isolere.","Det er tilsat neodymmagneter, så de holder deres styrke ved høje temperaturer i motorer og vindmøller.","Dysprosium har en af de højeste magnetiske styrker af ethvert grundstof ved lave temperaturer.","Det absorberer neutroner godt og bruges i atomreaktorkontrolstave.","Dysprosium-baserede legeringer ændrer form i magnetiske felter, nyttige i aktuatorer og transducere.","Det betragtes som et kritisk materiale til ren energiteknologi."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium er et højradioaktivt metal, der primært bruges til videnskabelig forskning og til fremstilling af tungere grundstoffer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk, lyser på grund af sin radioaktivitet","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Albert Einstein, som formulerede den særlige relativitetsteori og ligningen E=mc², der ligger til grund for kerneenergi; Albert Ghiorso og hans kolleger navngav den i 1955 efter at have opdaget den i resterne af den første brintbombetest i 1952, holdt hemmelig i flere år.","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium blev opdaget i 1952 i resterne af den første brintbombetest.","Den er opkaldt efter Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium lyser blåt i mørket fra dets intense radioaktivitet.","Det er så sjældent, at der kun lejlighedsvis er blevet produceret vejelige mængder.","At studere einsteinium er ekstremt vanskeligt, fordi det beskadiger sin egen beholder og instrumenter.","Det har ingen praktiske anvendelser uden for grundvidenskabelig forskning."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i optiske fibre, lasere og nuklear teknologi.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ytterby, en landsby på øen Resarö i Sverige, hvor mineralet gadolinit, der indeholder det, først blev udbrudt; Carl Gustaf Mosander adskilte det fra yttria i 1843, og 'erbium' er et af fire grundstofnavne afledt af det enkelte stednavn 'Ytterby'.","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doterede fibre forstærker lyssignaler, hvilket gør langdistance fiberoptisk internet muligt.","Det giver glas og glasurer en blød pink farve og bruges i solbriller og dekorative glas.","Erbiumlasere bruges i tandpleje og kosmetisk hudfornyelse.","Den er opkaldt efter Ytterby, Sverige, og deler den oprindelse med flere andre sjældne jordarter.","Erbium tilsættes nogle metallegeringer, herunder vanadium, for at gøre dem mere bearbejdelige.","Det absorberer infrarødt lys effektivt, hvilket ligger til grund for mange af dets laseranvendelser."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i fosforescerende materialer, kontrolstænger og atomreaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Europa, kontinentet, af Eugène-Anatole Demarçay i 1901, som isolerede det spektroskopisk; det var blandt flere elementer opkaldt efter geografiske områder i slutningen af det 19. og begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede.","interesting_facts":["Europium leverer de røde og blå fosfor, der producerede farve i gamle tv- og computerskærme.","Den bruges som en markør til bekæmpelse af falskmøntneri i eurosedler, der lyser under ultraviolet lys.","Europium er det mest reaktive af de sjældne jordarters grundstoffer og anløber hurtigt i luften.","Det er opkaldt efter det europæiske kontinent.","Europium-doteret fosfor får energieffektive lysstofrør og LED-lys til at lyse klart.","Det er en af de mindst udbredte sjældne jordarter i skorpen."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt metal, der primært bruges i videnskabelig forskning og studier af transuran-elementer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Enrico Fermi, den italiensk-amerikanske fysiker, der byggede den første kunstige atomreaktor i 1942 og ydede grundlæggende bidrag til kerne- og partikelfysik; Albert Ghiorso og kolleger navngav den i 1953 efter at have opdaget den i samme brintbombetestaffald, som gav einsteinium.","interesting_facts":["Fermium blev også opdaget i nedfaldet af den første brintbombetest i 1952.","Det er opkaldt efter fysikeren Enrico Fermi, en pioner inden for nukleare reaktioner.","Fermium er det tungeste grundstof, der kan fremstilles i vejelige mængder ved neutronbombardement.","Ud over fermium skal grundstoffer laves et atom ad gangen ved hjælp af partikelacceleratorer.","Kun små, usynlige mængder fermium er nogensinde blevet produceret.","Det eksisterer kun som et syntetisk element og har ingen kommerciel anvendelse."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at udforske egenskaberne af supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions i Dubna, Rusland, selv opkaldt efter den sovjetiske fysiker Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov var med til at grundlægge laboratoriet og ydede store bidrag til kernefysik, og hans team syntetiserede først elementet i 1998, hvor IUPAC officielt vedtog navnet i 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium er opkaldt efter Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions i Rusland.","Det blev først oprettet i 1998 af et hold i Dubna, Rusland.","Nogle forudsigelser tydede på, at flerovium kunne være usædvanligt stabilt eller endda gaslignende, selvom det stadig er radioaktivt.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof lavet et atom ad gangen.","Flerovium ligger under bly i gruppe 14 i det periodiske system.","Dens isotoper henfalder inden for få sekunder, men har længere levetid end mange naboer, hvilket antyder \"stabilitetens ø\"."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor er en meget reaktiv, bleggul gas og er det mest elektronegative grundstof.","appearance":"Bleg gul gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'fluere' (at flyde), fordi mineralet fluorit blev meget brugt som et metallurgisk flusmiddel; navnet på elementet blev foreslået af André-Marie Ampère i 1812.","interesting_facts":["Fluor er det mest reaktive og elektronegative af alle grundstoffer og reagerer med næsten alle andre stoffer, nogle gange eksplosivt.","Det er så aggressivt, at det kan få materialer som asbest og endda vand til at bryde i brand.","Spormængder af fluor tilsat drikkevand og tandpasta hjælper med at forhindre huller i tænderne.","Teflon, non-stick belægningen på køkkengrej, er en fluorholdig polymer (PTFE).","Mange kemikere blev forgiftet eller dræbt i et forsøg på at isolere fluor, hvilket gav dem tilnavnet 'fluormartyrer', før Henri Moissan fik succes i 1886.","Fluor er en bleggul gas ved stuetemperatur og er den letteste af halogenerne."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium er et ekstremt sjældent og radioaktivt metal uden væsentlige anvendelser på grund af dets ustabilitet.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Frankrig, landet hvor Marguerite Perey opdagede det i 1939 på Curie Institute i Paris; hun navngav elementet til ære for sit hjemland, efter traditionen med at opkalde elementer efter steder og blive den første kvinde valgt til det franske videnskabsakademi.","interesting_facts":["Francium er det næstsjældneste naturligt forekommende grundstof efter astatin.","Det var det sidste element, der blev opdaget i naturen, af Marguerite Perey i Frankrig i 1939.","Det er opkaldt efter Frankrig, hendes hjemland.","Francium er så radioaktivt, at enhver synlig mængde øjeblikkeligt ville fordampe fra sin egen varme.","Dens mest stabile isotop har en halveringstid på kun omkring 22 minutter.","Det er det mest reaktive af alkalimetallerne, men så sparsomme er dets bulkegenskaber aldrig blevet observeret."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium er et sølv-hvidt metal, der bruges i MRI-kontrastmidler, fosfor og neutronindfangningsterapi.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter gadolinit, mineralet, hvori dets oxid først blev identificeret; gadolinit blev opkaldt efter Johan Gadolin, en finsk kemiker, der først analyserede det; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerede det nye jordelement i 1880.","interesting_facts":["Gadoliniumforbindelser injiceres som kontrastmidler for at gøre MR-scanninger meget klarere.","Det har en ekstraordinær evne til at absorbere neutroner, den højeste af ethvert stabilt grundstof, som er nyttigt i atomreaktorer.","Gadolinium er magnetisk lige under stuetemperatur og er undersøgt for magnetisk køling.","Det er opkaldt efter den finske kemiker Johan Gadolin, en pioner inden for forskning i sjældne jordarter.","Gadolinium opvarmes, når det placeres i et magnetfelt og afkøles, når det fjernes, den magnetokaloriske effekt.","Det bruges i nogle typer medicinske og sikkerhedsmæssige billeddetektorer."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der smelter ved lige over stuetemperatur og bruges i elektronik og halvledere.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet blå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Gallia, det latinske navn for Frankrig, af opdageren Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran i 1875; navnet kan også være et ordspil på 'gallus' (latin for hane), en leg med Lecoqs efternavn, der betyder 'hanen' på fransk.","interesting_facts":["Gallium smelter ved omkring 30 °C, så et fast stykke smelter i din hånd.","Dens eksistens blev forudsagt af Mendeleev som 'eka-aluminium', før den blev opdaget i 1875.","Galliumarsenid bruges i højhastighedselektronik, LED'er og solceller til rumfartøjer.","Selvom det let smelter, koger gallium ved over 2.400 °C, et af de største væsketemperaturområder for ethvert grundstof.","Gallium kan gøre aluminium sprødt ved at sive ind i dets korngrænser, hvilket dramatisk svækker metallet.","I modsætning til de fleste stoffer udvider gallium sig, når det fryser, ligesom vand."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium er en hård, grålig-hvid metalloid, der bruges i halvledere, fiberoptik og infrarød optik.","appearance":"Grålig-hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Germania, det latinske navn for Tyskland, af Clemens Winkler, som opdagede det i 1886; opdagelsen bekræftede Mendeleevs forudsigelse af et manglende element, han havde kaldt 'eka-silicium.'","interesting_facts":["Germanium blev forudsagt af Mendeleev som 'eka-silicium', og dets opdagelse fra 1886 hjalp med at bekræfte det periodiske system.","De første transistorer i 1940'erne og 1950'erne var lavet af germanium, før silicium tog over.","Den er gennemsigtig for infrarødt lys, så den bruges i linser til nattesynsbriller og termiske kameraer.","Germanium er en metalloid halvleder med et skinnende, gråhvidt udseende.","Optiske fibre bruger germaniumforbindelser til at kontrollere, hvordan lyset bevæger sig gennem glasset.","Ligesom vand og silicium udvider germanium sig, når det størkner."]},"Gold":{"name":"Guld","summary":"Guld er et tæt, blødt metal højt værdsat for dets brug i smykker, elektronik og valuta.","appearance":"Klar metallisk gul","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navn 'guld' kommer fra det proto-germanske 'gulþą', beslægtet med 'gul'; symbolet Au stammer fra det latinske 'aurum', der menes at betyde 'lysende daggry' eller 'solopgangsskær'; guld har været kendt og værdsat siden forhistorisk tid på tværs af stort set alle kulturer.","interesting_facts":["Guld er så ikke-reaktivt, at det kan forblive skinnende i tusinder af år, hvilket er grunden til, at gamle guldartefakter stadig skinner.","Den er utrolig formbar; et enkelt gram kan hamres ind i et ark, der dækker omkring en kvadratmeter.","Næsten alt guldet på Jorden menes at være ankommet via asteroide-nedslag efter planetens dannelse.","Guld leder elektricitet godt og korroderer aldrig, så det bruges til at plettere kritiske elektroniske kontakter.","Dets kemiske symbol Au kommer fra det latinske 'aurum', der betyder 'lysende daggry'.","Astronauternes visirer er belagt med et ultratyndt lag guld for at reflektere skadelig solstråling."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium er et skinnende, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i atomreaktorer, kontrolstænger og højtemperaturlegeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Hafnia, det latinske navn for København, Danmark, hvor Dirk Coster og George de Hevesy opdagede det i 1923 ved røntgenspektroskopi; de valgte navnet for at ære den by, hvor deres forskning blev udført.","interesting_facts":["Hafniums eksistens blev forudsagt af atomteori, og det blev fundet i 1923 i zirkoniummalm.","Den er opkaldt efter Hafnia, det latinske navn for København.","Hafnium absorberer neutroner ekstremt godt og bruges i atomubådes kontrolstænger.","Hafnium-baserede forbindelser erstattede siliciumdioxid som isolatorer i moderne computerchips.","Det har et af de højeste smeltepunkter for alle elementer og bruges i superlegeringer til jetmotorer.","Hafnium er kemisk næsten identisk med zirconium, hvilket gør de to meget svære at adskille."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der primært bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter den tyske delstat Hessen (latin: Hassia), hvor GSI Darmstadt - laboratoriet, der først syntetiserede det i 1984 - ligger; navnet følger traditionen med at navngive elementer efter deres opdagelsessteder og blev officielt anerkendt af IUPAC i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium er opkaldt efter den tyske delstat Hessen, hjemsted for laboratoriet, hvor det blev opdaget.","Det blev først syntetiseret i 1984 ved at bombardere bly med jernioner.","Hassium er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun fremstilles i partikelacceleratorer.","På trods af dens knaphed bekræftede videnskabsmænd, at den opfører sig som osmium i gruppe 8.","Dens atomer eksisterer kun i brøkdele af et sekund, før de forfalder.","Kun et lille antal hassiumatomer er nogensinde blevet produceret."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium er en farveløs, lugtfri, smagløs, ikke-toksisk, inert, monoatomisk gas, der står i spidsen for ædelgasgruppen i det periodiske system.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'helios' (sol), fordi helium først blev opdaget i solspektret under den totale solformørkelse i 1868, før det blev bekræftet på Jorden.","interesting_facts":["Helium blev først opdaget i Solens spektrum i 1868, før det nogensinde blev fundet på Jorden, og er opkaldt efter den græske solgud Helios.","Det er det eneste grundstof, der ikke kan størknes ved afkøling ved normalt atmosfærisk tryk, uanset hvor koldt det bliver.","Under 2,17 K bliver flydende helium til en supervæske, der kan strømme uden friktion og endda krybe op ad væggene i sin beholder.","Indånding af helium øger din stemme midlertidigt, fordi lyden bevæger sig næsten tre gange hurtigere igennem den end gennem luften.","Det meste af Jordens helium kommer fra det radioaktive henfald af uran og thorium dybt under jorden og udvindes fra naturgas.","Helium er det næstmest udbredte grundstof i universet, men det er forholdsvis sjældent og ikke-fornybart på Jorden."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i magneter, nukleare kontrolstave og lasere.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Holmia, det latinske navn for Stockholm, Sverige, hvor Per Teodor Cleve - som identificerede grundstoffet i 1878 - var baseret; det følger traditionen med at navngive sjældne jordarters grundstoffer efter de steder, der er forbundet med deres opdagelse.","interesting_facts":["Holmium har de stærkeste magnetiske egenskaber af ethvert naturligt forekommende grundstof.","Holmium lasere bruges i medicin til at bryde op nyresten og behandle forstørret prostata.","Det er opkaldt efter Holmia, det latinske navn for Stockholm.","Holmium giver glas og cubic zirconia gule og røde farver.","Det bruges til at skabe de stærkeste kendte kunstige magnetiske felter som polstykker.","Holmiumoxidopløsninger bruges som kalibreringsstandard for spektrofotometre."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Brint","summary":"Brint er det letteste grundstof og det mest udbredte kemiske stof i universet.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'hydro' (vand) og 'gener' (dannende), hvilket betyder 'vanddanner'. Opkaldt af Antoine Lavoisier i 1783, fordi forbrænding af brint producerer vand.","interesting_facts":["Brint er det mest udbredte grundstof i universet og udgør omkring 75 % af alt normalt stof i massevis.","Det er det eneste grundstof, hvis tre isotoper (protium, deuterium og tritium) har deres egne distinkte navne.","Flydende brint er blevet brugt som raketbrændstof siden 1960'erne og har drevet de øverste stadier af Saturn V, der førte astronauter til Månen.","Under ekstremt tryk, såsom inde i Jupiter, opfører brint sig som et flydende metal og kan lede elektricitet.","Henry Cavendish identificerede brint som et særskilt stof i 1766 og kaldte det 'brændbar luft'.","Et brintatom er det enkleste atom, der findes: en enkelt proton, der kredser om af en enkelt elektron."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium er et blødt, formbart metal, der bruges i halvledere, berøringsskærme og som en beskyttende belægning til lejer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk glans","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'indicum' (indigo), opkaldt af Ferdinand Reich og Hieronymous Richter i 1863 efter den strålende indigo-blå spektrallinje, de observerede, da de analyserede zinkmalmrester ved hjælp af den dengang nye teknik spektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Indium er så blødt, at du kan bule det med en negl, og det laver et hørbart 'græd', når det bøjes, som tin.","Indiumtinoxid danner den gennemsigtige, elektrisk ledende belægning på touchskærme og fladskærme.","Den er opkaldt efter den lyse indigo-linje i sit emissionsspektrum.","Indium forbliver blødt og brugbart selv ved ekstremt lave temperaturer, nyttigt til vakuumforseglinger.","Det har et meget lavt smeltepunkt og bruges i specielle lavtemperatur lodninger og legeringer.","Efterspørgslen efter indium er steget med udbredelsen af smartphones og LCD-skærme."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Jod","summary":"Jod er et mørkt, skinnende, lilla-sort ikke-metal, der er afgørende for skjoldbruskkirtlens funktion og bruges som et desinfektionsmiddel.","appearance":"Skinnende metallisk grå (fast), violet (gas)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra fransk 'iode', afledt af græsk 'ioeides' (violet-lignende), opkaldt af Humphry Davy i 1813 efter den slående violette farve af joddamp.","interesting_facts":["Jod er afgørende for din skjoldbruskkirtel, hvorfor bordsalt ofte er beriget med det.","Ved opvarmning sublimerer fast jod til en slående violet damp.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'ioder', der betyder violet.","Tinktur af jod har længe været brugt som et antiseptisk middel til at desinficere sår.","Jod gør stivelse til en dyb blå-sort, en reaktion, der bruges som en kemisk test.","Radioaktivt jod-131 bruges til at diagnosticere og behandle skjoldbruskkirteltilstande."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium er et tæt, korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i tændrør, digler og forskellige industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Iris, den græske regnbuegudinde (latin: iris), af Smithson Tennant i 1803; navnet afspejler den slående variation af farver, der vises af iridiums salte og forbindelser, som mindede Tennant om regnbuens farver.","interesting_facts":["Et verdensomspændende lag af iridiumrigt ler er nøglebevis på, at et asteroideangreb dræbte dinosaurerne, da iridium er sjældent på Jorden, men almindeligt i asteroider.","Iridium er det mest korrosionsbestandige metal kendt, modstandsdygtige syrer, der opløser næsten alt andet.","Det er et af de tætteste grundstoffer, næsten bundet med osmium.","Standardkilogrammet var engang en platin-iridiumcylinder, der blev holdt nær Paris.","Iridium tip tændrør, fordi det modstår ekstrem varme uden at erodere.","Dens navn kommer fra Iris, den græske gudinde for regnbuen, for sine farverige salte."]},"Iron":{"name":"Jern","summary":"Jern er et stærkt, formbart metal, der er afgørende for produktionen af stål og en vital bestanddel af hæmoglobin.","appearance":"Skinnende metallisk med et gråligt skær","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ord 'jern' kommer fra gammelengelsk 'iren', relateret til proto-germansk 'isarno', muligvis fra en keltisk rod for 'hellig metal'; symbolet Fe stammer fra latin 'ferrum' (jern), som har været smeltet og brugt siden mindst 1200 fvt.","interesting_facts":["Jern er det mest udbredte grundstof på Jorden målt i masse og udgør meget af planetens smeltede kerne.","Jordens spindende flydende jernkerne genererer det magnetiske felt, der skærmer os mod solstråling.","Jern er i centrum af hæmoglobin, det molekyle, der transporterer ilt i dit blod og gør det rødt.","Jern er det tungeste grundstof, som stjerner kan lave ved normal fusion; tungere grundstoffer kræver supernovaeksplosioner.","Jernalderen, der begyndte omkring 1200 f.v.t., transformerede den menneskelige civilisation med stærkere værktøjer og våben.","Rust er jernoxid, dannet når jern reagerer langsomt med ilt og vand."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton er en farveløs, lugtfri ædelgas, der bruges i lysstofrør, fotografering og som påfyldningsgas til energieffektive vinduer.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'kryptos' (skjult), navngivet af William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898, fordi krypton var ekstremt svært at opdage og isolere - det forblev 'gemt' i resterne af flydende luft.","interesting_facts":["Kryptons navn kommer fra det græske ord 'kryptos', der betyder 'skjult', fordi det var så svært at finde i luften.","Fra 1960 til 1983 blev måleren officielt defineret af bølgelængden af lys udsendt af krypton-86.","Krypton producerer et strålende hvidt lys og bruges i nogle højtydende fotografiske blitz og lamper.","Det er en ædelgas og er næsten fuldstændig ureaktiv, selvom nogle få kryptonforbindelser kan tvinges til at dannes.","Krypton bruges i nogle energieffektive vinduer og lysstofrør.","På trods af tegneserien 'kryptonite' er ægte krypton en harmløs, farveløs, lugtfri gas."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthan","summary":"Lanthanum er et blødt, sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i kameralinser, katalysatorer og genopladelige batterier.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'lanthanein' (at ligge skjult eller undslippe meddelelse), navngivet af Carl Gustaf Mosander i 1839, fordi lanthan forblev uopdaget som en urenhed i ceriumoxid i årevis, før han identificerede det som et særskilt grundstof.","interesting_facts":["Lanthanums navn kommer fra det græske 'lanthanein', der betyder 'at ligge skjult', fordi det gemte sig i ceriummalm.","Det giver den første af lanthanid-serien, de 'sjældne jordarters' elementer, sit navn.","Lanthanum bruges i glasset af højkvalitets kamera- og teleskoplinser til at bøje lyset skarpt.","Nikkel-lanthan-legeringer lagrer brint og blev brugt i batterierne i mange hybridbiler.","Lanthanforbindelser hjælper med at raffinere petroleum til benzin som katalysatorer.","Den er blød nok til at skære med en kniv og anløber hurtigt i luft."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof uden praktiske anvendelser uden for videnskabelig forskning.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ernest Orlando Lawrence, den amerikanske fysiker, der opfandt cyklotron-partikelacceleratoren i 1930, hvilket gjorde skabelsen af transuraniske elementer mulig; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory syntetiserede dette element i 1961 og navngav det for at ære Lawrences grundlæggende bidrag.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium er opkaldt efter Ernest Lawrence, opfinderen af cyklotron-partikelacceleratoren.","Det er det sidste element i actinid-serien.","Lawrencium kan kun skabes et par atomer ad gangen i acceleratorer.","Dens mest stabile isotop har en halveringstid på kun et par timer.","At måle lawrenciums egenskaber er ekstraordinært svært, fordi så få atomer eksisterer så kort.","Det har ingen anvendelser uden for grundlæggende videnskabelig forskning."]},"Lead":{"name":"Bly","summary":"Bly er et blødt tungmetal, der bruges i batterier, strålingsafskærmning og forskellige industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Blålig-grå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ord 'lead' kommer fra proto-germansk 'lauda'; symbolet Pb kommer fra det latinske 'plumbum', sandsynligvis afledt af et præ-latinsk middelhavssprog, som gav engelsk ordet 'plumbing', fordi romerne brugte bly i udstrakt grad til vandrør.","interesting_facts":["Bly er tæt og blokerer for stråling, hvorfor det beklæder røntgenforklæder og skjolde.","Romerne brugte blyrør til VVS, og ordet 'VVS' kommer fra latin for bly, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Bly er giftigt for nervesystemet, hvorfor det blev fjernet fra benzin og maling.","Det er blødt, tungt og let at forme, kvaliteter værdsat siden oldtiden.","Det meste bly i dag genbruges, hovedsagelig fra bilbatterier.","Bly er det tungeste grundstof med en fuldstændig stabil isotop; alt tungere er radioaktivt."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium er et blødt, sølvhvidt alkalimetal. Det er det letteste metal og det mindst tætte faste element.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet-hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'lithos' (sten), fordi Johan August Arfwedson opdagede det i 1817 inde i faste stenmineraler (petalit), i modsætning til natrium og kalium, som blev fundet i planteaske.","interesting_facts":["Lithium er det letteste metal og det mindst tætte faste element, så let kan det flyde på vandet, mens det reagerer med det.","Genopladelige lithium-ion-batterier driver de fleste moderne telefoner, bærbare computere og elektriske køretøjer.","Lithiumsalte er blevet brugt siden 1940'erne som en stemningsstabilisator til behandling af bipolar lidelse.","Det var et af de første tre grundstoffer (med brint og helium) skabt i Big Bang-nukleosyntesen.","Lithium brænder med en slående crimson-rød flamme, en egenskab, der bruges i fyrværkeri og blus.","Meget af verdens lithium udvindes fra saltede saltflader højt oppe i Andesbjergene i Sydamerika."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i Livermore, Californien, som samarbejdede med Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for at syntetisere det i 2000; IUPAC anerkendte officielt navnet i 2012, og selve laboratoriets navn ærede Robert Livermore, en tidlig californisk nybygger.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium er opkaldt efter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i Californien.","Det blev først oprettet i 2000 af et russisk-amerikansk hold.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun er lavet af få atomer ad gangen.","Livermorium-atomer eksisterer kun i millisekunder, før de henfalder.","Det er forudsagt at ligge under polonium i gruppe 16.","At producere det kræver sammensmeltning af calciumioner med curiummål."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium er et tæt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i PET-scanningsdetektorer, katalysatorer og specialiserede legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Lutetia, det gamle romerske navn for Paris, Frankrig; Georges Urbain, som først isolerede den i 1907, valgte navnet for at ære sin hjemby, efter den etablerede praksis med at navngive sjældne jordarters elementer efter steder.","interesting_facts":["Lutetium er den sidste af lanthanid-serien og en af de hårdeste og tætteste sjældne jordarter.","Det er opkaldt efter Lutetia, det gamle romerske navn for Paris.","Lutetium-baserede krystaller bruges som detektorer i PET-scannere til medicinsk billeddannelse.","Det er et af de sjældneste og dyreste sjældne jordarters metaller at få i ren form.","Lutetium bruges som katalysator i olieraffinering.","En radioaktiv lutetiumforbindelse anvendes i målrettet terapi for nogle kræftformer."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium er et skinnende gråt metal og er et væsentligt element for alle levende celler.","appearance":"Skinnende grå solid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Magnesia, et distrikt i Thessalien, Grækenland, hvor beslægtede magnesiumholdige mineraler blev fundet; det samme stednavn gav også anledning til ordene 'mangan' og 'magnet'.","interesting_facts":["Magnesium brænder med et blændende hvidt lys og blev engang meget brugt i tidlige fotografiske blitzpulver og flares.","Det er det letteste strukturelle metal og er legeret med aluminium for at lave stærke, lette dele til biler og fly.","Magnesium sidder i centrum af hvert klorofylmolekyle, hvilket gør det afgørende for fotosyntese i planter.","Den menneskelige krop har brug for magnesium til hundredvis af enzymreaktioner, inklusive dem, der holder muskler og nerver i gang.","Magnesium er det ottende mest udbredte grundstof i jordskorpen og er det tredje mest udbredte opløst i havvand.","Epsom salt, der bruges til at lindre ømme muskler, er magnesiumsulfat."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Mangan er et hårdt, skørt metal, der primært bruges i stålproduktion for at forbedre styrke og hårdhed.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Afledt af Magnesia-distriktet i Thessalien, Grækenland - den samme region, som gav sit navn til magnesium - via middelalderlig latinsk 'mangan'; navnet blev muligvis forstærket af latinske 'magnes' (magnet), da manganmalm historisk blev forvekslet med magnetisk jernmalm.","interesting_facts":["Mangan er afgørende for fremstilling af stål, fjernelse af ilt og svovl og tilføjelse af styrke; næsten alt stål indeholder det.","Det er en nøgleingrediens i alkaliske engangsbatterier.","Mangandioxid blev brugt af hulemalere for titusinder af år siden til at lave sort pigment.","Den dybe lilla af kaliumpermanganat gør det til et nyttigt desinfektionsmiddel og kemisk reagens.","Store felter af manganknuder dækker dele af den dybe havbund.","Mangan er et vigtigt spornæringsstof, der hjælper enzymer, der beskytter celler mod skade."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der udelukkende bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Lise Meitner, den østrigsk-svenske fysiker, der medopdagede nuklear fission og medopdagede protactinium, men blev kontroversielt udelukket fra Nobelprisen i 1944; GSI Darmstadt foreslog navnet i 1992 som langvarig anerkendelse af hendes tårnhøje bidrag til nuklear videnskab.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium er opkaldt efter Lise Meitner, en pioner inden for nuklear fission, hvis bidrag længe blev overset.","Det er et af de få elementer, der er opkaldt efter en kvinde.","Meitnerium blev først oprettet i 1982 i Tyskland.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof lavet et atom ad gangen.","Dens isotoper henfalder ekstremt hurtigt, inden for millisekunder til sekunder.","Det er forudsagt at opføre sig som iridium, i gruppe 9 i det periodiske system."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt metal, der hovedsageligt anvendes i videnskabelig forskning til at undersøge egenskaber af tunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, den russiske kemiker, der skabte det periodiske system i 1869; Glenn Seaborg og kolleger navngav den i 1955 som en hyldest til videnskabsmanden, hvis visionære organisering af elementerne gjorde opdagelsen af transuraniske elementer konceptuelt mulig.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium er opkaldt efter Dmitri Mendeleev, skaberen af det periodiske system.","Det blev først lavet i 1955, kun et par atomer ad gangen.","Mendelevium kan kun produceres i partikelacceleratorer ved at bombardere einsteinium.","Dens opdagelseseksperimenter opdagede kun omkring 17 atomer i starten.","Det er intenst radioaktivt med kortlivede isotoper.","Mendelevium har ingen anvendelser ud over grundlæggende forskning i tunge grundstoffer."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Kviksølv","summary":"Kviksølv er et tæt, sølvfarvet flydende metal, der bruges i termometre, barometre og fluorescerende lamper.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Merkur, den hurtige romerske budbringergud, der afspejler elementets flydende, hurtige natur; symbolet Hg kommer fra 'hydrargyrum', en latinisering af det græske 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), der betyder 'vand-sølv', hvilket henviser til dets flydende sølv udseende.","interesting_facts":["Kviksølv er det eneste metal, der er flydende ved stuetemperatur.","Den er opkaldt efter den romerske budbringergud for dens hurtige, flydende natur, og dens symbol Hg kommer fra 'hydrargyrum', der betyder 'vand-sølv'.","Kviksølv blev engang brugt i termometre og barometre, fordi det udvider sig jævnt med temperaturen.","Hattemagere, der blev udsat for kviksølv, udviklede rystelser og forvirring, hvilket inspirerede til udtrykket \"gal som en hattemager\".","Det er giftigt og bioakkumuleres og opbygges i fisk og de mennesker, der spiser dem.","Kviksølvdamp lyser blågrønt, når det er elektrificeret, grundlaget for fluorescerende lamper."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdæn","summary":"Molybdæn er et hårdt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i stållegeringer for at øge styrke, sejhed og korrosionsbestandighed.","appearance":"Grå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'molybdos' (bly), fordi malmen molybdenit længe var forvekslet med blymalme; Carl Wilhelm Scheele viste, at det var tydeligt i 1778, og Peter Jacob Hjelm isolerede metallet i 1781.","interesting_facts":["Molybdæn har et af de højeste smeltepunkter for alle grundstoffer, ved omkring 2.623 °C.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'molybdos' (bly), fordi dens malm længe har været forvekslet med bly og grafit.","Tilføjelse af molybdæn til stål gør højstyrkelegeringer, der bruges i fly, værktøj og panser.","Det er et vigtigt spornæringsstof, der hjælper enzymer i planter, dyr og mennesker.","Nitrogenfikserende bakterier bruger molybdæn til at omdanne atmosfærisk nitrogen til en brugbar form.","Molybdændisulfid er et glat fast stof, der bruges som et tørt smøremiddel ved høj temperatur."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Moskva-oblasten (Moskva-regionen) i Rusland, hvor Det Fælles Institut for Nuklear Forskning i Dubna er placeret; det blev først syntetiseret i 2003 i et samarbejde mellem JINR og Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, og officielt navngivet af IUPAC i 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium er opkaldt efter Moskva-regionen i Rusland, hvor Dubna-laboratoriet ligger.","Det blev først syntetiseret i 2003 af et russisk-amerikansk samarbejde.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun produceres få atomer ad gangen.","Moscovium-atomer henfalder inden for en brøkdel af et sekund.","Det er forudsagt at ligge under bismuth i gruppe 15.","Det blev officielt navngivet i 2016 sammen med tre andre nye elementer."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodym","summary":"Neodymium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i kraftige magneter, lasere og glasfarvning.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'neos' (ny) og 'didymos' (tvilling), navngivet af Carl Auer von Welsbach i 1885, da han adskilte didymium i praseodym og neodym - den 'nye tvilling' af parret.","interesting_facts":["Neodymiummagneter er de stærkeste permanente magneter, der er almindeligt tilgængelige, i stand til at løfte mange gange deres egen vægt.","Disse magneter findes i alt fra øretelefoner og harddiske til vindmøller og elbilmotorer.","Dens navn betyder 'ny tvilling', da den blev splittet fra 'didym' sammen med praseodym i 1885.","Neodym giver glas en slående farve, der skifter mellem lilla og blå afhængigt af lyset.","Neodym-dopede krystaller driver nogle af de mest almindelige højenergilasere.","Det er et af de mere rigelige sjældne jordarters grundstoffer på trods af dets specialiserede anvendelser."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon er en farveløs, lugtfri ædelgas, der udsender en tydelig rødlig-orange glød, når den elektrificeres.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'neos' (ny), navngivet af William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898 for at afspejle, at det var en nyopdaget ædelgas.","interesting_facts":["Neon lyser en strålende orange-rød, når en elektrisk strøm passerer gennem det, grundlaget for klassiske 'neon'-skilte.","Det er næsten fuldstændigt inert og danner ingen stabile almindelige kemiske forbindelser under normale forhold.","Neon blev opdaget i 1898 af Ramsay og Travers, som navngav det fra det græske ord 'neos', der betyder 'nyt'.","På trods af at det er det femte mest udbredte grundstof i universet, er neon sjældent på Jorden og udgør kun en lille brøkdel af atmosfæren.","Flydende neon er et fremragende kryogent kølemiddel med over 40 gange kølekapaciteten pr. volumen flydende helium.","De forskellige farver, der ses i 'neon'-skilte, kommer faktisk fra andre ædelgasser; ren neon producerer altid et rødligt-orange lys."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges i neutrondetektionsinstrumenter og studeret for dets rolle i atomreaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter planeten Neptun, som ligger hinsides Uranus i solsystemet, ligesom neptunium ligger hinsides uran i det periodiske system; Edwin McMillan og Philip Abelson syntetiserede det i 1940 og fortsatte den planetariske navngivningssekvens, der startede med uran.","interesting_facts":["Neptunium var det første transuraniske grundstof, der blev syntetiseret i 1940.","Den er opkaldt efter planeten Neptun og fortsætter sekvensen efter uran (Uranus).","Neptunium er et biprodukt af atomreaktorer og betragtes som en langlivet bekymring for atomaffald.","Det er sølvfarvet, radioaktivt og et af de tætteste af aktinidmetallerne.","Neptunium-237 kan bruges til at fremstille plutonium-238 til rumfartøjers strømkilder.","Spormængder af neptunium forekommer naturligt i uranmalm."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikkel","summary":"Nikkel er et sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i rustfrit stål, batterier og forskellige industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølv-hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Forkortet fra tysk 'Kupfernickel' (djævelens kobber eller Old Nick's kobber), en minearbejderes forbandelse for en malm, der lignede kobber, men som ikke gav nogen; 'Nikkel' er et tysk kaldenavn for djævelen, afledt af navnet Nicholas.","interesting_facts":["Nikkel er opkaldt efter et tysk mineudtryk, der betyder 'Gamle Nicks kobber', fordi dens malm lignede kobber, men ikke gav noget.","Det er meget modstandsdygtigt over for korrosion og bruges til at galvanisere andre metaller til beskyttelse.","Rustfrit stål indeholder typisk nikkel, som forbedrer dets styrke og modstandsdygtighed over for rust.","På trods af navnet er moderne amerikanske 'nikkel'-mønter for det meste kobber, med kun 25% nikkel.","Jordens kerne menes i vid udstrækning at være en jern-nikkel-legering, og mange meteoritter er rige på nikkel.","Nikkel er et af de få grundstoffer, der er magnetisk ved stuetemperatur."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra 'Nihon' (日本), det japanske ord for Japan, der betyder 'den stigende sols land'; forskere ved RIKEN i Japan bekræftede dens syntese i 2004 og valgte navnet for at hædre det første element, der blev opdaget i Asien, hvor IUPAC officielt anerkendte det i 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium er opkaldt efter Japan ('Nihon'), det første grundstof opdaget i et asiatisk land.","Det blev syntetiseret på RIKEN-laboratoriet i Japan, bekræftet omkring 2004.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun er lavet af få atomer ad gangen.","Nihonium-atomer henfalder inden for få sekunder efter at de er blevet skabt.","Det er forudsagt at ligge under thallium i gruppe 13.","Dens opdagelse gav Japan æren af at navngive et nyt element for første gang."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niob","summary":"Niobium er et blødt, duktilt metal, der primært anvendes i legeringer, især i stålproduktion for at forbedre styrken.","appearance":"Grå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Niobe, datteren af Tantalus i græsk mytologi, af Heinrich Rose i 1844, fordi niob næsten altid findes sammen med tantal, og de to grundstoffer var i starten så svære at skelne, at den mytologiske forældre-barn-parring syntes passende.","interesting_facts":["Niobium er opkaldt efter Niobe, datter af Tantalus i græsk mytologi, hvilket afspejler dens tætte forbindelse til tantal.","Den bliver en superleder, når den er kold, og den bruges i magneterne på MRI-maskiner og partikelacceleratorer.","Niobium legeringer kan anodiseres for at producere en regnbue af farver, populær i smykker.","Små mængder niobium gør stål meget stærkere, brugt i rørledninger og bilrammer.","Det blev engang kaldt columbium i USA, og navnet holdt ved ind i det 20. århundrede.","Niobium er hypoallergen, så det bruges til kropspiercinger og medicinske implantater."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Kvælstof","summary":"Nitrogen er en farveløs, lugtfri gas, der udgør omkring 78 % af Jordens atmosfære.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) og 'gener' (dannende), der betyder 'niter-danner', opfundet af Jean-Antoine Chaptal i 1790, fordi salpeter og salpetersyre begge indeholder nitrogen.","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen udgør omkring 78 % af den luft, du indånder, men det er så ureaktivt, at vi for det meste puster det ubrugt ud igen.","Flydende nitrogen koger ved -196 °C og bruges til at lynfryse mad, bevare biologiske prøver og skabe dramatiske tågeeffekter.","Den tredobbelte binding, der holder to nitrogenatomer sammen, er en af de stærkeste kendte kemiske bindinger, hvilket gør nitrogengas meget stabil.","Haber-Bosch-processen, som omdanner atmosfærisk nitrogen til ammoniak til gødning, hjælper med at brødføde omkring halvdelen af verdens befolkning.","Nitrogen er en nøgleingrediens i sprængstoffer som TNT og nitroglycerin, fordi dets bindinger frigiver enorm energi, når de går i stykker.","Bakterier i rødderne af bælgplanter 'fikser' nitrogen fra luften til en form, som planter kan bruge, hvilket naturligt beriger jorden."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof uden væsentlige anvendelser uden for videnskabelig forskning.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Alfred Nobel, den svenske kemiker, der opfandt dynamit og grundlagde Nobelpriserne; navnet blev foreslået i 1957, da et hold i Stockholm oprindeligt hævdede opdagelse, og blev bibeholdt, da den bekræftede opdagelse blev krediteret til Dubna og Berkeley laboratorierne.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium er opkaldt efter Alfred Nobel, grundlæggeren af Nobelpriserne.","Det kan kun laves atom for atom i partikelacceleratorer.","Usædvanligt for et actinid er nobelium mest stabilt i +2-oxidationstilstanden.","Dens opdagelse i slutningen af 1950'erne var omstridt mellem konkurrerende laboratorier i årevis.","Alle nobelium-isotoper er radioaktive og kortlivede.","Det findes kun i forskningsmiljøer og har ingen praktiske anvendelser."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis gasformig eller metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Yuri Oganessian, den russisk-armenske atomfysiker, der var pioner for syntesen af supertunge elementer og ledede holdet på JINR Dubna, der skabte oganesson i 2002; det er et af kun to elementer opkaldt efter en levende person, hvilket afspejler det ekstraordinære omfang af hans bidrag til området.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson er det tungeste kendte grundstof med atomnummer 118.","Det er opkaldt efter fysikeren Yuri Oganessian, et af de få elementer opkaldt efter en levende person.","Selvom det sidder i ædelgassøjlen, forudsiges oganesson at være et fast stof og muligvis reaktivt i modsætning til andre ædelgasser.","Kun nogle få atomer er nogensinde blevet skabt, hver overlevende mindre end et millisekund.","Det blev først syntetiseret i 2002 af et russisk-amerikansk samarbejde i Dubna.","Oganesson afslutter den syvende række i det periodiske system."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium er et tæt, blåligt-hvidt metal kendt for sin hårdhed og bruges i fyldepenne, elektriske kontakter og instrumenttap.","appearance":"Blålig-hvid, metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'osmē' (ὀσμή), der betyder 'lugt' eller 'lugt'; Smithson Tennant opfandt navnet i 1803, fordi osmiumtetroxid, der dannes, når metallet udsættes for luft, har en skarp og karakteristisk giftig lugt.","interesting_facts":["Osmium er det tætteste naturligt forekommende grundstof, næsten dobbelt så tæt som bly.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'osme', der betyder lugt, fordi dets oxid har en skarp, giftig lugt.","Osmium er ekstremt hårdt og blev brugt i tidlige grammofonnåle og fyldepennåle.","Det er et af platingruppens metaller og har et blåligt-sølv udseende.","Osmiumtetroxid bruges til at farve biologisk væv til elektronmikroskopi.","Det er et af de sjældneste grundstoffer i jordskorpen."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Ilt er en farveløs, lugtfri gas, der er essentiel for respiration i de fleste levende organismer.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'oxys' (skarp eller sur) og 'gener' (dannende), der betyder 'syredanner', navngivet af Lavoisier i 1777 baseret på den daværende tro på, at ilt er en væsentlig del af alle syrer.","interesting_facts":["Ilt udgør omkring 21 % af Jordens atmosfære og er det mest udbredte grundstof i planetens skorpe målt i masse.","Det meste af den ilt, vi indånder, produceres ved fotosyntese, og en stor del kommer fra havets fytoplankton.","Flydende og fast ilt er lyseblå og magnetiske, idet de tiltrækkes af en magnet.","Ozon, et molekyle af tre oxygenatomer, danner et beskyttende lag i stratosfæren, der absorberer skadelig ultraviolet stråling.","Oxygen blev uafhængigt opdaget i 1770'erne af Carl Wilhelm Scheele og Joseph Priestley og navngivet af Antoine Lavoisier.","Selvom det er livsnødvendigt, er ilt også meget reaktivt og driver rustning af jern og afbrænding af brændstoffer."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium er et ædel, sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i katalysatorer, elektronik og brintlagring.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter asteroiden Pallas, opdaget i 1802 og selv opkaldt efter Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston opfandt navnet i 1803, efter den moderne måde at navngive nye elementer efter nyligt opdagede himmellegemer.","interesting_facts":["Palladium er opkaldt efter asteroiden Pallas, opdaget lige før metallet i 1803.","Dens hovedanvendelse er i katalysatorer, hvor den hjælper med at omdanne giftige udstødningsgasser til harmløse.","Palladium kan absorbere op til 900 gange sin egen volumen af brintgas, som en metallisk svamp.","Det er et ædle platingruppemetal og bruges i hvidguld, fine smykker og dentale legeringer.","Palladium er essentielt for mange elektronik, inklusive de små kondensatorer inde i telefoner og computere.","Det spillede en central rolle i de berømte, senere miskrediterede 'kold fusion'-eksperimenter i 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor er et meget reaktivt, væsentligt element i biologiske molekyler som DNA og ATP.","appearance":"Farven varierer (hvide, røde eller sorte former)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'phosphoros' (lysbærer, af 'phos' = lys og 'phoros' = leje), fordi hvidt fosfor lyser svagt i mørket, når det oxideres; navnet blev anvendt af Hennig Brand, da han opdagede det i 1669.","interesting_facts":["Hvidt fosfor lyser svagt i mørket, da det reagerer med ilt, et fænomen, der gav 'fosforescens' sit navn.","Det var det første grundstof, der blev opdaget med en kendt opdager, isoleret af Hennig Brand i 1669 fra kogt urin.","Fosfor findes i slående forskellige former: Hvidt fosfor er farligt brandfarligt, mens rødt fosfor er stabilt og bruges på tændstikæskestrimler.","Hver celle bruger fosfor i DNA, RNA og ATP, det molekyle, der lagrer og overfører energi i levende ting.","Omkring 85 % af udvundet fosfatsten omdannes til gødning, hvilket gør fosfor afgørende for den globale fødevareproduktion.","Dine knogler og tænder styrkes af calciumfosfat, så meget af din krops fosfor er lagret i dit skelet."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platin","summary":"Platin er et tæt, formbart og korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i katalysatorer, smykker og elektronik.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Afledt af det spanske 'platina', en diminutiv af 'plata' (sølv), der betyder 'lille sølv'; Spanske opdagelsesrejsende i Sydamerika i det 16. århundrede brugte denne afvisende betegnelse for det blege, sølvlignende metal, de fandt blandet i guldforekomster, men ikke let kunne arbejde.","interesting_facts":["Platin er så modstandsdygtig over for korrosion, at det aldrig plettes, selv ved høje temperaturer.","Det er en nøglekatalysator i katalysatorer, der hjælper med at rense køretøjets udstødning.","Platin er tættere end guld og er værdsat for fine smykker og vielsesringe.","Nogle platinforbindelser, som cisplatin, er kraftfulde kemoterapimidler.","Sydafrika producerer størstedelen af verdens platin.","Dens navn kommer fra det spanske 'platina', der betyder 'lille sølv', et navn, som tidlige minearbejdere gav det afvisende."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges i atomreaktorer, atomvåben og som strømkilde til rumfartøjer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid, anløber, når den udsættes for luft","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Pluto (dengang betragtet som den niende planet), som ligger hinsides Neptun ligesom plutonium ligger hinsides neptunium; Glenn Seaborg navngav det i 1942 og bemærkede, at den alternative form 'plutium' blev overvejet, men afvist til fordel for den mere klassiske '-onium'-slutning.","interesting_facts":["Plutonium er berømt for dets anvendelse i atomvåben og reaktorer.","Den er opkaldt efter dværgplaneten Pluto efter neptunium og uran.","Plutonium-238 driver rumfartøjer som Voyager-sonderne og Curiosity-roveren med dens konstante varme.","Et stykke plutonium er varmt at røre ved på grund af varmen fra dets eget radioaktive henfald.","Det har usædvanlig kemi, der eksisterer i mange farverige oxidationstilstande i opløsning.","Plutonium udvider sig og trækker sig dramatisk sammen mellem dets forskellige faste former, hvilket gør det vanskeligt at bearbejde."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium er et meget radioaktivt metal, der bruges i antistatiske enheder og som varmekilde i rumapplikationer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Polen (latin: Polonia), hjemlandet for Marie Curie, som opdagede det sammen med Pierre Curie i 1898; Curie valgte navnet som en hyldest til sit besatte hjemland, derefter delt mellem Rusland, Preussen og Østrig i håb om at tiltrække international opmærksomhed på dets sag.","interesting_facts":["Polonium blev opdaget af Marie og Pierre Curie i 1898 og opkaldt efter Maries hjemland, Polen.","Det er intenst radioaktivt, så meget, at et gram af det lyser blåt og afgiver nok varme til at holde sig varmt.","Polonium-210 blev brugt i den berygtede forgiftning af Alexander Litvinenko i 2006.","Den er blevet brugt som en letvægts varmekilde i rumsonder og som en antistatisk enhed.","Polonium er ekstremt sjældent og forekommer i uranmalme i små mængder.","En plet polonium kan afgive en dødelig dosis, hvilket gør det til et af de mest giftige stoffer, man kender."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium er et blødt, sølvhvidt metal, der er afgørende for plantevækst og afgørende i biologiske processer.","appearance":"Sølvgrå metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navn stammer fra 'potash' (træaske udvasket i potter, en tidlig kilde til grundstoffet), mens symbolet K kommer fra latin 'kalium', i sidste ende fra arabisk 'al-qali' (den alkaliske planteaske, der bruges til sæbefremstilling).","interesting_facts":["Kalium er så reaktivt, at det bryder ud i en lilla flamme, når det rører vand.","Den er blød nok til at skære med en kniv og er let nok til at flyde på vandet, når den reagerer.","Kaliumioner er essentielle for nervesignaler og hjerteslag, og bananer er en velkendt kostkilde.","Dets kemiske symbol K kommer fra 'kalium', den latiniserede form af det arabiske ord for planteaske.","Kalium var det første metal, der blev isoleret ved elektrolyse, af Humphry Davy i 1807.","Den radioaktive isotop kalium-40 i din krop gør dig meget lidt radioaktiv hele dit liv."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodym","summary":"Praseodymium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i magneter, glasfarvning og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'prasios' (porre-grøn) og 'didymos' (tvilling), navngivet af Carl Auer von Welsbach i 1885, da han delte didymium i to elementer: praseodym, den grønsaltede tvilling, og neodym, den nye tvilling.","interesting_facts":["Praseodymiums navn betyder 'grøn tvilling', for den grønne farve af dets salte.","Den bruges i specielle beskyttelsesbriller, der beskytter svejsere og glaspustere mod intens blænding og infrarødt lys.","Blandet med neodym danner det kraftige magneter, der bruges i motorer og hovedtelefoner.","Praseodymium giver en ren gul farve til glas og keramiske glasurer.","Det blev adskilt fra et stof kaldet 'didym' i 1885, som viste sig at være to grundstoffer.","Praseodymium-doterede fibre kan forstærke lyssignaler i nogle optiske systemer."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium er et radioaktivt metal, der bruges i lysende maling, atombatterier og forskning.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Prometheus, den græske mytologis titan, der stjal ild fra guderne og gav den til menneskeheden; passende nok blev promethium først opnået i 1945 fra uranfissionsprodukter i en atomreaktor.","interesting_facts":["Promethium er det eneste sjældne jordart uden stabile isotoper; det er radioaktivt og i det væsentlige fraværende i naturen.","Det er opkaldt efter Prometheus, den græske Titan, der stjal ild fra guderne.","Promethium er blevet brugt i lysende maling og i bittesmå atombatterier til pacemakere og rumfartøjer.","Dens eksistens udfyldte et langvarigt hul ved element 61 i det periodiske system, bekræftet i 1945.","Glødende promethium kan producere et svagt blågrønt lys fra sin egen stråling.","Kun omkring 500 gram promethium menes at eksistere i hele jordskorpen på ethvert tidspunkt."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium er et tæt, sølvgrå metal, der hovedsageligt bruges i videnskabelig forskning på grund af dets knaphed og radioaktivitet.","appearance":"Lys, sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'protos' (πρῶτος), der betyder 'første', kombineret med 'aktinium', hvilket giver 'aktiniums forælder'; navnet afspejler, at protactinium-231 henfalder til actinium-227; Kasper Fajans kaldte det først 'brevium' i 1913, men 'protactinium' blev adopteret, da den længerelevende isotop blev identificeret.","interesting_facts":["Protactinium er et af de sjældneste og dyreste naturligt forekommende grundstoffer.","Dens navn betyder 'aktiniums forælder', fordi det henfalder til aktinium.","Det er meget radioaktivt og giftigt, hvilket kræver omhyggelig håndtering.","Protactinium blev først identificeret i 1913 og isoleret i 1934.","Forholdet mellem protactinium og thorium i havsedimenter hjælper videnskabsmænd med at studere tidligere klima og havcirkulation.","Det har få anvendelser uden for videnskabelig forskning på grund af dets knaphed og radioaktivitet."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium er et meget radioaktivt metal, der engang blev brugt i lysende maling, nu primært undersøgt for dets radioaktive egenskaber.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det latinske 'radius', der betyder 'stråle' eller 'stråle', af Marie og Pierre Curie, der opdagede den i 1898; navnet henviser til den intense stråling, grundstoffet udsender, som de observerede som et bemærkelsesværdigt nyt fænomen, da de isolerede det fra pitchblende.","interesting_facts":["Radium blev opdaget af Marie og Pierre Curie i 1898 og lyser med et svagt blåt lys i mørket.","Det blev engang føjet til lys-i-mørke urskiver, hvilket på tragisk vis forgiftede 'Radium Girls', der malede dem.","Produkter fra det tidlige 20. århundrede markedsførte radium i tandpasta, vand og kosmetik, før dets farer blev forstået.","Radium er omkring en million gange mere radioaktivt end den samme mængde uran.","Det blev historisk brugt i cancerstrålebehandling, før sikrere kilder erstattede det.","Marie Curies notesbøger er stadig så radioaktive, at de opbevares i blyforede æsker."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon er en radioaktiv ædelgas, der bruges i strålebehandling og som sporstof i geologisk forskning.","appearance":"Farveløs gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter 'radium' — grundstoffet, hvorfra det er produceret ved radioaktivt henfald — kombineret med suffikset '-on', der bruges til ædelgasser; Friedrich Dorn opdagede den første gang i 1900 som en gas, der stammede fra radium, og den blev kaldt 'radiumemanation', før navnet 'radon' blev standardiseret.","interesting_facts":["Radon er en radioaktiv ædelgas, der produceres ved henfald af uran i jord og sten.","Det er den førende årsag til lungekræft blandt ikke-rygere, der siver usynligt ned i kældre.","Radon er farveløst, lugtløst og smagløst, så det kan kun påvises med specielle instrumenter.","Det er den tætteste gas under normale forhold og en af de tungeste kendte gasser.","Radon blev engang brugt i nogle tidlige medicinske strålebehandlinger.","Hjemmetestsæt er bredt tilgængelige, fordi radonniveauer kan reduceres med ordentlig ventilation."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium er et tæt, sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i jetmotorer, filamenter og katalysatorer.","appearance":"Sølv-grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Rhinfloden (latin: Rhenus), som løber gennem Tyskland; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke og Otto Berg valgte navnet i 1925, da de opdagede grundstoffet, efter traditionen med at navngive elementer efter geografiske træk ved opdagerens hjemland.","interesting_facts":["Rhenium var et af de sidste stabile grundstoffer, der blev opdaget, i 1925.","Det har et af de højeste smeltepunkter og kogepunkter for alle grundstoffer.","Rhenium-superlegeringer lader jet- og raketmotorens turbineblade køre varmere og mere effektivt.","Den er opkaldt efter Rhinen i Tyskland.","Rhenium er ekstremt sjældent og genvindes hovedsageligt som et biprodukt fra kobber- og molybdænminedrift.","Det bruges som katalysator til fremstilling af højoktan, blyfri benzin."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium er et sjældent, sølvhvidt metal kendt for sin høje reflektans og anvendelse i katalysatorer og smykker.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'rhodon' (rose), navngivet af William Hyde Wollaston i 1804, fordi opløsninger af rhodiumsalte er karakteristisk rosenrøde i farven.","interesting_facts":["Rhodium er et af de sjældneste og mest værdifulde ædelmetaller, der ofte koster langt mere end guld.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'rhodon' (rose), efter dens rosenrøde farve på dens salte.","Det meste rhodium bruges i katalysatorer til at rense skadelige gasser fra bilers udstødning.","Det giver en strålende, hård, reflekterende finish og bruges til at beklæde hvidguldssmykker og spejle.","Rhodium er meget modstandsdygtig over for korrosion og anløber ikke i luften.","Det er et af platingruppens metaller og genvindes hovedsageligt som et biprodukt af platin- og nikkelminedrift."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der primært bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, den tyske fysiker, der opdagede røntgenstråler i 1895 og modtog den allerførste Nobelpris i fysik i 1901; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserede det i 1994, foreslog navnet i 2004, og IUPAC vedtog det officielt samme år.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium er opkaldt efter Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, opdageren af røntgenstråler.","Det blev først skabt i 1994 i Tyskland ved at fusionere nikkel- og vismutkerner.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun produceres få atomer ad gangen.","Roentgenium forventes at sidde under guldet i det periodiske system og kan dele noget af dets kemi.","Dens atomer henfalder inden for sekunder efter at de er blevet dannet.","Det har ingen anvendelser ud over grundforskning."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium er et blødt, sølvhvidt metallisk element, der bruges i elektronik, forskning og atomure.","appearance":"Sølv-hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'rubidus' (dyb rød eller mørkerød), opkaldt af Robert Bunsen og Gustav Kirchhoff i 1861 efter de to karakteristiske dybrøde spektrallinjer, de brugte til at identificere det via den dengang nye teknik spektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Rubidium antændes spontant i luften og reagerer voldsomt med vand.","Den er opkaldt fra det latinske 'rubidus' (dyb rød) for de røde linjer i dens emissionsspektrum.","Rubidium blev opdaget i 1861 af Bunsen og Kirchhoff ved hjælp af den nye teknik spektroskopi.","Det smelter lige over kropstemperatur, ved omkring 39 °C.","Rubidium-atomer bruges i nogle af verdens mest præcise atomure.","Forskere brugte rubidium til at skabe det første Bose-Einstein-kondensat, en mærkelig ny stoftilstand, i 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium er et sjældent overgangsmetal, der bruges i elektriske kontakter, tykfilmsmodstande og som katalysator.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ruthenia, det latinske navn for Rusland (det russiske folks land), af Karl Ernst Claus i 1844, som gjorde opdagelsen, mens han arbejdede i Kazan i det russiske imperium.","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium er opkaldt efter Ruthenia, det latinske navn for Rusland, hvor det blev opdaget i 1844.","Det er et af platingruppens metaller og er ekstremt hårdt og skørt.","Tilsætning af en lille mængde ruthenium forbedrer i høj grad hårdheden og slidstyrken af platin- og palladiumlegeringer.","Ruthenium bruges i de elektriske kontakter og chipmodstande inde i elektronik.","Det fungerer som en alsidig katalysator, herunder i processer til fremstilling af ammoniak og rensning af forurenende stoffer.","Rutheniumforbindelser forskes i som lysabsorberende farvestoffer til solceller."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere tunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ernest Rutherford, den New Zealand-fødte fysiker, der opdagede atomkernen og betragtes som kernefysikkens fader; navnet blev foreslået af amerikanske forskere ved Lawrence Berkeley og officielt vedtaget af IUPAC i 1997 efter en navnestrid med den kolde krig med sovjetiske videnskabsmænd.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium er opkaldt efter fysikeren Ernest Rutherford, kernefysikkens fader.","Det er det første af de transactinide (supertunge) elementer.","Rutherfordium fremstilles ved at smadre lettere atomkerner sammen i acceleratorer.","Dens opdagelse var genstand for en navnestrid mellem amerikanske og sovjetiske videnskabsmænd fra den kolde krig.","Kun få atomer kan skabes ad gangen, og de henfalder inden for få sekunder.","Det forventes at opføre sig kemisk som hafnium, i gruppe 4 i det periodiske system."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium er et sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i magneter, lasere og som neutronabsorber i atomreaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter samarskite, mineralet, hvori det først blev identificeret af Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran i 1879; samarskite blev opkaldt efter oberst Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, en russisk mineembedsmand - hvilket gør samarium til det første element opkaldt (indirekte) efter en rigtig person.","interesting_facts":["Samarium-koboltmagneter holder deres styrke ved høje temperaturer, brugt i fly og militært hardware.","Det var det første element opkaldt efter en person, via mineralet samarskite (efter minedriftens embedsmand Samarsky).","Samarium absorberer let neutroner, så det bruges i atomreaktorkontrolstave.","En radioaktiv samariumforbindelse bruges til at lindre smerter fra kræft, der har spredt sig til knoglerne.","Samarium bruges som katalysator i kemi og til fremstilling af visse typer glas og lasere.","Den er moderat hård og oxiderer langsomt i luften og danner en gullig belægning."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium er et blødt, sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i rumfartskomponenter og højtydende legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Skandinavien (latinsk 'Scandia'), den region, hvor Lars Fredrik Nilson opdagede det i 1879 i mineralerne euxenit og gadolinit fra Skandinavien.","interesting_facts":["Scandiums eksistens og egenskaber blev forudsagt af Mendeleev i 1869 som 'eka-boron', før det blev opdaget i 1879.","Tilføjelse af en lille mængde scandium til aluminium skaber en stærk, letvægtslegering, der bruges i avancerede cykelstel og rumfartsdele.","Det er opkaldt efter Skandinavien, hvor det mineral, det først blev fundet i, blev udvundet.","Scandium-aluminium-legeringer blev brugt i nogle sovjetiske MiG-jagerfly.","På trods af at det er ret almindeligt i skorpen, er scandium svært at udvinde og sjældent koncentreret i malme, hvilket gør det dyrt.","Scandiumiodid tilsættes nogle metalhalogenlamper for at producere lys, der efterligner naturligt sollys."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffers egenskaber.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Glenn T. Seaborg, den amerikanske kemiker, der var med til at opdage ti transuraniske grundstoffer; det var det første element opkaldt efter en levende person, foreslået af Lawrence Berkeley i 1994, selvom IUPAC oprindeligt gjorde indsigelse, før han officielt godkendte navnet i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium er opkaldt efter kemiker Glenn T. Seaborg, som var med til at opdage mange transuraniske grundstoffer.","Det var det første element opkaldt efter en person, der stadig var i live på det tidspunkt.","Seaborgium er et syntetisk supertungt grundstof, der kun fremstilles i partikelacceleratorer.","Dens atomer henfalder inden for få sekunder, så kun en håndfuld er nogensinde blevet undersøgt.","Kemiske eksperimenter tyder på, at det opfører sig som wolfram, i gruppe 6 i det periodiske system.","Det blev først skabt i 1974 ved at smadre oxygenioner til californium."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selen","summary":"Selen er et ikke-metal med egenskaber svarende til svovl og tellur, der bruges i elektronik, glasfremstilling og som et kosttilskud.","appearance":"Sorte, røde og grå former","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'selene' (måne), navngivet af Jöns Jacob Berzelius i 1817 som en ledsager til tellur (fra latin 'tellus' Jorden), da begge grundstoffer er kemisk ens og blev fundet sammen i de samme malmforekomster.","interesting_facts":["Selen er opkaldt efter Selene, den græske gudinde for månen.","Dens elektriske ledningsevne ændres med lys, en egenskab, der blev brugt i tidlige fotokopimaskiner og lysmålere.","Selen er et essentielt spornæringsstof, der understøtter antioxidantenzymer, men er giftigt i større doser.","Det giver glas en rød farve og bruges også til at fjerne den grønne nuance fra glas.","Paranødder er usædvanligt rige på selen.","Selen kommer i flere former, herunder et rødt pulver og en grå metallisk form, der leder elektricitet."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicium","summary":"Silicium er et hårdt, sprødt krystallinsk fast stof og en nøglekomponent i halvledere og computerchips.","appearance":"Grå krystallinsk fast stof","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'silex' eller 'silicis' (flint eller hård sten), fordi silicium findes rigeligt i flint- og silikatbjergarter; navnet 'silicium' blev foreslået af Thomas Thomson i 1817.","interesting_facts":["Silicium er det næstmest udbredte grundstof i jordskorpen efter oxygen, for det meste indespærret i sand og sten som silica.","Ultrarene siliciumkrystaller er grundlaget for computerchips, hvilket giver Silicon Valley sit navn.","Silicium er en metalloid halvleder, der leder elektricitet bedre end isolatorer, men værre end metaller.","Kvarts, opal og det meste sand er siliciumforbindelser, og glas fremstilles primært ved at smelte silica.","Solpaneler er afhængige af silicium til at omdanne sollys direkte til elektricitet.","På trods af navnets lighed er silicium (elementet) forskelligt fra silikone, den fleksible gummiagtige polymer, der indeholder det."]},"Silver":{"name":"Sølv","summary":"Sølv er et blødt, hvidt, skinnende metal med den højeste elektriske og termiske ledningsevne af ethvert element, brugt i smykker, elektronik og spejle.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ord 'sølv' kommer fra oldengelsk 'seolfor', beslægtet med proto-germansk 'silubra', af usikker yderligere oprindelse; symbolet Ag og landenavnet Argentina stammer begge fra latin 'argentum' (sølv), der er knyttet til grundstoffets strålende hvide glans.","interesting_facts":["Sølv er den bedste elektriske og termiske leder af alle elementerne.","Det har naturlige antibakterielle egenskaber og blev brugt til at holde sår og vand rent længe før moderne medicin.","Sølv er det mest reflekterende metal, og derfor blev det traditionelt brugt til bagspejle.","Fotografisk film var afhængig af lysfølsomme sølvforbindelser til at fange billeder.","Dets kemiske symbol Ag kommer fra det latinske ord 'argentum', og landet Argentina er opkaldt efter det.","Sølv anløber sort, når det reagerer med små mængder svovlforbindelser i luften."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium er et blødt, sølvhvidt, meget reaktivt metal og et væsentligt element for livet.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet-hvidt metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navn kommer fra 'soda' (middelalderlatinsk 'sodanum', et hovedpinemiddel), mens symbolet Na stammer fra det latinske 'natrium', selv fra arabisk/egyptisk 'natrun', ordet for natron, et naturligt forekommende natriumcarbonatmineral.","interesting_facts":["Natrium er så reaktivt, at det skal opbevares under olie, og det bruser og kan antændes, når det tabes i vand.","Den er blød nok til at skære med en kniv, og afslører en skinnende sølvskinnende overflade, der hurtigt sløver i luften.","Natriumdamplamper producerer det karakteristiske gul-orange skær, der engang var almindeligt i gadebelysning.","Almindelig bordsalt er natriumklorid, og natrium er afgørende for nerveimpulser og væskebalance i din krop.","Natrium brænder med en lys gul flamme, en egenskab, der bruges i flammetest til at identificere det.","Det kemiske symbol Na kommer fra det latinske ord 'natrium', der refererer til en naturlig sodaforbindelse."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i fyrværkeri, keramik og radiologiske applikationer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Strontian, en landsby i Argyllshire, Skotland, hvor mineralet strontianit (strontiumcarbonat) først blev opdaget i lokale blyminer omkring 1790.","interesting_facts":["Strontiumsalte producerer den strålende røde farve i fyrværkeri og nødblus.","Den er opkaldt efter den skotske landsby Strontian, hvor dens malm først blev fundet.","Den radioaktive isotop strontium-90 fra nukleart nedfald kan sætte sig fast i knoglerne, fordi den efterligner calcium.","Strontium bruges i nogle tandpastaer for at reducere tandfølsomhed.","Strontiumaluminat lyser i mørke i timevis og bruges i moderne lysende maling.","Ligesom calcium reagerer strontium med vand og findes aldrig frit i naturen."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Svovl","summary":"Svovl er et gult, ikke-metallisk grundstof, der almindeligvis findes i vulkanske områder og er afgørende for livet.","appearance":"Lyse gule krystaller","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'svovl' (svovl), et ord af usikker oprindelse, der muligvis er knyttet til sanskrit 'sulvere'; svovl har siden antikken været kendt som den skarpe gule sten, der findes omkring vulkaner, kaldet 'svovl' i bibelske tekster.","interesting_facts":["Svovl har været kendt siden oldtiden og omtales som 'svovl' i Bibelen, hvilket betyder 'brændende sten'.","Den er berømt for lugten af rådne æg af svovlbrinte, selvom ren svovl i sig selv er lugtfri.","Svovl brænder med en blå flamme og producerer kvælende svovldioxidgas.","Mest udvundet svovl bruges til at fremstille svovlsyre, en af de mest producerede industrielle kemikalier i verden.","Klargule svovlaflejringer dannes omkring vulkanske åbninger og varme kilder.","Svovl er et væsentligt element i livet, som findes i aminosyrerne cystein og methionin, der hjælper proteiner med at folde."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal er et tæt, korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i elektronik, kirurgiske implantater og højtemperaturlegeringer.","appearance":"Grå blå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Tantalus, dømte kongen i græsk mytologi til at stå i en vandpøl under frugttræer, der trak sig tilbage, hver gang han rakte ud efter dem; Anders Ekeberg valgte navnet i 1802, fordi grundstoffet pirrende nægtede at optage syre, ligesom Tantalus aldrig kunne stille sin tørst.","interesting_facts":["Tantalkondensatorer er bittesmå, men opbevarer masser af opladning, som findes i næsten alle telefoner og bærbare computere.","Den er opkaldt efter Tantalus fra den græske myte, hvilket afspejler dens 'pirrende' modstand mod opløsning i syre.","Tantal er biokompatibelt og bruges i kirurgiske implantater, plader og stifter.","Det har et af de højeste smeltepunkter af noget metal, over 3.000 °C.","Tantal er meget modstandsdygtig over for korrosion takket være et sejt oxidlag.","Meget af verdens tantal kommer fra malm coltan, hvilket giver anledning til etiske bekymringer om indkøb."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium er et sølvgrå radioaktivt metal, der primært anvendes til medicinsk billeddannelse og industriel radiografi.","appearance":"Sølvgrå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'technetos' (kunstig eller menneskeskabt), navngivet af Carlo Perrier og Emilio Segrè i 1937, fordi det var det første element, der blev fremstillet kunstigt, skabt ved at bombardere molybdæn med deuteroner i en cyklotron.","interesting_facts":["Technetium var det første grundstof, der blev fremstillet kunstigt, og dets navn kommer fra det græske for 'kunstig'.","Det har ingen stabile isotoper, så i det væsentlige eksisterer ingen naturligt på Jorden.","Technetium-99m er det mest udbredte radioaktive sporstof i medicinsk billeddannelse, der bruges i titusinder af scanninger årligt.","Dens hul i det periodiske system blev forudsagt af Mendeleev som 'eka-mangan'.","Teknetium er blevet påvist i visse fjerne stjerners spektre, hvilket beviser, at der stadig bliver smedet grundstoffer i dem.","Små mængder technetium kan gøre stål bemærkelsesværdigt modstandsdygtigt over for korrosion."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellur","summary":"Tellur er en skør, sølvhvid metalloid, der bruges i legeringer, halvledere og termoelektriske enheder.","appearance":"Sølvglinsende grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'tellus' (Jorden), navngivet af Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1798; navnet er bevidst parret med selen (opkaldt efter månen), da de to grundstoffer er kemisk ens og ofte blev fundet sammen.","interesting_facts":["Tellur er opkaldt efter det latinske ord for Jorden, 'tellus'.","Mennesker, der udsættes for selv små mængder, udvikler 'tellurånde', en kraftig hvidløgslignende lugt, der kan vare i ugevis.","Det er en sjælden metalloid, omtrent lige så sjælden i jordskorpen som platin.","Cadmiumtellurid bruges til fremstilling af tyndfilmssolpaneler.","Tellur forbedrer bearbejdeligheden af stål og kobberlegeringer.","Det bruges i genskrivbare optiske diske, fordi det kan skifte mellem glasagtig og krystallinsk tilstand."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grundstof, der bruges i videnskabelig forskning til at studere supertunge grundstoffer.","appearance":"Ukendt, sandsynligvis metallisk eller metalloid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter den amerikanske delstat Tennessee, hjemsted for Oak Ridge National Laboratory (som producerede det essentielle berkeliummål), Vanderbilt University og University of Tennessee; det blev syntetiseret i 2010 og officielt navngivet af IUPAC i 2016, med suffikset '-ine', der afspejler dets position i halogengruppen 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine er opkaldt efter den amerikanske delstat Tennessee, hjemsted for Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","Det er det næsttyngste kendte element og blev bekræftet i 2010.","Dens navn ender på '-ine', fordi den sidder i halogensøjlen, gruppe 17.","At skabe det krævede sjældent berkelium produceret ved Oak Ridge, bombarderet med calciumioner.","Kun få atomer af tennessine er nogensinde blevet fremstillet.","Dens atomer henfalder inden for en brøkdel af et sekund."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium er et sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i fosfor til grøn belysning, lasere og magneto-optiske enheder.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ytterby, en landsby på den svenske ø Resarö, hvor malmen gadolinit oprindeligt blev samlet; Carl Gustaf Mosander adskilte det fra yttria i 1843, og 'terbium' er en stavelse omarrangering af 'Ytterby'.","interesting_facts":["Terbium giver den grønne farve i mange fosfor, der bruges i belysning og ældre skærme.","Den er opkaldt efter den svenske landsby Ytterby, et af fire elementer, der ærer den enkelte by.","Terbiumlegeringer ændrer form i et magnetfelt, der bruges i sensorer og sonarsystemer.","Det lyser en strålende grønt under ultraviolet lys og bruges i sikkerhedsblæk.","Terbium er et blødt, sølvfarvet sjældent jordmetal, der kan skæres med en kniv.","Det bruges i solid-state enheder og energieffektive lysstofrør."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium er et blødt, gråt metal, der bruges i elektronik, optiske systemer og nogle medicinske anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt fra det græske 'thallos' (θαλλός), der betyder 'grønt skud' eller 'grøn kvist'; William Crookes navngav den i 1861 efter den karakteristiske lysegrønne spektrallinje, han så, da han analyserede selenholdige syrerester ved hjælp af den nyudviklede teknik med flammespektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Thallium var engang en yndet gift, lugtfri og smagløs, hvilket gav den tilnavnet 'forgiftningens gift'.","Dens navn kommer fra det græske 'thallos', et grønt skud, efter den lyse grønne linje i dets spektrum.","Thalliumforgiftning forårsager hårtab, hvilket nogle gange hjælper læger med at diagnosticere det.","En radioaktiv thalliumisotop bruges i hjerte-imaging stresstests.","Thalliumforbindelser bruges i specialiseret infrarød optik og elektronik.","Det blev opdaget i 1861 ved hjælp af den nye metode til flammespektroskopi."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium er et svagt radioaktivt metal, der bruges i atomreaktorer, legeringer og gaskapper.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet, ofte med sort anløbning","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Thor, den nordiske tordengud, af den svenske kemiker Jöns Jacob Berzelius, som opdagede den i 1828; Berzelius fandt det i et norsk mineral, han kaldte thorite og opkaldte det nye grundstof efter guddommen, efter en tradition for at ære mytologiske figurer.","interesting_facts":["Thorium er opkaldt efter Thor, den nordiske tordengud.","Det forskes i som et sikrere, mere rigeligt nukleart brændsel end uran.","Thorium er omkring tre til fire gange mere rigeligt i skorpen end uran.","Torierede gaskapper glødede klart og blev brugt i lanterner i over et århundrede.","Det blev engang føjet til kameralinser af høj kvalitet, som kan gulne lidt over tid på grund af stråling.","Næsten alt thorium er den langlivede isotop thorium-232, med en halveringstid længere end universets alder."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i bærbare røntgenapparater, lasere og nogle nukleare applikationer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Thule, det gamle græske og romerske navn for et mytisk land i den nordlige udkant af den kendte verden, ofte identificeret med Skandinavien eller Island; Per Teodor Cleve valgte navnet i 1879 for at hædre grundstoffets skandinaviske oprindelse.","interesting_facts":["Thulium er det sjældneste af de stabile sjældne jordarters grundstoffer og et af de dyreste.","Det er opkaldt efter Thule, et mytisk land i det fjerne nord.","Radioaktivt thulium-170 bruges i bærbare røntgenapparater, der ikke behøver elektricitet.","Thulium lyser blåt under ultraviolet lys og bruges i anti-falskmøntneri markeringer på pengesedler.","Thulium lasere bruges i nogle medicinske kirurgiske procedurer.","På trods af sin sjældenhed er thulium stadig mere rigeligt i skorpen end guld."]},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin er et formbart, sølvhvidt metal, der bruges i lodning, belægninger og legeringer såsom bronze.","appearance":"Sølv-hvid metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ord 'tin' kommer fra oldengelsk 'tin', beslægtet med proto-germansk 'tinam', af usikker yderligere oprindelse; symbolet Sn kommer fra latin 'stannum', som oprindeligt refererede til en sølv-bly-legering, før den blev påført på tin.","interesting_facts":["Blanding af tin med kobber giver bronze, den legering, der definerede en hel tidsalder af menneskehedens historie.","Når den bøjes, afgiver en tinstang en knitrende lyd kaldet 'tin-råbet', når dens krystaller omarrangeres.","I ekstrem kulde kan almindeligt tin smuldre til et gråt pulver, en proces, der kaldes 'tinpest'.","Blikdåser får deres korrosionsbestandighed fra en tynd tinbelægning over stål.","Tin har mere stabile isotoper (ti) end noget andet element.","Tin og loddemetal er almindelige tinbaserede legeringer brugt i århundreder."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titan","summary":"Titanium er et stærkt letvægtsmetal, der er meget udbredt i rumfart, medicinsk udstyr og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet grå-hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter den græske mytologis titaner - magtfulde urguder - af Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1795, som ønskede et navn fri for geografiske eller personlige associationer.","interesting_facts":["Titanium har det højeste styrke-til-densitetsforhold af ethvert metalelement, idet det er lige så stærkt som stål, men omkring 45 % lettere.","Det er biokompatibelt, så kroppen ikke afviser det, hvilket gør det ideelt til hofteudskiftninger og tandimplantater.","Titandioxid er et strålende hvidt pigment, der bruges i maling, solcreme og endda tandpasta.","Det modstår korrosion fra havvand så godt, at det bruges i skibsdele og ubådsskrog.","Titanium er opkaldt efter titanerne i den græske mytologi på grund af dets store styrke.","Selvom det er det niende mest udbredte grundstof i skorpen, er titanium dyrt, fordi det er svært at udvinde fra dets malme."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolfram","summary":"Wolfram er et hårdt, tæt metal med det højeste smeltepunkt af alle elementer, der bruges i filamenter, skæreværktøjer og panserbrydende projektiler.","appearance":"Gråhvid, skinnende","naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' kommer fra de svenske ord 'tung' (tung) og 'sten' (sten), der henviser til mineralet scheelite; symbolet W kommer fra 'wolfram', afledt af mineralet wolframit — navngivet, fordi det 'fortærede' tin under smeltning, hvilket fremkaldte en ulv (tysk: Wolf Rahm, ulvecreme eller skum).","interesting_facts":["Wolfram har det højeste smeltepunkt af alle metaller, ved omkring 3.422 °C.","Det blev brugt til de glødende filamenter i glødepærer.","Dens navn kommer fra svensk for 'tung sten', mens dens symbol W kommer fra 'wolfram'.","Wolframcarbid er næsten lige så hårdt som diamant og bruges i bor, save og panserbrydende runder.","Det er et af de tætteste grundstoffer, nogenlunde samme tæthed som guld.","Wolfram er essentielt for nogle enzymer i visse varmeelskende mikrober, det tungeste grundstof, der er kendt for at blive brugt af livet."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uran","summary":"Uran er et tæt, radioaktivt metal, der bruges som brændstof i atomreaktorer og i atomvåben.","appearance":"Sølvgrå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter planeten Uranus, som var blevet opdaget blot otte år tidligere, af Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1789; han fulgte traditionen med at navngive grundstoffer efter himmellegemer, ligesom tellur (grundstoffet før det) var blevet opkaldt efter Jorden.","interesting_facts":["Uran er det tungeste grundstof, der forekommer i betydelige mængder i naturen.","Den blev opkaldt efter planeten Uranus, opdaget blot otte år tidligere.","Et enkelt kilogram uran-235 kan frigive lige så meget energi som flere tusinde tons kul.","Urans radioaktivitet blev opdaget af Henri Becquerel i 1896, da det duggede fotografiske plader i mørket.","Forarmet uran er ekstremt tæt og bruges i panser- og panserbrydende ammunition.","Uranglas, populært i 1800-tallet, lyser lysegrønt under ultraviolet lys."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium er et hårdt, sølvgrå metal, der primært bruges til at styrke stållegeringer og andre materialer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet grå","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Vanadis, et oldnordisk tilnavn for gudinden Freyja, valgt af Nils Gabriel Sefström i 1830, fordi vanadiums forbindelser danner slående smukke, flerfarvede opløsninger.","interesting_facts":["Vanadium er opkaldt efter Vanadis, et navn for den nordiske gudinde Freyja, på grund af dets smukt farvede forbindelser.","Dens forbindelser vises i en regnbue af farver afhængigt af oxidationstilstand: lilla, blå, grøn og gul.","Tilsætning af små mængder vanadium til stål gør det meget hårdere og sejere, brugt i værktøj og bildele.","Henry Ford brugte vanadiumstål i Model T for at gøre den lettere og stærkere.","Vanadium redox flow batterier kan lagre store mængder energi til elnettet.","Nogle havdyr kaldet havsprøjter koncentrerer vanadium i deres blod på niveauer, der er langt højere end det omgivende havvand."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon er en farveløs, tæt, lugtfri ædelgas, der bruges til belysning, medicinsk billeddannelse og fremdrift af rumfartøjer.","appearance":"Farveløs gas, udsender en blå glød, når den er ophidset","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra græsk 'xenos' (fremmed eller fremmed), navngivet af William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898, fordi xenon dukkede op som et helt ukendt element gemt i resterne efter fordampning af flydende krypton.","interesting_facts":["Xenons navn kommer fra det græske ord for 'fremmed', fordi det var så sjældent et fund i luften.","Den producerer et strålende hvidt lys og bruges i billygter, kamerablitz og filmprojektorlamper.","Xenon kan bruges som et sikkert, kraftfuldt bedøvelsesmiddel, selvom det er dyrt.","På trods af at det var en ædelgas, var xenon den første til at danne en rigtig kemisk forbindelse i 1962.","Ion-thrustere på rumfartøjer bruger xenon som drivmiddel og skubber forsigtigt sonder på tværs af solsystemet.","Xenon er tæt nok til, at du kan flyde en let genstand på den usynlige gas."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium er et blødt, sølvfarvet metal, der bruges i lasere, atomure og stressmålere i materialer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ytterby, en landsby på øen Resarö nær Stockholm, Sverige; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerede først sit oxid i 1878 fra mineralet erbia, og ytterbium er et af fire grundstoffer opkaldt efter den enkelte svenske landsby.","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium er et af fire grundstoffer opkaldt efter den lille svenske landsby Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomure er blandt de mest præcise tidtagere, der nogensinde er bygget.","Dens elektriske modstand stiger kraftigt under højt tryk, brugt som stressmåler.","Ytterbium-doterede fibre driver højenergiske industrielle lasere til skæring og svejsning af metal.","Det er et blødt, formbart, sølvfarvet sjældent jordmetal.","Usædvanligt for et lanthanid kan ytterbium antage en stabil +2 oxidationstilstand."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium er et sølvfarvet metallisk grundstof, der bruges i fosfor, superledere og LED-teknologi.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Opkaldt efter Ytterby, en lille landsby på øen Resarö i Sverige, hvor malmen gadolinit blev indsamlet første gang i 1787; det samme landsbynavn inspirerede også navnene på ytterbium, erbium og terbium.","interesting_facts":["Yttrium er opkaldt efter den svenske landsby Ytterby, som har givet navn til fire forskellige elementer.","Yttrium-aluminium-granat (YAG) krystaller bruges til at lave kraftfulde lasere til medicin og industri.","Det hjalp med at skabe de første højtemperatur-superledere, der arbejder over nitrogens kogepunkt.","Yttriumforbindelser producerede de røde fosfor i gamle farve-tv-skærme.","Det bruges til at styrke aluminium- og magnesiumlegeringer.","Selvom det kaldes en sjælden jordart, er yttrium mere rigeligt i skorpen end sølv eller bly."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Zink","summary":"Zink er et blåligt-sølvmetal, der almindeligvis anvendes til galvanisering, legeringer og som et essentielt mineral for biologiske processer.","appearance":"Blåligt-sølv metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra tysk 'Zink' (zink), første gang brugt af Paracelsus i det 16. århundrede; oprindelsen kan knyttes til 'Zinke' (tand eller spids), som beskriver de spidse krystaller, der dannes under smeltning, eller muligvis til persisk 'sing' (sten).","interesting_facts":["Zink belægger stål i en proces kaldet galvanisering, og ofrer sig selv for at beskytte stålet mod rust.","Det er vigtigt for det menneskelige immunsystem, og zinkpastiller bruges til at bekæmpe forkølelse.","Zink brænder med en lys blågrøn flamme og blev engang kaldt 'filosofuld', da dens hvide oxid blev opsamlet.","Messing, der bruges i instrumenter og beslag, er en legering af kobber og zink.","De fleste moderne en-cent og mange andre mønter er hovedsageligt lavet af zink med en tynd kobberbelægning.","Zinkoxid er den aktive ingrediens i mange solcremer og bleudslætscremer."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium er et korrosionsbestandigt metal, der bruges i atomreaktorer, kirurgiske instrumenter og keramiske materialer.","appearance":"Sølvfarvet hvid","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra arabisk 'zarqun' (vermilion eller gyldenfarvet), afledt af persisk 'zargun' (guldlignende), fordi ædelstenen zirkon har gyldne nuancer; navnet blev givet af Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1789.","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium er meget modstandsdygtig over for korrosion og absorberer knap neutroner, hvilket gør det ideelt til beklædning af nukleare brændselsstave.","Kubisk zirkonia, en zirconiumforbindelse, er en populær diamanterstatning i smykker.","Ædelstenen zircon, et zirconiumsilikat, indeholder nogle af de ældste kendte mineraler på jorden, over 4 milliarder år gamle.","Zirconiumpulver er meget brandfarligt og blev engang brugt i blitzpærer.","Det er biokompatibelt og bruges i tandkroner og ledimplantater.","Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik er hård nok til at lave knivblade, der sjældent skal slibes."]}},"de":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium ist ein weiches, silbriges radioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich in der Forschung und als Neutronenquelle verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „aktis“ (ἀκτίς), was „Strahl“ oder „Strahl“ bedeutet; André-Louis Debierne isolierte es erstmals 1899 aus Uranerz und benannte es nach seiner starken Radioaktivität; Es gibt der Aktinidenreihe schwerer Elemente ihren Namen.","interesting_facts":["Aufgrund seiner intensiven Radioaktivität leuchtet Actinium im Dunkeln mit einem unheimlichen blassblauen Licht.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „aktis“, was Strahl oder Strahl bedeutet.","Es gibt der Reihe der Aktinidenelemente ihren Namen.","Actinium-225 wird für eine gezielte Alpha-Partikel-Therapie gegen Krebs untersucht.","Es ist etwa 150-mal radioaktiver als Radium.","Aktinium ist äußerst selten und kommt in Uranerzen nur in Spuren vor."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium ist ein silberweißes, leichtes und korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen eingesetzt wird.","appearance":"Silbergraues Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „Alumen“ (Alaun, eine Verbindung, die seit der Antike zum Färben und Gerben verwendet wird); Humphry Davy prägte 1807 „Aluminium“ und änderte es später in „Aluminium“, während ein Großteil der Welt die Schreibweise „Aluminium“ übernahm.","interesting_facts":["Aluminium ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Metall in der Erdkruste, doch früher war es so schwer zu reinigen, dass es wertvoller als Gold war.","Berichten zufolge aßen die angesehensten Gäste Frankreichs bei einem Bankett in den 1880er Jahren mit Besteck aus Aluminium, während andere Gold verwendeten.","Es ist vollständig recycelbar und das Recycling von Aluminium verbraucht nur etwa 5 % der Energie, die für die Herstellung aus Roherz benötigt wird.","Auf Aluminium bildet sich sofort eine dünne, selbstheilende Oxidschicht, die es vor Korrosion schützt.","Das 1886 erfundene Hall-Heroult-Verfahren machte Aluminium kostengünstig, indem es mithilfe von Elektrizität aus Aluminiumoxid gewonnen wurde.","Aluminium ist leicht, stark und nicht magnetisch und eignet sich daher ideal für Flugzeuge, Dosen und Folien."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in Rauchmeldern und als Neutronenquelle für industrielle Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß, läuft an der Luft langsam an","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Amerika, den Kontinenten, auf denen es 1944 von Glenn Seaborg erstmals hergestellt wurde; Seaborg benannte es in bewusster Analogie zu Europium (benannt nach Europa), da Americium in der Aktinidenreihe die gleiche Position einnimmt wie Europium in der Lanthanidenreihe.","interesting_facts":["Americium wird in den meisten Haushaltsrauchmeldern in geringen Mengen verwendet.","Es ist nach Amerika benannt und spiegelt damit wider, dass Europium nach Europa benannt wurde.","Americium wurde erstmals 1944 während des Manhattan-Projekts hergestellt.","In einem Rauchmelder emittiert Americium Alphateilchen, die die Luft ionisieren; Rauch stört den Strom und löst den Alarm aus.","Aufgrund seiner eigenen intensiven Radioaktivität leuchtet es schwach im Dunkeln.","Americium wird als mögliche langlebige Energiequelle für zukünftige Weltraummissionen untersucht."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimon","summary":"Antimon ist ein sprödes, bläulich-weißes Metalloid, das in Flammschutzmitteln, Legierungen und Halbleitern verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig, bläulich-weiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Der englische Name kommt vom mittelalterlichen lateinischen „antimonium“ ungewisser Herkunft (möglicherweise vom arabischen „ithmid“ oder einer lateinischen Phrase mit der Bedeutung „nicht allein“, da Antimon selten in reiner Form vorkommt); Das Symbol Sb kommt vom lateinischen „Stibium“, dem Namen für das schwarze Sulfiderz, das seit dem alten Ägypten als Kosmetikum verwendet wurde.","interesting_facts":["Antimon wurde seit dem alten Ägypten als Kohl, ein Kosmetikum gegen blaue Augen, verwendet.","Es ist ein Metalloid, das sich beim Gefrieren ungewöhnlich ausdehnt, was es für scharfe Gussteile und Metalltypen nützlich macht.","Antimonverbindungen werden häufig als Flammschutzmittel in Kunststoffen und Textilien eingesetzt.","Sein chemisches Symbol Sb kommt vom lateinischen „Stibium“.","Mittelalterliche Alchemisten verwendeten Antimonpillen als wiederverwendbares Abführmittel, das sie wiedergefunden und als „ewige Pillen“ weitergegeben haben.","Antimon wird mit Blei legiert, um es härter zu machen, wie in alten Drucklettern und Batterieplatten."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon ist ein farb- und geruchloses Edelgas, das etwa 1 % der Erdatmosphäre ausmacht.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „Argon“ (untätig oder inaktiv, Neutrum von „Argos“), 1894 von William Ramsay und Lord Rayleigh benannt, weil das Gas chemisch inert ist und äußerst ungern mit irgendetwas reagiert.","interesting_facts":["Argon macht fast 1 % der Erdatmosphäre aus und ist damit das am häufigsten vorkommende Edelgas in der Luft.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen Wort für „faul“, weil es chemisch so unreaktiv ist.","Argon wird zum Füllen von Glühbirnen verwendet, da es nicht mit dem heißen Glühfaden reagiert.","Schweißer verwenden Argon als Schutzgas, um heißes Metall vor der Reaktion mit Luftsauerstoff zu schützen.","Der größte Teil des Argons auf der Erde ist Argon-40, das durch den radioaktiven Zerfall von Kalium-40 in Gesteinen entsteht.","Doppelt verglaste Fenster werden oft mit Argon gefüllt, weil es besser isoliert als normale Luft."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsen","summary":"Arsen ist ein giftiges Metalloid, das früher in Pestiziden und heute in der Halbleiter- und Glasproduktion verwendet wird.","appearance":"Metallisches Grau","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „arsenikon“ (gelbes Orpiment, ein Sulfid-Erz von Arsen), selbst möglicherweise vom persischen „zarnikh“ (Arsen-Erz); Das Wort kann auch mit dem griechischen „arrhen“ (männlich oder potent) in Verbindung gebracht werden, was die starken Eigenschaften von Arsenverbindungen widerspiegelt.","interesting_facts":["Arsen ist als „Gift der Könige und König der Gifte“ bekannt, jahrhundertelang nicht nachweisbar und bei historischen Morden beliebt.","Trotz seiner Toxizität können winzige Spuren von Arsen für manche Tiere ein notwendiger Nährstoff sein.","Galliumarsenid und andere Arsenverbindungen sind für moderne Halbleiter und LEDs von entscheidender Bedeutung.","Die Arsenbelastung des Grundwassers beeinträchtigt das Trinkwasser von Millionen Menschen weltweit.","Es sublimiert und verwandelt sich beim Erhitzen direkt von fest in gasförmig mit einem Knoblauch-ähnlichen Geruch.","Arsenhaltige grüne Pigmente wurden einst in Tapeten verwendet und könnten viktorianische Haushalte langsam vergiftet haben."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astat","summary":"Astatin ist ein seltenes, radioaktives Element, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und möglicherweise bei der Krebsbehandlung eingesetzt wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „astatos“ (ἄστατος), was „instabil“ bedeutet; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie und Emilio Segrè synthetisierten es 1940 in Berkeley und wählten den Namen, weil alle Astat-Isotope radioaktiv sind und schnell zerfallen, was das Element von Natur aus instabil macht.","interesting_facts":["Astat ist das seltenste natürlich vorkommende Element; In der Erdkruste ist zu jedem Zeitpunkt weniger als ein Gramm vorhanden.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „astatos“, was „instabil“ bedeutet.","Niemand hat jemals eine sichtbare Probe gesehen, weil sie aufgrund ihrer eigenen intensiven Radioaktivität verdampfen würde.","Es ist das schwerste Halogen und wurde erstmals 1940 synthetisiert.","Astatin-211 wird für die gezielte Alpha-Partikel-Krebstherapie untersucht.","Sein stabilstes Isotop hat eine Halbwertszeit von nur etwa 8 Stunden."]},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Bohrflüssigkeiten, Farben und in der medizinischen Bildgebung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „barys“ (schwer), benannt von Humphry Davy im Jahr 1808, weil Bariumsulfat (Baryt, das gewöhnliche Erz) für ein nichtmetallisches Mineral ungewöhnlich dicht ist.","interesting_facts":["Patienten trinken eine „Bariummahlzeit“ oder „Bariumschlucken“, da Barium Röntgenstrahlen blockiert und den Verdauungstrakt freigibt.","Bariumverbindungen verleihen Feuerwerkskörpern ihre leuchtend grüne Farbe.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „barys“, was schwer bedeutet.","Obwohl das Metall giftig ist, gelangt das bei medizinischen Untersuchungen verwendete unlösliche Bariumsulfat sicher durch den Körper.","Barium ist so reaktiv, dass es unter Öl gelagert werden muss und in der Natur niemals frei vorkommt.","Das Mineral Baryt (Bariumsulfat) wird in der Ölindustrie zur Beschwerung von Bohrflüssigkeiten verwendet."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und der Produktion schwererer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Berkeley, Kalifornien, wo es 1949 am University of California Radiation Laboratory erstmals synthetisiert wurde; Die Benennung erinnert bewusst an Terbium, benannt nach der schwedischen Stadt Ytterby – beide Elemente nehmen übereinstimmende Positionen in der Lanthaniden- bzw. Aktinidenreihe ein.","interesting_facts":["Berkelium ist nach Berkeley, Kalifornien, benannt, wo es 1949 erstmals hergestellt wurde.","Es handelt sich um ein äußerst seltenes synthetisches Element, das nur in geringen Mengen produziert wird.","Als Zielmaterial für die Synthese des superschweren Elements Tennessee wurde Berkelium verwendet.","Die Herstellung einer kleinen Probe Berkelium kann in einem Hochflussreaktor viele Monate dauern.","Es ist hoch radioaktiv und hat außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Forschung keinen Nutzen.","Berkelium vervollständigt ein Set mit Terbium, beide Elemente sind nach Städten benannt und an passenden Positionen platziert."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium ist ein hartes, gräuliches Metall, das natürlicherweise in Mineralgesteinen, Kohle, Erde und Vulkanstaub vorkommt.","appearance":"Stahlgrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Beryll, dem Edelstein, vom griechischen „beryllos“, weil Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 1798 erstmals Beryllium aus Beryll- und Smaragdmineralien isolierte.","interesting_facts":["Beryllium ist für Röntgenstrahlen bemerkenswert transparent und wird daher zur Herstellung von Fenstern für Röntgenröhren und Detektoren verwendet.","Es ist eines der leichtesten Strukturmetalle, weist jedoch ein höheres Steifigkeits-Gewichts-Verhältnis als Stahl auf.","Die Edelsteine ​​Smaragd und Aquamarin sind beide Formen des Minerals Beryll, einem Berylliumaluminiumsilikat.","Berylliumstaub ist hochgiftig und kann eine chronische Lungenerkrankung namens Berylliose verursachen.","Die Spiegel des James-Webb-Weltraumteleskops bestehen aus goldbeschichtetem Beryllium, weil es auch bei extrem kalten Temperaturen seine Form behält.","Im Jahr 1932 entdeckte James Chadwick das Neutron, indem er Beryllium mit Alphateilchen beschoss."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismut","summary":"Wismut ist ein sprödes Metall mit geringer Toxizität, das in Kosmetika, medizinischen Verfahren und Legierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß mit schillerndem Farbton","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgeleitet vom altdeutschen „Wismut“ oder „Wismuth“, möglicherweise von „weiße Masse“ oder einem Bergmannsbegriff ungewisser Herkunft; Seit dem 15. Jahrhundert ist es als eigenständiges Metall bekannt, manchmal mit Blei oder Zinn verwechselt und zu „Bisemutum“ lateinisiert, bevor es im modernen Sprachgebrauch zu „Wismut“ wurde.","interesting_facts":["Wismut bildet atemberaubende, schillernde Regenbogenkristalle mit einer treppenförmigen, trichterförmigen Form.","Es ist das schwerste, praktisch stabile Element mit einer fast unvorstellbar langen Halbwertszeit.","Wismut ist der Hauptbestandteil von Pepto-Bismol, das zur Linderung von Magenbeschwerden eingesetzt wird.","Wie Wasser dehnt sich Wismut beim Gefrieren aus.","Es wird in Legierungen mit niedrigem Schmelzpunkt für Feuersprinkler und Sicherheitsvorrichtungen verwendet.","Wismut ist eines der wenigen Metalle mit geringerer Dichte in einigen Legierungen und dient in vielen Produkten als ungiftiger Ersatz für Blei."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Niels Bohr, dem dänischen Physiker, der das Quantenmodell des Atoms entwickelte und grundlegende Beiträge zum Verständnis der Atomstruktur leistete; GSI Darmstadt, Deutschland, synthetisierte es 1981 und schlug ihm zu Ehren den Namen vor, der 1997 offiziell von der IUPAC übernommen wurde.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium ist nach Niels Bohr benannt, dem Physiker, der die Struktur des Atoms modellierte.","Es handelt sich um ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen besteht.","Bohrium wurde erstmals 1981 in Deutschland hergestellt.","Seine Isotope sind stark radioaktiv und zerfallen innerhalb von Sekunden oder weniger.","Experimente deuten darauf hin, dass Bohrium in Gruppe 7 chemisch Rhenium ähnelt.","Es hat keinen Nutzen außerhalb der Grundlagenforschung zu den schwersten Elementen."]},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor ist ein Metalloidelement, das für das Pflanzenwachstum essentiell ist, im Übermaß jedoch giftig sein kann.","appearance":"Schwarzbraun","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Borax, dem Mineral, aus dem es erstmals isoliert wurde, wobei „Borax“ vom arabischen „buraq“ oder persischen „burah“ abgeleitet ist, was Borax oder Salpeter bedeutet.","interesting_facts":["Borverbindungen verleihen Flammen eine charakteristische hellgrüne Farbe und eignen sich daher für die Pyrotechnik.","Bor ist für das Pflanzenwachstum essentiell, wenn auch nur in geringen Mengen; Zu viel ist giftig für Pflanzen.","Borosilikatglas besteht aus Bor, ist hitzebeständig und wird in Kochgeschirr und Laborglas verwendet.","Das Isotop Bor-10 absorbiert leicht Neutronen, weshalb Bor in Steuerstäben und Abschirmungen für Kernreaktoren verwendet wird.","Borax, ein Bormineral, wird seit Tausenden von Jahren als Reinigungsmittel und Flussmittel zum Löten von Metallen verwendet.","Bor ist ein Metalloid, das die Eigenschaften von Metallen und Nichtmetallen gemeinsam hat und bei Raumtemperatur ein schlechter Leiter ist."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom ist bei Raumtemperatur eine rotbraune Flüssigkeit und wird in Flammschutzmitteln, zur Wasseraufbereitung und in Arzneimitteln verwendet.","appearance":"Rotbraune Flüssigkeit","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen Wort „bromos“ (Gestank oder übler Geruch), benannt von Antoine Jérôme Balard im Jahr 1826, weil flüssiges Brom einen zutiefst unangenehmen, erstickenden Geruch erzeugt.","interesting_facts":["Brom ist neben Quecksilber eines von nur zwei Elementen, die bei Raumtemperatur flüssig sind.","Es ist eine dichte, rotbraune Flüssigkeit, die erstickende, giftige Dämpfe abgibt.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „bromos“, was „Gestank“ bedeutet.","Die alten Völker extrahierten aus Meeresschnecken mithilfe von Bromverbindungen einen kostbaren violetten Farbstoff, den tyrischen Purpur.","Bromverbindungen wurden häufig als Flammschutzmittel in Elektronikgeräten und Möbeln verwendet.","Der größte Teil des Broms wird aus Meerwasser und salzreichen Solevorkommen gewonnen."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium ist ein weiches, bläulich-weißes Metall, das hauptsächlich in Batterien, Pigmenten und beim Galvanisieren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig-bläulich-graues Metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „cadmia“ (Galamin, ein Zinkcarbonat-Erz), schließlich vom griechischen „kadmeia“ (thebanische Erde, benannt nach Cadmus, dem mythischen Gründer von Theben), da Cadmium 1817 als Verunreinigung in Zinkerzen entdeckt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Cadmium ergibt leuchtende gelbe, orange und rote Pigmente, die seit langem von Künstlern wie Monet und Van Gogh geschätzt werden.","Es ist giftig und reichert sich im Körper an, was zu der schmerzhaften „Itai-Itai“-Knochenkrankheit führt, die im 20. Jahrhundert in Japan auftrat.","Wiederaufladbare Nickel-Cadmium-Batterien (NiCd) waren früher weit verbreitet.","Cadmiumbeschichtungen schützen Stahl vor Korrosion, insbesondere in Flugzeugteilen.","Es wurde 1817 als Verunreinigung in Zinkerzen entdeckt.","Cadmium absorbiert leicht Neutronen und wird daher in Steuerstäben für Kernreaktoren verwendet."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium ist ein weiches graues Metall, das für lebende Organismen, insbesondere für die Zellphysiologie und die Knochenbildung, essentiell ist.","appearance":"Mattgrau, Silber","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgeleitet vom lateinischen „calx“ oder „calcis“ (Kalk oder Kalkstein), weil Humphry Davy es erstmals 1808 durch Elektrolyse von Calciumoxid (Branntkalk) isolierte, einem Material, das die Römer lange Zeit im Bauwesen verwendet hatten.","interesting_facts":["Kalzium ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Metall im menschlichen Körper und wird zu etwa 99 % in Knochen und Zähnen gespeichert.","Kalkstein, Kreide und Marmor sind Formen von Kalziumkarbonat.","Es ist das fünfthäufigste Element in der Erdkruste.","Calciumionen wirken als universelles Signal in den Zellen und lösen alles aus, von der Muskelkontraktion bis zur Befruchtung.","Branntkalk (Kalziumoxid) leuchtete beim Erhitzen hell und wurde zur Beleuchtung von Bühnen verwendet, was uns den Ausdruck „im Rampenlicht“ einbrachte.","Korallenriffe und Muscheln bestehen größtenteils aus Kalziumkarbonat, das aus Meerwasser gewonnen wird."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Kalifornien ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in Neutronenquellen, bei der Krebsbehandlung und bei der Materialanalyse verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch, leuchtet aufgrund seiner Radioaktivität im Dunkeln","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem US-Bundesstaat Kalifornien und der University of California, wo es 1950 synthetisiert wurde; Thompson, Seaborg, Street und Ghiorso wählten den Namen mit dem Hinweis, dass ihnen die nahegelegenen Himmelskörper ausgegangen waren, und beschlossen, stattdessen den Ort der Entdeckung zu ehren.","interesting_facts":["Kalifornien ist eine der teuersten Substanzen der Erde und kostet Millionen von Dollar pro Gramm.","Es ist nach dem US-Bundesstaat Kalifornien benannt, wo es 1950 entdeckt wurde.","Californium-252 ist ein leistungsstarker Neutronenemitter, der zum Starten von Kernreaktoren und in industriellen Scannern verwendet wird.","Es wird zum Nachweis von Gold und Öl durch Neutronenanalyse von Gestein verwendet.","Ein einziges Mikrogramm setzt jede Sekunde eine enorme Anzahl Neutronen frei.","Californium wird auch verwendet, um Metallermüdung zu erkennen und Schwachstellen in Flugzeugen und Maschinen zu finden."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Kohlenstoff","summary":"Kohlenstoff ist ein Grundbaustein des Lebens und kommt in allen bekannten organischen Verbindungen vor.","appearance":"Variiert (Graphit ist schwarz, Diamant ist klar)","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „carbo“ (Kohle oder Holzkohle), was darauf hindeutet, dass Kohlenstoff seit der Antike in Form von Holzkohle, Graphit und Diamant bekannt ist.","interesting_facts":["Kohlenstoff bildet mehr Verbindungen als alle anderen Elemente zusammen und ist die chemische Grundlage allen bekannten Lebens.","Sowohl Diamant als auch Graphit bestehen aus reinem Kohlenstoff, dennoch ist Diamant das härteste Naturmaterial, während Graphit weich genug zum Schreiben ist.","Graphen, eine einzelne Schicht aus Kohlenstoffatomen, ist etwa 200-mal stärker als Stahl und leitet Elektrizität besser als Kupfer.","Die Kohlenstoff-14-Datierung nutzt den stetigen Zerfall eines radioaktiven Kohlenstoffisotops, um das Alter von einst lebendem Material bis zu einem Alter von etwa 50.000 Jahren zu bestimmen.","Kohlenstoffatome, die in Sternen geschmiedet werden, werden im Universum verteilt, wenn diese Sterne explodieren, wodurch wir buchstäblich aus Sternenstaub bestehen.","Buckminsterfulleren, ein fußballförmiges Molekül aus 60 Kohlenstoffatomen, wurde 1985 entdeckt und nach dem Architekten Buckminster Fuller benannt."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cer","summary":"Cer ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Katalysatoren, zum Polieren von Glas und in Legierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem 1801 entdeckten Zwergplaneten Ceres, der selbst nach der römischen Göttin der Landwirtschaft benannt ist; Martin Heinrich Klaproth und Jöns Jacob Berzelius benannten es 1803 und folgten damit der Mode, neue Elemente nach Himmelskörpern zu benennen.","interesting_facts":["Cer ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Seltenerdelement und kommt häufiger vor als Kupfer.","Es ist nach dem zwei Jahre zuvor entdeckten Zwergplaneten Ceres benannt.","Cer ist der wichtigste funkenerzeugende Bestandteil in Feuersteinfeuerzeugen und Feueranzünderlegierungen.","Ceroxid ist das feine Polierpulver, das verwendet wird, um Glas und Edelsteinen eine glatte Oberfläche zu verleihen.","Es wird Katalysatoren zugesetzt, um die Speicherung und Freisetzung von Sauerstoff zu unterstützen.","Frisch geschnittenes Cer kann sich an der Luft spontan entzünden und dadurch pyrophor werden."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cäsium","summary":"Cäsium ist ein weiches, goldfarbenes Metall, das für seine Verwendung in Atomuhren und verschiedenen elektronischen Anwendungen bekannt ist.","appearance":"Silbergoldmetallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „caesius“ (himmelblau oder graublau), benannt von Robert Bunsen und Gustav Kirchhoff im Jahr 1860 nach den beiden markanten leuchtend blauen Spektrallinien, die sie zur Identifizierung des Elements verwendeten.","interesting_facts":["Die zweite wird offiziell durch die Schwingungen von Cäsiumatomen definiert, die die Grundlage von Atomuhren bilden.","Cäsium ist eines der reaktivsten Metalle und explodiert bei Kontakt mit Wasser heftig.","Es schmilzt bei etwa 28 °C und ist daher an warmen Tagen flüssig.","Es hat eine gold-silbrige Farbe und ist eines der wenigen Metalle, die nicht silbern oder grau sind.","Cäsium war das erste Element, das 1860 von Bunsen und Kirchhoff spektroskopisch entdeckt wurde.","Radioaktives Cäsium-137 ist ein bemerkenswertes Produkt der Kernspaltung und ein Grund zur Besorgnis bei nuklearen Unfällen."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlor","summary":"Chlor ist ein hochreaktives, grünlich-gelbes Gas, das als Desinfektionsmittel und in verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungen eingesetzt wird.","appearance":"Grünlich-gelbes Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen „Chloros“ (blassgrün oder grünlich-gelb), benannt von Humphry Davy im Jahr 1810, um die charakteristische gelbgrüne Farbe des Gases widerzuspiegeln.","interesting_facts":["Chlor ist ein grünlich-gelbes Gas, das im Ersten Weltkrieg als chemische Waffe eingesetzt wurde.","Kleine Mengen, die dem Trinkwasser und Schwimmbädern zugesetzt werden, töten Bakterien ab und haben unzählige Leben vor durch Wasser übertragenen Krankheiten gerettet.","In Verbindung mit Natrium bildet Chlor gewöhnliches Speisesalz, das lebenswichtig ist.","Es ist so reaktiv, dass es Farbstoffe leicht aufhellt und desinfiziert, weshalb es in Haushaltsbleichmitteln verwendet wird.","Chlor wurde erstmals 1774 von Carl Wilhelm Scheele isoliert, der nicht wusste, dass es sich um ein neues Element handelte.","Obwohl Chloridionen als Gas giftig sind, sind sie in Ihrem Körper für die Verdauung und die Nervenfunktion lebenswichtig."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Chrom","summary":"Chrom ist ein hartes, glänzendes und korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das bei der Edelstahl- und Verchromung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „Chroma“ (Farbe), 1798 von Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin benannt, weil Chromverbindungen eine breite Palette lebendiger Farben aufweisen – Rot bei Rubinen, Grün bei Smaragden, Orange bei Krokoit.","interesting_facts":["Chrom verleiht Edelstahl Glanz und Rostbeständigkeit und bildet eine unsichtbare schützende Oxidschicht.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen Wort „chroma“, was Farbe bedeutet, weil seine Verbindungen lebhaft gefärbt sind.","Chrom ist als Spurenverunreinigung in den Kristallen das, was Rubine rot und Smaragde grün macht.","Die Verchromung verleiht Autoverkleidungen und Werkzeugen ein helles, hartes und spiegelähnliches Finish.","Chrom ist eines der härtesten Metalle und weist eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit auf.","Einige Chromverbindungen sind in Spuren essentielle Nährstoffe, während andere (Chrom-6) giftig und krebserregend sind."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobalt","summary":"Kobalt ist ein hartes, glänzendes, silbergraues Metall, das in Legierungen und Batterien verwendet wird und essentiell für Vitamin B12 ist.","appearance":"Glänzendes graues Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom deutschen Wort „Kobold“ (Kobold oder Kobold), weil deutsche Bergleute einen bösartigen Untergrundgeist für das lästige Kobalt-Erz verantwortlich machten, das giftige Arsendämpfe freisetzte und kein Kupfer lieferte, obwohl es Kupfererz ähnelte.","interesting_facts":["Kobalt wird seit über 2.000 Jahren verwendet, um Glas und Keramik eine tiefe, brillante blaue Farbe zu verleihen.","Sein Name kommt von „Kobold“, einem schelmischen Kobold, den deutsche Bergleute für problematische Erze verantwortlich machten.","Kobalt ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der wiederaufladbaren Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, die Telefone und Elektroautos antreiben.","Es ist neben Eisen und Nickel eines von nur drei natürlich magnetischen Elementen bei Raumtemperatur.","Das radioaktive Isotop Kobalt-60 wird zur Behandlung von Krebs und zur Sterilisation medizinischer Geräte eingesetzt.","Kobalt ist als Metallatom im Herzen von Vitamin B12 lebenswichtig."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Nikolaus Kopernikus, dem polnisch-deutschen Astronomen, der die These aufstellte, dass die Erde die Sonne umkreist; GSI Darmstadt synthetisierte es 1996 und schlug den Namen zu Ehren von Kopernikus vor. Die IUPAC übernahm ihn 2010 anlässlich seines 537. Geburtstags offiziell.","interesting_facts":["Copernicium ist nach dem Astronomen Nikolaus Kopernikus benannt, der die Sonne in den Mittelpunkt des Sonnensystems stellte.","Es wurde erstmals 1996 in Deutschland erstellt.","Es wird angenommen, dass Copernicium bei Raumtemperatur eine flüchtige Flüssigkeit oder ein flüchtiges Gas ist und sich ähnlich wie Quecksilber verhält.","Es ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das aus einem Atom nach dem anderen hergestellt wird.","Seine Isotope sind stark radioaktiv und kurzlebig.","Es liegt unterhalb von Quecksilber in der Gruppe 12 des Periodensystems."]},"Copper":{"name":"Kupfer","summary":"Kupfer ist ein rötlich-goldenes Metall, das für seine hohe thermische und elektrische Leitfähigkeit bekannt ist und häufig in elektrischen Leitungen und Sanitäranlagen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Rötliches Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „cuprum“, abgeleitet vom griechischen „Kypros“ (Zypern), der Insel, die in der Antike die wichtigste Kupferquelle war; Auch das Symbol Cu geht auf diesen lateinischen Namen zurück.","interesting_facts":["Kupfer war eines der ersten vom Menschen genutzten Metalle und wurde über 10.000 Jahre lang verarbeitet.","Es ist nach Silber ein ausgezeichneter Stromleiter und füllt daher unsere Drähte und Kabel.","Kupferoberflächen töten auf natürliche Weise viele Bakterien und Viren ab und eignen sich daher gut für Türklinken und Krankenhausarmaturen.","Die Freiheitsstatue ist mit Kupfer überzogen, das im Laufe der Zeit grün wurde und eine schützende Patina bildete.","Durch das Mischen von Kupfer mit Zinn entsteht Bronze und mit Zink entsteht Messing, zwei Legierungen, die die Geschichte der Menschheit geprägt haben.","Kupfer ist ein essentieller Spurennährstoff, der Ihrem Körper dabei hilft, rote Blutkörperchen zu bilden und die Nerven zu erhalten."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in der Weltraumforschung als Energiequelle und in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch, läuft an der Luft an","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Marie und Pierre Curie, den Pionieren der Radioaktivitätsforschung; Glenn Seaborg benannte es 1944 zu Ehren des Paares, dessen Entdeckungen die Kernchemie ermöglichten, und stellte fest, dass die Position von Curium in der Aktinidenreihe die von Gadolinium in den Lanthaniden widerspiegelt – selbst nach einem Chemiker benannt, der einem parallelen Muster folgt.","interesting_facts":["Curium ist nach Marie und Pierre Curie benannt, den Pionieren der Radioaktivitätsforschung.","Aufgrund seiner intensiven Radioaktivität leuchtet es im Dunkeln in einem sanften violetten oder roten Licht.","Curium ist so radioaktiv, dass es erhebliche Wärme erzeugt und wurde für die Stromversorgung von Raumfahrzeugen in Betracht gezogen.","Es wurde erstmals 1944 synthetisiert, noch vor dem leichteren Americium.","Curium-basierte Instrumente haben die chemische Zusammensetzung des Mars und anderer Planetenoberflächen analysiert.","Alles Curium wird künstlich hergestellt; In der Natur kommt keines vor."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach der Stadt Darmstadt, Deutschland, wo es 1994 am GSI Darmstadt erstmals synthetisiert wurde; Es folgt der Tradition, neu geschaffene Elemente nach den Fundorten zu benennen, und die IUPAC hat den Namen 2003 offiziell übernommen.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium ist nach der Stadt Darmstadt in Deutschland benannt, wo es 1994 entdeckt wurde.","Es handelt sich um ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das in Teilchenbeschleunigern erzeugt wird.","Von Darmstadtium wurden bisher nur wenige Atome hergestellt.","Seine Atome überleben weniger als eine Sekunde, bevor sie zerfallen.","Es wird erwartet, dass es in Gruppe 10 chemisch Platin ähnelt.","Darmstadtium hat außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Forschung keinen praktischen Nutzen."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Erforschung der Eigenschaften schwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Dubna, Russland, Sitz des Gemeinsamen Instituts für Kernforschung; Der Name löste einen Streit im Kalten Krieg, in dem amerikanische Wissenschaftler ihn „Hahnium“ und sowjetische Wissenschaftler „Nielsbohrium“ nannten, bevor IUPAC 1997 den Namen der neutralen Stadt annahm.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium ist nach Dubna in Russland benannt, wo sich ein berühmtes Kernforschungsinstitut befindet.","Es handelt sich um ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das nur in Teilchenbeschleunigern hergestellt wird.","Seine Entdeckung war Teil der „Transfermiumkriege“, eines Namensstreits während des Kalten Krieges.","Dubniumatome existieren nur wenige Sekunden oder weniger, bevor sie zerfallen.","Es wurden bisher nur wenige Dubniumatome erzeugt.","Es wird vorausgesagt, dass es in Gruppe 5 chemisch Tantal ähnelt."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium ist ein silberweißes Metall, das in Magneten, Lasern und Steuerstäben für Kernreaktoren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „dysprositos“ (δυσπρόσιτος), was „schwer zu erreichen“ bedeutet; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran prägte den Namen im Jahr 1886 und spiegelte damit die extreme Schwierigkeit wider, ihn von seinem Erz zu isolieren – ein Prozess, der neunzehn Ausfällungen erfordert.","interesting_facts":["Der Name Dysprosium kommt vom griechischen „dysprositos“, was „schwer zu bekommen“ bedeutet, weil es so schwer zu isolieren war.","Es wird Neodym-Magneten zugesetzt, damit diese auch bei hohen Temperaturen in Motoren und Windkraftanlagen ihre Stärke behalten.","Dysprosium hat bei niedrigen Temperaturen eine der höchsten magnetischen Stärken aller Elemente.","Es absorbiert Neutronen gut und wird in Steuerstäben von Kernreaktoren verwendet.","Legierungen auf Dysprosiumbasis verändern ihre Form in Magnetfeldern und sind nützlich für Aktuatoren und Wandler.","Es gilt als entscheidendes Material für saubere Energietechnologie."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium ist ein hochradioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich für die wissenschaftliche Forschung und bei der Herstellung schwererer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig-metallisch, leuchtet aufgrund seiner Radioaktivität","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Albert Einstein, der die spezielle Relativitätstheorie und die der Kernenergie zugrunde liegende Gleichung E=mc² formulierte; Albert Ghiorso und Kollegen gaben ihm 1955 seinen Namen, nachdem sie ihn 1952 in den Trümmern des ersten Wasserstoffbombentests entdeckt hatten, der mehrere Jahre lang geheim gehalten wurde.","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium wurde 1952 in den Trümmern des ersten Wasserstoffbombentests entdeckt.","Es ist nach Albert Einstein benannt.","Einsteinium leuchtet im Dunkeln aufgrund seiner intensiven Radioaktivität blau.","Es kommt so selten vor, dass nur vereinzelt nennenswerte Mengen produziert wurden.","Die Untersuchung von Einsteinium ist äußerst schwierig, da es seinen eigenen Behälter und seine Instrumente beschädigt.","Es hat keinen praktischen Nutzen außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in optischen Fasern, Lasern und der Nukleartechnik verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ytterby, einem Dorf auf der Insel Resarö in Schweden, wo das darin enthaltene Mineral Gadolinit erstmals abgebaut wurde; Carl Gustaf Mosander trennte es 1843 von Yttriumoxid, und „Erbium“ ist einer von vier Elementnamen, die vom einzelnen Ortsnamen „Ytterby“ abgeleitet sind.","interesting_facts":["Mit Erbium dotierte Fasern verstärken Lichtsignale und ermöglichen so Glasfaser-Internet über große Entfernungen.","Es verleiht Glas und Glasuren eine sanfte rosa Farbe und wird in Sonnenbrillen und dekorativem Glas verwendet.","Erbiumlaser werden in der Zahnmedizin und zur kosmetischen Hauterneuerung eingesetzt.","Es ist nach Ytterby in Schweden benannt und hat denselben Ursprung wie mehrere andere Seltene Erden.","Einigen Metalllegierungen, darunter Vanadium, wird Erbium zugesetzt, um sie besser verarbeitbar zu machen.","Es absorbiert effizient Infrarotlicht, das vielen seiner Laseranwendungen zugrunde liegt."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in phosphoreszierenden Materialien, Steuerstäben und Kernreaktoren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Europa, dem Kontinent, von Eugène-Anatole Demarçay im Jahr 1901, der ihn spektroskopisch isolierte; Es gehörte zu mehreren Elementen, die im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert nach geografischen Regionen benannt wurden.","interesting_facts":["Europium liefert die roten und blauen Leuchtstoffe, die in alten Fernseh- und Computerbildschirmen Farbe erzeugten.","Es wird als Fälschungsschutzmarkierung in Euro-Banknoten verwendet und leuchtet unter ultraviolettem Licht.","Europium ist das reaktivste der Seltenerdelemente und läuft an der Luft schnell an.","Es ist nach dem Kontinent Europa benannt.","Mit Europium dotierte Leuchtstoffe sorgen dafür, dass energieeffiziente Leuchtstofflampen und LED-Leuchten hell leuchten.","Es ist eines der am seltensten vorkommenden Seltenen Erden in der Erdkruste."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und der Untersuchung von Transuranelementen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich silbrig-metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Enrico Fermi, dem italienisch-amerikanischen Physiker, der 1942 den ersten künstlichen Kernreaktor baute und grundlegende Beiträge zur Kern- und Teilchenphysik leistete; Albert Ghiorso und Kollegen benannten es 1953, nachdem sie es in denselben Wasserstoffbombentesttrümmern entdeckt hatten, aus denen Einsteinium gewonnen wurde.","interesting_facts":["Fermium wurde auch im Fallout des ersten Wasserstoffbombentests im Jahr 1952 entdeckt.","Es ist nach dem Physiker Enrico Fermi benannt, einem Pionier der Kernreaktionen.","Fermium ist das schwerste Element, das durch Neutronenbeschuss in wägbaren Mengen hergestellt werden kann.","Außer Fermium müssen Elemente mithilfe von Teilchenbeschleunigern zu einem Atom nach dem anderen erzeugt werden.","Bisher wurden nur winzige, unsichtbare Mengen Fermium produziert.","Es existiert nur als synthetisches Element und hat keine kommerzielle Verwendung."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Erforschung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Flerov-Labor für Kernreaktionen in Dubna, Russland, benannt nach dem sowjetischen Physiker Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov war Mitbegründer des Labors und leistete wichtige Beiträge zur Kernphysik. Sein Team synthetisierte das Element erstmals 1998, und die IUPAC übernahm den Namen 2012 offiziell.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium ist nach dem Flerov-Labor für Kernreaktionen in Russland benannt.","Es wurde erstmals 1998 von einem Team in Dubna, Russland, entwickelt.","Einige Vorhersagen deuteten darauf hin, dass Flerovium ungewöhnlich stabil oder sogar gasartig sein könnte, obwohl es immer noch radioaktiv ist.","Es ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das aus einem Atom nach dem anderen hergestellt wird.","Flerovium liegt unterhalb von Blei in der Gruppe 14 des Periodensystems.","Seine Isotope zerfallen innerhalb von Sekunden, sind aber langlebiger als viele ihrer Nachbarn, was auf die „Insel der Stabilität“ hindeutet."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor ist ein hochreaktives, hellgelbes Gas und das elektronegativste Element.","appearance":"Blassgelbes Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „fluere“ (fließen), weil das Mineral Fluorit häufig als metallurgisches Flussmittel verwendet wurde; Der Name für das Element wurde 1812 von André-Marie Ampère vorgeschlagen.","interesting_facts":["Fluor ist das reaktivste und elektronegativste aller Elemente und reagiert mit fast jeder anderen Substanz, manchmal explosionsartig.","Es ist so aggressiv, dass Materialien wie Asbest und sogar Wasser in Flammen aufgehen können.","Spuren von Fluorid, die dem Trinkwasser und der Zahnpasta zugesetzt werden, helfen, Karies vorzubeugen.","Teflon, die Antihaftbeschichtung von Kochgeschirr, ist ein fluorhaltiges Polymer (PTFE).","Viele Chemiker wurden bei dem Versuch, Fluor zu isolieren, vergiftet oder getötet, was ihnen den Spitznamen „Fluor-Märtyrer“ einbrachte, bevor Henri Moissan 1886 Erfolg hatte.","Fluor ist bei Raumtemperatur ein hellgelbes Gas und das leichteste der Halogene."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium ist ein äußerst seltenes und radioaktives Metall, das aufgrund seiner Instabilität keine nennenswerten Anwendungen findet.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Frankreich, dem Land, in dem Marguerite Perey es 1939 am Curie-Institut in Paris entdeckte; Sie benannte das Element zu Ehren ihres Heimatlandes und folgte damit der Tradition, Elemente nach Orten zu benennen, und wurde als erste Frau in die Französische Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt.","interesting_facts":["Francium ist nach Astat das zweitseltenste natürlich vorkommende Element.","Es war das letzte Element, das Marguerite Perey 1939 in Frankreich in der Natur entdeckte.","Es ist nach Frankreich, ihrem Heimatland, benannt.","Francium ist so radioaktiv, dass jede sichtbare Menge durch seine eigene Hitze sofort verdampfen würde.","Sein stabilstes Isotop hat eine Halbwertszeit von nur etwa 22 Minuten.","Es ist das reaktivste aller Alkalimetalle, aber so selten, dass seine Masseneigenschaften noch nie beobachtet wurden."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium ist ein silbrig-weißes Metall, das in MRT-Kontrastmitteln, Leuchtstoffen und der Neutroneneinfangtherapie verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Gadolinit, dem Mineral, in dem sein Oxid erstmals identifiziert wurde; Gadolinit wurde nach Johan Gadolin benannt, einem finnischen Chemiker, der es zuerst analysierte; Jean Charles de Marignac isolierte 1880 das neue Erdelement.","interesting_facts":["Gadoliniumverbindungen werden als Kontrastmittel injiziert, um MRT-Aufnahmen deutlich klarer zu machen.","Es verfügt über die außergewöhnliche Fähigkeit, Neutronen zu absorbieren, die höchste aller stabilen Elemente, die in Kernreaktoren nützlich sind.","Gadolinium ist knapp unterhalb der Raumtemperatur magnetisch und wird für die magnetische Kühlung untersucht.","Es ist nach dem finnischen Chemiker Johan Gadolin benannt, einem Pionier der Seltenerdforschung.","Gadolinium erwärmt sich, wenn es in ein Magnetfeld gebracht wird, und kühlt ab, wenn es entfernt wird, der magnetokalorische Effekt.","Es wird in einigen Arten medizinischer und sicherheitstechnischer Bilddetektoren verwendet."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das knapp über Raumtemperatur schmilzt und in der Elektronik und Halbleiterindustrie verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberblau","naming_origin_explanation":"1875 vom Entdecker Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran nach Gallia, dem lateinischen Namen für Frankreich, benannt; Der Name könnte auch ein Wortspiel mit „gallus“ (lateinisch für Hahn) sein, ein Spiel mit Lecoqs Nachnamen, der auf Französisch „der Hahn“ bedeutet.","interesting_facts":["Gallium schmilzt bei etwa 30 °C, sodass ein festes Stück in Ihrer Hand schmilzt.","Seine Existenz wurde von Mendeleev als „Eka-Aluminium“ vorhergesagt, bevor es 1875 entdeckt wurde.","Galliumarsenid wird in Hochgeschwindigkeitselektronik, LEDs und Solarzellen für Raumfahrzeuge verwendet.","Obwohl es leicht schmilzt, siedet Gallium bei über 2.400 °C, einem der größten Flüssigkeitstemperaturbereiche aller Elemente.","Gallium kann Aluminium spröde machen, indem es in seine Korngrenzen eindringt und das Metall dadurch dramatisch schwächt.","Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Stoffen dehnt sich Gallium beim Gefrieren ähnlich wie Wasser aus."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium ist ein hartes, grauweißes Metalloid, das in Halbleitern, Glasfasern und Infrarotoptiken verwendet wird.","appearance":"Grauweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Germania, dem lateinischen Namen für Deutschland, von Clemens Winkler, der es 1886 entdeckte; Die Entdeckung bestätigte Mendelejews Vorhersage eines fehlenden Elements, das er „Eka-Silizium“ genannt hatte.","interesting_facts":["Germanium wurde von Mendelejew als „Eka-Silizium“ vorhergesagt und seine Entdeckung im Jahr 1886 trug zur Bestätigung des Periodensystems bei.","Die ersten Transistoren wurden in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren aus Germanium hergestellt, bevor Silizium die Oberhand gewann.","Es ist für Infrarotlicht transparent und wird daher in Linsen für Nachtsichtbrillen und Wärmebildkameras verwendet.","Germanium ist ein metalloider Halbleiter mit einem glänzenden, grauweißen Aussehen.","Optische Fasern verwenden Germaniumverbindungen, um zu steuern, wie Licht durch das Glas wandert.","Wie Wasser und Silizium dehnt sich Germanium beim Erstarren aus."]},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold ist ein dichtes, weiches Metall, das für seine Verwendung in Schmuck, Elektronik und Währungen sehr geschätzt wird.","appearance":"Helles metallisches Gelb","naming_origin_explanation":"Der englische Name „gold“ kommt vom protogermanischen „gulþą“, verwandt mit „gelb“; Das Symbol Au leitet sich vom lateinischen „aurum“ ab, das vermutlich „strahlende Morgendämmerung“ oder „Glanz des Sonnenaufgangs“ bedeutet. Gold ist seit prähistorischen Zeiten in praktisch allen Kulturen bekannt und geschätzt.","interesting_facts":["Gold ist so unreaktiv, dass es Tausende von Jahren lang glänzen kann, weshalb antike Goldartefakte immer noch glänzen.","Es ist unglaublich formbar; Ein einziges Gramm lässt sich in eine Platte hämmern, die etwa einen Quadratmeter bedeckt.","Es wird angenommen, dass fast das gesamte Gold nach der Entstehung des Planeten durch Asteroideneinschläge auf die Erde gelangt ist.","Gold leitet Elektrizität gut und korrodiert nie. Daher wird es zur Beschichtung kritischer elektronischer Kontakte verwendet.","Sein chemisches Symbol Au kommt vom lateinischen „aurum“, was „leuchtende Morgendämmerung“ bedeutet.","Die Visiere der Astronauten sind mit einer hauchdünnen Goldschicht beschichtet, um schädliche Sonnenstrahlung zu reflektieren."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium ist ein glänzendes, silbriges Metall, das in Kernreaktoren, Steuerstäben und Hochtemperaturlegierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Hafnia, dem lateinischen Namen für Kopenhagen, Dänemark, wo Dirk Coster und George de Hevesy es 1923 durch Röntgenspektroskopie entdeckten; Sie wählten den Namen, um die Stadt zu ehren, in der ihre Forschung durchgeführt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Die Existenz von Hafnium wurde durch die Atomtheorie vorhergesagt und es wurde 1923 in Zirkoniumerz gefunden.","Es ist nach Hafnia benannt, dem lateinischen Namen für Kopenhagen.","Hafnium absorbiert Neutronen hervorragend und wird in den Steuerstäben von Atom-U-Booten verwendet.","Hafniumbasierte Verbindungen ersetzten Siliziumdioxid als Isolatoren in modernen Computerchips.","Es hat einen der höchsten Schmelzpunkte aller Elemente und wird in Superlegierungen für Flugzeugtriebwerke verwendet.","Hafnium ist chemisch fast identisch mit Zirkonium, wodurch die beiden sehr schwer zu trennen sind."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem deutschen Bundesland Hessen (lateinisch: Hassia), wo sich GSI Darmstadt befindet – das Labor, das es 1984 erstmals synthetisierte; Der Name folgt der Tradition, Elemente nach ihren Fundorten zu benennen und wurde 1997 von der IUPAC offiziell anerkannt.","interesting_facts":["Hassium ist nach dem deutschen Bundesland Hessen benannt, wo sich das Labor befindet, in dem es entdeckt wurde.","Es wurde erstmals 1984 durch Beschuss von Blei mit Eisenionen synthetisiert.","Hassium ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das nur in Teilchenbeschleunigern hergestellt wird.","Trotz seiner Seltenheit bestätigten Wissenschaftler, dass es sich in Gruppe 8 wie Osmium verhält.","Seine Atome existieren nur Sekundenbruchteile, bevor sie zerfallen.","Bisher wurden nur geringe Mengen an Hassiumatomen produziert."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium ist ein farbloses, geruchloses, geschmackloses, ungiftiges, inertes, einatomiges Gas, das die Edelgasgruppe im Periodensystem anführt.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen „helios“ (Sonne), weil Helium erstmals während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis von 1868 im Sonnenspektrum nachgewiesen wurde, bevor es auf der Erde bestätigt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Helium wurde erstmals 1868 im Spektrum der Sonne entdeckt, bevor es jemals auf der Erde gefunden wurde, und ist nach dem griechischen Sonnengott Helios benannt.","Es ist das einzige Element, das durch Abkühlen bei normalem Atmosphärendruck nicht verfestigt werden kann, egal wie kalt es wird.","Unterhalb von 2,17 K wird flüssiges Helium zu einem Superfluid, das ohne Reibung fließen und sogar an den Wänden seines Behälters hochkriechen kann.","Das Einatmen von Helium erhöht vorübergehend die Tonhöhe Ihrer Stimme, da sich der Schall durch Helium fast dreimal schneller ausbreitet als durch Luft.","Der größte Teil des Heliums auf der Erde stammt aus dem radioaktiven Zerfall von Uran und Thorium tief im Untergrund und wird aus Erdgas gewonnen.","Helium ist das zweithäufigste Element im Universum, dennoch ist es auf der Erde vergleichsweise selten und nicht erneuerbar."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Magneten, nuklearen Steuerstäben und Lasern verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Holmia, dem lateinischen Namen für Stockholm, Schweden, wo Per Teodor Cleve – der das Element 1878 identifizierte – ansässig war; Es folgt der Tradition, Seltenerdelemente nach den Orten zu benennen, die mit ihrer Entdeckung verbunden sind.","interesting_facts":["Holmium hat die stärksten magnetischen Eigenschaften aller natürlich vorkommenden Elemente.","Holmiumlaser werden in der Medizin zum Aufbrechen von Nierensteinen und zur Behandlung vergrößerter Prostata eingesetzt.","Es ist nach Holmia benannt, dem lateinischen Namen für Stockholm.","Holmium verleiht Glas und Zirkonia gelbe und rote Farbtöne.","Damit werden die stärksten bekannten künstlichen Magnetfelder als Polstücke erzeugt.","Holmiumoxidlösungen werden als Kalibrierstandard für Spektralphotometer verwendet."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Wasserstoff","summary":"Wasserstoff ist das leichteste Element und die am häufigsten vorkommende chemische Substanz im Universum.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „hydro“ (Wasser) und „genes“ (bildend), was „Wasserbildner“ bedeutet. 1783 von Antoine Lavoisier benannt, weil bei der Verbrennung von Wasserstoff Wasser entsteht.","interesting_facts":["Wasserstoff ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Element im Universum und macht etwa 75 % der Masse aller normalen Materie aus.","Es ist das einzige Element, dessen drei Isotope (Protium, Deuterium und Tritium) unterschiedliche Namen haben.","Flüssiger Wasserstoff wird seit den 1960er Jahren als Raketentreibstoff verwendet und treibt die Oberstufen der Saturn V an, die Astronauten zum Mond beförderte.","Unter extremem Druck, etwa im Inneren des Jupiter, verhält sich Wasserstoff wie ein flüssiges Metall und kann Elektrizität leiten.","Henry Cavendish identifizierte 1766 Wasserstoff als eigenständige Substanz und nannte ihn „brennbare Luft“.","Ein Wasserstoffatom ist das einfachste Atom, das es gibt: ein einzelnes Proton, das von einem einzelnen Elektron umkreist wird."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium ist ein weiches, formbares Metall, das in Halbleitern, Touchscreens und als Schutzbeschichtung für Lager verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbriger metallischer Glanz","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „indicum“ (Indigo), benannt von Ferdinand Reich und Hieronymus Richter im Jahr 1863 nach der leuchtenden indigoblauen Spektrallinie, die sie bei der Analyse von Zinkerzrückständen mit der damals neuen Technik der Spektroskopie beobachteten.","interesting_facts":["Indium ist so weich, dass man es mit dem Fingernagel eindrücken kann, und beim Biegen macht es ein hörbares „Schreien“, ähnlich wie Zinn.","Indiumzinnoxid bildet die transparente, elektrisch leitfähige Beschichtung auf Touchscreens und Flachbildschirmen.","Es ist nach der hellen Indigolinie in seinem Emissionsspektrum benannt.","Indium bleibt auch bei extrem niedrigen Temperaturen weich und verarbeitbar, was für Vakuumdichtungen nützlich ist.","Es hat einen sehr niedrigen Schmelzpunkt und wird in speziellen Niedertemperaturloten und -legierungen verwendet.","Mit der Verbreitung von Smartphones und LCD-Bildschirmen ist die Nachfrage nach Indium stark gestiegen."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Iod","summary":"Jod ist ein dunkles, glänzendes, violettschwarzes Nichtmetall, das für die Schilddrüsenfunktion unerlässlich ist und als Desinfektionsmittel verwendet wird.","appearance":"Glänzendes metallisches Grau (fest), violett (gasförmig)","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom französischen „iode“, abgeleitet vom griechischen „ioeides“ (violettartig), 1813 von Humphry Davy nach der auffälligen violetten Farbe von Joddampf benannt.","interesting_facts":["Jod ist für Ihre Schilddrüse lebenswichtig, weshalb Speisesalz oft damit angereichert wird.","Beim Erhitzen sublimiert festes Jod zu einem auffällig violetten Dampf.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „iodes“, was Veilchen bedeutet.","Jodtinktur wird seit langem als Antiseptikum zur Wunddesinfektion eingesetzt.","Jod färbt Stärke tiefblauschwarz, eine Reaktion, die als chemischer Test dient.","Radioaktives Jod-131 wird zur Diagnose und Behandlung von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen eingesetzt."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium ist ein dichtes, korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das in Zündkerzen, Tiegeln und verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Iris, der griechischen Göttin des Regenbogens (lateinisch: Iris), von Smithson Tennant im Jahr 1803; Der Name spiegelt die auffällige Farbvielfalt der Iridiumsalze und -verbindungen wider, die Tennant an die Farben eines Regenbogens erinnerte.","interesting_facts":["Eine weltweite Schicht aus Iridium-reichem Ton ist ein wichtiger Beweis dafür, dass die Dinosaurier durch einen Asteroideneinschlag getötet wurden, da Iridium auf der Erde selten, aber bei Asteroiden häufig vorkommt.","Iridium ist das korrosionsbeständigste Metall, das es gibt, und widersteht Säuren, die fast alles andere auflösen.","Es ist eines der dichtesten Elemente, fast gleichauf mit Osmium.","Das Standardkilogramm war einst ein Platin-Iridium-Zylinder, der in der Nähe von Paris aufbewahrt wurde.","Iridium ist für Zündkerzen geeignet, da es extremer Hitze standhält, ohne zu erodieren.","Seinen Namen verdankt es Iris, der griechischen Göttin des Regenbogens, wegen seiner farbenfrohen Salze."]},"Iron":{"name":"Eisen","summary":"Eisen ist ein starkes, formbares Metall, das für die Herstellung von Stahl unerlässlich ist und ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Hämoglobin ist.","appearance":"Glänzendes Metall mit einem gräulichen Schimmer","naming_origin_explanation":"Das englische Wort „Eisen“ kommt vom altenglischen „iren“, verwandt mit dem protogermanischen „isarno“, möglicherweise von einer keltischen Wurzel für „heiliges Metall“; Das Symbol Fe leitet sich vom lateinischen „ferrum“ (Eisen) ab, das seit mindestens 1200 v. Chr. geschmolzen und verwendet wird.","interesting_facts":["Eisen ist das massemäßig am häufigsten vorkommende Element auf der Erde und macht einen Großteil des geschmolzenen Kerns des Planeten aus.","Der rotierende flüssige Eisenkern der Erde erzeugt das Magnetfeld, das uns vor Sonnenstrahlung schützt.","Eisen befindet sich im Zentrum von Hämoglobin, dem Molekül, das Sauerstoff in Ihr Blut transportiert und es rot macht.","Eisen ist das schwerste Element, das Sterne durch normale Fusion erzeugen können; Schwerere Elemente erfordern Supernova-Explosionen.","Die Eisenzeit begann um 1200 v. Chr. und veränderte die menschliche Zivilisation durch stärkere Werkzeuge und Waffen.","Rost ist Eisenoxid, das entsteht, wenn Eisen langsam mit Sauerstoff und Wasser reagiert."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton ist ein farb- und geruchloses Edelgas, das in Leuchtstofflampen, in der Fotografie und als Füllgas für energieeffiziente Fenster verwendet wird.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „kryptos“ (versteckt), benannt von William Ramsay und Morris Travers im Jahr 1898, weil Krypton extrem schwer zu entdecken und zu isolieren war – es blieb in den Rückständen flüssiger Luft „versteckt“.","interesting_facts":["Der Name Krypton kommt vom griechischen Wort „kryptos“, was „versteckt“ bedeutet, weil es in der Luft so schwer zu finden war.","Von 1960 bis 1983 wurde das Messgerät offiziell durch die Wellenlänge des von Krypton-86 emittierten Lichts definiert.","Krypton erzeugt ein strahlend weißes Licht und wird in einigen leistungsstarken Fotoblitzen und -lampen verwendet.","Es ist ein Edelgas und fast völlig reaktionslos, obwohl die Bildung einiger Kryptonverbindungen erzwungen werden kann.","Krypton wird in einigen energieeffizienten Fenstern und Leuchtstofflampen verwendet.","Im Gegensatz zum Comic „Kryptonit“ ist echtes Krypton ein harmloses, farbloses und geruchloses Gas."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthan","summary":"Lanthan ist ein weiches, silberweißes Metall, das in Kameraobjektiven, Katalysatoren und wiederaufladbaren Batterien verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „Lanthanein“ (versteckt bleiben oder der Aufmerksamkeit entgehen), benannt von Carl Gustaf Mosander im Jahr 1839, weil Lanthan jahrelang als Verunreinigung in Ceroxid unentdeckt blieb, bevor er es als eigenständiges Element identifizierte.","interesting_facts":["Der Name Lanthan kommt vom griechischen „Lanthanein“, was „verborgen liegen“ bedeutet, weil es im Cererz verborgen war.","Es gibt dem ersten Element der Lanthanoidenreihe, den „Seltenen Erden“, seinen Namen.","Lanthan wird im Glas hochwertiger Kamera- und Teleskopobjektive verwendet, um das Licht stark zu beugen.","Nickel-Lanthan-Legierungen speichern Wasserstoff und wurden in den Batterien vieler Hybridautos verwendet.","Lanthanverbindungen helfen als Katalysatoren bei der Raffinierung von Erdöl zu Benzin.","Es ist weich genug, um mit einem Messer geschnitten zu werden, und läuft an der Luft schnell an."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element ohne praktische Anwendung außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Forschung.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich silbrig-metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ernest Orlando Lawrence, dem amerikanischen Physiker, der 1930 den Zyklotron-Teilchenbeschleuniger erfand und damit die Entstehung transuranischer Elemente ermöglichte; Das Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthetisierte dieses Element 1961 und benannte es, um Lawrences grundlegende Beiträge zu würdigen.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium ist nach Ernest Lawrence benannt, dem Erfinder des Zyklotron-Teilchenbeschleunigers.","Es ist das letzte Element der Aktinidenreihe.","In Beschleunigern können jeweils nur wenige Atome von Lawrencium erzeugt werden.","Sein stabilstes Isotop hat eine Halbwertszeit von nur wenigen Stunden.","Die Eigenschaften von Lawrencium zu messen ist außerordentlich schwierig, da so wenige Atome so kurz existieren.","Es hat keinen Nutzen außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung."]},"Lead":{"name":"Blei","summary":"Blei ist ein weiches Schwermetall, das in Batterien, Strahlenschutzmitteln und verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Bläulich-graues Metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Das englische Wort „Lead“ kommt vom protogermanischen „lauda“; Das Symbol Pb kommt vom lateinischen „plumbum“, das wahrscheinlich aus einer vorlateinischen Mittelmeersprache stammt, die dem Englischen das Wort „plumbing“ gab, weil die Römer häufig Blei für Wasserleitungen verwendeten.","interesting_facts":["Blei ist dicht und blockiert Strahlung, weshalb es Schürzen und Abschirmungen von Röntgenstrahlen auskleidet.","Die Römer verwendeten Bleirohre für Rohrleitungen, und das Wort „Plumbing“ kommt vom lateinischen Wort für Blei, „plumbum“ (Symbol Pb).","Blei ist giftig für das Nervensystem, weshalb es aus Benzin und Farbe entfernt wurde.","Es ist weich, schwer und leicht zu formen, Eigenschaften, die seit der Antike geschätzt werden.","Das meiste Blei wird heute recycelt, größtenteils aus Autobatterien.","Blei ist das schwerste Element mit einem völlig stabilen Isotop; alles Schwerere ist radioaktiv."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium ist ein weiches, silberweißes Alkalimetall. Es ist das leichteste Metall und das feste Element mit der geringsten Dichte.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen „lithos“ (Stein), weil Johan August Arfwedson es 1817 in festen Steinmineralien (Petalit) entdeckte, im Gegensatz zu Natrium und Kalium, die in Pflanzenasche gefunden wurden.","interesting_facts":["Lithium ist das leichteste Metall und das feste Element mit der geringsten Dichte. Es ist daher leicht, auf dem Wasser zu schwimmen und mit ihm zu reagieren.","Wiederaufladbare Lithium-Ionen-Batterien versorgen die meisten modernen Telefone, Laptops und Elektrofahrzeuge mit Strom.","Lithiumsalze werden seit den 1940er Jahren als Stimmungsstabilisator zur Behandlung von bipolaren Störungen eingesetzt.","Es war eines der ersten drei Elemente (neben Wasserstoff und Helium), die bei der Urknall-Nukleosynthese entstanden.","Lithium brennt mit einer auffallend purpurroten Flamme, eine Eigenschaft, die bei Feuerwerkskörpern und Fackeln verwendet wird.","Ein Großteil des weltweiten Lithiums wird aus salzhaltigen Salzwüsten hoch in den Anden Südamerikas gewonnen."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Kalifornien, das im Jahr 2000 mit dem Joint Institute for Nuclear Research zusammenarbeitete, um es zu synthetisieren; Die IUPAC hat den Namen 2012 offiziell anerkannt. Der Name des Labors selbst ist eine Hommage an Robert Livermore, einen frühen Siedler in Kalifornien.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium ist nach dem Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Kalifornien benannt.","Es wurde erstmals im Jahr 2000 von einem russisch-amerikanischen Team entwickelt.","Es ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen besteht.","Livermorium-Atome existieren nur Millisekunden, bevor sie zerfallen.","Es wird erwartet, dass er in Gruppe 16 unter Polonium liegt.","Um es herzustellen, müssen Calciumionen mit Curium-Targets fusioniert werden."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium ist ein dichtes, silbriges Metall, das in PET-Scan-Detektoren, Katalysatoren und Speziallegierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Lutetia, dem antiken römischen Namen für Paris, Frankreich; Georges Urbain, der es 1907 erstmals isolierte, wählte den Namen zu Ehren seiner Heimatstadt und folgte damit der etablierten Praxis, Seltenerdelemente nach Orten zu benennen.","interesting_facts":["Lutetium ist das letzte der Lanthanoide und eines der härtesten und dichtesten Seltenen Erden.","Es ist nach Lutetia benannt, dem antiken römischen Namen für Paris.","Kristalle auf Lutetiumbasis werden als Detektoren in PET-Scannern für die medizinische Bildgebung verwendet.","Es ist eines der seltensten und teuersten Seltenerdmetalle, das in reiner Form erhältlich ist.","Lutetium wird als Katalysator bei der Erdölraffinierung verwendet.","Eine radioaktive Lutetiumverbindung wird in der gezielten Therapie einiger Krebsarten eingesetzt."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium ist ein glänzendes graues Metall und ein essentielles Element für alle lebenden Zellen.","appearance":"Glänzender grauer Feststoff","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Magnesia, einem Bezirk in Thessalien, Griechenland, wo verwandte Magnesium-haltige Mineralien gefunden wurden; Aus dem gleichen Ortsnamen entstanden auch die Wörter „Mangan“ und „Magnet“.","interesting_facts":["Magnesium brennt mit blendend weißem Licht und wurde einst häufig in frühen fotografischen Blitzpulvern und Leuchtraketen verwendet.","Es ist das leichteste Strukturmetall und wird mit Aluminium legiert, um starke, leichte Teile für Autos und Flugzeuge herzustellen.","Magnesium befindet sich im Zentrum jedes Chlorophyllmoleküls und ist daher für die Photosynthese in Pflanzen unerlässlich.","Der menschliche Körper benötigt Magnesium für Hunderte von Enzymreaktionen, darunter auch solche, die Muskeln und Nerven am Laufen halten.","Magnesium ist das achthäufigste Element in der Erdkruste und das dritthäufigste im Meerwasser gelöste Element.","Bittersalz, das zur Linderung von Muskelkater verwendet wird, ist Magnesiumsulfat."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Mangan ist ein hartes, sprödes Metall, das hauptsächlich in der Stahlproduktion zur Verbesserung der Festigkeit und Härte verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgeleitet vom Distrikt Magnesia in Thessalien, Griechenland – derselben Region, die Magnesium seinen Namen gab – über mittelalterliches lateinisches „Mangan“; Der Name wurde möglicherweise durch das lateinische „magnes“ (Magnet) verstärkt, da Manganerz historisch mit magnetischem Eisenerz verwechselt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Mangan ist für die Stahlherstellung, die Entfernung von Sauerstoff und Schwefel und die Erhöhung der Festigkeit unerlässlich. Fast jeder Stahl enthält es.","Es ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Einweg-Alkalibatterien.","Mangandioxid wurde vor Zehntausenden von Jahren von Höhlenmalern zur Herstellung schwarzer Pigmente verwendet.","Das tiefe Lila von Kaliumpermanganat macht es zu einem nützlichen Desinfektionsmittel und chemischen Reagenz.","Riesige Manganknollenfelder bedecken Teile des Tiefseebodens.","Mangan ist ein essentieller Spurennährstoff, der Enzyme unterstützt, die Zellen vor Schäden schützen."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das ausschließlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Lise Meitner, der österreichisch-schwedischen Physikerin, die die Kernspaltung und Protactinium mitentdeckte, aber 1944 kontrovers vom Nobelpreis ausgeschlossen wurde; GSI Darmstadt schlug den Namen 1992 in längst überfälliger Anerkennung ihrer herausragenden Beiträge zur Nuklearwissenschaft vor.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium ist nach Lise Meitner benannt, einer Pionierin der Kernspaltung, deren Beiträge lange Zeit übersehen wurden.","Es ist eines der wenigen Elemente, die nach einer Frau benannt sind.","Meitnerium wurde erstmals 1982 in Deutschland geschaffen.","Es ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das aus einem Atom nach dem anderen hergestellt wird.","Seine Isotope zerfallen extrem schnell, innerhalb von Millisekunden bis Sekunden.","Es wird vorhergesagt, dass es sich wie Iridium in Gruppe 9 des Periodensystems verhält."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften schwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich silbrig-metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendelejew, dem russischen Chemiker, der 1869 das Periodensystem erstellte; Glenn Seaborg und Kollegen benannten es 1955 als Hommage an den Wissenschaftler, dessen visionäre Organisation der Elemente die Entdeckung transuranischer Elemente konzeptionell ermöglichte.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium ist nach Dmitri Mendelejew, dem Schöpfer des Periodensystems, benannt.","Es wurde erstmals 1955 hergestellt, jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen.","Mendelevium kann in Teilchenbeschleunigern nur durch Beschuss von Einsteinium hergestellt werden.","Bei seinen Entdeckungsexperimenten wurden zunächst nur etwa 17 Atome nachgewiesen.","Es ist stark radioaktiv und weist kurzlebige Isotope auf.","Mendelevium hat über die Grundlagenforschung zu schweren Elementen hinaus keinen Verwendungszweck."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Quecksilber","summary":"Quecksilber ist ein dichtes, silbriges flüssiges Metall, das in Thermometern, Barometern und Leuchtstofflampen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Merkur, dem schnellen römischen Botengott, der die fließende, sich schnell bewegende Natur des Elements widerspiegelt; Das Symbol Hg kommt von „hydrargyrum“, einer Lateinisierung des griechischen „hydrargyros“ (ὑδράργυρος), was „Wassersilber“ bedeutet und sich auf sein flüssiges silbernes Aussehen bezieht.","interesting_facts":["Quecksilber ist das einzige Metall, das bei Raumtemperatur flüssig ist.","Es ist nach dem römischen Botengott wegen seiner schnellen, fließenden Natur benannt und sein Symbol Hg kommt von „hydrargyrum“, was „Wasser-Silber“ bedeutet.","Quecksilber wurde früher in Thermometern und Barometern verwendet, da es sich gleichmäßig mit der Temperatur ausdehnt.","Hutmacher, die Quecksilber ausgesetzt waren, entwickelten Zittern und Verwirrung, was zu dem Ausdruck „verrückt wie ein Hutmacher“ führte.","Es ist giftig und bioakkumulierbar und reichert sich in Fischen und den Menschen an, die sie essen.","Quecksilberdampf leuchtet blaugrün, wenn er elektrisiert wird, die Grundlage für Leuchtstofflampen."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdän","summary":"Molybdän ist ein hartes, silbriges Metall, das in Stahllegierungen zur Erhöhung der Festigkeit, Zähigkeit und Korrosionsbeständigkeit verwendet wird.","appearance":"Graumetallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Von griechisch „molybdos“ (Blei), weil das Erz Molybdänit lange Zeit mit Bleierzen verwechselt wurde; Carl Wilhelm Scheele zeigte 1778, dass es eindeutig war, und Peter Jacob Hjelm isolierte das Metall 1781.","interesting_facts":["Molybdän hat mit etwa 2.623 °C einen der höchsten Schmelzpunkte aller Elemente.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „molybdos“ (Blei), weil sein Erz lange Zeit mit Blei und Graphit verwechselt wurde.","Durch die Zugabe von Molybdän zu Stahl entstehen hochfeste Legierungen, die in Flugzeugen, Werkzeugen und Panzerungen verwendet werden.","Es ist ein essentieller Spurennährstoff, der Enzyme in Pflanzen, Tieren und Menschen unterstützt.","Stickstofffixierende Bakterien nutzen Molybdän, um Luftstickstoff in eine nutzbare Form umzuwandeln.","Molybdändisulfid ist ein rutschiger Feststoff, der als Hochtemperatur-Trockenschmiermittel verwendet wird."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach der Oblast Moskau (Region Moskau) in Russland, wo sich das Gemeinsame Institut für Kernforschung in Dubna befindet; Es wurde erstmals 2003 in einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen JINR und dem Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory synthetisiert und 2016 von der IUPAC offiziell benannt.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium ist nach der Region Moskau in Russland benannt, wo sich das Dubna-Labor befindet.","Es wurde erstmals 2003 von einer russisch-amerikanischen Zusammenarbeit synthetisiert.","Es handelt sich um ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen besteht.","Moscovium-Atome zerfallen innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen.","Es wird erwartet, dass er in Gruppe 15 unterhalb von Wismut liegt.","Es wurde 2016 zusammen mit drei weiteren neuen Elementen offiziell benannt."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodym","summary":"Neodym ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in starken Magneten, Lasern und zum Färben von Glas verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „neos“ (neu) und „didymos“ (Zwilling), benannt von Carl Auer von Welsbach im Jahr 1885, als er Didymium in Praseodym und Neodym – den „neuen Zwilling“ des Paares – trennte.","interesting_facts":["Neodym-Magnete sind die stärksten Permanentmagnete auf dem Markt und können ein Vielfaches ihres Eigengewichts heben.","Diese Magnete sind in allem zu finden, von Ohrhörern und Festplatten bis hin zu Windkraftanlagen und Elektroautomotoren.","Sein Name bedeutet „neuer Zwilling“, da er 1885 neben Praseodym von „Didymium“ abgespalten wurde.","Neodym verleiht Glas eine auffällige Farbe, die je nach Lichteinfall zwischen Lila und Blau wechselt.","Mit Neodym dotierte Kristalle treiben einige der gebräuchlichsten Hochenergielaser an.","Trotz seiner speziellen Verwendung ist es eines der am häufigsten vorkommenden Seltenerdelemente."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon ist ein farb- und geruchloses Edelgas, das bei elektrischer Ladung ein deutliches rötlich-oranges Leuchten abgibt.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen „neos“ (neu), benannt von William Ramsay und Morris Travers im Jahr 1898, um darauf hinzuweisen, dass es sich um ein neu entdecktes Edelgas handelte.","interesting_facts":["Neon leuchtet leuchtend orangerot, wenn elektrischer Strom durchfließt, die Grundlage klassischer „Neon“-Schilder.","Es ist nahezu vollständig inert und bildet unter normalen Bedingungen keine stabilen gewöhnlichen chemischen Verbindungen.","Neon wurde 1898 von Ramsay und Travers entdeckt, die es nach dem griechischen Wort „neos“ benannten, was „neu“ bedeutet.","Obwohl Neon das fünfthäufigste Element im Universum ist, ist es auf der Erde selten und macht nur einen winzigen Bruchteil der Atmosphäre aus.","Flüssiges Neon ist ein ausgezeichnetes kryogenes Kältemittel mit einer über 40-fachen Kühlkapazität pro Volumen flüssigem Helium.","Die unterschiedlichen Farben, die in „Neon“-Schildern zu sehen sind, stammen tatsächlich von anderen Edelgasen; Reines Neon erzeugt immer ein rötlich-orangefarbenes Licht."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in Neutronendetektionsinstrumenten verwendet und auf seine Rolle in Kernreaktoren untersucht wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Planeten Neptun, der im Sonnensystem hinter Uranus liegt, genau wie Neptunium im Periodensystem hinter Uran liegt; Edwin McMillan und Philip Abelson synthetisierten es 1940 und setzten damit die mit Uran begonnene Planetenbenennungssequenz fort.","interesting_facts":["Neptunium war das erste transuranische Element, das 1940 synthetisiert wurde.","Es ist nach dem Planeten Neptun benannt und setzt die Reihenfolge nach Uran (Uranus) fort.","Neptunium ist ein Nebenprodukt von Kernreaktoren und gilt als langlebiger Atommüll.","Es ist silbrig, radioaktiv und eines der dichtesten Aktinidenmetalle.","Neptunium-237 kann zur Herstellung von Plutonium-238 für die Energieversorgung von Raumfahrzeugen verwendet werden.","Spuren von Neptunium kommen natürlicherweise in Uranerzen vor."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel ist ein silberweißes Metall, das in Edelstahl, Batterien und verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgekürzt vom deutschen „Kupfernickel“ (Teufelskupfer oder Old Nick’s Kupfer), ein Fluch der Bergleute für ein Erz, das wie Kupfer aussah, aber keines lieferte; „Nickel“ ist ein deutscher Spitzname für den Teufel, abgeleitet vom Namen Nikolaus.","interesting_facts":["Nickel ist nach einem deutschen Bergbaubegriff benannt, der „Kupfer des alten Nick“ bedeutet, weil sein Erz wie Kupfer aussah, aber keins lieferte.","Es weist eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit auf und wird zum Galvanisieren anderer Metalle zum Schutz verwendet.","Edelstahl enthält typischerweise Nickel, was seine Festigkeit und Rostbeständigkeit verbessert.","Trotz des Namens bestehen moderne US-Nickelmünzen größtenteils aus Kupfer mit nur 25 % Nickel.","Es wird angenommen, dass der Erdkern größtenteils aus einer Eisen-Nickel-Legierung besteht und viele Meteoriten reich an Nickel sind.","Nickel ist eines der wenigen Elemente, das bei Raumtemperatur magnetisch ist."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach „Nihon“ (日本), dem japanischen Wort für Japan, das „Land der aufgehenden Sonne“ bedeutet; Wissenschaftler am RIKEN in Japan bestätigten seine Synthese im Jahr 2004 und wählten den Namen, um das erste in Asien entdeckte Element zu würdigen. Die IUPAC erkannte ihn 2016 offiziell an.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium ist nach Japan („Nihon“) benannt, dem ersten Element, das in einem asiatischen Land entdeckt wurde.","Es wurde im RIKEN-Labor in Japan synthetisiert und um 2004 bestätigt.","Es ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen besteht.","Nihoniumatome zerfallen innerhalb von Sekunden nach ihrer Entstehung.","Es wird vorausgesagt, dass er in Gruppe 13 unter Thallium liegt.","Seine Entdeckung gab Japan die Ehre, erstmals einem neuen Element einen Namen zu geben."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niob","summary":"Niob ist ein weiches, duktiles Metall, das hauptsächlich in Legierungen verwendet wird, insbesondere in der Stahlproduktion, um die Festigkeit zu verbessern.","appearance":"Graumetallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Niobe, der Tochter des Tantalus in der griechischen Mythologie, von Heinrich Rose im Jahr 1844, da Niob fast immer neben Tantal vorkommt und die beiden Elemente zunächst so schwer zu unterscheiden waren, dass die mythologische Eltern-Kind-Paarung passend schien.","interesting_facts":["Niob ist nach Niobe, der Tochter von Tantalus in der griechischen Mythologie, benannt, was seine enge Verbindung zu Tantal widerspiegelt.","Im kalten Zustand wird es zu einem Supraleiter und wird in den Magneten von MRT-Geräten und Teilchenbeschleunigern verwendet.","Nioblegierungen können eloxiert werden, um einen Regenbogen von Farben zu erzeugen, der bei Schmuck beliebt ist.","Geringe Mengen an Niob machen Stahl wesentlich widerstandsfähiger und werden in Rohrleitungen und Autorahmen verwendet.","In den Vereinigten Staaten wurde es einst Columbium genannt, und der Name blieb bis ins 20. Jahrhundert bestehen.","Niob ist hypoallergen und wird daher für Piercings und medizinische Implantate verwendet."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Stickstoff","summary":"Stickstoff ist ein farb- und geruchloses Gas, das etwa 78 % der Erdatmosphäre ausmacht.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „nitron“ (Niter/Salpeter) und „genes“ (bildend), was „Niterbildner“ bedeutet, 1790 von Jean-Antoine Chaptal geprägt, weil sowohl Salpeter als auch Salpetersäure Stickstoff enthalten.","interesting_facts":["Stickstoff besteht zu etwa 78 % aus der Luft, die Sie atmen, er ist jedoch so unreaktiv, dass wir ihn größtenteils ungenutzt wieder ausatmen.","Flüssiger Stickstoff siedet bei -196 °C und wird zum Schockfrosten von Lebensmitteln, zur Konservierung biologischer Proben und zur Erzeugung dramatischer Nebeleffekte verwendet.","Die Dreifachbindung, die zwei Stickstoffatome zusammenhält, ist eine der stärksten bekannten chemischen Bindungen und macht Stickstoffgas sehr stabil.","Das Haber-Bosch-Verfahren, bei dem Luftstickstoff in Ammoniak zur Herstellung von Düngemitteln umgewandelt wird, trägt dazu bei, etwa die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung zu ernähren.","Stickstoff ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Sprengstoffen wie TNT und Nitroglycerin, da seine Bindungen beim Aufbrechen enorme Energie freisetzen.","Bakterien in den Wurzeln von Hülsenfrüchten „fixieren“ Stickstoff aus der Luft in einer Form, die Pflanzen nutzen können, und reichern so den Boden auf natürliche Weise an."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element ohne nennenswerte Anwendung außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Forschung.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich silbrig-metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Alfred Nobel, dem schwedischen Chemiker, der das Dynamit erfand und die Nobelpreise gründete; Der Name wurde 1957 vorgeschlagen, als ein Team in Stockholm erstmals die Entdeckung behauptete, und wurde beibehalten, als die bestätigte Entdeckung den Laboratorien in Dubna und Berkeley gutgeschrieben wurde.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium ist nach Alfred Nobel, dem Gründer der Nobelpreise, benannt.","Es kann nur in Teilchenbeschleunigern Atom für Atom hergestellt werden.","Für ein Actinid ungewöhnlich, ist Nobelium in der Oxidationsstufe +2 am stabilsten.","Seine Entdeckung Ende der 1950er Jahre war jahrelang zwischen konkurrierenden Laboren umstritten.","Alle Nobeliumisotope sind radioaktiv und kurzlebig.","Es existiert nur in Forschungsumgebungen und hat keine praktischen Anwendungen."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich gasförmig oder metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Yuri Oganessian, dem russisch-armenischen Kernphysiker, der Pionierarbeit bei der Synthese superschwerer Elemente leistete und das Team am JINR Dubna leitete, das 2002 Oganesson entwickelte; Es ist eines von nur zwei Elementen, die nach einer lebenden Person benannt sind und den außergewöhnlichen Umfang seiner Beiträge auf diesem Gebiet widerspiegeln.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson ist das schwerste bekannte Element mit der Ordnungszahl 118.","Es ist nach dem Physiker Yuri Oganessian benannt und eines der wenigen Elemente, die nach einer lebenden Person benannt wurden.","Obwohl es sich in der Edelgassäule befindet, wird erwartet, dass Oganesson im Gegensatz zu anderen Edelgasen ein Feststoff und möglicherweise reaktiv ist.","Es wurden bisher nur wenige Atome erzeugt, von denen jedes weniger als eine Millisekunde überlebte.","Es wurde erstmals 2002 von einer russisch-amerikanischen Zusammenarbeit in Dubna synthetisiert.","Oganesson vervollständigt die siebte Zeile des Periodensystems."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium ist ein dichtes, bläulich-weißes Metall, das für seine Härte bekannt ist und in Füllfederhalterfedern, elektrischen Kontakten und Instrumentenzapfen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Bläulich-weiß, metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „osmē“ (ὀσμή), was „Geruch“ oder „Geruch“ bedeutet; Smithson Tennant prägte den Namen im Jahr 1803, weil Osmiumtetroxid, das entsteht, wenn das Metall der Luft ausgesetzt wird, einen scharfen und charakteristischen giftigen Geruch hat.","interesting_facts":["Osmium ist das dichteste natürlich vorkommende Element, fast doppelt so dicht wie Blei.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „osme“, was Geruch bedeutet, weil sein Oxid einen scharfen, giftigen Geruch hat.","Osmium ist extrem hart und wurde in frühen Phonographennadeln und Füllfederhalterspitzen verwendet.","Es gehört zu den Metallen der Platingruppe und hat ein bläulich-silbernes Aussehen.","Osmiumtetroxid wird zur Färbung von biologischem Gewebe für die Elektronenmikroskopie verwendet.","Es ist eines der seltensten Elemente in der Erdkruste."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Sauerstoff","summary":"Sauerstoff ist ein farb- und geruchloses Gas, das für die Atmung der meisten Lebewesen unerlässlich ist.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „oxys“ (scharf oder sauer) und „genes“ (bildend), was „Säurebildner“ bedeutet. Der Name wurde 1777 von Lavoisier benannt, basierend auf der damaligen Überzeugung, dass Sauerstoff ein wesentlicher Bestandteil aller Säuren sei.","interesting_facts":["Sauerstoff macht etwa 21 % der Erdatmosphäre aus und ist massemäßig das am häufigsten vorkommende Element in der Erdkruste.","Der größte Teil des Sauerstoffs, den wir atmen, wird durch Photosynthese produziert, wobei ein großer Teil aus dem Phytoplankton der Ozeane stammt.","Flüssiger und fester Sauerstoff sind hellblau und magnetisch, da sie von einem Magneten angezogen werden.","Ozon, ein Molekül aus drei Sauerstoffatomen, bildet in der Stratosphäre eine Schutzschicht, die schädliche ultraviolette Strahlung absorbiert.","Sauerstoff wurde in den 1770er Jahren unabhängig voneinander von Carl Wilhelm Scheele und Joseph Priestley entdeckt und von Antoine Lavoisier benannt.","Obwohl Sauerstoff lebenswichtig, ist er auch hochreaktiv und treibt die Rostbildung von Eisen und die Verbrennung von Brennstoffen voran."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium ist ein wertvolles, silberweißes Metall, das in Katalysatoren, in der Elektronik und in der Wasserstoffspeicherung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Asteroiden Pallas, der 1802 entdeckt wurde und selbst nach Pallas Athene benannt ist; William Hyde Wollaston prägte den Namen im Jahr 1803 und folgte damit der zeitgenössischen Mode, neue Elemente nach kürzlich entdeckten Himmelskörpern zu benennen.","interesting_facts":["Palladium ist nach dem Asteroiden Pallas benannt, der 1803 kurz vor dem Metall entdeckt wurde.","Sein Haupteinsatzgebiet sind Katalysatoren, wo es dabei hilft, giftige Abgase in unschädliche umzuwandeln.","Palladium kann wie ein metallischer Schwamm bis zum 900-fachen seines eigenen Volumens an Wasserstoffgas absorbieren.","Es ist ein Edelmetall der Platingruppe und wird in Weißgold, edlem Schmuck und Zahnlegierungen verwendet.","Palladium ist für viele elektronische Geräte unverzichtbar, darunter auch für die winzigen Kondensatoren in Telefonen und Computern.","Es spielte eine zentrale Rolle in den berühmten, später diskreditierten „Kalten Fusion“-Experimenten von 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphor","summary":"Phosphor ist ein hochreaktives, essentielles Element in biologischen Molekülen wie DNA und ATP.","appearance":"Die Farbe variiert (weiße, rote oder schwarze Formen)","naming_origin_explanation":"Von griech. „phosphoros“ (Lichtträger, von „phos“ = Licht und „phoros“ = tragend), weil weißer Phosphor beim Oxidieren im Dunkeln schwach leuchtet; Der Name wurde von Hennig Brand verwendet, als er ihn 1669 entdeckte.","interesting_facts":["Weißer Phosphor leuchtet im Dunkeln schwach, wenn er mit Sauerstoff reagiert, ein Phänomen, das der „Phosphoreszenz“ seinen Namen gab.","Es war das erste von einem bekannten Entdecker entdeckte Element, das 1669 von Hennig Brand aus eingekochtem Urin isoliert wurde.","Phosphor kommt in auffallend unterschiedlichen Formen vor: Weißer Phosphor ist gefährlich entflammbar, während roter Phosphor stabil ist und in Streichholzschachteln verwendet wird.","Jede Zelle verwendet Phosphor in DNA, RNA und ATP, dem Molekül, das in Lebewesen Energie speichert und überträgt.","Etwa 85 % des abgebauten Phosphatgesteins werden zu Düngemitteln verarbeitet, was Phosphor für die weltweite Nahrungsmittelproduktion von entscheidender Bedeutung macht.","Ihre Knochen und Zähne werden durch Kalziumphosphat gestärkt, sodass ein Großteil des körpereigenen Phosphors in Ihrem Skelett gespeichert wird."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platin","summary":"Platin ist ein dichtes, formbares und korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das in Katalysatoren, Schmuck und Elektronik verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgeleitet vom spanischen „platina“, einer Verkleinerungsform von „plata“ (Silber), was „kleines Silber“ bedeutet; Spanische Entdecker in Südamerika im 16. Jahrhundert verwendeten diesen abfälligen Begriff für das blasse, silberähnliche Metall, das sie in Goldvorkommen fanden, das aber nicht ohne weiteres verarbeitet werden konnte.","interesting_facts":["Platin ist so korrosionsbeständig, dass es auch bei hohen Temperaturen nie anläuft.","Es ist ein wichtiger Katalysator in Katalysatoren und trägt zur Reinigung von Fahrzeugabgasen bei.","Platin ist dichter als Gold und wird für edlen Schmuck und Eheringe geschätzt.","Einige Platinverbindungen, wie Cisplatin, sind wirksame Chemotherapeutika.","Südafrika produziert den Großteil des weltweiten Platins.","Sein Name kommt vom spanischen „platina“, was „kleines Silber“ bedeutet, ein Name, den die frühen Bergleute ihm abfällig gaben."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in Kernreaktoren, Atomwaffen und als Energiequelle für Raumfahrzeuge verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß, läuft an der Luft an","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Pluto (damals als neunter Planet angesehen), der jenseits von Neptun liegt, genau wie Plutonium jenseits von Neptunium liegt; Glenn Seaborg benannte es 1942 und stellte fest, dass die alternative Form „Plutium“ in Betracht gezogen, aber zugunsten der klassischeren Endung „-onium“ abgelehnt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Plutonium ist für seine Verwendung in Atomwaffen und Reaktoren bekannt.","Es ist nach dem Zwergplaneten Pluto benannt und folgt auf Neptunium und Uran.","Plutonium-238 treibt mit seiner konstanten Hitze Raumfahrzeuge wie die Voyager-Sonden und den Curiosity-Rover an.","Ein Stück Plutonium fühlt sich aufgrund der Hitze seines eigenen radioaktiven Zerfalls warm an.","Es hat eine ungewöhnliche Chemie und kommt in Lösung in vielen bunten Oxidationsstufen vor.","Plutonium dehnt sich zwischen seinen verschiedenen festen Formen dramatisch aus und zieht sich zusammen, was seine maschinelle Bearbeitung erschwert."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium ist ein hochradioaktives Metall, das in antistatischen Geräten und als Wärmequelle in Raumfahrtanwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Polen (lateinisch: Polonia), der Heimat von Marie Curie, die es 1898 gemeinsam mit Pierre Curie entdeckte; Curie wählte den Namen als Hommage an ihr besetztes Heimatland, das damals zwischen Russland, Preußen und Österreich aufgeteilt wurde, in der Hoffnung, die internationale Aufmerksamkeit auf seine Sache zu lenken.","interesting_facts":["Polonium wurde 1898 von Marie und Pierre Curie entdeckt und nach Maries Heimat Polen benannt.","Es ist so stark radioaktiv, dass ein Gramm davon blau leuchtet und genug Wärme abgibt, um warm zu bleiben.","Polonium-210 wurde bei der berüchtigten Vergiftung von Alexander Litwinenko im Jahr 2006 eingesetzt.","Es wurde als leichte Wärmequelle in Raumsonden und als antistatisches Gerät verwendet.","Polonium ist äußerst selten und kommt in Uranerzen in geringen Mengen vor.","Ein Körnchen Polonium kann eine tödliche Dosis abgeben und ist damit eine der giftigsten bekannten Substanzen."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium ist ein weiches, silbrig-weißes Metall, das für das Pflanzenwachstum und für biologische Prozesse von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.","appearance":"Silbergraues Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Der englische Name leitet sich von „Potash“ (in Töpfen ausgelaugte Holzasche, eine frühe Quelle des Elements) ab, während das Symbol K vom lateinischen „kalium“ und letztendlich vom arabischen „al-qali“ (der alkalischen Pflanzenasche, die bei der Seifenherstellung verwendet wird) stammt.","interesting_facts":["Kalium ist so reaktiv, dass es bei Kontakt mit Wasser eine lila Flamme auslöst.","Es ist weich genug, um mit einem Messer geschnitten zu werden, und leicht genug, um bei der Reaktion auf dem Wasser zu schwimmen.","Kaliumionen sind für Nervensignale und den Herzschlag unerlässlich und Bananen sind eine bekannte Nahrungsquelle.","Sein chemisches Symbol K kommt von „kalium“, der lateinischen Form des arabischen Wortes für Pflanzenasche.","Kalium war das erste Metall, das 1807 von Humphry Davy durch Elektrolyse isoliert wurde.","Das radioaktive Isotop Kalium-40 in Ihrem Körper macht Sie Ihr ganzes Leben lang leicht radioaktiv."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodym","summary":"Praseodym ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Magneten, Glasfarben und Legierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „prasios“ (Lauchgrün) und „didymos“ (Zwilling), benannt nach Carl Auer von Welsbach im Jahr 1885, als er Didymium in zwei Elemente spaltete: Praseodym, den grünsalzigen Zwilling, und Neodym, den neuen Zwilling.","interesting_facts":["Der Name Praseodym bedeutet „grüner Zwilling“ wegen der grünen Farbe seiner Salze.","Es wird in Spezialbrillen verwendet, die Schweißer und Glasbläser vor starker Blendung und Infrarotlicht schützen.","Mit Neodym vermischt, bildet es starke Magnete, die in Motoren und Kopfhörern verwendet werden.","Praseodym verleiht Glas- und Keramikglasuren eine rein gelbe Farbe.","Es wurde 1885 von einer Substanz namens „Didymium“ getrennt, bei der es sich um zwei Elemente handelte.","Mit Praseodym dotierte Fasern können in einigen optischen Systemen Lichtsignale verstärken."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium ist ein radioaktives Metall, das in Leuchtfarben, Atombatterien und in der Forschung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Prometheus, dem Titanen der griechischen Mythologie, der den Göttern das Feuer stahl und es der Menschheit gab; Passenderweise wurde Promethium erstmals 1945 aus Produkten der Uranspaltung in einem Kernreaktor gewonnen.","interesting_facts":["Promethium ist das einzige Seltenerdelement ohne stabile Isotope; Es ist radioaktiv und kommt in der Natur praktisch nicht vor.","Es ist nach Prometheus benannt, dem griechischen Titanen, der den Göttern das Feuer stahl.","Promethium wurde in Leuchtfarben und in winzigen Atombatterien für Herzschrittmacher und Raumfahrzeuge verwendet.","Seine Existenz füllte eine seit langem bestehende Lücke am Element 61 im Periodensystem, die 1945 bestätigt wurde.","Leuchtendes Promethium kann durch seine eigene Strahlung ein schwaches blaugrünes Licht erzeugen.","Es wird angenommen, dass in der gesamten Erdkruste zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur etwa 500 Gramm Promethium vorhanden sind."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium ist ein dichtes, silbergraues Metall, das aufgrund seiner Seltenheit und Radioaktivität hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung verwendet wird.","appearance":"Helles, silbriges Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „protos“ (πρῶτος), was „erster“ bedeutet, kombiniert mit „actinium“, was „Elternteil von actinium“ ergibt; Der Name spiegelt wider, dass Protactinium-231 in Actinium-227 zerfällt. Kasper Fajans nannte es erstmals 1913 „Brevium“, doch „Protactinium“ wurde übernommen, als das langlebigere Isotop identifiziert wurde.","interesting_facts":["Protactinium ist eines der seltensten und teuersten natürlich vorkommenden Elemente.","Sein Name bedeutet „Elternteil von Actinium“, weil es in Actinium zerfällt.","Es ist hoch radioaktiv und giftig und erfordert eine sorgfältige Handhabung.","Protactinium wurde erstmals 1913 identifiziert und 1934 isoliert.","Das Verhältnis von Protactinium zu Thorium in Meeressedimenten hilft Wissenschaftlern, das Klima und die Ozeanzirkulation in der Vergangenheit zu untersuchen.","Aufgrund seiner Knappheit und Radioaktivität gibt es außerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Forschung nur wenige Verwendungsmöglichkeiten."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium ist ein hochradioaktives Metall, das einst in Leuchtfarben verwendet wurde und heute hauptsächlich aufgrund seiner radioaktiven Eigenschaften untersucht wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem lateinischen „radius“, was „Strahl“ oder „Balken“ bedeutet, von Marie und Pierre Curie, die es 1898 entdeckten; Der Name bezieht sich auf die intensive Strahlung, die das Element aussendet und die sie als bemerkenswertes neues Phänomen beobachteten, als sie es aus Pechblende isolierten.","interesting_facts":["Radium wurde 1898 von Marie und Pierre Curie entdeckt und leuchtet im Dunkeln mit einem schwachen blauen Licht.","Es wurde einst auf im Dunkeln leuchtenden Zifferblättern von Uhren angebracht und vergiftete auf tragische Weise die „Radium Girls“, die sie bemalten.","Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde Radium in Zahnpasta, Wasser und Kosmetika vermarktet, bevor man seine Gefahren erkannte.","Radium ist etwa eine Million Mal radioaktiver als die gleiche Menge Uran.","Es wurde in der Vergangenheit in der Krebsbestrahlungstherapie eingesetzt, bevor es durch sicherere Quellen ersetzt wurde.","Marie Curies Notizbücher sind immer noch so radioaktiv, dass sie in mit Blei ausgekleideten Kisten aufbewahrt werden."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon ist ein radioaktives Edelgas, das in der Strahlentherapie und als Tracer in der geologischen Forschung eingesetzt wird.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach „Radium“ – dem Element, aus dem es durch radioaktiven Zerfall entsteht – kombiniert mit dem Suffix „-on“, das für Edelgase verwendet wird; Friedrich Dorn entdeckte es erstmals im Jahr 1900 als ein von Radium ausgehendes Gas und nannte es „Radiumemanation“, bevor der Name „Radon“ standardisiert wurde.","interesting_facts":["Radon ist ein radioaktives Edelgas, das beim Zerfall von Uran im Boden und Gestein entsteht.","Es ist die häufigste Ursache für Lungenkrebs bei Nichtrauchern und dringt unsichtbar in Kellerräume ein.","Radon ist farblos, geruchlos und geschmacklos und kann daher nur mit speziellen Instrumenten nachgewiesen werden.","Es ist das dichteste Gas unter normalen Bedingungen und eines der schwersten bekannten Gase.","Radon wurde einst in einigen frühen medizinischen Bestrahlungsbehandlungen eingesetzt.","Testkits für zu Hause sind weit verbreitet, da der Radonspiegel durch geeignete Belüftung gesenkt werden kann."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium ist ein dichtes, silberweißes Metall, das in Triebwerken, Filamenten und Katalysatoren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Rhein (lateinisch: Rhenus), der durch Deutschland fließt; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke und Otto Berg wählten den Namen 1925, als sie das Element entdeckten, und folgten damit der Tradition, Elemente nach geografischen Merkmalen des Heimatlandes der Entdecker zu benennen.","interesting_facts":["Rhenium war eines der letzten stabilen Elemente, das 1925 entdeckt wurde.","Es hat einen der höchsten Schmelzpunkte und Siedepunkte aller Elemente.","Rhenium-Superlegierungen sorgen dafür, dass die Turbinenschaufeln von Strahl- und Raketentriebwerken heißer und effizienter laufen.","Es ist nach dem Rhein in Deutschland benannt.","Rhenium ist äußerst selten und wird hauptsächlich als Nebenprodukt beim Kupfer- und Molybdänabbau gewonnen.","Es wird als Katalysator zur Herstellung von bleifreiem Benzin mit hoher Oktanzahl verwendet."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium ist ein seltenes, silbrig-weißes Metall, das für sein hohes Reflexionsvermögen bekannt ist und in Katalysatoren und Schmuck verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom griechischen Wort „rhodon“ (Rose), 1804 von William Hyde Wollaston benannt, weil Lösungen von Rhodiumsalzen eine charakteristische rosarote Farbe haben.","interesting_facts":["Rhodium ist eines der seltensten und wertvollsten Edelmetalle und kostet oft weit mehr als Gold.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „rhodon“ (Rose), nach der rosaroten Farbe seiner Salze.","Das meiste Rhodium wird in Katalysatoren verwendet, um schädliche Gase aus Autoabgasen zu entfernen.","Es sorgt für ein brillantes, hartes und reflektierendes Finish und wird zum Plattieren von Weißgoldschmuck und Spiegeln verwendet.","Rhodium ist äußerst korrosionsbeständig und läuft an der Luft nicht an.","Es gehört zu den Metallen der Platingruppe und wird hauptsächlich als Nebenprodukt beim Platin- und Nickelabbau gewonnen."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Röntgenium","summary":"Röntgen ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das hauptsächlich in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, dem deutschen Physiker, der 1895 die Röntgenstrahlen entdeckte und 1901 den allerersten Nobelpreis für Physik erhielt; GSI Darmstadt synthetisierte es 1994, schlug den Namen 2004 vor und IUPAC übernahm ihn im selben Jahr offiziell.","interesting_facts":["Röntgenium ist nach Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, dem Entdecker der Röntgenstrahlen, benannt.","Es entstand erstmals 1994 in Deutschland durch die Verschmelzung von Nickel- und Wismutkernen.","Es handelt sich um ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das jeweils nur aus wenigen Atomen besteht.","Es wird vorausgesagt, dass Röntgen im Periodensystem unterhalb von Gold steht und möglicherweise einen Teil seiner Chemie teilt.","Seine Atome zerfallen innerhalb von Sekunden nach ihrer Entstehung.","Es gibt keine Anwendungen, die über die Grundlagenforschung hinausgehen."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium ist ein weiches, silberweißes Metallelement, das in der Elektronik, Forschung und bei Atomuhren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Abgeleitet vom lateinischen „rubidus“ (tiefrot oder dunkelrot), benannt von Robert Bunsen und Gustav Kirchhoff im Jahr 1861 nach den beiden charakteristischen tiefroten Spektrallinien, anhand derer sie es mithilfe der damals neuen Technik der Spektroskopie identifizierten.","interesting_facts":["Rubidium entzündet sich spontan an der Luft und reagiert heftig mit Wasser.","Der Name leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort „rubidus“ (tiefrot) ab und verdankt seinen Namen den roten Linien in seinem Emissionsspektrum.","Rubidium wurde 1861 von Bunsen und Kirchhoff mithilfe der neuen Technik der Spektroskopie entdeckt.","Es schmilzt knapp oberhalb der Körpertemperatur, bei etwa 39 °C.","Rubidiumatome werden in einigen der präzisesten Atomuhren der Welt verwendet.","Wissenschaftler verwendeten Rubidium, um 1995 das erste Bose-Einstein-Kondensat zu erzeugen, einen seltsamen neuen Zustand der Materie."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium ist ein seltenes Übergangsmetall, das in elektrischen Kontakten, Dickschichtwiderständen und als Katalysator verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ruthenien, dem lateinischen Namen für Russland (das Land des Rus-Volkes), von Karl Ernst Claus im Jahr 1844, der die Entdeckung während seiner Arbeit in Kasan im Russischen Reich machte.","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium ist nach Ruthenien benannt, dem lateinischen Namen für Russland, wo es 1844 entdeckt wurde.","Es gehört zu den Metallen der Platingruppe und ist äußerst hart und spröde.","Die Zugabe einer geringen Menge Ruthenium verbessert die Härte und Verschleißfestigkeit von Platin- und Palladiumlegierungen erheblich.","Ruthenium wird in elektrischen Kontakten und Chipwiderständen in der Elektronik verwendet.","Es fungiert als vielseitiger Katalysator, unter anderem in Prozessen zur Herstellung von Ammoniak und zur Reinigung von Schadstoffen.","Rutheniumverbindungen werden als lichtabsorbierende Farbstoffe für Solarzellen erforscht."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften schwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich silbrig-metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ernest Rutherford, dem in Neuseeland geborenen Physiker, der den Atomkern entdeckte und als Vater der Kernphysik gilt; Der Name wurde von amerikanischen Forschern am Lawrence Berkeley vorgeschlagen und 1997 von der IUPAC nach einem Namensstreit mit sowjetischen Wissenschaftlern im Kalten Krieg offiziell übernommen.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium ist nach dem Physiker Ernest Rutherford, dem Vater der Kernphysik, benannt.","Es ist das erste der transactiniden (superschweren) Elemente.","Rutherfordium entsteht durch das Zusammenprallen leichterer Atomkerne in Beschleunigern.","Seine Entdeckung war Gegenstand eines Namensstreits zwischen amerikanischen und sowjetischen Wissenschaftlern im Kalten Krieg.","Es können jeweils nur wenige Atome erzeugt werden, die innerhalb von Sekunden zerfallen.","Es wird erwartet, dass es sich chemisch wie Hafnium in der vierten Gruppe des Periodensystems verhält."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium ist ein silberweißes Metall, das in Magneten, Lasern und als Neutronenabsorber in Kernreaktoren verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Samarskit, dem Mineral, in dem es erstmals 1879 von Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran identifiziert wurde; Samarskit wurde nach Oberst Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, einem russischen Minenbeamten, benannt. Damit war Samarium das erste Element, das (indirekt) nach einer realen Person benannt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Samarium-Kobalt-Magnete behalten ihre Stärke bei hohen Temperaturen und werden in Flugzeugen und militärischer Hardware verwendet.","Es war das erste Element, das nach einer Person benannt wurde, und zwar über das Mineral Samarskit (nach dem Bergbaubeamten Samarsky).","Samarium absorbiert leicht Neutronen und wird daher in Steuerstäben von Kernreaktoren verwendet.","Eine radioaktive Samariumverbindung wird verwendet, um Schmerzen bei Krebs zu lindern, der sich auf die Knochen ausgebreitet hat.","Samarium wird als Katalysator in der Chemie und zur Herstellung bestimmter Glasarten und Laser verwendet.","Es ist mäßig hart und oxidiert langsam an der Luft und bildet eine gelbliche Beschichtung."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium ist ein weiches, silbrig-weißes Metall, das in Luft- und Raumfahrtkomponenten und Hochleistungslegierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Skandinavien (lateinisch „Scandia“), der Region, in der Lars Fredrik Nilson es 1879 in den Mineralien Euxenit und Gadolinit aus Skandinavien entdeckte.","interesting_facts":["Die Existenz und Eigenschaften von Scandium wurden 1869 von Mendelejew als „Eka-Bor“ vorhergesagt, bevor es 1879 entdeckt wurde.","Durch die Zugabe einer kleinen Menge Scandium zu Aluminium entsteht eine starke, leichte Legierung, die in hochwertigen Fahrradrahmen und Luft- und Raumfahrtteilen verwendet wird.","Es ist nach Skandinavien benannt, wo das Mineral, in dem es erstmals gefunden wurde, abgebaut wurde.","In einigen sowjetischen MiG-Kampfflugzeugen wurden Scandium-Aluminium-Legierungen verwendet.","Obwohl Scandium in der Erdkruste recht häufig vorkommt, ist es schwer zu extrahieren und kommt nur selten in Erzen vor, was es teuer macht.","Einigen Metallhalogenidlampen wird Scandiumiodid zugesetzt, um Licht zu erzeugen, das dem natürlichen Sonnenlicht nachempfunden ist."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Glenn T. Seaborg, dem amerikanischen Chemiker, der zehn transuranische Elemente mitentdeckte; Es war das erste Element, das nach einer lebenden Person benannt wurde und 1994 von Lawrence Berkeley vorgeschlagen wurde, obwohl die IUPAC zunächst Einwände erhob, bevor sie den Namen 1997 offiziell genehmigte.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium ist nach dem Chemiker Glenn T. Seaborg benannt, der zur Entdeckung vieler transuranischer Elemente beigetragen hat.","Es war das erste Element, das nach einer damals noch lebenden Person benannt wurde.","Seaborgium ist ein synthetisches superschweres Element, das nur in Teilchenbeschleunigern hergestellt wird.","Seine Atome zerfallen innerhalb von Sekunden, daher wurden bisher nur eine Handvoll davon untersucht.","Chemische Experimente legen nahe, dass es sich wie Wolfram in der sechsten Gruppe des Periodensystems verhält.","Es entstand erstmals 1974 durch den Einschlag von Sauerstoffionen in Kalifornien."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selen","summary":"Selen ist ein Nichtmetall mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften wie Schwefel und Tellur und wird in der Elektronik, Glasherstellung und als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel verwendet.","appearance":"Schwarze, rote und graue Formen","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „Selene“ (Mond), benannt von Jöns Jacob Berzelius im Jahr 1817 als Begleiter von Tellur (vom lateinischen „Tellus“, der Erde), da beide Elemente chemisch ähnlich sind und zusammen in denselben Erzlagerstätten gefunden wurden.","interesting_facts":["Selen ist nach Selene, der griechischen Göttin des Mondes, benannt.","Seine elektrische Leitfähigkeit ändert sich mit dem Licht, eine Eigenschaft, die in frühen Fotokopierern und Lichtmessgeräten genutzt wurde.","Selen ist ein essentieller Spurennährstoff, der antioxidative Enzyme unterstützt, in größeren Dosen jedoch giftig ist.","Es verleiht Glas eine rote Farbe und wird auch zum Entfernen des Grünstichs von Glas verwendet.","Paranüsse sind außergewöhnlich reich an Selen.","Selen gibt es in verschiedenen Formen, darunter als rotes Pulver und in einer grauen metallischen Form, die Elektrizität leitet."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicium","summary":"Silizium ist ein harter, spröder kristalliner Feststoff und eine Schlüsselkomponente in Halbleitern und Computerchips.","appearance":"Grauer kristalliner Feststoff","naming_origin_explanation":"Von lateinisch „silex“ oder „silicis“ (Feuerstein oder harter Stein), weil Silizium reichlich in Feuerstein und Silikatgestein vorkommt; Der Name „Silizium“ wurde 1817 von Thomas Thomson vorgeschlagen.","interesting_facts":["Silizium ist nach Sauerstoff das zweithäufigste Element in der Erdkruste und größtenteils als Kieselsäure in Sand und Gestein eingeschlossen.","Hochreine Siliziumkristalle sind die Grundlage für Computerchips und geben dem Silicon Valley seinen Namen.","Silizium ist ein metalloider Halbleiter, der Elektrizität besser leitet als Isolatoren, aber schlechter als Metalle.","Quarz, Opal und die meisten Sande sind Siliziumverbindungen, und Glas wird hauptsächlich durch Schmelzen von Siliziumdioxid hergestellt.","Solarmodule nutzen Silizium, um Sonnenlicht direkt in Strom umzuwandeln.","Trotz der Ähnlichkeit des Namens unterscheidet sich Silizium (das Element) von Silikon, dem flexiblen gummiartigen Polymer, in dem es enthalten ist."]},"Silver":{"name":"Silber","summary":"Silber ist ein weiches, weißes, glänzendes Metall mit der höchsten elektrischen und thermischen Leitfähigkeit aller Elemente, das in Schmuck, Elektronik und Spiegeln verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Das englische Wort „silver“ kommt vom altenglischen „seolfor“, verwandt mit dem protogermanischen „silubra“, dessen weiterer Ursprung ungewiss ist; Das Symbol Ag und der Landesname Argentinien leiten sich beide vom lateinischen „argentum“ (Silber) ab und stehen in Verbindung mit dem strahlend weißen Glanz des Elements.","interesting_facts":["Silber ist der beste elektrische und thermische Leiter aller Elemente.","Es hat natürliche antibakterielle Eigenschaften und wurde schon lange vor der modernen Medizin verwendet, um Wunden und Wasser sauber zu halten.","Silber ist das am stärksten reflektierende Metall und wurde daher traditionell zur Rückseite von Spiegeln verwendet.","Fotofilme nutzten zur Aufnahme von Bildern lichtempfindliche Silberverbindungen.","Sein chemisches Symbol Ag kommt vom lateinischen Wort „argentum“, und das Land Argentinien ist nach ihm benannt.","Silber wird schwarz, wenn es mit winzigen Mengen Schwefelverbindungen in der Luft reagiert."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium ist ein weiches, silberweißes, hochreaktives Metall und ein lebenswichtiges Element.","appearance":"Silberweißes Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Der englische Name kommt von „soda“ (mittelalterliches lateinisches „sodanum“, ein Mittel gegen Kopfschmerzen), während das Symbol Na vom lateinischen „natrium“ abgeleitet ist, das wiederum vom arabischen/ägyptischen „natrun“ stammt, dem Wort für Natron, ein natürlich vorkommendes Natriumcarbonat-Mineral.","interesting_facts":["Natrium ist so reaktiv, dass es unter Öl gelagert werden muss und beim Eintropfen ins Wasser sprudelt und sich entzünden kann.","Es ist weich genug, um mit einem Messer geschnitten zu werden, und zeigt eine glänzende, silbrige Oberfläche, die an der Luft schnell stumpf wird.","Natriumdampflampen erzeugen den charakteristischen gelb-orangefarbenen Schein, der einst in der Straßenbeleuchtung üblich war.","Gewöhnliches Speisesalz ist Natriumchlorid und Natrium ist für die Nervenimpulse und den Flüssigkeitshaushalt Ihres Körpers unerlässlich.","Natrium brennt mit einer leuchtend gelben Flamme, eine Eigenschaft, die bei Flammentests zu seiner Identifizierung herangezogen wird.","Das chemische Symbol Na kommt vom lateinischen Wort „Natrium“ und bezieht sich auf eine natürliche Sodaverbindung."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Feuerwerkskörpern, Keramik und radiologischen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbermetallisch","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Strontian, einem Dorf in Argyllshire, Schottland, wo das Mineral Strontianit (Strontiumcarbonat) um 1790 erstmals in örtlichen Bleiminen entdeckt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Strontiumsalze erzeugen die leuchtend rote Farbe in Feuerwerkskörpern und Notfackeln.","Es ist nach dem schottischen Dorf Strontian benannt, wo das Erz erstmals gefunden wurde.","Das radioaktive Isotop Strontium-90 aus nuklearem Niederschlag kann sich in den Knochen festsetzen, weil es Kalzium nachahmt.","In einigen Zahnpasten wird Strontium verwendet, um die Zahnempfindlichkeit zu reduzieren.","Strontiumaluminat leuchtet stundenlang im Dunkeln und wird in modernen Leuchtfarben verwendet.","Strontium reagiert wie Kalzium mit Wasser und kommt in der Natur nie frei vor."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Schwefel","summary":"Schwefel ist ein gelbes, nichtmetallisches Element, das häufig in Vulkangebieten vorkommt und lebenswichtig ist.","appearance":"Leuchtend gelbe Kristalle","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „sulphur“ (Schwefel), ein Wort ungewisser Herkunft, das möglicherweise mit Sanskrit „sulvere“ verbunden ist; Schwefel ist seit der Antike als scharfer gelber Stein bekannt, der rund um Vulkane vorkommt und in biblischen Texten „Schwefel“ genannt wird.","interesting_facts":["Schwefel ist seit der Antike bekannt und wird in der Bibel als „Schwefel“ bezeichnet, was „brennender Stein“ bedeutet.","Es ist berühmt für den Geruch von Schwefelwasserstoff nach faulen Eiern, obwohl reiner Schwefel selbst geruchlos ist.","Schwefel brennt mit blauer Flamme und erzeugt erstickendes Schwefeldioxidgas.","Der größte Teil des abgebauten Schwefels wird zur Herstellung von Schwefelsäure verwendet, einer der am häufigsten produzierten Industriechemikalien der Welt.","Rund um Vulkanschlote und heiße Quellen bilden sich leuchtend gelbe Schwefelablagerungen.","Schwefel ist ein lebenswichtiges Element und kommt in den Aminosäuren Cystein und Methionin vor, die bei der Proteinfaltung helfen."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal ist ein dichtes, korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das in der Elektronik, bei chirurgischen Implantaten und in Hochtemperaturlegierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Graublau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Tantalos, dem König der griechischen Mythologie, der dazu verurteilt war, in einem Wasserbecken unter Obstbäumen zu stehen, das zurückwich, wenn er nach ihnen griff; Anders Ekeberg wählte den Namen im Jahr 1802, weil das Element sich auf verlockende Weise weigerte, Säure aufzunehmen, genau wie Tantalus seinen Durst nie stillen konnte.","interesting_facts":["Tantalkondensatoren sind winzig, speichern aber viel Ladung und sind in fast jedem Telefon und Laptop zu finden.","Es ist nach Tantalus aus der griechischen Mythologie benannt, was seine „verlockende“ Beständigkeit gegenüber der Auflösung in Säure widerspiegelt.","Tantal ist biokompatibel und wird in chirurgischen Implantaten, Platten und Stiften verwendet.","Es hat mit über 3.000 °C einen der höchsten Schmelzpunkte aller Metalle.","Dank einer robusten Oxidschicht ist Tantal sehr korrosionsbeständig.","Ein Großteil des weltweiten Tantals stammt aus dem Erz Coltan, was ethische Bedenken hinsichtlich der Beschaffung aufwirft."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium ist ein silbergraues radioaktives Metall, das hauptsächlich in der medizinischen Bildgebung und der industriellen Radiographie verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „technetos“ (künstlich oder künstlich), benannt nach Carlo Perrier und Emilio Segrè im Jahr 1937, weil es das erste künstlich erzeugte Element war, das durch Beschuss von Molybdän mit Deuteronen in einem Zyklotron entstand.","interesting_facts":["Technetium war das erste künstlich hergestellte Element und sein Name kommt aus dem Griechischen und bedeutet „künstlich“.","Da es keine stabilen Isotope hat, kommt es auf der Erde praktisch nicht in der Natur vor.","Technetium-99m ist der am häufigsten verwendete radioaktive Tracer in der medizinischen Bildgebung und wird jährlich in mehreren zehn Millionen Scans verwendet.","Seine Lücke im Periodensystem wurde von Mendelejew als „Eka-Mangan“ vorhergesagt.","Technetium wurde in den Spektren einiger entfernter Sterne entdeckt, was beweist, dass darin immer noch Elemente gefälscht werden.","Winzige Mengen Technetium können Stahl bemerkenswert korrosionsbeständig machen."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellur","summary":"Tellur ist ein sprödes, silberweißes Metalloid, das in Legierungen, Halbleitern und thermoelektrischen Geräten verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig glänzendes Grau","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom lateinischen „tellus“ (die Erde), 1798 von Martin Heinrich Klaproth benannt; Der Name wurde bewusst mit Selen (benannt nach dem Mond) kombiniert, da die beiden Elemente chemisch ähnlich sind und oft zusammen vorkommen.","interesting_facts":["Tellur ist nach dem lateinischen Wort für Erde „tellus“ benannt.","Menschen, die selbst winzigen Mengen ausgesetzt sind, entwickeln „Tellur-Atem“, einen starken Knoblauchgeruch, der wochenlang anhalten kann.","Es handelt sich um ein seltenes Metalloid, das in der Erdkruste etwa so selten vorkommt wie Platin.","Cadmiumtellurid wird zur Herstellung von Dünnschicht-Solarmodulen verwendet.","Tellur verbessert die Bearbeitbarkeit von Stahl und Kupferlegierungen.","Es wird in wiederbeschreibbaren optischen Datenträgern verwendet, da es zwischen glasartigem und kristallinem Zustand wechseln kann."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessin","summary":"Tennessin ist ein synthetisches, radioaktives Element, das in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Untersuchung superschwerer Elemente verwendet wird.","appearance":"Unbekannt, wahrscheinlich metallisch oder metalloid","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem US-Bundesstaat Tennessee, der Heimat des Oak Ridge National Laboratory (das das wesentliche Berkelium-Target herstellte), der Vanderbilt University und der University of Tennessee; Es wurde 2010 synthetisiert und 2016 von der IUPAC offiziell benannt, wobei das Suffix „-ine“ seine Position in der Halogengruppe 17 widerspiegelt.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine ist nach dem US-Bundesstaat Tennessee benannt, in dem sich das Oak Ridge National Laboratory befindet.","Es ist das zweitschwerste bekannte Element und wurde 2010 bestätigt.","Sein Name endet auf „-ine“, da es sich in der Halogenspalte, Gruppe 17, befindet.","Für die Herstellung war seltenes Berkelium erforderlich, das in Oak Ridge hergestellt und mit Kalziumionen bombardiert wurde.","Von Tennessee wurden bisher nur wenige Atome hergestellt.","Seine Atome zerfallen innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium ist ein silberweißes Metall, das in Leuchtstoffen für grüne Beleuchtung, Laser und magnetooptische Geräte verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ytterby, einem Dorf auf der schwedischen Insel Resarö, wo ursprünglich das Erz Gadolinit gesammelt wurde; Carl Gustaf Mosander trennte es 1843 von Yttriumoxid, und „Terbium“ ist eine Silbenumformung von „Ytterby“.","interesting_facts":["Terbium liefert die grüne Farbe in vielen Leuchtstoffen, die in Beleuchtungen und älteren Displays verwendet werden.","Es ist nach dem schwedischen Dorf Ytterby benannt, einem von vier Elementen, die diese einzelne Stadt ehren.","Terbiumlegierungen verändern ihre Form in einem Magnetfeld und werden in Sensoren und Sonarsystemen verwendet.","Unter ultraviolettem Licht leuchtet es leuchtend grün und wird in Sicherheitstinten verwendet.","Terbium ist ein weiches, silbriges Seltenerdmetall, das mit einem Messer geschnitten werden kann.","Es wird in Festkörpergeräten und energieeffizienten Leuchtstofflampen verwendet."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium ist ein weiches, graues Metall, das in der Elektronik, in optischen Systemen und einigen medizinischen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem griechischen „thallos“ (θαλλός), was „grüner Spross“ oder „grüner Zweig“ bedeutet; William Crookes benannte es 1861 nach der markanten hellgrünen Spektrallinie, die er bei der Analyse von selenigen Säurerückständen mithilfe der neu entwickelten Technik der Flammenspektroskopie sah.","interesting_facts":["Thallium war einst ein beliebtes Gift, geruchs- und geschmacklos, was ihm den Spitznamen „Gift des Giftmischers“ einbrachte.","Sein Name kommt vom griechischen „thallos“, einem grünen Spross, nach der hellgrünen Linie in seinem Spektrum.","Eine Thalliumvergiftung führt zu Haarausfall, der Ärzten manchmal bei der Diagnose hilft.","Bei bildgebenden Herz-Stresstests wird ein radioaktives Thalliumisotop verwendet.","Thalliumverbindungen werden in der speziellen Infrarotoptik und -elektronik eingesetzt.","Es wurde 1861 mit der neuen Methode der Flammenspektroskopie entdeckt."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium ist ein schwach radioaktives Metall, das in Kernreaktoren, Legierungen und Gasmänteln verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbrig, oft mit schwarzem Anlauf","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Thor, dem nordischen Donnergott, vom schwedischen Chemiker Jöns Jacob Berzelius, der es 1828 entdeckte; Berzelius fand es in einem norwegischen Mineral, das er Thorit nannte, und benannte das neue Element nach der Gottheit, einer Tradition folgend, mythologische Figuren zu ehren.","interesting_facts":["Thorium ist nach Thor, dem nordischen Donnergott, benannt.","Es wird erforscht, dass es ein sichererer und häufiger vorkommender Kernbrennstoff als Uran ist.","Thorium kommt in der Kruste etwa drei- bis viermal häufiger vor als Uran.","Thoriumhaltige Gasmäntel leuchteten hell und wurden über ein Jahrhundert lang in Laternen verwendet.","Es wurde einst hochwertigen Kameraobjektiven zugesetzt, die mit der Zeit durch Strahlung leicht vergilben können.","Fast alles Thorium ist das langlebige Isotop Thorium-232, dessen Halbwertszeit länger ist als das Alter des Universums."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in tragbaren Röntgengeräten, Lasern und einigen nuklearen Anwendungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Thule, dem antiken griechischen und römischen Namen für ein mythisches Land am äußersten nördlichen Rand der bekannten Welt, das oft mit Skandinavien oder Island gleichgesetzt wird; Per Teodor Cleve wählte den Namen 1879, um den skandinavischen Ursprung des Elements zu würdigen.","interesting_facts":["Thulium ist das seltenste der stabilen Seltenerdelemente und eines der teuersten.","Es ist nach Thule benannt, einem mythischen Land im hohen Norden.","Radioaktives Thulium-170 wird in tragbaren Röntgengeräten verwendet, die keinen Strom benötigen.","Thulium leuchtet unter ultraviolettem Licht blau und wird zur Fälschungsschutzmarkierung auf Banknoten verwendet.","Thuliumlaser werden bei einigen medizinisch-chirurgischen Eingriffen eingesetzt.","Trotz seiner Seltenheit kommt Thulium in der Erdkruste immer noch häufiger vor als Gold."]},"Tin":{"name":"Zinn","summary":"Zinn ist ein formbares, silberweißes Metall, das in Loten, Beschichtungen und Legierungen wie Bronze verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Das englische Wort „tin“ kommt vom altenglischen „tin“, verwandt mit dem protogermanischen „tinam“, dessen weiterer Ursprung ungewiss ist; Das Symbol Sn kommt vom lateinischen „stannum“, das ursprünglich eine Silber-Blei-Legierung bezeichnete, bevor es auf Zinn aufgetragen wurde.","interesting_facts":["Durch das Mischen von Zinn mit Kupfer entsteht Bronze, die Legierung, die ein ganzes Zeitalter der Menschheitsgeschichte definierte.","Beim Biegen erzeugt ein Zinnstab ein knisterndes Geräusch, das „Zinnschrei“ genannt wird, während sich seine Kristalle neu anordnen.","Bei extremer Kälte kann gewöhnliches Zinn zu einem grauen Pulver zerfallen, ein Vorgang, der „Zinnpest“ genannt wird.","Blechdosen erhalten ihre Korrosionsbeständigkeit durch eine dünne Zinnschicht auf Stahl.","Zinn hat mehr stabile Isotope (zehn) als jedes andere Element.","Zinn und Lot sind gängige Legierungen auf Zinnbasis, die seit Jahrhunderten verwendet werden."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titan","summary":"Titan ist ein starkes, leichtes Metall, das häufig in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, in medizinischen Geräten und in Legierungen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau-weiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach den Titanen der griechischen Mythologie – mächtigen Urgottheiten – von Martin Heinrich Klaproth im Jahr 1795, der einen Namen ohne geografische oder persönliche Assoziationen wollte.","interesting_facts":["Titan hat das höchste Verhältnis von Festigkeit zu Dichte aller metallischen Elemente und ist so fest wie Stahl, aber etwa 45 % leichter.","Es ist biokompatibel, sodass der Körper es nicht abstößt, was es ideal für Hüftersatz und Zahnimplantate macht.","Titandioxid ist ein strahlend weißes Pigment, das in Farben, Sonnenschutzmitteln und sogar Zahnpasta verwendet wird.","Es widersteht der Korrosion durch Meerwasser so gut, dass es in Schiffsteilen und U-Boot-Rümpfen verwendet wird.","Aufgrund seiner großen Festigkeit ist Titan nach den Titanen der griechischen Mythologie benannt.","Obwohl Titan das neunthäufigste Element in der Erdkruste ist, ist es teuer, da es schwierig aus seinen Erzen zu gewinnen ist."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolfram","summary":"Wolfram ist ein hartes, dichtes Metall mit dem höchsten Schmelzpunkt aller Elemente, das in Filamenten, Schneidwerkzeugen und panzerbrechenden Projektilen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Grauweiß, glänzend","naming_origin_explanation":"„Wolfram“ kommt von den schwedischen Wörtern „tung“ (schwer) und „sten“ (Stein) und bezieht sich auf das Mineral Scheelit; Das Symbol W kommt von „Wolfram“, abgeleitet vom Mineral Wolframit – benannt, weil es beim Schmelzen Zinn „verschlang“, was an einen Wolf erinnert (deutsch: Wolf Rahm, Wolfscreme oder -schaum).","interesting_facts":["Wolfram hat mit etwa 3.422 °C den höchsten Schmelzpunkt aller Metalle.","Es wurde für die leuchtenden Glühfäden in Glühbirnen verwendet.","Sein Name kommt aus dem Schwedischen und bedeutet „schwerer Stein“, während sein Symbol W von „Wolfram“ stammt.","Wolframcarbid ist fast so hart wie Diamant und wird in Bohrern, Sägen und panzerbrechenden Patronen verwendet.","Es ist eines der dichtesten Elemente und hat ungefähr die gleiche Dichte wie Gold.","Wolfram ist für einige Enzyme in bestimmten wärmeliebenden Mikroben essentiell, das schwerste Element, das bekanntermaßen vom Leben genutzt wird."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uran","summary":"Uran ist ein dichtes, radioaktives Metall, das als Brennstoff in Kernreaktoren und in Atomwaffen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau-metallic","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach dem Planeten Uranus, der erst acht Jahre zuvor von Martin Heinrich Klaproth im Jahr 1789 entdeckt worden war; er folgte der Tradition, Elemente nach Himmelskörpern zu benennen, so wie Tellur (das Element davor) nach der Erde benannt wurde.","interesting_facts":["Uran ist das schwerste Element, das in der Natur in nennenswerten Mengen vorkommt.","Es wurde nach dem Planeten Uranus benannt, der erst acht Jahre zuvor entdeckt wurde.","Ein einziges Kilogramm Uran-235 kann so viel Energie freisetzen wie mehrere tausend Tonnen Kohle.","Die Radioaktivität von Uran wurde 1896 von Henri Becquerel entdeckt, als es im Dunkeln Fotoplatten beschlug.","Abgereichertes Uran ist extrem dicht und wird in Panzerungen und panzerbrechender Munition verwendet.","Uranglas, das im 19. Jahrhundert beliebt war, leuchtet unter ultraviolettem Licht hellgrün."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium ist ein hartes, silbergraues Metall, das hauptsächlich zur Verstärkung von Stahllegierungen und anderen Materialien verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silbergrau","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Vanadis, einem altnordischen Beinamen für die Göttin Freyja, der 1830 von Nils Gabriel Sefström gewählt wurde, weil Vanadiumverbindungen auffallend schöne, mehrfarbige Lösungen bilden.","interesting_facts":["Vanadium ist wegen seiner wunderschön gefärbten Verbindungen nach Vanadis benannt, einem Namen für die nordische Göttin Freyja.","Seine Verbindungen erscheinen je nach Oxidationsstufe in einem Regenbogen von Farben: Lila, Blau, Grün und Gelb.","Die Zugabe kleiner Mengen Vanadium zu Stahl macht ihn viel härter und zäher und wird in Werkzeugen und Autoteilen verwendet.","Henry Ford verwendete im Modell T Vanadiumstahl, um es leichter und stabiler zu machen.","Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Batterien können große Energiemengen für das Stromnetz speichern.","Einige Meeresbewohner, sogenannte Seescheiden, konzentrieren Vanadium in ihrem Blut in weit höheren Konzentrationen als das umgebende Meerwasser."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon ist ein farbloses, dichtes und geruchloses Edelgas, das für Beleuchtung, medizinische Bildgebung und den Antrieb von Raumfahrzeugen verwendet wird.","appearance":"Farbloses Gas, das bei Anregung ein blaues Leuchten ausstrahlt","naming_origin_explanation":"Aus dem Griechischen „xenos“ (fremd oder fremd), benannt von William Ramsay und Morris Travers im Jahr 1898, weil Xenon als völlig unbekanntes Element in den Rückständen nach der Verdampfung von flüssigem Krypton verborgen erschien.","interesting_facts":["Der Name Xenon kommt vom griechischen Wort für „Fremder“, weil es ein so seltener Fund in der Luft war.","Es erzeugt ein strahlend weißes Licht und wird in Autoscheinwerfern, Kamerablitzen und Filmprojektorlampen verwendet.","Xenon kann als sicheres und wirksames Anästhetikum verwendet werden, ist jedoch teuer.","Obwohl Xenon ein Edelgas ist, bildete es 1962 als erstes eine echte chemische Verbindung.","Ionentriebwerke in Raumfahrzeugen verwenden Xenon als Treibstoff und schieben Sonden sanft durch das Sonnensystem.","Xenon ist so dicht, dass man ein leichtes Objekt auf dem unsichtbaren Gas schweben lassen kann."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium ist ein weiches, silbriges Metall, das in Lasern, Atomuhren und Spannungsmessgeräten in Materialien verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ytterby, einem Dorf auf der Insel Resarö in der Nähe von Stockholm, Schweden; Jean Charles de Marignac isolierte sein Oxid erstmals 1878 aus dem Mineral Erbia, und Ytterbium ist eines von vier Elementen, die nach diesem einzigen schwedischen Dorf benannt wurden.","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium ist eines von vier Elementen, die nach dem kleinen schwedischen Dorf Ytterby benannt sind.","Ytterbium-Atomuhren gehören zu den präzisesten Zeitmessern, die jemals gebaut wurden.","Sein elektrischer Widerstand steigt unter hohem Druck stark an und dient als Spannungsmesser.","Mit Ytterbium dotierte Fasern versorgen hochenergetische Industrielaser zum Schneiden und Schweißen von Metall.","Es ist ein weiches, formbares, silbriges Seltenerdmetall.","Für ein Lanthanid ungewöhnlich, kann Ytterbium eine stabile Oxidationsstufe von +2 annehmen."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium ist ein silbrig-metallisches Element, das in Leuchtstoffen, Supraleitern und der LED-Technologie verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Benannt nach Ytterby, einem kleinen Dorf auf der Insel Resarö in Schweden, wo 1787 erstmals das Erz Gadolinit gesammelt wurde; Derselbe Dorfname inspirierte auch die Namen Ytterbium, Erbium und Terbium.","interesting_facts":["Yttrium ist nach dem schwedischen Dorf Ytterby benannt, das vier verschiedenen Elementen seinen Namen gab.","Yttrium-Aluminium-Granat (YAG)-Kristalle werden zur Herstellung leistungsstarker Laser für Medizin und Industrie verwendet.","Es trug dazu bei, die ersten Hochtemperatursupraleiter zu entwickeln, die über dem Siedepunkt von Stickstoff arbeiten.","Yttriumverbindungen erzeugten die roten Leuchtstoffe in alten Farbfernsehbildschirmen.","Es wird zur Verstärkung von Aluminium- und Magnesiumlegierungen verwendet.","Obwohl Yttrium als seltene Erde bezeichnet wird, kommt es in der Erdkruste häufiger vor als Silber oder Blei."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Zink","summary":"Zink ist ein bläulich-silbernes Metall, das häufig bei der Galvanisierung, in Legierungen und als essentielles Mineral für biologische Prozesse verwendet wird.","appearance":"Bläulich-silbernes Metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom deutschen „Zink“ (Zink), erstmals im 16. Jahrhundert von Paracelsus verwendet; Der Ursprung könnte sich auf „Zinke“ (Zinke oder Spitze) beziehen, was die stacheligen Kristalle beschreibt, die sich beim Schmelzen bilden, oder möglicherweise auf das persische „sing“ (Stein).","interesting_facts":["Zink beschichtet Stahl in einem Prozess namens Verzinken und opfert sich selbst, um den Stahl vor Rost zu schützen.","Es ist wichtig für das menschliche Immunsystem und Zinkpastillen werden gegen Erkältungen eingesetzt.","Zink brennt mit einer leuchtend bläulich-grünen Flamme und wurde einst „Philosophenwolle“ genannt, als sein weißes Oxid gesammelt wurde.","Messing, das in Instrumenten und Armaturen verwendet wird, ist eine Legierung aus Kupfer und Zink.","Die meisten modernen Ein-Cent-Münzen und viele andere Münzen bestehen größtenteils aus Zink mit einer dünnen Kupferbeschichtung.","Zinkoxid ist der Wirkstoff in vielen Sonnenschutzmitteln und Cremes gegen Windeldermatitis."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirkonium ist ein korrosionsbeständiges Metall, das in Kernreaktoren, chirurgischen Instrumenten und Keramikmaterialien verwendet wird.","appearance":"Silberweiß","naming_origin_explanation":"Vom arabischen „zarqun“ (zinnoberrot oder goldfarben), abgeleitet vom persischen „zargun“ (goldähnlich), weil der Edelstein Zirkon goldene Farbtöne hat; Der Name wurde 1789 von Martin Heinrich Klaproth vergeben.","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium ist sehr korrosionsbeständig und absorbiert kaum Neutronen, was es ideal für die Umhüllung von Kernbrennstäben macht.","Kubisches Zirkonoxid, eine Zirkoniumverbindung, ist ein beliebter Diamantersatz in Schmuck.","Der Edelstein Zirkon, ein Zirkoniumsilikat, enthält mit einem Alter von über 4 Milliarden Jahren einige der ältesten bekannten Mineralien der Erde.","Zirkoniumpulver ist leicht entflammbar und wurde früher in Blitzlampen verwendet.","Es ist biokompatibel und wird in Zahnkronen und Gelenkimplantaten verwendet.","Zirkoniumdioxid-Keramik ist robust genug, um Messerklingen herzustellen, die selten geschärft werden müssen."]}},"en-AU":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminium cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminium uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminium, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminium cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminium is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionise air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulphide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulphide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporise from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesised in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesised it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulphate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulphate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulphate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesise the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesised in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinised to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modelled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesised it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilisation.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesised in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Caesium","summary":"Caesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of caesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Caesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Caesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive caesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realise it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilise medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesised in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analysed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesised in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesised the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporise from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analysed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminium brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesised in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesised it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognised by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analysing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapour.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapour."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilisation with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesised this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabiliser to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesise it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognised the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialised alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulphate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulphur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organisation of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapour glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinisation of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulphide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesised in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesised in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialised uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesised, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesised it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesised at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognising it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodised to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesised in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertiliser, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidising; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinised form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardised."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidises in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminium creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminium alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulphur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulphur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapour lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulphur","summary":"Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulphur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulphide, though pure sulphur itself is odourless.","Sulphur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulphur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulphur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulphur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulphur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalising' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalisingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesised in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialised infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analysing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminium and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanisation, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanising, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en-CA":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminum","summary":"Aluminum is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminum is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminum cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminum uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminum, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminum cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminum is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionize air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulfide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulfide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporize from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesized in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesized it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulfate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulfate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesize the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinized to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modeled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesized it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilization.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesized in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of cesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Cesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Cesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive cesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realize it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilize medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesized in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analyzed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesized the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporize from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analyzed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminum brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesized in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesized it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognized by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analyzing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapor.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapor."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilization with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesized this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesize it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognized the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialized alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulfate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulfur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organization of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapor glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinization of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulfide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesized in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesized in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialized uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesized, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesized it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesized at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognizing it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodized to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertilizer, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesized in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertilizer, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidizing; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinized form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardized."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidizes in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminum creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminum alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulfur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulfur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapor lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulfur","summary":"Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulfur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulfide, though pure sulfur itself is odourless.","Sulfur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulfur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulfur is used to make sulfuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulfur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulfur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulfur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalizing' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalizingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesized in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialized infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analyzing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminum and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanization, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanizing, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en-GB":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminium cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminium uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminium, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminium cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminium is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionise air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulphide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulphide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporise from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesised in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesised it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulphate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulphate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulphate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesise the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesised in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinised to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modelled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesised it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilisation.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesised in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Caesium","summary":"Caesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of caesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Caesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Caesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive caesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realise it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilise medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesised in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analysed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesised in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesised the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporise from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analysed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminium brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesised in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesised it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognised by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analysing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapour.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapour."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilisation with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesised this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabiliser to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesise it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognised the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialised alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulphate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulphur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organisation of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapour glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinisation of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulphide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesised in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesised in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialised uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesised, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesised it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesised at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognising it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodised to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesised in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertiliser, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidising; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinised form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardised."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidises in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminium creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminium alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulphur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulphur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapour lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulphur","summary":"Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulphur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulphide, though pure sulphur itself is odourless.","Sulphur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulphur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulphur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulphur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulphur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalising' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalisingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesised in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialised infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analysing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminium and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanisation, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanising, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en-IN":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminium cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminium uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminium, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminium cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminium is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionise air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulphide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulphide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporise from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesised in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesised it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulphate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulphate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulphate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesise the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesised in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinised to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modelled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesised it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilisation.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesised in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Caesium","summary":"Caesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of caesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Caesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Caesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive caesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realise it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilise medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesised in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analysed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesised in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesised the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporise from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analysed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminium brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesised in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesised it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognised by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analysing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapour.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapour."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilisation with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesised this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabiliser to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesise it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognised the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialised alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulphate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulphur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organisation of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapour glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinisation of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulphide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesised in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesised in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialised uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesised, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesised it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesised at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognising it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodised to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesised in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertiliser, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidising; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinised form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardised."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidises in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminium creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminium alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulphur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulphur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapour lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulphur","summary":"Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulphur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulphide, though pure sulphur itself is odourless.","Sulphur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulphur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulphur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulphur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulphur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalising' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalisingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesised in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialised infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analysing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminium and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanisation, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanising, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en-NZ":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminium cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminium uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminium, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminium cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminium is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionise air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulphide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulphide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporise from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesised in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesised it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulphate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulphate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulphate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesise the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesised in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinised to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modelled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesised it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilisation.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesised in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Caesium","summary":"Caesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of caesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Caesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Caesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive caesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realise it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilise medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesised in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analysed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesised in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesised the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporise from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analysed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminium brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesised in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesised it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognised by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analysing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapour.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapour."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilisation with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesised this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabiliser to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesise it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognised the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialised alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulphate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulphur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organisation of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapour glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinisation of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulphide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesised in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesised in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialised uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesised, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesised it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesised at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognising it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodised to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesised in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertiliser, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidising; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinised form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardised."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidises in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminium creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminium alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulphur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulphur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapour lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulphur","summary":"Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulphur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulphide, though pure sulphur itself is odourless.","Sulphur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulphur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulphur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulphur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulphur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalising' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalisingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesised in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialised infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analysing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminium and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanisation, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanising, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en-ZA":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honoured guests reportedly ate with aluminium cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminium uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminium, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminium cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminium is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionise air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulphide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic grey","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favourite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odour.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulphide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporise from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesised in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesised it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colours.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulphate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulphate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulphate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesise the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesised in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, greyish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel grey","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinised to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modelled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesised it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honour, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green colour to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odour), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft grey metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull grey, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilisation.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesised in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honour the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Caesium","summary":"Caesium is a soft, gold-coloured metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of caesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Caesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery colour, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or grey.","Caesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive caesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or greyish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realise it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green colour of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning colour, because its compounds are vividly coloured.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (colour), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colours — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous grey metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue colour.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilise medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1996 and proposed the name to honour Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesised in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analysed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honour the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesised in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibres, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibres amplify light signals, making long-distance fibre-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink colour and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced colour in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbours, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesised the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporise from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honour of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analysed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminium brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, greyish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fibre optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Greyish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, greyish-white appearance.","Optical fibres use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewellery, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square metre.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honour the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesised in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesised it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognised by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colourings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analysing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic grey (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-coloured vapour.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet colour of iodine vapour."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colourful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colours displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colours of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the centre of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilisation with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colourless, odourless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the metre was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colourless, odourless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesised this element in 1961 and named it to honour Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabiliser to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesise it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognised the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honouring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialised alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honour his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny grey metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny grey solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulphate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulphur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organisation of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapour glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinisation of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulphide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesised in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesised in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass colouring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking colour that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialised uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colourless, odourless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colours seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesised, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesised it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesised at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honour of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honour the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognising it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodised to produce a rainbow of colours, popular in jewellery.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesised in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odour.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odour'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewellery, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Colour varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertiliser, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidising; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewellery, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewellery and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colourful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinised form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass colouring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green colour of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow colour to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibres can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-grey metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colourless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardised."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-grey","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewellery.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red colour of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewellery and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in colour."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesised it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidises in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminium creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminium alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulphur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and grey forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red colour and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a grey metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Grey crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewellery, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulphur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapour lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red colour in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulphur","summary":"Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulphur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulphide, though pure sulphur itself is odourless.","Sulphur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulphur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulphur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulphur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulphur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Grey blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalising' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalisingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-grey radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous grey","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odour that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesised in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green colour in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honouring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, grey metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odourless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialised infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analysing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honouring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honour the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a grey powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery grey-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Greyish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-grey metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery grey","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully coloured compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colours depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colourless, dense, odourless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colourless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibres power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old colour television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminium and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanisation, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanising, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewellery.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-coloured), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"en":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is a soft, silvery radioactive metal primarily used in research and as a neutron source.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Actinium glows with an eerie pale blue light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Its name comes from the Greek 'aktis', meaning ray or beam.","It gives its name to the actinide series of elements.","Actinium-225 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle therapy against cancer.","It is about 150 times more radioactive than radium.","Actinium is extremely rare, occurring only in trace amounts in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), meaning 'ray' or 'beam'; André-Louis Debierne first isolated it in 1899 from uranium ore and named it for its powerful radioactivity; it gives its name to the actinide series of heavy elements."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminum","summary":"Aluminum is a silvery-white, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant metal used in a wide variety of applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metal","interesting_facts":["Aluminum is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust, yet it was once so hard to purify it was more valuable than gold.","At an 1880s banquet, France's most honored guests reportedly ate with aluminum cutlery while others used gold.","It is fully recyclable, and recycling aluminum uses only about 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore.","A thin, self-healing oxide layer forms instantly on aluminum, protecting it from corrosion.","The Hall-Heroult process, invented in 1886, made aluminum cheap by using electricity to extract it from alumina.","Aluminum is light, strong, and non-magnetic, making it ideal for aircraft, cans, and foil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'alumen' (alum, a compound used since antiquity in dyeing and tanning); Humphry Davy coined 'alumium' in 1807 and later revised it to 'aluminum,' while much of the world adopted the 'aluminium' spelling."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is a radioactive metal used in smoke detectors and as a neutron source for industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes slowly in air","interesting_facts":["Americium is used in tiny amounts in most household smoke detectors.","It is named after the Americas, mirroring europium being named after Europe.","Americium was first produced during the Manhattan Project in 1944.","In a smoke detector, americium emits alpha particles that ionize air; smoke disrupts the current and triggers the alarm.","It glows faintly in the dark from its own intense radioactivity.","Americium is being studied as a possible long-lasting power source for future space missions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Americas, the continents where it was first produced, by Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg named it by deliberate analogy with europium (named after Europe), since americium occupies the same position in the actinide series as europium does in the lanthanide series."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimony","summary":"Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metalloid used in flame retardants, alloys, and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery, bluish-white","interesting_facts":["Antimony has been used since ancient Egypt as kohl, a black eye cosmetic.","It is a metalloid that, unusually, expands when it freezes, making it useful for sharp castings and type metal.","Antimony compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics and textiles.","Its chemical symbol Sb comes from the Latin 'stibium'.","Medieval alchemists used antimony pills as a reusable laxative, recovered and passed down as 'everlasting pills'.","Antimony is alloyed with lead to make it harder, as in old printing type and battery plates."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from Medieval Latin 'antimonium,' of uncertain origin (possibly from Arabic 'ithmid' or a Latin phrase meaning 'not alone,' since antimony rarely occurs in pure form); the symbol Sb comes from Latin 'stibium,' the name for the black sulfide ore used as a cosmetic since ancient Egypt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that makes up about 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Argon makes up nearly 1% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant noble gas in the air.","Its name comes from the Greek word for 'lazy' because it is so chemically unreactive.","Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs because it won't react with the hot filament.","Welders use argon as a shielding gas to protect hot metal from reacting with oxygen in the air.","Most of Earth's argon is argon-40, produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40 in rocks.","Double-glazed windows are often filled with argon because it insulates better than ordinary air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'argon' (idle or inactive, neuter of 'argos'), named by William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894 because the gas is chemically inert and extremely reluctant to react with anything."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"Arsenic is a toxic metalloid used historically in pesticides and now in semiconductors and glass production.","appearance":"Metallic gray","interesting_facts":["Arsenic is famous as the 'poison of kings and king of poisons', undetectable for centuries and a favorite in historical murders.","Despite its toxicity, tiny traces of arsenic may be a needed nutrient for some animals.","Gallium arsenide and other arsenic compounds are vital to modern semiconductors and LEDs.","Arsenic contamination of groundwater affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide.","It sublimes, turning directly from solid to gas when heated, with a garlic-like odor.","Green pigments containing arsenic were once used in wallpaper and may have slowly poisoned Victorian households."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'arsenikon' (yellow orpiment, a sulfide ore of arsenic), itself possibly from Persian 'zarnikh' (arsenic ore); the word may also connect to Greek 'arrhen' (male or potent), reflecting the powerful properties of arsenic compounds."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatine","summary":"Astatine is a rare, radioactive element used primarily in scientific research and potentially in cancer treatments.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element; less than a gram exists in Earth's crust at any time.","Its name comes from the Greek 'astatos', meaning 'unstable'.","No one has ever seen a visible sample because it would vaporize from its own intense radioactivity.","It is the heaviest of the halogens and was first synthesized in 1940.","Astatine-211 is being studied for targeted alpha-particle cancer therapy.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 8 hours."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'astatos' (ἄστατος), meaning 'unstable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè synthesized it in 1940 at Berkeley and chose the name because all astatine isotopes are radioactive and decay quickly, making the element inherently unstable."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is a soft, silvery metal used in drilling fluids, paints, and medical imaging.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Patients drink a 'barium meal' or 'barium swallow' because barium blocks X-rays, revealing the digestive tract.","Barium compounds give fireworks their bright green colors.","Its name comes from the Greek 'barys', meaning heavy.","Although the metal is toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate used in medical scans passes through the body safely.","Barium is so reactive it must be stored under oil and is never found free in nature.","The mineral baryte (barium sulfate) is used to weight drilling fluids in the oil industry."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'barys' (heavy), named by Humphry Davy in 1808 because barium sulfate (baryte, the common ore) is unusually dense for a nonmetallic mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is a radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is named after Berkeley, California, where it was first made in 1949.","It is an extremely rare synthetic element, with only tiny amounts ever produced.","Berkelium was used as the target material to synthesize the superheavy element tennessine.","Producing a small sample of berkelium can take many months in a high-flux reactor.","It is highly radioactive and has no uses outside scientific research.","Berkelium completes a set with terbium, both elements named after towns and placed in matching positions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized in 1949 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory; the naming deliberately mirrors terbium, named after the Swedish town of Ytterby — both elements occupy matching positions in the lanthanide and actinide series respectively."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust.","appearance":"Steel gray","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is remarkably transparent to X-rays, so it is used to make windows for X-ray tubes and detectors.","It is one of the lightest structural metals yet has a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than steel.","The gemstones emerald and aquamarine are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminium silicate.","Beryllium dust is highly toxic and can cause a chronic lung disease called berylliosis.","The mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope are made of gold-coated beryllium because it keeps its shape at extremely cold temperatures.","In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after beryl, the gemstone, from Greek 'beryllos,' because Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated beryllium from beryl and emerald minerals in 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Bismuth is a brittle metal with low toxicity, used in cosmetics, medical procedures, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white with an iridescent hue","interesting_facts":["Bismuth forms stunning, iridescent rainbow crystals with a stair-step, hopper shape.","It is the heaviest element that is, for practical purposes, stable, with an almost unimaginably long half-life.","Bismuth is the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, used to soothe upset stomachs.","Like water, bismuth expands when it freezes.","It is used in low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers and safety devices.","Bismuth is one of the few metals less dense in some alloys, and is a non-toxic replacement for lead in many products."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derives from the old German 'Wismut' or 'Wismuth', possibly from 'weiße Masse' (white mass) or a miner's term of uncertain origin; known since the 15th century as a distinct metal, sometimes confused with lead or tin, and Latinized to 'bisemutum' before becoming 'bismuth' in modern usage."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is named after Niels Bohr, the physicist who modeled the structure of the atom.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Bohrium was first created in 1981 in Germany.","Its isotopes are intensely radioactive and decay in seconds or less.","Experiments indicate bohrium chemically resembles rhenium, in group 7.","It has no uses outside of fundamental research into the heaviest elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom and made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure; GSI Darmstadt, Germany, synthesized it in 1981 and proposed the name in his honor, officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boron","summary":"Boron is a metalloid element that is essential for plant growth but can be toxic in excess.","appearance":"Black-brown","interesting_facts":["Boron compounds give a distinctive bright green color to flames, making it useful in pyrotechnics.","Boron is essential for plant growth, though only in tiny amounts; too much is toxic to crops.","Borosilicate glass, made with boron, resists thermal shock and is used in cookware and laboratory glassware.","The isotope boron-10 readily absorbs neutrons, so boron is used in control rods and shielding for nuclear reactors.","Borax, a boron mineral, has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning agent and flux for soldering metals.","Boron is a metalloid, sharing properties of both metals and non-metals, and is a poor conductor at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after borax, the mineral from which it was first isolated, with 'borax' derived from Arabic 'buraq' or Persian 'burah,' meaning borax or saltpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromine","summary":"Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is used in flame retardants, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.","appearance":"Red-brown liquid","interesting_facts":["Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature, along with mercury.","It is a dense, reddish-brown liquid that gives off choking, toxic fumes.","Its name comes from the Greek 'bromos', meaning 'stench'.","Ancient peoples extracted a precious purple dye, Tyrian purple, from sea snails using bromine compounds.","Bromine compounds were widely used as flame retardants in electronics and furniture.","Most bromine is extracted from seawater and salt-rich brine deposits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'bromos' (stench or foul odor), named by Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 because liquid bromine produces a deeply unpleasant, suffocating smell."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal primarily used in batteries, pigments, and electroplating.","appearance":"Silvery bluish-gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium gives vivid yellow, orange, and red pigments long prized by artists like Monet and Van Gogh.","It is toxic and accumulates in the body, causing the painful 'itai-itai' bone disease seen in Japan in the 20th century.","Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were once extremely common.","Cadmium coatings protect steel from corrosion, especially in aircraft parts.","It was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores.","Cadmium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cadmia' (calamine, a zinc carbonate ore), ultimately from Greek 'kadmeia' (Theban earth, named after Cadmus, the mythical founder of Thebes), since cadmium was discovered in 1817 as an impurity in zinc ores."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is a soft gray metal that is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and bone formation.","appearance":"Dull gray, silver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body, with about 99% stored in bones and teeth.","Limestone, chalk, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate.","It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust.","Calcium ions act as a universal signal inside cells, triggering everything from muscle contraction to fertilization.","Quicklime (calcium oxide) glowed brightly when heated and was used to light stages, giving us the phrase 'in the limelight'.","Coral reefs and seashells are built largely from calcium carbonate extracted from seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'calx' or 'calcis' (lime or limestone), because Humphry Davy first isolated it in 1808 by electrolysis of calcium oxide (quicklime), a material the Romans had long used in construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is a radioactive metal used in neutron sources, cancer treatment, and material analysis.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows in the dark due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Californium is one of the most expensive substances on Earth, costing millions of dollars per gram.","It is named after the U.S. state of California, where it was discovered in 1950.","Californium-252 is a powerful neutron emitter used to start up nuclear reactors and in industrial scanners.","It is used to detect gold and oil through neutron analysis of rock.","A single microgram releases an enormous number of neutrons every second.","Californium is also used to identify metal fatigue and find weak points in aircraft and machinery."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of California and the University of California, where it was synthesized in 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street, and Ghiorso chose the name noting they had run out of nearby celestial bodies and decided to honor the place of discovery instead."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbon","summary":"Carbon is a fundamental building block of life, found in all known organic compounds.","appearance":"Varies (graphite is black, diamond is clear)","interesting_facts":["Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined, and is the chemical basis of all known life.","Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, yet diamond is the hardest natural material while graphite is soft enough to write with.","Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is about 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.","Carbon-14 dating uses the steady decay of a radioactive carbon isotope to determine the age of once-living material up to about 50,000 years old.","Carbon atoms forged inside stars are spread through the universe when those stars explode, making us literally made of stardust.","Buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms, was discovered in 1985 and named after architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'carbo' (coal or charcoal), reflecting that carbon has been known since antiquity in the form of charcoal, graphite, and diamond."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray","interesting_facts":["Cerium is the most abundant of all the rare earth elements, more common than copper.","It is named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier.","Cerium is the key spark-producing ingredient in 'flint' lighter and firestarter alloys.","Cerium oxide is the fine polishing powder used to give glass and gemstones a smooth finish.","It is added to catalytic converters to help store and release oxygen.","Freshly cut cerium can ignite spontaneously in air, making it pyrophoric."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered in 1801 and itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture; Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jöns Jacob Berzelius named it in 1803, following the fashion of naming new elements after celestial bodies."},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium is a soft, gold-colored metal known for its use in atomic clocks and various electronic applications.","appearance":"Silvery-gold metallic","interesting_facts":["The second is officially defined by the vibrations of cesium atoms, the basis of atomic clocks.","Cesium is one of the most reactive metals, exploding violently on contact with water.","It melts at about 28 °C, so it is liquid on a warm day.","It has a golden-silvery color, one of only a few metals that aren't silver or gray.","Cesium was the first element discovered by spectroscopy, by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860.","Radioactive cesium-137 is a notable product of nuclear fission and a concern in nuclear accidents."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'caesius' (sky blue or grayish-blue), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 after the two distinctive bright blue spectral lines they used to identify the element."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlorine","summary":"Chlorine is a highly reactive, greenish-yellow gas used as a disinfectant and in various industrial applications.","appearance":"Greenish-yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.","Small amounts added to drinking water and swimming pools kill bacteria and have saved countless lives from waterborne disease.","Combined with sodium, chlorine forms ordinary table salt, which is essential to life.","It is so reactive that it readily bleaches dyes and disinfects, which is why it is used in household bleach.","Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who didn't realize it was a new element.","Although toxic as a gas, chloride ions in your body are vital for digestion and nerve function."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chloros' (pale green or greenish-yellow), named by Humphry Davy in 1810 to reflect the distinctive yellow-green color of the gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chromium","summary":"Chromium is a hard, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant metal used in stainless steel and chrome plating.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Chromium gives stainless steel its shine and rust resistance, forming an invisible protective oxide layer.","Its name comes from the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color, because its compounds are vividly colored.","Chromium is what makes rubies red and emeralds green as a trace impurity in the crystals.","Chrome plating gives a bright, hard, mirror-like finish to car trim and tools.","Chromium is one of the hardest metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.","Some chromium compounds are essential nutrients in trace amounts, while others (chromium-6) are toxic and carcinogenic."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'chroma' (color), named by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 because chromium compounds display a wide range of vivid colors — red in rubies, green in emeralds, orange in crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal used in alloys and batteries and essential for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Lustrous gray metal","interesting_facts":["Cobalt has been used for over 2,000 years to give glass and ceramics a deep, brilliant blue color.","Its name comes from 'kobold', a mischievous goblin German miners blamed for troublesome ores.","Cobalt is a key ingredient in the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power phones and electric cars.","It is one of only three naturally magnetic elements at room temperature, along with iron and nickel.","The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and to sterilize medical equipment.","Cobalt is essential to life as the metal atom at the heart of vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Kobold' (goblin or imp), because German miners blamed a mischievous underground spirit for the troublesome cobalt ore that released poisonous arsenic fumes and yielded no copper despite resembling copper ore."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is named after astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed the Sun at the center of the solar system.","It was first created in 1996 in Germany.","Copernicium is predicted to be a volatile liquid or gas at room temperature, behaving somewhat like mercury.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived.","It sits below mercury in group 12 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish-German astronomer who proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1996 and proposed the name to honor Copernicus, with IUPAC officially adopting it in 2010 on the occasion of the 537th anniversary of his birth."},"Copper":{"name":"Copper","summary":"Copper is a reddish-gold metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity, widely used in electrical wiring and plumbing.","appearance":"Reddish metallic","interesting_facts":["Copper was one of the first metals used by humans, worked for over 10,000 years.","It is an excellent conductor of electricity, second only to silver, which is why it fills our wires and cables.","Copper surfaces naturally kill many bacteria and viruses, making it useful for doorknobs and hospital fittings.","The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper that turned green over time as it formed a protective patina.","Mixing copper with tin makes bronze, and with zinc makes brass, two alloys that shaped human history.","Copper is an essential trace nutrient, helping your body form red blood cells and maintain nerves."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'cuprum,' derived from Greek 'Kypros' (Cyprus), the island that was the ancient world's primary source of copper; the symbol Cu also traces back to this Latin name."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is a radioactive metal used in space exploration as a power source and in scientific research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, tarnishes in air","interesting_facts":["Curium is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, pioneers of radioactivity research.","It glows with a soft purple or red light in the dark due to its intense radioactivity.","Curium is so radioactive it generates significant heat and was considered for spacecraft power.","It was first synthesized in 1944, before the lighter americium.","Curium-based instruments have analyzed the chemical makeup of Mars and other planetary surfaces.","All curium is made artificially; none is found in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the pioneers of radioactivity research; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1944 to honor the couple whose discoveries made nuclear chemistry possible, noting that curium's position in the actinide series mirrors gadolinium in the lanthanides — itself named after a chemist, following a parallel pattern."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to investigate the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was discovered in 1994.","It is a synthetic superheavy element created in particle accelerators.","Only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been made.","Its atoms survive for less than a second before decaying.","It is expected to chemically resemble platinum, in group 10.","Darmstadtium has no practical uses outside scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in 1994 at GSI Darmstadt; it follows the tradition of naming newly created elements after the locations of discovery, and IUPAC officially adopted the name in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is named after Dubna, Russia, home to a famous nuclear research institute.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its discovery was part of the 'Transfermium Wars', a naming dispute during the Cold War.","Dubnium atoms exist for only seconds or less before decaying.","Only a small number of dubnium atoms have ever been created.","It is predicted to chemically resemble tantalum in group 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dubna, Russia, home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; the name resolved a Cold War dispute in which American scientists called it 'hahnium' and Soviet scientists called it 'nielsbohrium', before IUPAC adopted the neutral city-based name in 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and nuclear reactor control rods.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Dysprosium's name comes from the Greek 'dysprositos', meaning 'hard to get', because it was so difficult to isolate.","It is added to neodymium magnets so they keep their strength at high temperatures in motors and wind turbines.","Dysprosium has one of the highest magnetic strengths of any element at low temperatures.","It absorbs neutrons well and is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","Dysprosium-based alloys change shape in magnetic fields, useful in actuators and transducers.","It is considered a critical material for clean-energy technology."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning 'hard to get at'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coined the name in 1886, reflecting the extreme difficulty of isolating it from its ore — a process requiring nineteen precipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is a highly radioactive metal, primarily used for scientific research and in the production of heavier elements.","appearance":"Silvery metallic, glows due to its radioactivity","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test.","It is named after Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium glows blue in the dark from its intense radioactivity.","It is so rare that weighable amounts have only occasionally been produced.","Studying einsteinium is extremely difficult because it damages its own container and instruments.","It has no practical uses outside basic scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Albert Einstein, who formulated the special theory of relativity and the equation E=mc² underlying nuclear energy; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1955 after discovering it in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952, kept secret for several years."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in optical fibers, lasers, and nuclear technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Erbium-doped fibers amplify light signals, making long-distance fiber-optic internet possible.","It gives glass and glazes a soft pink color and is used in sunglasses and decorative glass.","Erbium lasers are used in dentistry and cosmetic skin resurfacing.","It is named after Ytterby, Sweden, sharing that origin with several other rare earths.","Erbium is added to some metal alloys, including vanadium, to make them more workable.","It absorbs infrared light efficiently, which underlies many of its laser uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the mineral gadolinite containing it was first quarried; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'erbium' is one of four element names derived from the single place name 'Ytterby.'"},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent materials, control rods, and nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Europium provides the red and blue phosphors that produced color in old TV and computer screens.","It is used as an anti-counterfeiting marker in euro banknotes, glowing under ultraviolet light.","Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements, quickly tarnishing in air.","It is named after the continent of Europe.","Europium-doped phosphors make energy-efficient fluorescent and LED lights glow brightly.","It is one of the least abundant rare earths in the crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Europe, the continent, by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, who isolated it spectroscopically; it was among several elements named after geographical regions during the late 19th and early 20th century."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive metal primarily used in scientific research and the study of transuranium elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium was also discovered in the fallout of the first hydrogen bomb test in 1952.","It is named after physicist Enrico Fermi, a pioneer of nuclear reactions.","Fermium is the heaviest element that can be made in weighable amounts by neutron bombardment.","Beyond fermium, elements must be made one atom at a time using particle accelerators.","Only tiny, invisible quantities of fermium have ever been produced.","It exists only as a synthetic element and has no commercial uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-American physicist who built the first artificial nuclear reactor in 1942 and made foundational contributions to nuclear and particle physics; Albert Ghiorso and colleagues named it in 1953 after discovering it in the same hydrogen bomb test debris that yielded einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to explore the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Russia.","It was first created in 1998 by a team in Dubna, Russia.","Some predictions suggested flerovium might be unusually stable or even gas-like, though it is still radioactive.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Flerovium lies below lead in group 14 of the periodic table.","Its isotopes decay within seconds, but are longer-lived than many neighbors, hinting at the 'island of stability'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, itself named after Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov co-founded the laboratory and made major contributions to nuclear physics, and his team first synthesized the element in 1998, with IUPAC officially adopting the name in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluorine","summary":"Fluorine is a highly reactive, pale yellow gas and is the most electronegative element.","appearance":"Pale yellow gas","interesting_facts":["Fluorine is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements, reacting with almost every other substance, sometimes explosively.","It is so aggressive that it can make materials like asbestos and even water burst into flame.","Trace amounts of fluoride added to drinking water and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay.","Teflon, the non-stick coating on cookware, is a fluorine-containing polymer (PTFE).","Many chemists were poisoned or killed trying to isolate fluorine, earning them the nickname 'fluorine martyrs' before Henri Moissan succeeded in 1886.","Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at room temperature and is the lightest of the halogens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'fluere' (to flow), because the mineral fluorite was widely used as a metallurgical flux; the name for the element was proposed by André-Marie Ampère in 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is an extremely rare and radioactive metal, with no significant applications due to its instability.","appearance":"Unknown, probably metallic","interesting_facts":["Francium is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after astatine.","It was the last element discovered in nature, by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939.","It is named after France, her home country.","Francium is so radioactive that any visible amount would instantly vaporize from its own heat.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only about 22 minutes.","It is the most reactive of the alkali metals, but so scarce its bulk properties have never been observed."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after France, the country where Marguerite Perey discovered it in 1939 at the Curie Institute in Paris; she named the element in honor of her homeland, following the tradition of naming elements after places and becoming the first woman elected to the French Academy of Sciences."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, phosphors, and neutron capture therapy.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Gadolinium compounds are injected as contrast agents to make MRI scans much clearer.","It has an extraordinary ability to absorb neutrons, the highest of any stable element, useful in nuclear reactors.","Gadolinium is magnetic just below room temperature and is studied for magnetic refrigeration.","It is named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin, a pioneer of rare earth research.","Gadolinium heats up when placed in a magnetic field and cools when removed, the magnetocaloric effect.","It is used in some types of medical and security imaging detectors."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after gadolinite, the mineral in which its oxide was first identified; gadolinite was named after Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist who first analyzed it; Jean Charles de Marignac isolated the new earth element in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at just above room temperature and is used in electronics and semiconductors.","appearance":"Silvery blue","interesting_facts":["Gallium melts at about 30 °C, so a solid piece will melt in your hand.","Its existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-aluminium' before it was discovered in 1875.","Gallium arsenide is used in high-speed electronics, LEDs, and solar cells for spacecraft.","Although it melts easily, gallium boils at over 2,400 °C, one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element.","Gallium can make aluminum brittle by seeping into its grain boundaries, dramatically weakening the metal.","Unlike most substances, gallium expands when it freezes, like water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Gallia, the Latin name for France, by discoverer Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; the name may also be a pun on 'gallus' (Latin for rooster), a play on Lecoq's surname meaning 'the rooster' in French."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is a hard, grayish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fiber optics, and infrared optics.","appearance":"Grayish-white","interesting_facts":["Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon' and its 1886 discovery helped confirm the periodic table.","The first transistors in the 1940s and 1950s were made of germanium before silicon took over.","It is transparent to infrared light, so it is used in lenses for night-vision goggles and thermal cameras.","Germanium is a metalloid semiconductor with a shiny, grayish-white appearance.","Optical fibers use germanium compounds to control how light travels through the glass.","Like water and silicon, germanium expands when it solidifies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Germania, the Latin name for Germany, by Clemens Winkler, who discovered it in 1886; the discovery confirmed Mendeleev's prediction of a missing element he had called 'eka-silicon.'"},"Gold":{"name":"Gold","summary":"Gold is a dense, soft metal highly valued for its use in jewelry, electronics, and currency.","appearance":"Bright metallic yellow","interesting_facts":["Gold is so unreactive it can stay shiny for thousands of years, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.","It is incredibly malleable; a single gram can be hammered into a sheet covering about a square meter.","Nearly all the gold on Earth is thought to have arrived via asteroid impacts after the planet formed.","Gold conducts electricity well and never corrodes, so it is used to plate critical electronic contacts.","Its chemical symbol Au comes from the Latin 'aurum', meaning 'shining dawn'.","Astronauts' visors are coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to reflect harmful solar radiation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name 'gold' comes from the Proto-Germanic 'gulþą', related to 'yellow'; the symbol Au derives from the Latin 'aurum', believed to mean 'shining dawn' or 'glow of sunrise'; gold has been known and valued since prehistoric times across virtually all cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery metal used in nuclear reactors, control rods, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray","interesting_facts":["Hafnium's existence was predicted by atomic theory, and it was found in 1923 in zirconium ore.","It is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.","Hafnium absorbs neutrons extremely well and is used in the control rods of nuclear submarines.","Hafnium-based compounds replaced silicon dioxide as insulators in modern computer chips.","It has one of the highest melting points of all elements and is used in superalloys for jet engines.","Hafnium is chemically almost identical to zirconium, making the two very hard to separate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, Denmark, where Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy discovered it in 1923 by X-ray spectroscopy; they chose the name to honor the city where their research was conducted."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, home to the lab where it was discovered.","It was first synthesized in 1984 by bombarding lead with iron ions.","Hassium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Despite its scarcity, scientists confirmed it behaves like osmium, in group 8.","Its atoms exist for only fractions of a second before decaying.","Only tiny numbers of hassium atoms have ever been produced."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the German state of Hesse (Latin: Hassia), where GSI Darmstadt — the laboratory that first synthesized it in 1984 — is located; the name follows the tradition of naming elements after their places of discovery and was officially recognized by IUPAC in 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Helium was first detected in the Sun's spectrum in 1868, before it was ever found on Earth, and is named after the Greek sun god Helios.","It is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure, no matter how cold it gets.","Below 2.17 K, liquid helium becomes a superfluid that can flow without friction and even creep up the walls of its container.","Breathing helium temporarily raises the pitch of your voice because sound travels nearly three times faster through it than through air.","Most of Earth's helium comes from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep underground and is extracted from natural gas.","Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is comparatively rare and non-renewable on Earth."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'helios' (sun), because helium was first detected in the solar spectrum during the 1868 total solar eclipse before it was confirmed on Earth."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Holmium has the strongest magnetic properties of any naturally occurring element.","Holmium lasers are used in medicine to break up kidney stones and treat enlarged prostates.","It is named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm.","Holmium gives glass and cubic zirconia yellow and red colorings.","It is used to create the strongest known artificial magnetic fields as pole pieces.","Holmium oxide solutions are used as a calibration standard for spectrophotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Holmia, the Latin name for Stockholm, Sweden, where Per Teodor Cleve — who identified the element in 1878 — was based; it follows the tradition of naming rare earth elements after the places associated with their discovery."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.","It is the only element whose three isotopes (protium, deuterium, and tritium) have their own distinct names.","Liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel since the 1960s, powering the upper stages of the Saturn V that carried astronauts to the Moon.","Under extreme pressure, such as inside Jupiter, hydrogen behaves like a liquid metal and can conduct electricity.","Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as a distinct substance in 1766, calling it 'inflammable air'.","A hydrogen atom is the simplest atom that exists: a single proton orbited by a single electron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'hydro' (water) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'water-former.' Named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 because burning hydrogen produces water."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in semiconductors, touchscreens, and as a protective coating for bearings.","appearance":"Silvery metallic luster","interesting_facts":["Indium is so soft you can dent it with a fingernail, and it makes an audible 'cry' when bent, like tin.","Indium tin oxide forms the transparent, electrically conductive coating on touchscreens and flat-panel displays.","It is named after the bright indigo line in its emission spectrum.","Indium remains soft and workable even at extremely low temperatures, useful for vacuum seals.","It has a very low melting point and is used in special low-temperature solders and alloys.","Demand for indium has soared with the spread of smartphones and LCD screens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'indicum' (indigo), named by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter in 1863 after the brilliant indigo-blue spectral line they observed when analyzing zinc ore residues using the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodine","summary":"Iodine is a dark, lustrous, purple-black nonmetal essential for thyroid function and used as a disinfectant.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic gray (solid), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Iodine is essential for your thyroid gland, which is why table salt is often fortified with it.","When heated, solid iodine sublimes into a striking violet-colored vapor.","Its name comes from the Greek 'iodes', meaning violet.","Tincture of iodine has long been used as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds.","Iodine turns starch a deep blue-black, a reaction used as a chemical test.","Radioactive iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From French 'iode,' derived from Greek 'ioeides' (violet-like), named by Humphry Davy in 1813 after the striking violet color of iodine vapor."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in spark plugs, crucibles, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["A worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay is key evidence that an asteroid impact killed the dinosaurs, since iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids.","Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, resisting acids that dissolve almost anything else.","It is one of the densest elements, nearly tied with osmium.","The standard kilogram was once a platinum-iridium cylinder kept near Paris.","Iridium tips spark plugs because it withstands extreme heat without eroding.","Its name comes from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, for its colorful salts."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow (Latin: iris), by Smithson Tennant in 1803; the name reflects the striking variety of colors displayed by iridium's salts and compounds, which reminded Tennant of the colors of a rainbow."},"Iron":{"name":"Iron","summary":"Iron is a strong, malleable metal that is essential for the production of steel and a vital component of hemoglobin.","appearance":"Lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge","interesting_facts":["Iron is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, making up much of the planet's molten core.","Earth's spinning liquid iron core generates the magnetic field that shields us from solar radiation.","Iron is at the center of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in your blood and makes it red.","Iron is the heaviest element that stars can make by normal fusion; heavier elements require supernova explosions.","The Iron Age, beginning around 1200 BCE, transformed human civilization with stronger tools and weapons.","Rust is iron oxide, formed when iron reacts slowly with oxygen and water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'iron' comes from Old English 'iren,' related to Proto-Germanic 'isarno,' possibly from a Celtic root for 'holy metal'; the symbol Fe derives from Latin 'ferrum' (iron), which has been smelted and used since at least 1200 BCE."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in fluorescent lamps, photography, and as a filling gas for energy-efficient windows.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Krypton's name comes from the Greek word 'kryptos', meaning 'hidden', because it was so hard to find in air.","From 1960 to 1983 the meter was officially defined by the wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.","Krypton produces a brilliant white light and is used in some high-performance photographic flashes and lamps.","It is a noble gas and is almost completely unreactive, though a few krypton compounds can be forced to form.","Krypton is used in some energy-efficient windows and fluorescent lamps.","Despite the comic-book 'kryptonite', real krypton is a harmless, colorless, odorless gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'kryptos' (hidden), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because krypton was extremely difficult to detect and isolate — it remained 'hidden' within the residues of liquid air."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthanum","summary":"Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lanthanum's name comes from the Greek 'lanthanein', meaning 'to lie hidden', because it hid in cerium ore.","It gives the first of the lanthanide series, the 'rare earth' elements, its name.","Lanthanum is used in the glass of high-quality camera and telescope lenses to bend light sharply.","Nickel-lanthanum alloys store hydrogen and were used in the batteries of many hybrid cars.","Lanthanum compounds help refine petroleum into gasoline as catalysts.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and tarnishes quickly in air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lanthanein' (to lie hidden or escape notice), named by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 because lanthanum remained undetected as an impurity in cerium oxide for years before he identified it as a distinct element."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no practical applications outside of scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.","It is the final element of the actinide series.","Lawrencium can only be created a few atoms at a time in accelerators.","Its most stable isotope has a half-life of only a few hours.","Measuring lawrencium's properties is extraordinarily hard because so few atoms exist so briefly.","It has no uses outside fundamental scientific research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Orlando Lawrence, the American physicist who invented the cyclotron particle accelerator in 1930, making the creation of transuranic elements possible; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthesized this element in 1961 and named it to honor Lawrence's foundational contributions."},"Lead":{"name":"Lead","summary":"Lead is a soft, heavy metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Bluish-gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Lead is dense and blocks radiation, which is why it lines X-ray aprons and shields.","Romans used lead pipes for plumbing, and the word 'plumbing' comes from the Latin for lead, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Lead is toxic to the nervous system, which is why it was removed from gasoline and paint.","It is soft, heavy, and easily shaped, qualities prized since ancient times.","Most lead today is recycled, largely from car batteries.","Lead is the heaviest element with a completely stable isotope; everything heavier is radioactive."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'lead' comes from Proto-Germanic 'lauda'; the symbol Pb comes from the Latin 'plumbum', likely derived from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language, which gave English the word 'plumbing' because Romans used lead extensively for water pipes."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.","appearance":"Silvery-white","interesting_facts":["Lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element, so light it can float on water while reacting with it.","Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries power most modern phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.","Lithium salts have been used since the 1940s as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder.","It was one of the first three elements (with hydrogen and helium) created in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.","Lithium burns with a striking crimson-red flame, a property used in fireworks and flares.","Much of the world's lithium is extracted from briny salt flats high in the Andes mountains of South America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'lithos' (stone), because Johan August Arfwedson discovered it in 1817 inside solid stone minerals (petalite), unlike sodium and potassium which were found in plant ashes."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","It was first created in 2000 by a Russian-American team.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Livermorium atoms exist for mere milliseconds before decaying.","It is predicted to lie below polonium in group 16.","Producing it requires fusing calcium ions with curium targets."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to synthesize it in 2000; IUPAC officially recognized the name in 2012, the laboratory's name itself honoring Robert Livermore, an early California settler."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is a dense, silvery metal used in PET scan detectors, catalysts, and specialized alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is the last of the lanthanide series and one of the hardest and densest rare earths.","It is named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris.","Lutetium-based crystals are used as detectors in PET scanners for medical imaging.","It is one of the rarest and most expensive rare earth metals to obtain in pure form.","Lutetium is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining.","A radioactive lutetium compound is used in targeted therapy for some cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, France; Georges Urbain, who first isolated it in 1907, chose the name to honor his home city, following the established practice of naming rare earth elements after places."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is a shiny gray metal and is an essential element for all living cells.","appearance":"Shiny gray solid","interesting_facts":["Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light and was once widely used in early photographic flash powder and flares.","It is the lightest structural metal and is alloyed with aluminium to make strong, lightweight parts for cars and aircraft.","Magnesium sits at the center of every chlorophyll molecule, making it essential for photosynthesis in plants.","The human body needs magnesium for hundreds of enzyme reactions, including those that keep muscles and nerves working.","Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust and is the third most abundant dissolved in seawater.","Epsom salt, used to soothe sore muscles, is magnesium sulfate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece, where related magnesium-bearing minerals were found; the same place name also gave rise to the words 'manganese' and 'magnet.'"},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Manganese is a hard, brittle metal primarily used in steel production to improve strength and hardness.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Manganese is essential for making steel, removing oxygen and sulfur and adding strength; nearly all steel contains it.","It is a key ingredient in disposable alkaline batteries.","Manganese dioxide was used by cave painters tens of thousands of years ago to make black pigment.","The deep purple of potassium permanganate makes it a useful disinfectant and chemical reagent.","Vast fields of manganese nodules cover parts of the deep ocean floor.","Manganese is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes that protect cells from damage."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Magnesia district of Thessaly, Greece — the same region that gave its name to magnesium — via Medieval Latin 'manganese'; the name was possibly reinforced by Latin 'magnes' (magnet), since manganese ore was historically confused with magnetic iron ore."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is a synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner, a pioneer of nuclear fission whose contributions were long overlooked.","It is one of the few elements named after a woman.","Meitnerium was first created in 1982 in Germany.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made one atom at a time.","Its isotopes decay extremely quickly, within milliseconds to seconds.","It is predicted to behave like iridium, in group 9 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian-Swedish physicist who co-discovered nuclear fission and co-discovered protactinium, but was controversially excluded from the 1944 Nobel Prize; GSI Darmstadt proposed the name in 1992 in long-overdue recognition of her towering contributions to nuclear science."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is a synthetic, radioactive metal used mainly in scientific research to investigate properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.","It was first made in 1955, just a few atoms at a time.","Mendelevium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding einsteinium.","Its discovery experiments detected only about 17 atoms at first.","It is intensely radioactive with short-lived isotopes.","Mendelevium has no uses beyond fundamental research into heavy elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who created the periodic table in 1869; Glenn Seaborg and colleagues named it in 1955 as a tribute to the scientist whose visionary organization of the elements made the discovery of transuranic elements conceptually possible."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercury","summary":"Mercury is a dense, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and fluorescent lamps.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.","It is named after the Roman messenger god for its fast-moving, fluid nature, and its symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', meaning 'water-silver'.","Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers because it expands evenly with temperature.","Hat makers exposed to mercury developed tremors and confusion, inspiring the phrase 'mad as a hatter'.","It is toxic and bioaccumulates, building up in fish and the people who eat them.","Mercury vapor glows blue-green when electrified, the basis of fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, reflecting the element's fluid, fast-moving nature; the symbol Hg comes from 'hydrargyrum', a Latinization of the Greek 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), meaning 'water-silver', referring to its liquid silver appearance."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdenum","summary":"Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to increase strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.","appearance":"Gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all elements, at about 2,623 °C.","Its name comes from the Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because its ore was long confused with lead and graphite.","Adding molybdenum to steel makes high-strength alloys used in aircraft, tools, and armor.","It is an essential trace nutrient, helping enzymes in plants, animals, and humans.","Nitrogen-fixing bacteria use molybdenum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.","Molybdenum disulfide is a slippery solid used as a high-temperature dry lubricant."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'molybdos' (lead), because the ore molybdenite was long confused with lead ores; Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed it was distinct in 1778, and Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated the metal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is named after the Moscow region of Russia, where the Dubna laboratory is located.","It was first synthesized in 2003 by a Russian-American collaboration.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Moscovium atoms decay within a fraction of a second.","It is predicted to lie below bismuth in group 15.","It was officially named in 2016 alongside three other new elements."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Moscow Oblast (Moscow region) of Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is located; it was first synthesized in 2003 in a collaboration between JINR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and officially named by IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in powerful magnets, lasers, and glass coloring.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets commonly available, able to lift many times their own weight.","These magnets are found in everything from earbuds and hard drives to wind turbines and electric car motors.","Its name means 'new twin', as it was split from 'didymium' alongside praseodymium in 1885.","Neodymium gives glass a striking color that shifts between purple and blue depending on the light.","Neodymium-doped crystals power some of the most common high-energy lasers.","It is one of the more abundant rare earth elements despite its specialized uses."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he separated didymium into praseodymium and neodymium — the 'new twin' of the pair."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that emits a distinct reddish-orange glow when electrified.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Neon glows a brilliant orange-red when an electric current passes through it, the basis of classic 'neon' signs.","It is almost completely inert, forming no stable ordinary chemical compounds under normal conditions.","Neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers, who named it from the Greek word 'neos', meaning 'new'.","Despite being the fifth most abundant element in the universe, neon is rare on Earth, making up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere.","Liquid neon is an excellent cryogenic refrigerant, with over 40 times the refrigerating capacity per volume of liquid helium.","The different colors seen in 'neon' signs actually come from other noble gases; pure neon always produces a reddish-orange light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'neos' (new), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 to reflect that it was a newly discovered noble gas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detection instruments and studied for its role in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was the first transuranic element to be synthesized, in 1940.","It is named after the planet Neptune, continuing the sequence after uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is a byproduct of nuclear reactors and is considered a long-lived nuclear waste concern.","It is silvery, radioactive, and one of the densest of the actinide metals.","Neptunium-237 can be used to make plutonium-238 for spacecraft power sources.","Trace amounts of neptunium occur naturally in uranium ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Neptune, which lies beyond Uranus in the solar system, just as neptunium lies beyond uranium in the periodic table; Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson synthesized it in 1940, continuing the planetary naming sequence started with uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and various industrial applications.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Nickel is named after a German mining term meaning 'Old Nick's copper', because its ore looked like copper but yielded none.","It is highly resistant to corrosion and is used to electroplate other metals for protection.","Stainless steel typically contains nickel, which improves its strength and resistance to rust.","Despite the name, modern US 'nickel' coins are mostly copper, with only 25% nickel.","Earth's core is thought to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, and many meteorites are rich in nickel.","Nickel is one of the few elements that is magnetic at room temperature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Shortened from German 'Kupfernickel' (devil's copper or Old Nick's copper), a miners' curse for an ore that looked like copper but yielded none; 'Nickel' is a German nickname for the devil, derived from the name Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is named after Japan ('Nihon'), the first element discovered in an Asian country.","It was synthesized at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan, confirmed around 2004.","It is a synthetic superheavy element made only a few atoms at a time.","Nihonium atoms decay within seconds of being created.","It is predicted to lie below thallium in group 13.","Its discovery gave Japan the honor of naming a new element for the first time."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'Nihon' (日本), the Japanese word for Japan, meaning 'land of the rising sun'; scientists at RIKEN in Japan confirmed its synthesis in 2004 and chose the name to honor the first element discovered in Asia, with IUPAC officially recognizing it in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is a soft, ductile metal primarily used in alloys, particularly in steel production to improve strength.","appearance":"Gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, reflecting its close link to tantalum.","It becomes a superconductor when cold and is used in the magnets of MRI machines and particle accelerators.","Niobium alloys can be anodized to produce a rainbow of colors, popular in jewelry.","Tiny amounts of niobium make steel much stronger, used in pipelines and car frames.","It was once called columbium in the United States, and the name persisted into the 20th century.","Niobium is hypoallergenic, so it is used for body piercings and medical implants."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology, by Heinrich Rose in 1844, because niobium is nearly always found alongside tantalum and the two elements were initially so difficult to distinguish that the mythological parent-child pairing seemed fitting."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air you breathe, yet it is so unreactive that we mostly breathe it back out unused.","Liquid nitrogen boils at -196 °C and is used to flash-freeze food, preserve biological samples, and create dramatic fog effects.","The triple bond holding two nitrogen atoms together is one of the strongest chemical bonds known, making nitrogen gas very stable.","The Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertilizer, helps feed roughly half the world's population.","Nitrogen is a key ingredient in explosives like TNT and nitroglycerin because its bonds release enormous energy when they break.","Bacteria in the roots of legumes 'fix' nitrogen from the air into a form plants can use, naturally enriching the soil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'niter-former,' coined by Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 because saltpeter and nitric acid both contain nitrogen."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with no significant applications outside scientific research.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is named after Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prizes.","It can only be made atom by atom in particle accelerators.","Unusually for an actinide, nobelium is most stable in the +2 oxidation state.","Its discovery in the late 1950s was disputed between competing laboratories for years.","All nobelium isotopes are radioactive and short-lived.","It exists only in research settings and has no practical applications."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes; the name was proposed in 1957 when a team in Stockholm initially claimed discovery, and was retained when the confirmed discovery was credited to the Dubna and Berkeley laboratories."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely gaseous or metallic","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is the heaviest known element, with atomic number 118.","It is named after physicist Yuri Oganessian, one of the few elements named after a living person.","Although it sits in the noble gas column, oganesson is predicted to be a solid and possibly reactive, unlike other noble gases.","Only a few atoms have ever been created, each surviving less than a millisecond.","It was first synthesized in 2002 by a Russian-American collaboration in Dubna.","Oganesson completes the seventh row of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian-Armenian nuclear physicist who pioneered the synthesis of superheavy elements and led the team at JINR Dubna that created oganesson in 2002; it is one of only two elements named after a living person, reflecting the extraordinary scope of his contributions to the field."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal known for its hardness and used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and instrument pivots.","appearance":"Bluish-white, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, nearly twice as dense as lead.","Its name comes from the Greek 'osme', meaning smell, because its oxide has a sharp, toxic odor.","Osmium is extremely hard and was used in early phonograph needles and fountain-pen tips.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is bluish-silver in appearance.","Osmium tetroxide is used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy.","It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'osmē' (ὀσμή), meaning 'smell' or 'odor'; Smithson Tennant coined the name in 1803 because osmium tetroxide, formed when the metal is exposed to air, has a sharp and distinctive toxic smell."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygen","summary":"Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas essential for respiration in most living organisms.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Oxygen makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the planet's crust by mass.","Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by photosynthesis, with a large share coming from ocean phytoplankton.","Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are magnetic, being attracted to a magnet.","Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.","Oxygen was independently discovered in the 1770s by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley, and named by Antoine Lavoisier.","Although vital for life, oxygen is also highly reactive and drives the rusting of iron and the burning of fuels."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'oxys' (sharp or sour) and 'genes' (forming), meaning 'acid-former,' named by Lavoisier in 1777 based on the then-held belief that oxygen is an essential part of all acids."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is a precious, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and hydrogen storage.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered just before the metal in 1803.","Its main use is in catalytic converters, where it helps turn toxic exhaust gases into harmless ones.","Palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, like a metallic sponge.","It is a precious platinum-group metal and is used in white gold, fine jewelry, and dental alloys.","Palladium is essential to many electronics, including the tiny capacitors inside phones and computers.","It played a central role in the famous, later-discredited 'cold fusion' experiments of 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered in 1802 and itself named after Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston coined the name in 1803, following the contemporary fashion of naming new elements after recently discovered celestial bodies."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphorus","summary":"Phosphorus is a highly reactive, essential element in biological molecules like DNA and ATP.","appearance":"Color varies (white, red, or black forms)","interesting_facts":["White phosphorus glows faintly in the dark as it reacts with oxygen, a phenomenon that gave 'phosphorescence' its name.","It was the first element discovered with a known discoverer, isolated by Hennig Brand in 1669 from boiled-down urine.","Phosphorus exists in strikingly different forms: white phosphorus is dangerously flammable, while red phosphorus is stable and used on matchbox strips.","Every cell uses phosphorus in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the molecule that stores and transfers energy in living things.","About 85% of mined phosphate rock is turned into fertilizer, making phosphorus critical to global food production.","Your bones and teeth are strengthened by calcium phosphate, so much of your body's phosphorus is stored in your skeleton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'phosphoros' (light-bearer, from 'phos' = light and 'phoros' = bearing), because white phosphorus glows faintly in the dark when oxidizing; the name was applied by Hennig Brand when he discovered it in 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platinum","summary":"Platinum is a dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and electronics.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Platinum is so resistant to corrosion that it never tarnishes, even at high temperatures.","It is a key catalyst in catalytic converters, helping clean up vehicle exhaust.","Platinum is denser than gold and is prized for fine jewelry and wedding rings.","Some platinum compounds, like cisplatin, are powerful chemotherapy drugs.","South Africa produces the majority of the world's platinum.","Its name comes from the Spanish 'platina', meaning 'little silver', a name early miners gave it dismissively."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derived from the Spanish 'platina', a diminutive of 'plata' (silver), meaning 'little silver'; Spanish explorers in South America in the 16th century used this dismissive term for the pale, silver-like metal they found mixed in gold deposits but could not easily work."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is a radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and as a power source for spacecraft.","appearance":"Silvery white, tarnishes when exposed to air","interesting_facts":["Plutonium is famous for its use in nuclear weapons and reactors.","It is named after the dwarf planet Pluto, following neptunium and uranium.","Plutonium-238 powers spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Curiosity rover with its steady heat.","A piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the heat from its own radioactive decay.","It has unusual chemistry, existing in many colorful oxidation states in solution.","Plutonium expands and contracts dramatically between its different solid forms, making it tricky to machine."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Pluto (then considered the ninth planet), which lies beyond Neptune just as plutonium lies beyond neptunium; Glenn Seaborg named it in 1942, noting that the alternate form 'plutium' was considered but rejected in favor of the more classical '-onium' ending."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is a highly radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space applications.","appearance":"Silvery","interesting_facts":["Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named after Marie's homeland, Poland.","It is intensely radioactive, so much so that a gram of it glows blue and gives off enough heat to stay warm.","Polonium-210 was used in the notorious 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.","It has been used as a lightweight heat source in space probes and as an antistatic device.","Polonium is extremely rare, occurring in uranium ores in tiny amounts.","A speck of polonium can deliver a lethal dose, making it one of the most toxic substances known."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Poland (Latin: Polonia), the homeland of Marie Curie, who co-discovered it with Pierre Curie in 1898; Curie chose the name as a tribute to her occupied homeland, then divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hoping to draw international attention to its cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal essential for plant growth and crucial in biological processes.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metal","interesting_facts":["Potassium is so reactive it bursts into a lilac flame when it touches water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife and is light enough to float on water as it reacts.","Potassium ions are essential for nerve signals and heartbeat, and bananas are a well-known dietary source.","Its chemical symbol K comes from 'kalium', the Latinized form of the Arabic word for plant ashes.","Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis, by Humphry Davy in 1807.","The radioactive isotope potassium-40 in your body makes you very slightly radioactive your whole life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name derives from 'potash' (wood ash leached in pots, an early source of the element), while the symbol K comes from Latin 'kalium,' ultimately from Arabic 'al-qali' (the alkali plant ashes used in soapmaking)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, glass coloring, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Praseodymium's name means 'green twin', for the green color of its salts.","It is used in special goggles that protect welders and glassblowers from intense glare and infrared light.","Mixed with neodymium, it forms powerful magnets used in motors and headphones.","Praseodymium gives a pure yellow color to glass and ceramic glazes.","It was separated from a substance called 'didymium' in 1885, which turned out to be two elements.","Praseodymium-doped fibers can amplify light signals in some optical systems."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'prasios' (leek-green) and 'didymos' (twin), named by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he split didymium into two elements: praseodymium, the green-salted twin, and neodymium, the new twin."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is a radioactive metal used in luminous paints, atomic batteries, and research.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Promethium is the only rare earth element with no stable isotopes; it is radioactive and essentially absent from nature.","It is named after Prometheus, the Greek Titan who stole fire from the gods.","Promethium has been used in luminous paint and in tiny atomic batteries for pacemakers and spacecraft.","Its existence filled a long-standing gap at element 61 in the periodic table, confirmed in 1945.","Glowing promethium can produce a faint blue-green light from its own radiation.","Only about 500 grams of promethium are thought to exist in the entire Earth's crust at any moment."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity; fittingly, promethium was first obtained in 1945 from uranium fission products in a nuclear reactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray metal used mainly in scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity.","appearance":"Bright, silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements.","Its name means 'parent of actinium', because it decays into actinium.","It is highly radioactive and toxic, requiring careful handling.","Protactinium was first identified in 1913 and isolated in 1934.","The ratio of protactinium to thorium in ocean sediments helps scientists study past climate and ocean circulation.","It has few uses outside scientific research due to its scarcity and radioactivity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'protos' (πρῶτος), meaning 'first', combined with 'actinium', yielding 'parent of actinium'; the name reflects that protactinium-231 decays into actinium-227; Kasper Fajans first called it 'brevium' in 1913, but 'protactinium' was adopted when the longer-lived isotope was identified."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is a highly radioactive metal once used in luminous paints, now primarily studied for its radioactive properties.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and glows with a faint blue light in the dark.","It was once added to glow-in-the-dark watch dials, tragically poisoning the 'Radium Girls' who painted them.","Early 20th-century products marketed radium in toothpaste, water, and cosmetics before its dangers were understood.","Radium is about a million times more radioactive than the same amount of uranium.","It was historically used in cancer radiotherapy before safer sources replaced it.","Marie Curie's notebooks are still so radioactive they are stored in lead-lined boxes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Latin 'radius', meaning 'ray' or 'beam', by Marie and Pierre Curie who discovered it in 1898; the name refers to the intense radiation the element emits, which they observed as a remarkable new phenomenon when isolating it from pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is a radioactive noble gas used in radiation therapy and as a tracer in geological research.","appearance":"Colorless gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is a radioactive noble gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock.","It is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, seeping invisibly into basements.","Radon is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, so it can only be detected with special instruments.","It is the densest gas under normal conditions and one of the heaviest known gases.","Radon was once used in some early medical radiation treatments.","Home test kits are widely available because radon levels can be reduced with proper ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from 'radium' — the element from which it is produced by radioactive decay — combined with the '-on' suffix used for noble gases; Friedrich Dorn first detected it in 1900 as a gas emanating from radium, and it was called 'radium emanation' before the name 'radon' was standardized."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium is a dense, silvery-white metal used in jet engines, filaments, and catalysts.","appearance":"Silvery-gray","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered, in 1925.","It has one of the highest melting points and boiling points of all elements.","Rhenium superalloys let jet and rocket engine turbine blades run hotter and more efficiently.","It is named after the Rhine River in Germany.","Rhenium is extremely rare and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper and molybdenum mining.","It is used as a catalyst to make high-octane, lead-free gasoline."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Rhine River (Latin: Rhenus), which flows through Germany; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg chose the name in 1925 when they discovered the element, following the tradition of naming elements after geographical features of the discoverers' homeland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal known for its high reflectance and use in catalytic converters and jewelry.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals, often costing far more than gold.","Its name comes from the Greek 'rhodon' (rose), after the rose-red color of its salts.","Most rhodium is used in catalytic converters to clean harmful gases from car exhaust.","It gives a brilliant, hard, reflective finish and is used to plate white-gold jewelry and mirrors.","Rhodium is highly resistant to corrosion and does not tarnish in air.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'rhodon' (rose), named by William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 because solutions of rhodium salts are characteristically rose-red in color."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is a synthetic, radioactive element primarily used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays.","It was first created in 1994 in Germany by fusing nickel and bismuth nuclei.","It is a synthetic superheavy element produced only a few atoms at a time.","Roentgenium is predicted to sit below gold in the periodic table and may share some of its chemistry.","Its atoms decay within seconds of being formed.","It has no applications beyond fundamental research."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901; GSI Darmstadt synthesized it in 1994, proposed the name in 2004, and IUPAC officially adopted it the same year."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element used in electronics, research, and atomic clocks.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water.","It is named from the Latin 'rubidus' (deep red) for the red lines in its emission spectrum.","Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff using the new technique of spectroscopy.","It melts just above body temperature, at about 39 °C.","Rubidium atoms are used in some of the world's most precise atomic clocks.","Scientists used rubidium to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, a strange new state of matter, in 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'rubidus' (deep red or dark red), named by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 after the two distinctive deep-red spectral lines they used to identify it via the then-new technique of spectroscopy."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electrical contacts, thick-film resistors, and as a catalyst.","appearance":"Silvery white metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia, where it was discovered in 1844.","It is one of the platinum-group metals and is extremely hard and brittle.","Adding a tiny amount of ruthenium greatly improves the hardness and wear resistance of platinum and palladium alloys.","Ruthenium is used in the electrical contacts and chip resistors inside electronics.","It acts as a versatile catalyst, including in processes to make ammonia and clean up pollutants.","Ruthenium compounds are being researched as light-absorbing dyes for solar cells."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia (the land of the Rus people), by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, who made the discovery while working in Kazan in the Russian Empire."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of heavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.","It is the first of the transactinide (superheavy) elements.","Rutherfordium is made by smashing lighter atomic nuclei together in accelerators.","Its discovery was the subject of a Cold War naming dispute between American and Soviet scientists.","Only a few atoms can be created at a time, and they decay within seconds.","It is expected to behave chemically like hafnium, in group 4 of the periodic table."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand-born physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and is considered the father of nuclear physics; the name was proposed by American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and officially adopted by IUPAC in 1997 following a Cold War naming dispute with Soviet scientists."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Samarium-cobalt magnets keep their strength at high temperatures, used in aircraft and military hardware.","It was the first element named after a person, via the mineral samarskite (after mining official Samarsky).","Samarium readily absorbs neutrons, so it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.","A radioactive samarium compound is used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bones.","Samarium is used as a catalyst in chemistry and to make certain types of glass and lasers.","It is moderately hard and slowly oxidizes in air, forming a yellowish coating."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after samarskite, the mineral in which it was first identified by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official — making samarium the first element named (indirectly) after a real person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in aerospace components and high-performance alloys.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Scandium's existence and properties were predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 as 'eka-boron' before it was discovered in 1879.","Adding a small amount of scandium to aluminum creates a strong, lightweight alloy used in high-end bicycle frames and aerospace parts.","It is named after Scandinavia, where the mineral it was first found in was mined.","Scandium-aluminum alloys were used in some Soviet MiG fighter jets.","Despite being fairly common in the crust, scandium is hard to extract and rarely concentrated in ores, making it expensive.","Scandium iodide is added to some metal-halide lamps to produce light that mimics natural sunlight."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Scandinavia (Latin 'Scandia'), the region where Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered it in 1879 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study the properties of superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is named after chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, who helped discover many transuranic elements.","It was the first element named after a person who was still alive at the time.","Seaborgium is a synthetic superheavy element made only in particle accelerators.","Its atoms decay within seconds, so only a handful have ever been studied.","Chemical experiments suggest it behaves like tungsten, in group 6 of the periodic table.","It was first created in 1974 by smashing oxygen ions into californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, the American chemist who co-discovered ten transuranic elements; it was the first element named after a living person, proposed by Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, though IUPAC initially objected before officially approving the name in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenium","summary":"Selenium is a nonmetal with properties similar to sulfur and tellurium, used in electronics, glassmaking, and as a nutritional supplement.","appearance":"Black, red, and gray forms","interesting_facts":["Selenium is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon.","Its electrical conductivity changes with light, a property used in early photocopiers and light meters.","Selenium is an essential trace nutrient, supporting antioxidant enzymes, but is toxic in larger doses.","It gives glass a red color and is also used to remove the green tint from glass.","Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium.","Selenium comes in several forms, including a red powder and a gray metallic form that conducts electricity."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'selene' (moon), named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 as a companion to tellurium (from Latin 'tellus,' the Earth), since both elements are chemically similar and were found together in the same ore deposits."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicon","summary":"Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and computer chips.","appearance":"Gray crystalline solid","interesting_facts":["Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen, mostly locked up in sand and rock as silica.","Ultra-pure silicon crystals are the foundation of computer chips, giving Silicon Valley its name.","Silicon is a metalloid semiconductor, conducting electricity better than insulators but worse than metals.","Quartz, opal, and most sand are silicon compounds, and glass is made primarily by melting silica.","Solar panels rely on silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity.","Despite its name's similarity, silicon (the element) is different from silicone, the flexible rubbery polymer that contains it."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' (flint or hard stone), because silicon is found abundantly in flint and silicate rocks; the name 'silicon' was proposed by Thomas Thomson in 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element, used in jewelry, electronics, and mirrors.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Silver is the best electrical and thermal conductor of all the elements.","It has natural antibacterial properties and was used to keep wounds and water clean long before modern medicine.","Silver is the most reflective metal, which is why it was traditionally used to back mirrors.","Photographic film relied on light-sensitive silver compounds to capture images.","Its chemical symbol Ag comes from the Latin word 'argentum', and the country Argentina is named after it.","Silver tarnishes black when it reacts with tiny amounts of sulfur compounds in the air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'silver' comes from Old English 'seolfor,' related to Proto-Germanic 'silubra,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Ag and the country name Argentina both derive from Latin 'argentum' (silver), linked to the element's brilliant white luster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and an essential element for life.","appearance":"Silvery-white metal","interesting_facts":["Sodium is so reactive that it must be stored under oil, and it fizzes and can ignite when dropped into water.","It is soft enough to cut with a knife, revealing a shiny silvery surface that quickly dulls in air.","Sodium vapor lamps produce the distinctive yellow-orange glow once common in street lighting.","Common table salt is sodium chloride, and sodium is essential for nerve impulses and fluid balance in your body.","Sodium burns with a bright yellow flame, a property used in flame tests to identify it.","The chemical symbol Na comes from the Latin word 'natrium', referring to a natural soda compound."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English name comes from 'soda' (medieval Latin 'sodanum,' a headache remedy), while the symbol Na derives from Latin 'natrium,' itself from Arabic/Egyptian 'natrun,' the word for natron, a naturally occurring sodium carbonate mineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is a soft, silvery metal used in fireworks, ceramics, and radiological applications.","appearance":"Silvery metallic","interesting_facts":["Strontium salts produce the brilliant red color in fireworks and emergency flares.","It is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, where its ore was first found.","The radioactive isotope strontium-90 from nuclear fallout can lodge in bones because it mimics calcium.","Strontium is used in some toothpastes to reduce tooth sensitivity.","Strontium aluminate glows in the dark for hours and is used in modern luminous paints.","Like calcium, strontium reacts with water and is never found free in nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Strontian, a village in Argyllshire, Scotland, where the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) was first discovered in local lead mines around 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Sulfur","summary":"Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element commonly found in volcanic areas and is essential for life.","appearance":"Bright yellow crystals","interesting_facts":["Sulfur has been known since ancient times and is referred to as 'brimstone' in the Bible, meaning 'burning stone'.","It is famous for the rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulfide, though pure sulfur itself is odorless.","Sulfur burns with a blue flame and produces choking sulfur dioxide gas.","Most mined sulfur is used to make sulfuric acid, one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the world.","Bright yellow sulfur deposits form around volcanic vents and hot springs.","Sulfur is an essential element of life, found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine that help proteins fold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'sulphur' (brimstone), a word of uncertain origin possibly linked to Sanskrit 'sulvere'; sulfur has been known since antiquity as the pungent yellow stone found around volcanoes, called 'brimstone' in Biblical texts."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalum","summary":"Tantalum is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, surgical implants, and high-temperature alloys.","appearance":"Gray blue","interesting_facts":["Tantalum capacitors are tiny but store lots of charge, found in nearly every phone and laptop.","It is named after Tantalus of Greek myth, reflecting its 'tantalizing' resistance to dissolving in acid.","Tantalum is biocompatible and is used in surgical implants, plates, and pins.","It has one of the highest melting points of any metal, over 3,000 °C.","Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to a tough oxide layer.","Much of the world's tantalum comes from the ore coltan, raising ethical sourcing concerns."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Tantalus, the king in Greek mythology condemned to stand in a pool of water beneath fruit trees that receded whenever he reached for them; Anders Ekeberg chose the name in 1802 because the element tantalizingly refused to absorb acid, just as Tantalus could never satisfy his thirst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal primarily used in medical imaging and industrial radiography.","appearance":"Silvery gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was the first element to be made artificially, and its name comes from the Greek for 'artificial'.","It has no stable isotopes, so essentially none exists naturally on Earth.","Technetium-99m is the most widely used radioactive tracer in medical imaging, used in tens of millions of scans yearly.","Its gap in the periodic table was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-manganese'.","Technetium has been detected in the spectra of certain distant stars, proving elements are still being forged in them.","Tiny amounts of technetium can make steel remarkably resistant to corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'technetos' (artificial or man-made), named by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 because it was the first element to be artificially produced, created by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons in a cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurium","summary":"Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys, semiconductors, and thermoelectric devices.","appearance":"Silvery lustrous gray","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is named after the Latin word for Earth, 'tellus'.","People exposed to even tiny amounts develop 'tellurium breath', a powerful garlic-like odor that can last for weeks.","It is a rare metalloid, about as scarce in Earth's crust as platinum.","Cadmium telluride is used to make thin-film solar panels.","Tellurium improves the machinability of steel and copper alloys.","It is used in rewritable optical discs because it can switch between glassy and crystalline states."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Latin 'tellus' (the Earth), named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; the name deliberately paired with selenium (named after the moon) since the two elements are chemically similar and were often found together."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine is a synthetic, radioactive element used in scientific research to study superheavy elements.","appearance":"Unknown, likely metallic or metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","It is the second-heaviest known element and was confirmed in 2010.","Its name ends in '-ine' because it sits in the halogen column, group 17.","Creating it required rare berkelium produced at Oak Ridge, bombarded with calcium ions.","Only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been made.","Its atoms decay within a fraction of a second."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (which produced the essential berkelium target), Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee; it was synthesized in 2010 and officially named by IUPAC in 2016, with the '-ine' suffix reflecting its position in the halogen group 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in phosphors for green lighting, lasers, and magneto-optic devices.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Terbium provides the green color in many phosphors used in lighting and older displays.","It is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, one of four elements honoring that single town.","Terbium alloys change shape in a magnetic field, used in sensors and sonar systems.","It glows a brilliant green under ultraviolet light and is used in security inks.","Terbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that can be cut with a knife.","It is used in solid-state devices and energy-efficient fluorescent lamps."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, where the ore gadolinite was originally collected; Carl Gustaf Mosander separated it from yttria in 1843, and 'terbium' is a syllabic rearrangement of 'Ytterby.'"},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is a soft, gray metal used in electronics, optical systems, and some medical applications.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Thallium was once a favored poison, odorless and tasteless, earning it the nickname 'the poisoner's poison'.","Its name comes from the Greek 'thallos', a green shoot, after the bright green line in its spectrum.","Thallium poisoning causes hair loss, which sometimes helps doctors diagnose it.","A radioactive thallium isotope is used in heart-imaging stress tests.","Thallium compounds are used in specialized infrared optics and electronics.","It was discovered in 1861 using the new method of flame spectroscopy."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named from the Greek 'thallos' (θαλλός), meaning 'green shoot' or 'green twig'; William Crookes named it in 1861 after the distinctive bright green spectral line he saw when analyzing selenious acid residues using the newly developed technique of flame spectroscopy."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in nuclear reactors, alloys, and gas mantles.","appearance":"Silvery, often with black tarnish","interesting_facts":["Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.","It is being researched as a safer, more abundant nuclear fuel than uranium.","Thorium is about three to four times more abundant in the crust than uranium.","Thoriated gas mantles glowed brightly and were used in lanterns for over a century.","It was once added to high-quality camera lenses, which can slightly yellow over time from radiation.","Nearly all thorium is the long-lived isotope thorium-232, with a half-life longer than the age of the universe."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder, by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius who discovered it in 1828; Berzelius found it in a Norwegian mineral he called thorite and named the new element after the deity, following a tradition of honoring mythological figures."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray devices, lasers, and some nuclear applications.","appearance":"Silvery gray","interesting_facts":["Thulium is the rarest of the stable rare earth elements and one of the most expensive.","It is named after Thule, a mythical land in the far north.","Radioactive thulium-170 is used in portable X-ray devices that need no electricity.","Thulium glows blue under ultraviolet light and is used in anti-counterfeiting markings on banknotes.","Thulium lasers are used in some medical surgical procedures.","Despite its rarity, thulium is still more abundant in the crust than gold."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Thule, the ancient Greek and Roman name for a mythical land at the far northern edge of the known world, often identified with Scandinavia or Iceland; Per Teodor Cleve chose the name in 1879 to honor the element's Scandinavian origins."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is a malleable, silvery-white metal used in solder, coatings, and alloys such as bronze.","appearance":"Silvery-white metallic","interesting_facts":["Mixing tin with copper makes bronze, the alloy that defined an entire age of human history.","When bent, a bar of tin makes a crackling sound called the 'tin cry' as its crystals rearrange.","In extreme cold, ordinary tin can crumble into a gray powder, a process called 'tin pest'.","Tin cans get their corrosion resistance from a thin tin coating over steel.","Tin has more stable isotopes (ten) than any other element.","Pewter and solder are common tin-based alloys used for centuries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"The English word 'tin' comes from Old English 'tin,' related to Proto-Germanic 'tinam,' of uncertain further origin; the symbol Sn comes from Latin 'stannum,' which originally referred to a silver-lead alloy before being applied to tin."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanium","summary":"Titanium is a strong, lightweight metal widely used in aerospace, medical devices, and alloys.","appearance":"Silvery gray-white","interesting_facts":["Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element, being as strong as steel but about 45% lighter.","It is biocompatible, so the body doesn't reject it, making it ideal for hip replacements and dental implants.","Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white pigment used in paint, sunscreen, and even toothpaste.","It resists corrosion from seawater so well it is used in ship parts and submarine hulls.","Titanium is named after the Titans of Greek mythology because of its great strength.","Although the ninth most abundant element in the crust, titanium is costly because it is difficult to extract from its ores."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the Titans of Greek mythology — powerful primordial deities — by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, who wanted a name free of geographical or personal associations."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten is a hard, dense metal with the highest melting point of all elements, used in filaments, cutting tools, and armor-piercing projectiles.","appearance":"Grayish white, lustrous","interesting_facts":["Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, at about 3,422 °C.","It was used for the glowing filaments in incandescent light bulbs.","Its name comes from Swedish for 'heavy stone', while its symbol W comes from 'wolfram'.","Tungsten carbide is nearly as hard as diamond and is used in drill bits, saws, and armor-piercing rounds.","It is one of the densest elements, roughly the same density as gold.","Tungsten is essential to some enzymes in certain heat-loving microbes, the heaviest element known to be used by life."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' comes from the Swedish words 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone), referring to the mineral scheelite; the symbol W comes from 'wolfram', derived from the mineral wolframite — named because it 'devoured' tin during smelting, evoking a wolf (German: Wolf Rahm, wolf's cream or froth)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is a dense, radioactive metal used as fuel in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons.","appearance":"Silvery-gray metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is the heaviest element that occurs in significant amounts in nature.","It was named after the planet Uranus, discovered just eight years earlier.","A single kilogram of uranium-235 can release as much energy as several thousand tonnes of coal.","Uranium's radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 when it fogged photographic plates in the dark.","Depleted uranium is extremely dense and is used in armor and armor-piercing ammunition.","Uranium glass, popular in the 1800s, glows bright green under ultraviolet light."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered just eight years earlier, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; he followed the tradition of naming elements after celestial bodies, just as tellurium (the element before it) had been named after the Earth."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is a hard, silvery-gray metal primarily used to strengthen steel alloys and other materials.","appearance":"Silvery gray","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is named after Vanadis, a name for the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its beautifully colored compounds.","Its compounds appear in a rainbow of colors depending on oxidation state: purple, blue, green, and yellow.","Adding small amounts of vanadium to steel makes it much harder and tougher, used in tools and car parts.","Henry Ford used vanadium steel in the Model T to make it lighter and stronger.","Vanadium redox flow batteries can store large amounts of energy for the electric grid.","Some sea creatures called sea squirts concentrate vanadium in their blood at levels far higher than the surrounding seawater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Vanadis, an Old Norse epithet for the goddess Freyja, chosen by Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 because vanadium's compounds form strikingly beautiful, multicolored solutions."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas used in lighting, medical imaging, and spacecraft propulsion.","appearance":"Colorless gas, emits a blue glow when excited","interesting_facts":["Xenon's name comes from the Greek word for 'stranger', because it was such a rare find in air.","It produces a brilliant white light and is used in car headlights, camera flashes, and movie projector lamps.","Xenon can be used as a safe, powerful anesthetic, though it is expensive.","Despite being a noble gas, xenon was the first to form a real chemical compound, in 1962.","Ion thrusters on spacecraft use xenon as propellant, gently pushing probes across the solar system.","Xenon is dense enough that you can float a lightweight object on the invisible gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Greek 'xenos' (stranger or foreign), named by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 because xenon appeared as a completely unfamiliar element hidden in the residues after evaporating liquid krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in lasers, atomic clocks, and stress gauges in materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is one of four elements named after the tiny Swedish village of Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomic clocks are among the most precise timekeepers ever built.","Its electrical resistance increases sharply under high pressure, used as a stress gauge.","Ytterbium-doped fibers power high-energy industrial lasers for cutting and welding metal.","It is a soft, malleable, silvery rare earth metal.","Unusually for a lanthanide, ytterbium can take on a stable +2 oxidation state."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a village on the island of Resarö near Stockholm, Sweden; Jean Charles de Marignac first isolated its oxide in 1878 from the mineral erbia, and ytterbium is one of four elements named for that single Swedish village."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in phosphors, superconductors, and LED technology.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which gave its name to four different elements.","Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) crystals are used to make powerful lasers for medicine and industry.","It helped create the first high-temperature superconductors that work above the boiling point of nitrogen.","Yttrium compounds produced the red phosphors in old color television screens.","It is used to strengthen aluminum and magnesium alloys.","Although called a rare earth, yttrium is more abundant in the crust than silver or lead."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Named after Ytterby, a small village on the island of Resarö in Sweden, where the ore gadolinite was first collected in 1787; the same village name also inspired the names of ytterbium, erbium, and terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Zinc is a bluish-silver metal commonly used in galvanization, alloys, and as an essential mineral for biological processes.","appearance":"Bluish-silver metal","interesting_facts":["Zinc coats steel in a process called galvanizing, sacrificing itself to protect the steel from rust.","It is essential for the human immune system, and zinc lozenges are used to help fight colds.","Zinc burns with a bright bluish-green flame and was once called 'philosopher's wool' when its white oxide was collected.","Brass, used in instruments and fittings, is an alloy of copper and zinc.","Most modern one-cent and many other coins are made largely of zinc with a thin copper coating.","Zinc oxide is the active ingredient in many sunscreens and diaper-rash creams."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From German 'Zink' (zinc), first used by Paracelsus in the 16th century; the origin may relate to 'Zinke' (prong or spike), describing the spiky crystals that form during smelting, or possibly to Persian 'sing' (stone)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal used in nuclear reactors, surgical instruments, and ceramic materials.","appearance":"Silvery white","interesting_facts":["Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion and barely absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for cladding nuclear fuel rods.","Cubic zirconia, a zirconium compound, is a popular diamond substitute in jewelry.","The gemstone zircon, a zirconium silicate, contains some of the oldest known minerals on Earth, over 4 billion years old.","Zirconium powder is highly flammable and was once used in flashbulbs.","It is biocompatible and used in dental crowns and joint implants.","Zirconium dioxide ceramics are tough enough to make knife blades that rarely need sharpening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"From Arabic 'zarqun' (vermilion or golden-colored), derived from Persian 'zargun' (gold-like), because the gemstone zircon has golden hues; the name was given by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789."}},"es-419":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinio","summary":"El actinio es un metal radiactivo blando y plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigación y como fuente de neutrones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), que significa 'rayo' o ​​'haz'; André-Louis Debierne lo aisló por primera vez en 1899 del mineral de uranio y le puso el nombre de su poderosa radiactividad; da nombre a la serie actínida de elementos pesados.","interesting_facts":["El actinio brilla con una misteriosa luz azul pálida en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'aktis', que significa rayo o viga.","Da nombre a la serie de elementos actínidos.","El actinio-225 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida con partículas alfa contra el cáncer.","Es aproximadamente 150 veces más radiactivo que el radio.","El actinio es extremadamente raro y solo se encuentra en pequeñas cantidades en los minerales de uranio."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminio","summary":"El aluminio es un metal de color blanco plateado, liviano y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'alumen' (alumbre, compuesto utilizado desde la antigüedad en teñido y curtido); Humphry Davy acuñó \"aluminio\" en 1807 y luego lo revisó a \"aluminio\", mientras que gran parte del mundo adoptó la ortografía \"aluminio\".","interesting_facts":["El aluminio es el metal más abundante en la corteza terrestre, pero alguna vez fue tan difícil de purificar que era más valioso que el oro.","Según se informa, en un banquete de la década de 1880, los invitados más honrados de Francia comieron con cubiertos de aluminio mientras que otros usaban oro.","Es totalmente reciclable y el reciclaje del aluminio utiliza solo alrededor del 5% de la energía necesaria para fabricarlo a partir de mineral en bruto.","Se forma instantáneamente una fina capa de óxido autorreparable sobre el aluminio, protegiéndolo de la corrosión.","El proceso Hall-Heroult, inventado en 1886, abarató el aluminio mediante el uso de electricidad para extraerlo de la alúmina.","El aluminio es liviano, resistente y no magnético, lo que lo hace ideal para aviones, latas y papel de aluminio."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americio","summary":"El americio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en detectores de humo y como fuente de neutrones para aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña lentamente con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de América, los continentes donde se produjo por primera vez, por Glenn Seaborg en 1944; Seaborg lo nombró por analogía deliberada con europio (el nombre de Europa), ya que el americio ocupa la misma posición en la serie de actínidos que el europio en la serie de lantánidos.","interesting_facts":["El americio se utiliza en pequeñas cantidades en la mayoría de los detectores de humo domésticos.","Lleva el nombre de América, reflejando el nombre del europio en honor a Europa.","El americio se produjo por primera vez durante el Proyecto Manhattan en 1944.","En un detector de humo, el americio emite partículas alfa que ionizan el aire; El humo interrumpe la corriente y activa la alarma.","Brilla débilmente en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Se está estudiando el americio como posible fuente de energía duradera para futuras misiones espaciales."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimonio","summary":"El antimonio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco azulado que se utiliza en retardantes de llama, aleaciones y semiconductores.","appearance":"Plateado, blanco azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene del latín medieval 'antimonium', de origen incierto (posiblemente del árabe 'ithmid' o una frase latina que significa 'no solo', ya que el antimonio rara vez se presenta en forma pura); El símbolo Sb proviene del latín 'stibium', el nombre del mineral de sulfuro negro utilizado como cosmético desde el antiguo Egipto.","interesting_facts":["El antimonio se ha utilizado desde el antiguo Egipto como kohl, un cosmético para los ojos morados.","Es un metaloide que, inusualmente, se expande cuando se congela, lo que lo hace útil para piezas fundidas afiladas y tipos de metal.","Los compuestos de antimonio se utilizan ampliamente como retardantes de llama en plásticos y textiles.","Su símbolo químico Sb proviene del latín 'stibium'.","Los alquimistas medievales utilizaban pastillas de antimonio como laxante reutilizable, las recuperaban y las transmitían como \"píldoras eternas\".","El antimonio se alea con plomo para hacerlo más duro, como en los tipos de impresión antiguos y en las placas de batería."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argón","summary":"El argón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"argón\" (inactivo o inactivo, neutro de \"argos\"), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Lord Rayleigh en 1894 porque el gas es químicamente inerte y extremadamente reacio a reaccionar con cualquier cosa.","interesting_facts":["El argón constituye casi el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre, lo que lo convierte en el gas noble más abundante en el aire.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"perezoso\" porque no reacciona químicamente.","El argón se utiliza para llenar bombillas incandescentes porque no reacciona con el filamento caliente.","Los soldadores utilizan argón como gas protector para evitar que el metal caliente reaccione con el oxígeno del aire.","La mayor parte del argón de la Tierra es argón-40, producido por la desintegración radiactiva del potasio-40 en las rocas.","Las ventanas de doble acristalamiento suelen estar rellenas de argón porque aísla mejor que el aire normal."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsénico","summary":"El arsénico es un metaloide tóxico utilizado históricamente en pesticidas y ahora en semiconductores y producción de vidrio.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'arsenikon' (oropimento amarillo, un mineral de sulfuro de arsénico), posiblemente del persa 'zarnikh' (mineral de arsénico); la palabra también puede conectarse con el griego 'arrhen' (masculino o potente), lo que refleja las poderosas propiedades de los compuestos de arsénico.","interesting_facts":["El arsénico es famoso como el \"veneno de los reyes y el rey de los venenos\", indetectable durante siglos y uno de los favoritos en los asesinatos históricos.","A pesar de su toxicidad, pequeños rastros de arsénico pueden ser un nutriente necesario para algunos animales.","El arseniuro de galio y otros compuestos de arsénico son vitales para los semiconductores y LED modernos.","La contaminación por arsénico de las aguas subterráneas afecta el agua potable de millones de personas en todo el mundo.","Se sublima, pasando directamente de sólido a gas cuando se calienta, con un olor parecido al del ajo.","Los pigmentos verdes que contienen arsénico alguna vez se usaron en el papel tapiz y pueden haber envenenado lentamente los hogares victorianos."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astato","summary":"El astato es un elemento radiactivo poco común que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas y potencialmente en tratamientos contra el cáncer.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'astatos' (ἄστατος), que significa 'inestable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie y Emilio Segrè lo sintetizaron en 1940 en Berkeley y eligieron el nombre porque todos los isótopos de astato son radiactivos y se desintegran rápidamente, lo que hace que el elemento sea inherentemente inestable.","interesting_facts":["El astato es el elemento natural más raro; En cualquier momento existe menos de un gramo en la corteza terrestre.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"astatos\", que significa \"inestable\".","Nadie ha visto nunca una muestra visible porque se vaporizaría debido a su propia intensa radiactividad.","Es el más pesado de los halógenos y se sintetizó por primera vez en 1940.","Astatine-211 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida contra el cáncer con partículas alfa.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unas 8 horas."]},"Barium":{"name":"Bario","summary":"El bario es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fluidos de perforación, pinturas e imágenes médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'barys' (pesado), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1808 porque el sulfato de bario (barita, el mineral común) es inusualmente denso para un mineral no metálico.","interesting_facts":["Los pacientes beben una \"comida de bario\" o un \"trago de bario\" porque el bario bloquea los rayos X, revelando el tracto digestivo.","Los compuestos de bario dan a los fuegos artificiales sus colores verdes brillantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'barys', que significa pesado.","Aunque el metal es tóxico, el sulfato de bario insoluble utilizado en las exploraciones médicas pasa por el cuerpo de forma segura.","El bario es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo petróleo y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza.","El mineral barita (sulfato de bario) se utiliza para pesar los fluidos de perforación en la industria petrolera."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelio","summary":"El berkelio es un metal radiactivo que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1949 en el Laboratorio de Radiación de la Universidad de California; el nombre refleja deliberadamente el terbio, que lleva el nombre de la ciudad sueca de Ytterby: ambos elementos ocupan posiciones coincidentes en las series de lantánidos y actínidos, respectivamente.","interesting_facts":["El berkelio lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se fabricó por primera vez en 1949.","Es un elemento sintético extremadamente raro, del que solo se han producido pequeñas cantidades.","Se utilizó berkelio como material objetivo para sintetizar el elemento superpesado tennessine.","Producir una pequeña muestra de berkelio puede llevar muchos meses en un reactor de alto flujo.","Es altamente radiactivo y no tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica.","Berkelium completa un conjunto con terbio, ambos elementos con nombres de ciudades y colocados en posiciones coincidentes."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berilio","summary":"El berilio es un metal duro y grisáceo que se encuentra naturalmente en rocas minerales, carbón, suelo y polvo volcánico.","appearance":"Gris acero","naming_origin_explanation":"La piedra preciosa debe su nombre a berilo, del griego 'beryllos', porque Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin aisló por primera vez el berilio de minerales de berilo y esmeralda en 1798.","interesting_facts":["El berilio es notablemente transparente a los rayos X, por lo que se utiliza para fabricar ventanas para detectores y tubos de rayos X.","Es uno de los metales estructurales más livianos pero tiene una relación rigidez-peso más alta que el acero.","Las piedras preciosas esmeralda y aguamarina son formas del mineral berilo, un silicato de berilio y aluminio.","El polvo de berilio es muy tóxico y puede provocar una enfermedad pulmonar crónica llamada beriliosis.","Los espejos del telescopio espacial James Webb están hechos de berilio recubierto de oro porque mantiene su forma incluso a temperaturas extremadamente frías.","En 1932, James Chadwick descubrió el neutrón bombardeando berilio con partículas alfa."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"El bismuto es un metal frágil y de baja toxicidad, utilizado en cosméticos, procedimientos médicos y aleaciones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado con un tono iridiscente.","naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva del antiguo alemán 'Wismut' o 'Wismuth', posiblemente de 'weiße Masse' (masa blanca) o un término minero de origen incierto; Conocido desde el siglo XV como un metal distinto, a veces confundido con plomo o estaño, y latinizado como \"bisemutum\" antes de convertirse en \"bismuto\" en el uso moderno.","interesting_facts":["El bismuto forma impresionantes cristales de arcoíris iridiscentes con forma de tolva y escalón.","Es el elemento más pesado que, a efectos prácticos, es estable y tiene una vida media casi inimaginable.","El bismuto es el ingrediente principal del Pepto-Bismol, que se utiliza para aliviar el malestar estomacal.","Al igual que el agua, el bismuto se expande cuando se congela.","Se utiliza en aleaciones de bajo punto de fusión para rociadores contra incendios y dispositivos de seguridad.","El bismuto es uno de los pocos metales menos densos en algunas aleaciones y es un sustituto no tóxico del plomo en muchos productos."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrio","summary":"El bohrio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico danés que desarrolló el modelo cuántico del átomo e hizo contribuciones fundamentales para comprender la estructura atómica; GSI Darmstadt, Alemania, lo sintetizó en 1981 y propuso el nombre en su honor, adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico que modeló la estructura del átomo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Bohrium se creó por primera vez en 1981 en Alemania.","Sus isótopos son intensamente radiactivos y se desintegran en segundos o menos.","Los experimentos indican que el bohrio se parece químicamente al renio, en el grupo 7.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación fundamental de los elementos más pesados."]},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"El boro es un elemento metaloide esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, pero que puede resultar tóxico en exceso.","appearance":"Negro-marrón","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al bórax, el mineral del que se aisló por primera vez, y \"bórax\" deriva del árabe \"buraq\" o del persa \"burah\", que significa bórax o salitre.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de boro dan un distintivo color verde brillante a las llamas, lo que los hace útiles en pirotecnia.","El boro es esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, aunque solo en pequeñas cantidades; demasiado es tóxico para los cultivos.","El vidrio de borosilicato, elaborado con boro, resiste el choque térmico y se utiliza en utensilios de cocina y cristalería de laboratorio.","El isótopo boro-10 absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que el boro se utiliza en barras de control y blindaje de reactores nucleares.","El bórax, un mineral de boro, se ha utilizado durante miles de años como agente limpiador y fundente para soldar metales.","El boro es un metaloide que comparte propiedades tanto de metales como de no metales y es un mal conductor a temperatura ambiente."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"El bromo es un líquido de color marrón rojizo a temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en retardantes de llama, tratamiento de agua y productos farmacéuticos.","appearance":"Líquido marrón rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"bromos\" (hedor u olor fétido), nombrado así por Antoine Jérôme Balard en 1826 porque el bromo líquido produce un olor profundamente desagradable y sofocante.","interesting_facts":["El bromo es uno de los dos únicos elementos líquidos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el mercurio.","Es un líquido denso, de color marrón rojizo que desprende vapores tóxicos y asfixiantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"bromos\", que significa \"hedor\".","Los pueblos antiguos extraían un precioso tinte púrpura, la púrpura de Tiro, de los caracoles marinos utilizando compuestos de bromo.","Los compuestos de bromo se utilizaron ampliamente como retardantes de llama en electrónica y muebles.","La mayor parte del bromo se extrae del agua de mar y de depósitos de salmuera rica en sal."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmio","summary":"El cadmio es un metal blando de color blanco azulado que se utiliza principalmente en baterías, pigmentos y galvanoplastia.","appearance":"Plateado gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cadmia' (calamina, un mineral de carbonato de zinc), en última instancia del griego 'kadmeia' (tierra tebana, llamada así por Cadmo, el mítico fundador de Tebas), ya que el cadmio fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","interesting_facts":["El cadmio produce pigmentos amarillos, naranjas y rojos intensos, apreciados desde hace mucho tiempo por artistas como Monet y Van Gogh.","Es tóxico y se acumula en el cuerpo, provocando la dolorosa enfermedad ósea 'itai-itai' que se observó en Japón en el siglo XX.","Las baterías recargables de níquel-cadmio (NiCd) alguna vez fueron extremadamente comunes.","Los recubrimientos de cadmio protegen el acero de la corrosión, especialmente en piezas de aviones.","Fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","El cadmio absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en barras de control de reactores nucleares."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcio","summary":"El calcio es un metal gris blando que es esencial para los organismos vivos, particularmente en la fisiología celular y la formación de huesos.","appearance":"Gris opaco, plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'calx' o 'calcis' (cal o piedra caliza), porque Humphry Davy la aisló por primera vez en 1808 mediante electrólisis del óxido de calcio (cal viva), un material que los romanos habían utilizado durante mucho tiempo en la construcción.","interesting_facts":["El calcio es el metal más abundante en el cuerpo humano y alrededor del 99% se almacena en huesos y dientes.","La piedra caliza, la tiza y el mármol son formas de carbonato de calcio.","Es el quinto elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre.","Los iones de calcio actúan como una señal universal dentro de las células, desencadenando todo, desde la contracción muscular hasta la fertilización.","La cal viva (óxido de calcio) brillaba intensamente cuando se calentaba y se utilizaba para iluminar escenarios, lo que nos dio la frase \"en el centro de atención\".","Los arrecifes de coral y las conchas marinas se construyen en gran medida a partir de carbonato de calcio extraído del agua de mar."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californio","summary":"El californio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en fuentes de neutrones, tratamiento del cáncer y análisis de materiales.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla en la oscuridad debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California y de la Universidad de California, donde se sintetizó en 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street y Ghiorso eligieron el nombre sabiendo que se habían quedado sin cuerpos celestes cercanos y decidieron honrar el lugar del descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El californio es una de las sustancias más caras de la Tierra y cuesta millones de dólares el gramo.","Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California, donde fue descubierto en 1950.","El californio-252 es un potente emisor de neutrones que se utiliza para poner en marcha reactores nucleares y escáneres industriales.","Se utiliza para detectar oro y petróleo mediante análisis de neutrones de rocas.","Un solo microgramo libera una enorme cantidad de neutrones por segundo.","El californio también se utiliza para identificar la fatiga del metal y encontrar puntos débiles en aviones y maquinaria."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbono","summary":"El carbono es un componente fundamental de la vida y se encuentra en todos los compuestos orgánicos conocidos.","appearance":"Varía (el grafito es negro, el diamante es transparente)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'carbo' (carbón o carbón vegetal), lo que refleja que el carbono se conoce desde la antigüedad en forma de carbón vegetal, grafito y diamante.","interesting_facts":["El carbono forma más compuestos que todos los demás elementos combinados y es la base química de toda la vida conocida.","Tanto el diamante como el grafito son carbono puro, pero el diamante es el material natural más duro, mientras que el grafito es lo suficientemente blando como para escribir.","El grafeno, una sola capa de átomos de carbono, es aproximadamente 200 veces más resistente que el acero y conduce la electricidad mejor que el cobre.","La datación por carbono 14 utiliza la desintegración constante de un isótopo de carbono radiactivo para determinar la edad de material que alguna vez estuvo vivo hasta aproximadamente 50.000 años.","Los átomos de carbono forjados dentro de las estrellas se esparcen por el universo cuando esas estrellas explotan, convirtiéndonos literalmente en polvo de estrellas.","El buckminsterfullereno, una molécula con forma de balón de fútbol de 60 átomos de carbono, fue descubierta en 1985 y lleva el nombre del arquitecto Buckminster Fuller."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerio","summary":"El cerio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, pulido de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto en 1801 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de la diosa romana de la agricultura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth y Jöns Jacob Berzelius lo nombraron en 1803, siguiendo la moda de nombrar nuevos elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes.","interesting_facts":["El cerio es el más abundante de todos los elementos de tierras raras, más común que el cobre.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto dos años antes.","El cerio es el ingrediente clave que produce chispas en las aleaciones de encendedores y encendedores de \"pedernal\".","El óxido de cerio es el polvo de pulido fino que se utiliza para dar un acabado suave al vidrio y las piedras preciosas.","Se agrega a los convertidores catalíticos para ayudar a almacenar y liberar oxígeno.","El cerio recién cortado puede encenderse espontáneamente en el aire, volviéndolo pirofórico."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesio","summary":"El cesio es un metal blando de color dorado conocido por su uso en relojes atómicos y diversas aplicaciones electrónicas.","appearance":"Plata-oro metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cesius' (azul cielo o azul grisáceo), nombrado así por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color azul brillante que utilizaron para identificar el elemento.","interesting_facts":["El segundo se define oficialmente por las vibraciones de los átomos de cesio, la base de los relojes atómicos.","El cesio es uno de los metales más reactivos y explota violentamente al contacto con el agua.","Se derrite a unos 28 °C, por lo que es líquido en un día cálido.","Tiene un color dorado plateado, uno de los pocos metales que no es plateado ni gris.","El cesio fue el primer elemento descubierto mediante espectroscopia, por Bunsen y Kirchhoff en 1860.","El cesio-137 radiactivo es un producto notable de la fisión nuclear y un motivo de preocupación en los accidentes nucleares."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso altamente reactivo que se utiliza como desinfectante y en diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gas amarillo verdoso","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'cloros' (verde pálido o amarillo verdoso), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1810 para reflejar el distintivo color amarillo verdoso del gas.","interesting_facts":["El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso que se utilizó como arma química en la Primera Guerra Mundial.","Pequeñas cantidades añadidas al agua potable y a las piscinas matan las bacterias y han salvado innumerables vidas de enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.","Combinado con sodio, el cloro forma sal de mesa común, que es esencial para la vida.","Es tan reactivo que blanquea fácilmente los tintes y desinfecta, por lo que se utiliza en la lejía doméstica.","El cloro fue aislado por primera vez en 1774 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele, quien no se dio cuenta de que era un elemento nuevo.","Aunque son tóxicos como gas, los iones de cloruro en el cuerpo son vitales para la digestión y la función nerviosa."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Cromo","summary":"El cromo es un metal duro, brillante y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en acero inoxidable y cromado.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"chroma\" (color), nombrado así por Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin en 1798 porque los compuestos de cromo muestran una amplia gama de colores vivos: rojo en los rubíes, verde en las esmeraldas, naranja en la crocoita.","interesting_facts":["El cromo le da al acero inoxidable su brillo y resistencia a la oxidación, formando una capa protectora invisible de óxido.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega 'chroma' que significa color, porque sus compuestos tienen colores vivos.","El cromo es lo que hace que los rubíes sean rojos y las esmeraldas verdes como una impureza en los cristales.","El cromado proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y similar a un espejo a las molduras y herramientas del automóvil.","El cromo es uno de los metales más duros y muy resistente a la corrosión.","Algunos compuestos de cromo son nutrientes esenciales en pequeñas cantidades, mientras que otros (cromo-6) son tóxicos y cancerígenos."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"El cobalto es un metal duro, brillante y de color gris plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones y baterías y es esencial para la vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metal gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Kobold' (duende o diablillo), porque los mineros alemanes culpaban a un travieso espíritu subterráneo por el problemático mineral de cobalto que liberaba vapores venenosos de arsénico y no producía cobre a pesar de parecerse al mineral de cobre.","interesting_facts":["El cobalto se ha utilizado durante más de 2000 años para dar al vidrio y a la cerámica un color azul intenso y brillante.","Su nombre proviene de 'kobold', un travieso duende que los mineros alemanes culpaban de los minerales problemáticos.","El cobalto es un ingrediente clave en las baterías recargables de iones de litio que alimentan teléfonos y automóviles eléctricos.","Es uno de los tres únicos elementos naturalmente magnéticos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el hierro y el níquel.","El isótopo radiactivo cobalto-60 se utiliza para tratar el cáncer y esterilizar equipos médicos.","El cobalto es esencial para la vida como átomo metálico en el corazón de la vitamina B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicio","summary":"El copernicio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Nicolaus Copernicus, el astrónomo polaco-alemán que propuso que la Tierra orbita alrededor del Sol; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1996 y propuso el nombre en honor a Copérnico, y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente en 2010 con motivo del 537 aniversario de su nacimiento.","interesting_facts":["Copérnico lleva el nombre del astrónomo Nicolás Copérnico, quien colocó al Sol en el centro del sistema solar.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1996 en Alemania.","Se predice que el copernicio será un líquido o gas volátil a temperatura ambiente, comportándose de manera similar al mercurio.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos son altamente radiactivos y de vida corta.","Se encuentra debajo del mercurio en el grupo 12 de la tabla periódica."]},"Copper":{"name":"Cobre","summary":"El cobre es un metal de color dorado rojizo conocido por su alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica, ampliamente utilizado en cableado eléctrico y plomería.","appearance":"Metálico rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cuprum', derivado del griego 'Kypros' (Chipre), la isla que era la principal fuente de cobre del mundo antiguo; el símbolo Cu también se remonta a este nombre latino.","interesting_facts":["El cobre fue uno de los primeros metales utilizados por el hombre, trabajado durante más de 10.000 años.","Es un excelente conductor de electricidad, solo superado por la plata, por lo que llena nuestros alambres y cables.","Las superficies de cobre matan naturalmente muchas bacterias y virus, lo que las hace útiles para pomos de puertas y accesorios de hospitales.","La Estatua de la Libertad está cubierta de cobre que se volvió verde con el tiempo al formar una pátina protectora.","Al mezclar cobre con estaño se obtiene bronce y con zinc se obtiene latón, dos aleaciones que dieron forma a la historia de la humanidad.","El cobre es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda al cuerpo a formar glóbulos rojos y a mantener los nervios."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curio","summary":"El curio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en la exploración espacial como fuente de energía y en la investigación científica.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, se empaña con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, los pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1944 en honor a la pareja cuyos descubrimientos hicieron posible la química nuclear, señalando que la posición del curio en la serie de actínidos refleja el gadolinio en los lantánidos (que lleva el nombre de un químico, siguiendo un patrón paralelo).","interesting_facts":["Curium lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad.","Brilla con una suave luz violeta o roja en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","El curio es tan radiactivo que genera una cantidad significativa de calor y se consideró para la energía de las naves espaciales.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1944, antes que el americio, más liviano.","Instrumentos basados ​​en curio han analizado la composición química de Marte y otras superficies planetarias.","Todo el curio se elabora artificialmente; ninguno se encuentra en la naturaleza."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtio","summary":"El darmstadtio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para investigar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1994 en GSI Darmstadt; Sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos recién creados según los lugares del descubrimiento, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde fue descubierto en 1994.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado creado en aceleradores de partículas.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de darmstadtio.","Sus átomos sobreviven menos de un segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Se espera que químicamente se parezca al platino, en el grupo 10.","El darmstadtio no tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnio","summary":"El dubnio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede del Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear; el nombre resolvió una disputa de la Guerra Fría en la que los científicos estadounidenses lo llamaron 'hahnium' y los científicos soviéticos lo llamaron 'nielsbohrium', antes de que la IUPAC adoptara el nombre neutral de ciudad en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede de un famoso instituto de investigación nuclear.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Su descubrimiento fue parte de las 'Guerras Transfermium', una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría.","Los átomos de dubnio existen solo unos segundos o menos antes de desintegrarse.","Sólo se ha creado una pequeña cantidad de átomos de dubnio.","Se predice que químicamente se parecerá al tantalio del grupo 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprosio","summary":"El disprosio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y barras de control de reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), que significa 'difícil de alcanzar'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran acuñó el nombre en 1886, reflejando la extrema dificultad de aislarlo de su mineral, un proceso que requiere diecinueve precipitaciones.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de disprosio proviene del griego \"dysprositos\", que significa \"difícil de conseguir\", porque era muy difícil de aislar.","Se añade a los imanes de neodimio para que mantengan su fuerza a altas temperaturas en motores y turbinas eólicas.","El disprosio tiene una de las fuerzas magnéticas más altas de cualquier elemento a bajas temperaturas.","Absorbe bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Las aleaciones a base de disprosio cambian de forma en campos magnéticos, lo que resulta útil en actuadores y transductores.","Se considera un material fundamental para la tecnología de energía limpia."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinio","summary":"El einstenio es un metal altamente radiactivo, utilizado principalmente para investigaciones científicas y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein, quien formuló la teoría especial de la relatividad y la ecuación E=mc² subyacente a la energía nuclear; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas le pusieron el nombre en 1955 tras descubrirlo entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952, mantenida en secreto durante varios años.","interesting_facts":["El einstenio fue descubierto en 1952 entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno.","Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein.","El einstenio brilla de color azul en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Es tan raro que solo ocasionalmente se han producido cantidades ponderables.","Estudiar el einstenio es extremadamente difícil porque daña su propio recipiente y sus instrumentos.","No tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica básica."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbio","summary":"El erbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fibras ópticas, láseres y tecnología nuclear.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se extrajo por primera vez el mineral gadolinita que lo contiene; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"erbio\" es uno de los cuatro nombres de elementos derivados del topónimo único \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["Las fibras dopadas con erbio amplifican las señales de luz, lo que hace posible Internet de fibra óptica de larga distancia.","Da al vidrio y a los esmaltes un color rosa suave y se utiliza en gafas de sol y vidrio decorativo.","Los láseres de erbio se utilizan en odontología y rejuvenecimiento cosmético de la piel.","Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, Suecia, y comparte ese origen con varias otras tierras raras.","Se añade erbio a algunas aleaciones metálicas, incluido el vanadio, para hacerlas más trabajables.","Absorbe la luz infrarroja de manera eficiente, lo que constituye la base de muchos de sus usos como láser."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europio","summary":"El europio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en materiales fosforescentes, barras de control y reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El continente lleva el nombre de Europa, por Eugène-Anatole Demarçay en 1901, quien lo aisló espectroscópicamente; fue uno de varios elementos que recibieron nombres de regiones geográficas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.","interesting_facts":["El europio proporciona los fósforos rojo y azul que producían el color en las pantallas de computadoras y televisores antiguos.","Se utiliza como marcador antifalsificación en los billetes de euro y brilla bajo luz ultravioleta.","El europio es el elemento de tierras raras más reactivo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire.","Lleva el nombre del continente de Europa.","Los fósforos dopados con europio hacen que las luces LED y fluorescentes de bajo consumo brillen intensamente.","Es una de las tierras raras menos abundantes en la corteza."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermio","summary":"El fermio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y el estudio de elementos transuránicos.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Enrico Fermi, el físico italoamericano que construyó el primer reactor nuclear artificial en 1942 e hizo contribuciones fundamentales a la física nuclear y de partículas; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1953 después de descubrirlo en los mismos restos de prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno que produjeron einstenio.","interesting_facts":["El fermio también se descubrió en las consecuencias de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952.","Lleva el nombre del físico Enrico Fermi, pionero de las reacciones nucleares.","El fermio es el elemento más pesado que se puede producir en cantidades pesadas mediante bombardeo de neutrones.","Más allá del fermio, los elementos deben formarse átomo a átomo utilizando aceleradores de partículas.","Hasta ahora solo se han producido cantidades pequeñas e invisibles de fermio.","Existe solo como elemento sintético y no tiene usos comerciales."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovio","summary":"Flerovium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Dubna, Rusia, que a su vez lleva el nombre del físico soviético Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov cofundó el laboratorio e hizo importantes contribuciones a la física nuclear, y su equipo sintetizó por primera vez el elemento en 1998, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Rusia.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1998 por un equipo en Dubna, Rusia.","Algunas predicciones sugirieron que el flerovium podría ser inusualmente estable o incluso similar a un gas, aunque sigue siendo radiactivo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Flerovium se encuentra debajo del plomo en el grupo 14 de la tabla periódica.","Sus isótopos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, pero tienen una vida más larga que la de muchos vecinos, lo que hace alusión a la \"isla de la estabilidad\"."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flúor","summary":"El flúor es un gas amarillo pálido muy reactivo y es el elemento más electronegativo.","appearance":"Gas amarillo pálido","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'fluere' (fluir), porque el mineral fluorita era muy utilizado como fundente metalúrgico; El nombre del elemento fue propuesto por André-Marie Ampère en 1812.","interesting_facts":["El flúor es el más reactivo y electronegativo de todos los elementos y reacciona con casi todas las demás sustancias, a veces de forma explosiva.","Es tan agresivo que puede hacer que materiales como el amianto e incluso el agua estallen en llamas.","Se añaden trazas de fluoruro al agua potable y a la pasta de dientes para ayudar a prevenir las caries.","El teflón, el revestimiento antiadherente de los utensilios de cocina, es un polímero que contiene flúor (PTFE).","Muchos químicos fueron envenenados o asesinados tratando de aislar el flúor, lo que les valió el sobrenombre de \"mártires del flúor\" antes de que Henri Moissan lo consiguiera en 1886.","El flúor es un gas de color amarillo pálido a temperatura ambiente y es el más liviano de los halógenos."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francio","summary":"El francio es un metal extremadamente raro y radiactivo, sin aplicaciones importantes debido a su inestabilidad.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Francia, país donde Marguerite Perey lo descubrió en 1939 en el Instituto Curie de París; nombró el elemento en honor a su tierra natal, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos con nombres de lugares y convirtiéndose en la primera mujer elegida para la Academia de Ciencias de Francia.","interesting_facts":["El francio es el segundo elemento natural más raro, después del astato.","Fue el último elemento descubierto en la naturaleza, por Marguerite Perey en Francia en 1939.","Lleva el nombre de Francia, su país de origen.","El francio es tan radiactivo que cualquier cantidad visible se vaporizaría instantáneamente por su propio calor.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unos 22 minutos.","Es el más reactivo de los metales alcalinos, pero nunca se han observado sus escasas propiedades en masa."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinio","summary":"El gadolinio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en agentes de contraste para resonancias magnéticas, fósforos y terapia de captura de neutrones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la gadolinita, el mineral en el que se identificó por primera vez su óxido; la gadolinita lleva el nombre de Johan Gadolin, un químico finlandés que la analizó por primera vez; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló el nuevo elemento tierra en 1880.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de gadolinio se inyectan como agentes de contraste para que las imágenes por resonancia magnética sean mucho más claras.","Tiene una extraordinaria capacidad para absorber neutrones, la más alta de cualquier elemento estable, útil en reactores nucleares.","El gadolinio es magnético justo por debajo de la temperatura ambiente y está estudiado para la refrigeración magnética.","Lleva el nombre del químico finlandés Johan Gadolin, pionero de la investigación de tierras raras.","El gadolinio se calienta cuando se coloca en un campo magnético y se enfría cuando se retira, efecto magnetocalórico.","Se utiliza en algunos tipos de detectores de imágenes médicas y de seguridad."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Galio","summary":"El galio es un metal blando y plateado que se funde justo por encima de la temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en electrónica y semiconductores.","appearance":"Azul plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Gallia, el nombre latino de Francia, que le dio el descubridor Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1875; el nombre también puede ser un juego de palabras con 'gallus' (gallo en latín), un juego de palabras con el apellido de Lecoq que significa 'el gallo' en francés.","interesting_facts":["El galio se funde a unos 30 °C, por lo que un trozo sólido se derretirá en la mano.","Mendeleev predijo su existencia como \"eka-aluminio\" antes de su descubrimiento en 1875.","El arseniuro de galio se utiliza en electrónica de alta velocidad, LED y células solares para naves espaciales.","Aunque se derrite fácilmente, el galio hierve a más de 2.400 °C, uno de los mayores rangos de temperatura líquida de cualquier elemento.","El galio puede hacer que el aluminio se vuelva quebradizo al filtrarse en los límites de sus granos, debilitando drásticamente el metal.","A diferencia de la mayoría de sustancias, el galio se expande cuando se congela, como el agua."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanio","summary":"El germanio es un metaloide duro de color blanco grisáceo que se utiliza en semiconductores, fibra óptica y óptica infrarroja.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Germania, el nombre latino de Alemania, por Clemens Winkler, quien la descubrió en 1886; El descubrimiento confirmó la predicción de Mendeleev sobre un elemento faltante al que había llamado \"eka-silicio\".","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo que el germanio era \"eka-silicio\" y su descubrimiento en 1886 ayudó a confirmar la tabla periódica.","Los primeros transistores de las décadas de 1940 y 1950 estaban hechos de germanio antes de que el silicio tomara el relevo.","Es transparente a la luz infrarroja, por lo que se utiliza en lentes para gafas de visión nocturna y cámaras térmicas.","El germanio es un semiconductor metaloide con una apariencia brillante de color blanco grisáceo.","Las fibras ópticas utilizan compuestos de germanio para controlar cómo viaja la luz a través del vidrio.","Al igual que el agua y el silicio, el germanio se expande cuando se solidifica."]},"Gold":{"name":"Oro","summary":"El oro es un metal denso y blando muy valorado por su uso en joyería, electrónica y moneda.","appearance":"Amarillo metálico brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre inglés \"oro\" proviene del protogermánico \"gulþą\", relacionado con \"amarillo\"; el símbolo Au deriva del latín 'aurum', que se cree que significa 'amanecer brillante' o 'resplandor del amanecer'; El oro ha sido conocido y valorado desde tiempos prehistóricos en prácticamente todas las culturas.","interesting_facts":["El oro es tan poco reactivo que puede permanecer brillante durante miles de años, razón por la cual los antiguos artefactos de oro aún brillan.","Es increíblemente maleable; con un solo gramo se puede convertir una lámina que cubre aproximadamente un metro cuadrado.","Se cree que casi todo el oro de la Tierra llegó a través de impactos de asteroides después de que se formara el planeta.","El oro conduce bien la electricidad y nunca se corroe, por lo que se utiliza para revestir contactos electrónicos críticos.","Su símbolo químico Au proviene del latín 'aurum', que significa 'amanecer brillante'.","Las viseras de los astronautas están recubiertas con una capa ultrafina de oro para reflejar la dañina radiación solar."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnio","summary":"El hafnio es un metal plateado y brillante que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, barras de control y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague, Dinamarca, donde Dirk Coster y George de Hevesy la descubrieron en 1923 mediante espectroscopia de rayos X; eligieron el nombre en honor a la ciudad donde se llevó a cabo su investigación.","interesting_facts":["La existencia del hafnio fue predicha por la teoría atómica y se encontró en 1923 en mineral de circonio.","Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague.","El hafnio absorbe muy bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los submarinos nucleares.","Los compuestos a base de hafnio reemplazaron al dióxido de silicio como aislantes en los chips de computadora modernos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos y se utiliza en superaleaciones para motores a reacción.","El hafnio es químicamente casi idéntico al circonio, lo que hace que sea muy difícil separarlos."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hasio","summary":"El hasio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al estado alemán de Hesse (latín: Hassia), donde se encuentra GSI Darmstadt, el laboratorio que lo sintetizó por primera vez en 1984; el nombre sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos según sus lugares de descubrimiento y fue reconocido oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium lleva el nombre del estado alemán de Hesse, donde se encuentra el laboratorio donde fue descubierto.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1984 bombardeando plomo con iones de hierro.","El hasio es un elemento sintético superpesado que se produce únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","A pesar de su escasez, los científicos confirmaron que se comporta como el osmio, del grupo 8.","Sus átomos existen solo durante fracciones de segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Hasta ahora solo se han producido pequeñas cantidades de átomos de hasio."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helio","summary":"El helio es un gas monoatómico incoloro, inodoro, insípido, no tóxico y que encabeza el grupo de los gases nobles en la tabla periódica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'helios' (sol), porque el helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro solar durante el eclipse solar total de 1868 antes de que fuera confirmado en la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro del Sol en 1868, antes de que se encontrara en la Tierra, y lleva el nombre del dios solar griego Helios.","Es el único elemento que no puede solidificarse enfriándose a presión atmosférica normal, por muy frío que haga.","Por debajo de 2,17 K, el helio líquido se convierte en un superfluido que puede fluir sin fricción e incluso trepar por las paredes de su recipiente.","Respirar helio eleva temporalmente el tono de la voz porque el sonido viaja casi tres veces más rápido a través de él que a través del aire.","La mayor parte del helio de la Tierra proviene de la desintegración radiactiva del uranio y el torio en las profundidades del subsuelo y se extrae del gas natural.","El helio es el segundo elemento más abundante en el universo, pero es comparativamente raro y no renovable en la Tierra."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmio","summary":"El holmio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en imanes, barras de control nuclear y láseres.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo, Suecia, donde tenía su sede Per Teodor Cleve, quien identificó el elemento en 1878; sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos de tierras raras según los lugares asociados con su descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El holmio tiene las propiedades magnéticas más fuertes de cualquier elemento natural.","Los láseres de holmio se utilizan en medicina para romper los cálculos renales y tratar el agrandamiento de la próstata.","Lleva el nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo.","El holmio confiere al vidrio y a la circona los colores amarillo y rojo.","Se utiliza para crear los campos magnéticos artificiales más fuertes conocidos en forma de piezas polares.","Las soluciones de óxido de holmio se utilizan como estándar de calibración para espectrofotómetros."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrógeno","summary":"El hidrógeno es el elemento más liviano y la sustancia química más abundante del universo.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"hidro\" (agua) y \"genes\" (formación), que significa \"formador de agua\". Nombrado así por Antoine Lavoisier en 1783 porque la quema de hidrógeno produce agua.","interesting_facts":["El hidrógeno es el elemento más abundante en el universo y constituye aproximadamente el 75% de toda la materia normal en masa.","Es el único elemento cuyos tres isótopos (protio, deuterio y tritio) tienen sus propios nombres distintos.","El hidrógeno líquido se ha utilizado como combustible para cohetes desde la década de 1960, impulsando las etapas superiores del Saturno V que llevó a los astronautas a la Luna.","Bajo presión extrema, como en el interior de Júpiter, el hidrógeno se comporta como un metal líquido y puede conducir electricidad.","Henry Cavendish identificó el hidrógeno como una sustancia distinta en 1766, llamándolo \"aire inflamable\".","Un átomo de hidrógeno es el átomo más simple que existe: un único protón orbitado por un único electrón."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indio","summary":"El indio es un metal blando y maleable que se utiliza en semiconductores, pantallas táctiles y como revestimiento protector para rodamientos.","appearance":"Brillo metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'indicum' (índigo), llamado así por Ferdinand Reich y Hieronymous Richter en 1863 por la brillante línea espectral azul índigo que observaron al analizar residuos de mineral de zinc utilizando la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El indio es tan suave que se puede abollar con una uña y emite un \"grito\" audible cuando se dobla, como el estaño.","El óxido de indio y estaño forma el recubrimiento transparente y conductor de electricidad en las pantallas táctiles y de panel plano.","Lleva el nombre de la línea índigo brillante en su espectro de emisión.","El indio permanece suave y trabajable incluso a temperaturas extremadamente bajas, lo que resulta útil para sellar al vacío.","Tiene un punto de fusión muy bajo y se utiliza en soldaduras y aleaciones especiales de baja temperatura.","La demanda de indio se ha disparado con la proliferación de teléfonos inteligentes y pantallas LCD."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Yodo","summary":"El yodo es un no metal oscuro, brillante, de color negro púrpura, esencial para la función tiroidea y se utiliza como desinfectante.","appearance":"Gris metálico brillante (sólido), violeta (gas)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del francés \"yodo\", derivado del griego \"ioeides\" (parecido a violeta), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1813 por el llamativo color violeta del vapor de yodo.","interesting_facts":["El yodo es esencial para la glándula tiroides, razón por la cual la sal de mesa a menudo se enriquece con él.","Cuando se calienta, el yodo sólido se sublima formando un llamativo vapor de color violeta.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"iodes\", que significa violeta.","La tintura de yodo se ha utilizado durante mucho tiempo como antiséptico para desinfectar heridas.","El yodo convierte el almidón en un color negro azulado intenso, una reacción que se utiliza como prueba química.","El yodo radiactivo-131 se usa para diagnosticar y tratar afecciones de la tiroides."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridio","summary":"El iridio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en bujías, crisoles y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado en honor a Iris, la diosa griega del arco iris (latín: iris), por Smithson Tennant en 1803; el nombre refleja la sorprendente variedad de colores que muestran las sales y compuestos de iridio, que le recordaron a Tennant los colores del arco iris.","interesting_facts":["Una capa mundial de arcilla rica en iridio es una prueba clave de que el impacto de un asteroide mató a los dinosaurios, ya que el iridio es raro en la Tierra pero común en los asteroides.","El iridio es el metal más resistente a la corrosión que se conoce y resiste los ácidos que disuelven casi cualquier otra cosa.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, casi empatado con el osmio.","El kilogramo estándar fue una vez un cilindro de platino-iridio guardado cerca de París.","El iridio puntas de las bujías porque resiste el calor extremo sin erosionarse.","Su nombre proviene de Iris, la diosa griega del arcoíris, por sus coloridas sales."]},"Iron":{"name":"Hierro","summary":"El hierro es un metal fuerte y maleable que es esencial para la producción de acero y un componente vital de la hemoglobina.","appearance":"Metálico brillante con un tinte grisáceo.","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"iron\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"iren\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"isarno\", posiblemente de una raíz celta para \"metal sagrado\"; El símbolo Fe deriva del latín 'ferrum' (hierro), que se funde y utiliza desde al menos el año 1200 a.C.","interesting_facts":["El hierro es el elemento más abundante en la Tierra en masa y constituye gran parte del núcleo fundido del planeta.","El núcleo giratorio de hierro líquido de la Tierra genera el campo magnético que nos protege de la radiación solar.","El hierro está en el centro de la hemoglobina, la molécula que transporta oxígeno a la sangre y la enrojece.","El hierro es el elemento más pesado que las estrellas pueden producir mediante fusión normal; Los elementos más pesados ​​requieren explosiones de supernova.","La Edad del Hierro, que comenzó alrededor del año 1200 a. C., transformó la civilización humana con herramientas y armas más potentes.","El óxido es óxido de hierro, que se forma cuando el hierro reacciona lentamente con el oxígeno y el agua."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Criptón","summary":"El criptón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que se utiliza en lámparas fluorescentes, fotografía y como gas de relleno para ventanas energéticamente eficientes.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"kryptos\" (oculto), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el criptón era extremadamente difícil de detectar y aislar: permanecía \"oculto\" dentro de los residuos del aire líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Krypton proviene de la palabra griega \"kryptos\", que significa \"oculto\", porque era muy difícil de encontrar en el aire.","De 1960 a 1983 el metro se definió oficialmente por la longitud de onda de la luz emitida por el criptón-86.","Krypton produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en algunas lámparas y flashes fotográficos de alto rendimiento.","Es un gas noble y casi no reacciona en absoluto, aunque se puede forzar la formación de algunos compuestos de criptón.","El criptón se utiliza en algunas ventanas y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo.","A pesar de la \"kriptonita\" de los cómics, el criptón real es un gas inofensivo, incoloro e inodoro."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantano","summary":"El lantano es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en lentes de cámaras, catalizadores y baterías recargables.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"lantano\" (estar oculto o pasar desapercibido), nombrado así por Carl Gustaf Mosander en 1839 porque el lantano pasó desapercibido como impureza en el óxido de cerio durante años antes de que lo identificara como un elemento distinto.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de lantano proviene del griego \"lantano\", que significa \"estar escondido\", porque se escondía en mineral de cerio.","Da nombre al primero de la serie de lantánidos, los elementos de las \"tierras raras\".","El lantano se utiliza en el cristal de lentes de cámaras y telescopios de alta calidad para desviar bruscamente la luz.","Las aleaciones de níquel-lantano almacenan hidrógeno y se utilizaron en las baterías de muchos coches híbridos.","Los compuestos de lantano ayudan a refinar el petróleo para convertirlo en gasolina como catalizadores.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencio","summary":"El lawrencio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones prácticas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Orlando Lawrence, el físico estadounidense que inventó el acelerador de partículas ciclotrón en 1930, haciendo posible la creación de elementos transuránicos; El Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley sintetizó este elemento en 1961 y lo nombró en honor a las contribuciones fundamentales de Lawrence.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium lleva el nombre de Ernest Lawrence, inventor del acelerador de partículas ciclotrón.","Es el elemento final de la serie de actínidos.","El lawrencio solo se puede crear con unos pocos átomos a la vez en aceleradores.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unas pocas horas.","Medir las propiedades del lawrencio es extraordinariamente difícil porque existen muy pocos átomos y durante un período tan breve.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica fundamental."]},"Lead":{"name":"Plomo","summary":"El plomo es un metal blando y pesado que se utiliza en baterías, protección contra la radiación y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"plomo\" proviene del protogermánico \"lauda\"; El símbolo Pb proviene del latín \"plumbum\", probablemente derivado de una lengua mediterránea prelatina, que dio al inglés la palabra \"plomería\" porque los romanos usaban mucho plomo para las tuberías de agua.","interesting_facts":["El plomo es denso y bloquea la radiación, por lo que recubre delantales y escudos de rayos X.","Los romanos usaban tuberías de plomo para la plomería, y la palabra \"plomería\" proviene del latín para plomo, \"plumbum\" (símbolo Pb).","El plomo es tóxico para el sistema nervioso, por eso se eliminó de la gasolina y la pintura.","Es suave, pesado y de fácil forma, cualidades apreciadas desde la antigüedad.","Hoy en día, la mayor parte del plomo se recicla, en gran parte procedente de baterías de automóviles.","El plomo es el elemento más pesado con un isótopo completamente estable; todo lo más pesado es radiactivo."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Litio","summary":"El litio es un metal alcalino blando, de color blanco plateado. Es el metal más liviano y el elemento sólido menos denso.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'lithos' (piedra), porque Johan August Arfwedson la descubrió en 1817 dentro de minerales sólidos de piedra (petalita), a diferencia del sodio y el potasio que se encontraban en las cenizas de las plantas.","interesting_facts":["El litio es el metal más liviano y el elemento sólido menos denso, por lo que puede flotar en el agua mientras reacciona con ella.","Las baterías recargables de iones de litio alimentan la mayoría de los teléfonos, computadoras portátiles y vehículos eléctricos modernos.","Las sales de litio se han utilizado desde la década de 1940 como estabilizador del estado de ánimo para tratar el trastorno bipolar.","Fue uno de los primeros tres elementos (junto con hidrógeno y helio) creados en la nucleosíntesis del Big Bang.","El litio arde con una llamativa llama de color rojo carmesí, propiedad utilizada en fuegos artificiales y bengalas.","Gran parte del litio del mundo se extrae de salinas salinas en lo alto de las montañas de los Andes en América del Sur."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorio","summary":"Livermorium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en Livermore, California, que colaboró ​​con el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear para sintetizarlo en 2000; La IUPAC reconoció oficialmente el nombre en 2012, y el nombre del laboratorio honra a Robert Livermore, uno de los primeros colonos de California.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en California.","Fue creado por primera vez en 2000 por un equipo ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Livermorium existen apenas milisegundos antes de descomponerse.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del polonio en el grupo 16.","Para producirlo es necesario fusionar iones de calcio con dianas de curio."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutecio","summary":"El lutecio es un metal denso y plateado que se utiliza en detectores de escaneo PET, catalizadores y aleaciones especializadas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París, Francia; Georges Urbain, que la aisló por primera vez en 1907, eligió el nombre en honor a su ciudad natal, siguiendo la práctica establecida de nombrar elementos de tierras raras con nombres de lugares.","interesting_facts":["El lutecio es el último de la serie de los lantánidos y una de las tierras raras más duras y densas.","Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París.","Los cristales a base de lutecio se utilizan como detectores en escáneres PET para imágenes médicas.","Es uno de los metales de tierras raras más raros y caros de obtener en forma pura.","El lutecio se utiliza como catalizador en el refinado de petróleo.","Un compuesto de lutecio radiactivo se utiliza en terapia dirigida para algunos cánceres."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesio","summary":"El magnesio es un metal gris brillante y es un elemento esencial para todas las células vivas.","appearance":"Sólido gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Magnesia, un distrito de Tesalia, Grecia, donde se encontraron minerales relacionados que contienen magnesio; El mismo topónimo también dio lugar a las palabras \"manganeso\" e \"imán\".","interesting_facts":["El magnesio arde con una luz blanca deslumbrante y alguna vez se usó ampliamente en los primeros flashes y bengalas fotográficas.","Es el metal estructural más liviano y está aleado con aluminio para fabricar piezas resistentes y livianas para automóviles y aviones.","El magnesio se encuentra en el centro de cada molécula de clorofila, lo que lo hace esencial para la fotosíntesis en las plantas.","El cuerpo humano necesita magnesio para cientos de reacciones enzimáticas, incluidas aquellas que mantienen en funcionamiento los músculos y los nervios.","El magnesio es el octavo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre y el tercero más abundante disuelto en el agua de mar.","La sal de Epsom, utilizada para calmar los músculos doloridos, es sulfato de magnesio."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganeso","summary":"El manganeso es un metal duro y quebradizo que se utiliza principalmente en la producción de acero para mejorar la resistencia y la dureza.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del distrito de Magnesia de Tesalia, Grecia, la misma región que dio su nombre al magnesio, a través del latín medieval \"manganeso\"; el nombre posiblemente fue reforzado por el latín 'magnes' (imán), ya que históricamente el mineral de manganeso se confundió con el mineral de hierro magnético.","interesting_facts":["El manganeso es esencial para fabricar acero, eliminar oxígeno y azufre y añadir resistencia; casi todo el acero lo contiene.","Es un ingrediente clave en las pilas alcalinas desechables.","Los pintores rupestres utilizaron dióxido de manganeso hace decenas de miles de años para producir pigmento negro.","El color violeta intenso del permanganato de potasio lo convierte en un útil desinfectante y reactivo químico.","Vastos campos de nódulos de manganeso cubren partes del fondo del océano profundo.","El manganeso es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas que protegen las células del daño."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerio","summary":"El meitnerio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado exclusivamente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, la física austríaca-sueca que co-descubrió la fisión nuclear y el protactinio, pero fue excluida polémicamente del Premio Nobel de 1944; GSI Darmstadt propuso el nombre en 1992 en reconocimiento, muy esperado, de sus destacadas contribuciones a la ciencia nuclear.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerio lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, una pionera de la fisión nuclear cuyas contribuciones fueron pasadas por alto durante mucho tiempo.","Es uno de los pocos elementos que llevan el nombre de una mujer.","Meitnerium se creó por primera vez en 1982 en Alemania.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos se desintegran extremadamente rápido, en milisegundos o segundos.","Se predice que se comportará como el iridio, en el grupo 9 de la tabla periódica."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevio","summary":"El mendelevio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas para investigar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, el químico ruso que creó la tabla periódica en 1869; Glenn Seaborg y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1955 como homenaje al científico cuya organización visionaria de los elementos hizo conceptualmente posible el descubrimiento de los elementos transuránicos.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevio lleva el nombre de Dmitri Mendeleev, creador de la tabla periódica.","Se fabricó por primera vez en 1955, con solo unos pocos átomos a la vez.","El mendelevio solo puede producirse en aceleradores de partículas bombardeando einstenio.","Sus experimentos de descubrimiento detectaron al principio solo unos 17 átomos.","Es intensamente radiactivo con isótopos de vida corta.","El mendelevio no tiene usos más allá de la investigación fundamental de elementos pesados."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercurio","summary":"El mercurio es un metal líquido plateado y denso que se utiliza en termómetros, barómetros y lámparas fluorescentes.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Mercurio, el veloz dios mensajero romano, que refleja la naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento del elemento; El símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', una latinización del griego 'hidrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), que significa 'agua-plata', en referencia a su apariencia de plata líquida.","interesting_facts":["El mercurio es el único metal líquido a temperatura ambiente.","Lleva el nombre del dios mensajero romano por su naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento, y su símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', que significa 'agua-plata'.","El mercurio se utilizó alguna vez en termómetros y barómetros porque se expande uniformemente con la temperatura.","Los fabricantes de sombreros expuestos al mercurio desarrollaron temblores y confusión, lo que inspiró la frase \"loco como un sombrerero\".","Es tóxico y se bioacumula, acumulándose en los peces y en las personas que los comen.","El vapor de mercurio brilla de color azul verdoso cuando está electrificado, la base de las lámparas fluorescentes."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdeno","summary":"El molibdeno es un metal duro y plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones de acero para aumentar la fuerza, la tenacidad y la resistencia a la corrosión.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo se confundió el mineral molibdenita con los minerales de plomo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele demostró que era distinto en 1778 y Peter Jacob Hjelm aisló el metal en 1781.","interesting_facts":["El molibdeno tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos, aproximadamente 2623 °C.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo su mineral se confundió con plomo y grafito.","La adición de molibdeno al acero produce aleaciones de alta resistencia que se utilizan en aviones, herramientas y armaduras.","Es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas en plantas, animales y humanos.","Las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizan molibdeno para convertir el nitrógeno atmosférico en una forma utilizable.","El disulfuro de molibdeno es un sólido resbaladizo que se utiliza como lubricante seco a alta temperatura."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovio","summary":"Moscovio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Óblast de Moscú (región de Moscú) de Rusia, donde se encuentra el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear en Dubna; se sintetizó por primera vez en 2003 en una colaboración entre JINR y el Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore, y la IUPAC lo nombró oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium lleva el nombre de la región rusa de Moscú, donde se encuentra el laboratorio Dubna.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2003 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Moscovio se desintegran en una fracción de segundo.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del bismuto en el grupo 15.","Fue nombrado oficialmente en 2016 junto con otros tres elementos nuevos."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodimio","summary":"El neodimio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en potentes imanes, láseres y coloración de vidrio.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"neos\" (nuevo) y \"didymos\" (gemelo), nombrado por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando separó didimio en praseodimio y neodimio: el \"nuevo gemelo\" de la pareja.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de neodimio son los imanes permanentes más fuertes comúnmente disponibles y pueden levantar muchas veces su propio peso.","Estos imanes se encuentran en todo, desde auriculares y discos duros hasta turbinas eólicas y motores de automóviles eléctricos.","Su nombre significa \"nuevo gemelo\", ya que se separó del \"didimio\" junto con el praseodimio en 1885.","El neodimio confiere al vidrio un color llamativo que oscila entre el violeta y el azul según la luz.","Los cristales dopados con neodimio alimentan algunos de los láseres de alta energía más comunes.","Es uno de los elementos de tierras raras más abundantes a pesar de sus usos especializados."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neón","summary":"El neón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que emite un distintivo brillo anaranjado rojizo cuando se electrifica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'neos' (nuevo), nombrado por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 para reflejar que se trataba de un gas noble recién descubierto.","interesting_facts":["El neón brilla con un color rojo anaranjado brillante cuando una corriente eléctrica lo atraviesa, la base de los clásicos carteles de \"neón\".","Es casi completamente inerte y no forma compuestos químicos ordinarios estables en condiciones normales.","El neón fue descubierto en 1898 por Ramsay y Travers, quienes lo nombraron de la palabra griega \"neos\", que significa \"nuevo\".","A pesar de ser el quinto elemento más abundante del universo, el neón es raro en la Tierra y constituye solo una pequeña fracción de la atmósfera.","El neón líquido es un excelente refrigerante criogénico, con más de 40 veces la capacidad de refrigeración por volumen de helio líquido.","Los diferentes colores que se ven en los carteles de neón en realidad provienen de otros gases nobles; El neón puro siempre produce una luz de color naranja rojizo."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunio","summary":"El neptunio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en instrumentos de detección de neutrones y estudiado por su papel en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Neptuno, que se encuentra más allá de Urano en el sistema solar, al igual que el neptunio se encuentra más allá del uranio en la tabla periódica; Edwin McMillan y Philip Abelson lo sintetizaron en 1940, continuando la secuencia de denominación planetaria iniciada con el uranio.","interesting_facts":["El neptunio fue el primer elemento transuránico sintetizado en 1940.","Lleva el nombre del planeta Neptuno, continuando la secuencia posterior al uranio (Urano).","El neptunio es un subproducto de los reactores nucleares y se considera un problema de residuos nucleares de larga duración.","Es plateado, radiactivo y uno de los metales actínidos más densos.","El neptunio-237 se puede utilizar para producir plutonio-238 para fuentes de energía de naves espaciales.","Trazas de neptunio se encuentran naturalmente en los minerales de uranio."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Níquel","summary":"El níquel es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en acero inoxidable, baterías y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Abreviatura del alemán 'Kupfernickel' (cobre del diablo o cobre del viejo Nick), una maldición de los mineros para un mineral que parecía cobre pero no producía nada; \"Níquel\" es un apodo alemán para el diablo, derivado del nombre Nicolás.","interesting_facts":["El níquel lleva el nombre de un término minero alemán que significa \"cobre del viejo Nick\", porque su mineral parecía cobre pero no producía nada.","Es altamente resistente a la corrosión y se utiliza para galvanizar otros metales como protección.","El acero inoxidable suele contener níquel, lo que mejora su solidez y resistencia a la oxidación.","A pesar del nombre, las monedas modernas de \"níquel\" estadounidenses son en su mayoría de cobre, con solo un 25% de níquel.","Se cree que el núcleo de la Tierra es en gran parte una aleación de hierro y níquel, y muchos meteoritos son ricos en níquel.","El níquel es uno de los pocos elementos magnéticos a temperatura ambiente."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonio","summary":"El nihonio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a 'Nihon' (日本), la palabra japonesa para Japón, que significa 'tierra del sol naciente'; Los científicos de RIKEN en Japón confirmaron su síntesis en 2004 y eligieron el nombre en honor al primer elemento descubierto en Asia, y la IUPAC lo reconoció oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium lleva el nombre de Japón ('Nihon'), el primer elemento descubierto en un país asiático.","Fue sintetizado en el laboratorio RIKEN en Japón, confirmado alrededor de 2004.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de nihonio se desintegran a los pocos segundos de ser creados.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del talio en el grupo 13.","Su descubrimiento dio a Japón el honor de nombrar por primera vez un nuevo elemento."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobio","summary":"El niobio es un metal blando y dúctil que se utiliza principalmente en aleaciones, particularmente en la producción de acero, para mejorar la resistencia.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Heinrich Rose le dio el nombre de Niobe, la hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, en 1844, porque el niobio casi siempre se encuentra junto al tantalio y los dos elementos eran inicialmente tan difíciles de distinguir que la pareja mitológica de padre e hijo parecía apropiada.","interesting_facts":["El niobio lleva el nombre de Niobe, hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, lo que refleja su estrecho vínculo con el tantalio.","Se convierte en superconductor cuando está frío y se utiliza en los imanes de máquinas de resonancia magnética y aceleradores de partículas.","Las aleaciones de niobio se pueden anodizar para producir un arco iris de colores, popular en joyería.","Pequeñas cantidades de niobio hacen que el acero sea mucho más resistente y se utiliza en tuberías y estructuras de automóviles.","Alguna vez se llamó columbium en los Estados Unidos y el nombre persistió hasta el siglo XX.","El niobio es hipoalergénico, por lo que se utiliza para perforaciones corporales e implantes médicos."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrógeno","summary":"El nitrógeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 78% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"nitron\" (nitro/salitre) y \"genes\" (formador), que significa \"formador de nitro\", acuñado por Jean-Antoine Chaptal en 1790 porque tanto el salitre como el ácido nítrico contienen nitrógeno.","interesting_facts":["El nitrógeno constituye aproximadamente el 78% del aire que respiramos, pero es tan poco reactivo que en su mayor parte lo exhalamos sin utilizar.","El nitrógeno líquido hierve a -196 °C y se utiliza para congelar alimentos, conservar muestras biológicas y crear espectaculares efectos de niebla.","El triple enlace que mantiene unidos dos átomos de nitrógeno es uno de los enlaces químicos más fuertes que se conocen, lo que hace que el gas nitrógeno sea muy estable.","El proceso Haber-Bosch, que convierte el nitrógeno atmosférico en amoníaco para fertilizante, ayuda a alimentar aproximadamente a la mitad de la población mundial.","El nitrógeno es un ingrediente clave en explosivos como el TNT y la nitroglicerina porque sus enlaces liberan una enorme energía cuando se rompen.","Las bacterias en las raíces de las leguminosas \"fijan\" el nitrógeno del aire en una forma que las plantas puedan utilizar, enriqueciendo naturalmente el suelo."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelio","summary":"El Nobelio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones significativas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, el químico sueco que inventó la dinamita y fundó los Premios Nobel; El nombre fue propuesto en 1957 cuando un equipo de Estocolmo afirmó inicialmente el descubrimiento, y se mantuvo cuando el descubrimiento confirmado se atribuyó a los laboratorios de Dubna y Berkeley.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, fundador de los Premios Nobel.","Sólo puede producirse átomo a átomo en aceleradores de partículas.","Inusualmente para un actínido, el nobelio es más estable en el estado de oxidación +2.","Su descubrimiento a finales de la década de 1950 fue disputado durante años entre laboratorios competidores.","Todos los isótopos de nobelio son radiactivos y de vida corta.","Existe solo en entornos de investigación y no tiene aplicaciones prácticas."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesón","summary":"Oganesson es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente gaseoso o metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Yuri Oganessian, el físico nuclear ruso-armenio que fue pionero en la síntesis de elementos superpesados ​​y dirigió el equipo en JINR Dubna que creó oganesson en 2002; es uno de los dos únicos elementos que llevan el nombre de una persona viva, lo que refleja el extraordinario alcance de sus contribuciones al campo.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson es el elemento más pesado conocido, con número atómico 118.","Lleva el nombre del físico Yuri Oganessian, uno de los pocos elementos que lleva el nombre de una persona viva.","Aunque se encuentra en la columna de gases nobles, se prevé que el oganesson sea sólido y posiblemente reactivo, a diferencia de otros gases nobles.","Sólo se han creado unos pocos átomos y cada uno de ellos sobrevive menos de un milisegundo.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2002 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense en Dubna.","Oganesson completa la séptima fila de la tabla periódica."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmio","summary":"El osmio es un metal denso, de color blanco azulado, conocido por su dureza y utilizado en puntas de plumas estilográficas, contactos eléctricos y pivotes de instrumentos.","appearance":"Blanco azulado, metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'osmē' (ὀσμή), que significa 'olor' u 'olor'; Smithson Tennant acuñó el nombre en 1803 porque el tetróxido de osmio, que se forma cuando el metal se expone al aire, tiene un olor tóxico fuerte y distintivo.","interesting_facts":["El osmio es el elemento natural más denso, casi el doble que el plomo.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"osme\", que significa olor, porque su óxido tiene un olor penetrante y tóxico.","El osmio es extremadamente duro y se utilizó en las primeras agujas de fonógrafo y puntas de plumas estilográficas.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y tiene un aspecto plateado azulado.","El tetróxido de osmio se utiliza para teñir tejido biológico para microscopía electrónica.","Es uno de los elementos más raros de la corteza terrestre."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxígeno","summary":"El oxígeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro esencial para la respiración en la mayoría de los organismos vivos.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'oxys' (agrio o ácido) y 'genes' (formador), que significa 'formador de ácido', nombrado por Lavoisier en 1777 basándose en la creencia entonces sostenida de que el oxígeno es una parte esencial de todos los ácidos.","interesting_facts":["El oxígeno constituye aproximadamente el 21% de la atmósfera de la Tierra y es el elemento más abundante en masa en la corteza del planeta.","La mayor parte del oxígeno que respiramos se produce mediante la fotosíntesis, y una gran parte proviene del fitoplancton oceánico.","El oxígeno líquido y sólido son de color azul pálido y son magnéticos, siendo atraídos por un imán.","El ozono, una molécula de tres átomos de oxígeno, forma una capa protectora en la estratosfera que absorbe la dañina radiación ultravioleta.","El oxígeno fue descubierto de forma independiente en la década de 1770 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele y Joseph Priestley, y Antoine Lavoisier lo nombró.","Aunque es vital para la vida, el oxígeno también es muy reactivo e impulsa la oxidación del hierro y la quema de combustibles."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Paladio","summary":"El paladio es un metal precioso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, electrónica y almacenamiento de hidrógeno.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto en 1802 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de Palas Atenea; William Hyde Wollaston acuñó el nombre en 1803, siguiendo la moda contemporánea de nombrar nuevos elementos en honor a cuerpos celestes recientemente descubiertos.","interesting_facts":["Paladio lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto justo antes que el metal en 1803.","Su uso principal es en convertidores catalíticos, donde ayuda a convertir los gases de escape tóxicos en inofensivos.","El paladio puede absorber hasta 900 veces su propio volumen de gas hidrógeno, como una esponja metálica.","Es un metal precioso del grupo del platino y se utiliza en oro blanco, joyería fina y aleaciones dentales.","El paladio es esencial para muchos productos electrónicos, incluidos los pequeños condensadores que se encuentran dentro de los teléfonos y computadoras.","Desempeñó un papel central en los famosos y luego desacreditados experimentos de \"fusión fría\" de 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fósforo","summary":"El fósforo es un elemento esencial y altamente reactivo en moléculas biológicas como el ADN y el ATP.","appearance":"El color varía (formas blancas, rojas o negras)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'phosforos' (portador de luz, de 'phos' = luz y 'phoros' = portador), porque el fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad al oxidarse; el nombre fue aplicado por Hennig Brand cuando lo descubrió en 1669.","interesting_facts":["El fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad cuando reacciona con el oxígeno, un fenómeno que dio su nombre a la \"fosforescencia\".","Fue el primer elemento descubierto por un descubridor conocido, aislado por Hennig Brand en 1669 a partir de orina hervida.","El fósforo existe en formas sorprendentemente diferentes: el fósforo blanco es peligrosamente inflamable, mientras que el fósforo rojo es estable y se usa en tiras de cajas de cerillas.","Cada célula utiliza fósforo en el ADN, el ARN y el ATP, la molécula que almacena y transfiere energía en los seres vivos.","Alrededor del 85% de la roca de fosfato extraída se convierte en fertilizante, lo que hace que el fósforo sea fundamental para la producción mundial de alimentos.","Sus huesos y dientes se fortalecen con fosfato de calcio, por lo que gran parte del fósforo de su cuerpo se almacena en su esqueleto."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platino","summary":"El platino es un metal denso, maleable y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, joyería y electrónica.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del español 'platina', un diminutivo de 'plata' (plata), que significa 'pequeña plata'; Los exploradores españoles en América del Sur en el siglo XVI utilizaron este término despectivo para el metal pálido, parecido a la plata, que encontraron mezclado en depósitos de oro pero que no podían trabajar fácilmente.","interesting_facts":["El platino es tan resistente a la corrosión que nunca se empaña, ni siquiera a altas temperaturas.","Es un catalizador clave en los convertidores catalíticos y ayuda a limpiar los gases de escape de los vehículos.","El platino es más denso que el oro y es muy apreciado para la joyería fina y los anillos de boda.","Algunos compuestos de platino, como el cisplatino, son potentes fármacos de quimioterapia.","Sudáfrica produce la mayor parte del platino del mundo.","Su nombre proviene del español \"platina\", que significa \"pequeña plata\", un nombre que los primeros mineros le dieron con desdén."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonio","summary":"El plutonio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en reactores nucleares, armas nucleares y como fuente de energía para naves espaciales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña cuando se expone al aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Plutón (entonces considerado el noveno planeta), que se encuentra más allá de Neptuno, al igual que el plutonio se encuentra más allá del neptunio; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1942, señalando que se consideró la forma alternativa 'plutium', pero se rechazó en favor de la terminación más clásica '-onium'.","interesting_facts":["El plutonio es famoso por su uso en armas y reactores nucleares.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Plutón, después del neptunio y el uranio.","El plutonio-238 impulsa naves espaciales como las sondas Voyager y el rover Curiosity con su calor constante.","Un trozo de plutonio está caliente al tacto debido al calor de su propia desintegración radiactiva.","Tiene una química inusual y existe en muchos estados de oxidación coloridos en solución.","El plutonio se expande y contrae dramáticamente entre sus diferentes formas sólidas, lo que hace que sea difícil de mecanizar."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonio","summary":"El polonio es un metal altamente radiactivo utilizado en dispositivos antiestáticos y como fuente de calor en aplicaciones espaciales.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Polonia (latín: Polonia), la patria de Marie Curie, quien la descubrió junto con Pierre Curie en 1898; Curie eligió el nombre como tributo a su patria ocupada, luego dividida entre Rusia, Prusia y Austria, con la esperanza de atraer la atención internacional a su causa.","interesting_facts":["El polonio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y recibió su nombre de la tierra natal de Marie, Polonia.","Es intensamente radiactivo, hasta el punto de que un gramo brilla de color azul y emite suficiente calor para mantenerse caliente.","El polonio-210 se utilizó en el famoso envenenamiento de Alexander Litvinenko en 2006.","Se ha utilizado como fuente de calor liviana en sondas espaciales y como dispositivo antiestático.","El polonio es extremadamente raro y se encuentra en minerales de uranio en pequeñas cantidades.","Una mota de polonio puede producir una dosis letal, lo que la convierte en una de las sustancias más tóxicas que se conocen."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Potasio","summary":"El potasio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas y crucial en los procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés deriva de 'potash' (ceniza de madera lixiviada en macetas, una de las primeras fuentes del elemento), mientras que el símbolo K proviene del latín 'kalium', en última instancia del árabe 'al-qali' (las cenizas de plantas alcalinas utilizadas en la fabricación de jabón).","interesting_facts":["El potasio es tan reactivo que estalla en una llama lila cuando entra en contacto con el agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y lo suficientemente liviano como para flotar en el agua mientras reacciona.","Los iones de potasio son esenciales para las señales nerviosas y los latidos del corazón, y los plátanos son una fuente dietética muy conocida.","Su símbolo químico K proviene de 'kalium', la forma latinizada de la palabra árabe para cenizas vegetales.","El potasio fue el primer metal aislado por electrólisis, por Humphry Davy en 1807.","El isótopo radiactivo potasio-40 en tu cuerpo te vuelve ligeramente radiactivo durante toda tu vida."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodimio","summary":"El praseodimio es un metal plateado blando que se utiliza en imanes, colorantes de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'prasios' (verde puerro) y 'didymos' (gemelo), nombrado así por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando dividió el didimio en dos elementos: praseodimio, el gemelo verde-salado, y neodimio, el nuevo gemelo.","interesting_facts":["El nombre praseodimio significa \"gemelo verde\", por el color verde de sus sales.","Se utiliza en gafas especiales que protegen a los soldadores y sopladores de vidrio del deslumbramiento intenso y de la luz infrarroja.","Mezclado con neodimio, forma potentes imanes utilizados en motores y auriculares.","El praseodimio da un color amarillo puro a los esmaltes de vidrio y cerámica.","Se separó de una sustancia llamada \"didimio\" en 1885, que resultó ser dos elementos.","Las fibras dopadas con praseodimio pueden amplificar las señales luminosas en algunos sistemas ópticos."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Prometio","summary":"El prometio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en pinturas luminosas, baterías atómicas e investigaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán de la mitología griega que robó el fuego a los dioses y se lo dio a la humanidad; Oportunamente, el prometio se obtuvo por primera vez en 1945 a partir de productos de fisión de uranio en un reactor nuclear.","interesting_facts":["El prometio es el único elemento de tierras raras que no tiene isótopos estables; es radiactivo y esencialmente ausente en la naturaleza.","Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán griego que robó el fuego a los dioses.","El prometio se ha utilizado en pintura luminosa y en pequeñas baterías atómicas para marcapasos y naves espaciales.","Su existencia llenó un vacío de larga data en el elemento 61 de la tabla periódica, confirmado en 1945.","El prometio brillante puede producir una tenue luz azul verdosa a partir de su propia radiación.","Se cree que en cualquier momento solo existen unos 500 gramos de prometio en toda la corteza terrestre."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinio","summary":"El protactinio es un metal denso de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas debido a su escasez y radiactividad.","appearance":"Metálico plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'protos' (πρῶτος), que significa 'primero', combinado con 'actinio', dando como resultado 'padre de actinio'; el nombre refleja que el protactinio-231 se desintegra en actinio-227; Kasper Fajans lo llamó por primera vez \"brevium\" en 1913, pero se adoptó \"protactinio\" cuando se identificó el isótopo de vida más larga.","interesting_facts":["El protactinio es uno de los elementos naturales más raros y caros.","Su nombre significa \"padre del actinio\", porque se descompone en actinio.","Es altamente radiactivo y tóxico, por lo que requiere un manejo cuidadoso.","El protactinio fue identificado por primera vez en 1913 y aislado en 1934.","La proporción de protactinio y torio en los sedimentos oceánicos ayuda a los científicos a estudiar el clima pasado y la circulación oceánica.","Tiene pocos usos fuera de la investigación científica debido a su escasez y radiactividad."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radio","summary":"El radio es un metal altamente radiactivo que alguna vez se usó en pinturas luminosas y ahora se estudia principalmente por sus propiedades radiactivas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Llamado así del latín \"radius\", que significa \"rayo\" o \"haz\", por Marie y Pierre Curie, quienes lo descubrieron en 1898; el nombre hace referencia a la intensa radiación que emite el elemento, que observaron como un fenómeno nuevo y notable al aislarlo de la pechblenda.","interesting_facts":["El radio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y brilla con una tenue luz azul en la oscuridad.","Una vez se añadió a las esferas de los relojes que brillan en la oscuridad, envenenando trágicamente a las 'Radium Girls' que las pintaron.","Los productos de principios del siglo XX comercializaban radio en pasta de dientes, agua y cosméticos antes de que se comprendieran sus peligros.","El radio es aproximadamente un millón de veces más radiactivo que la misma cantidad de uranio.","Históricamente se utilizó en radioterapia contra el cáncer antes de que lo reemplazaran fuentes más seguras.","Los cuadernos de notas de Marie Curie siguen siendo tan radiactivos que se guardan en cajas revestidas de plomo."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radón","summary":"El radón es un gas noble radiactivo utilizado en radioterapia y como trazador en investigaciones geológicas.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a \"radio\", el elemento a partir del cual se produce mediante desintegración radiactiva, combinado con el sufijo \"-on\" utilizado para los gases nobles; Friedrich Dorn lo detectó por primera vez en 1900 como un gas que emanaba del radio y se denominó \"emanación de radio\" antes de que se estandarizara el nombre \"radón\".","interesting_facts":["El radón es un gas noble radiactivo producido por la desintegración del uranio en el suelo y las rocas.","Es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón entre los no fumadores y se filtra de forma invisible en los sótanos.","El radón es incoloro, inodoro e insípido, por lo que solo puede detectarse con instrumentos especiales.","Es el gas más denso en condiciones normales y uno de los gases más pesados ​​que se conocen.","El radón alguna vez se usó en algunos de los primeros tratamientos médicos de radiación.","Los kits de prueba caseros están ampliamente disponibles porque los niveles de radón se pueden reducir con una ventilación adecuada."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renio","summary":"El renio es un metal denso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en motores a reacción, filamentos y catalizadores.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre del río Rin (latín: Rhenus), que atraviesa Alemania; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke y Otto Berg eligieron el nombre en 1925 cuando descubrieron el elemento, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos según las características geográficas de la tierra natal de los descubridores.","interesting_facts":["El renio fue uno de los últimos elementos estables descubiertos en 1925.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión y ebullición más altos de todos los elementos.","Las superaleaciones de renio permiten que las palas de las turbinas de los motores a reacción y de cohetes funcionen más calientes y de manera más eficiente.","Lleva el nombre del río Rin en Alemania.","El renio es extremadamente raro y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del cobre y el molibdeno.","Se utiliza como catalizador para producir gasolina sin plomo de alto octanaje."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodio","summary":"El rodio es un metal raro, de color blanco plateado, conocido por su alta reflectancia y su uso en convertidores catalíticos y joyería.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), nombrado así por William Hyde Wollaston en 1804 porque las soluciones de sales de rodio son característicamente de color rojo rosado.","interesting_facts":["El rodio es uno de los metales preciosos más raros y valiosos y, a menudo, cuesta mucho más que el oro.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), por el color rojo rosa de sus sales.","La mayor parte del rodio se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos para limpiar los gases nocivos de los gases de escape de los automóviles.","Proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y reflectante y se utiliza para enchapar joyas y espejos de oro blanco.","El rodio es muy resistente a la corrosión y no se empaña con el aire.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del platino y el níquel."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenio","summary":"El roentgenio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, el físico alemán que descubrió los rayos X en 1895 y recibió el primer Premio Nobel de Física en 1901; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1994, propuso el nombre en 2004 y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente ese mismo año.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, el descubridor de los rayos X.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1994 en Alemania mediante la fusión de núcleos de níquel y bismuto.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Se predice que el roentgenio se ubicará debajo del oro en la tabla periódica y puede compartir parte de su química.","Sus átomos se desintegran a los pocos segundos de formarse.","No tiene aplicaciones más allá de la investigación fundamental."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidio","summary":"El rubidio es un elemento metálico blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en electrónica, investigación y relojes atómicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso o rojo oscuro), nombrado por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1861 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color rojo intenso que utilizaron para identificarlo mediante la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El rubidio se enciende espontáneamente en el aire y reacciona violentamente con el agua.","Su nombre proviene del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso) por las líneas rojas en su espectro de emisión.","El rubidio fue descubierto en 1861 por Bunsen y Kirchhoff utilizando la nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","Se derrite justo por encima de la temperatura corporal, a unos 39 °C.","Los átomos de rubidio se utilizan en algunos de los relojes atómicos más precisos del mundo.","Los científicos utilizaron rubidio para crear el primer condensado de Bose-Einstein, un nuevo y extraño estado de la materia, en 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenio","summary":"El rutenio es un metal de transición poco común que se utiliza en contactos eléctricos, resistencias de película gruesa y como catalizador.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia (la tierra del pueblo ruso), por Karl Ernst Claus en 1844, quien hizo el descubrimiento mientras trabajaba en Kazán, en el Imperio Ruso.","interesting_facts":["El rutenio lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia, donde fue descubierto en 1844.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y es extremadamente duro y quebradizo.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de rutenio mejora enormemente la dureza y la resistencia al desgaste de las aleaciones de platino y paladio.","El rutenio se utiliza en contactos eléctricos y resistencias de chip dentro de la electrónica.","Actúa como un catalizador versátil, incluso en procesos para producir amoníaco y limpiar contaminantes.","Se están investigando compuestos de rutenio como colorantes absorbentes de luz para células solares."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordio","summary":"El ruterfordio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Rutherford, el físico nacido en Nueva Zelanda que descubrió el núcleo atómico y es considerado el padre de la física nuclear; El nombre fue propuesto por investigadores estadounidenses en Lawrence Berkeley y adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997 tras una disputa de nombres de la Guerra Fría con científicos soviéticos.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordio lleva el nombre del físico Ernest Rutherford, padre de la física nuclear.","Es el primero de los elementos transactínidos (superpesados).","El ruterfordio se produce rompiendo núcleos atómicos más livianos en aceleradores.","Su descubrimiento fue objeto de una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría entre científicos estadounidenses y soviéticos.","Sólo se pueden crear unos pocos átomos a la vez y se desintegran en segundos.","Se espera que se comporte químicamente como el hafnio, en el grupo 4 de la tabla periódica."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samario","summary":"El samario es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y como absorbente de neutrones en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la samarskita, el mineral en el que fue identificada por primera vez por Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1879; La samarskita lleva el nombre del coronel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un funcionario minero ruso, lo que convierte al samario en el primer elemento que lleva el nombre (indirectamente) de una persona real.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de samario-cobalto mantienen su fuerza a altas temperaturas y se utilizan en aviones y equipos militares.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona, a través del mineral samarskita (en honor al funcionario minero Samarsky).","El samario absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Se utiliza un compuesto de samario radiactivo para aliviar el dolor causado por el cáncer que se ha extendido a los huesos.","El samario se utiliza como catalizador en química y para fabricar ciertos tipos de vidrio y láseres.","Es moderadamente duro y se oxida lentamente en el aire, formando una capa amarillenta."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Escandio","summary":"El escandio es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en componentes aeroespaciales y aleaciones de alto rendimiento.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Escandinavia (del latín 'Scandia'), la región donde Lars Fredrik Nilson la descubrió en 1879 en los minerales euxenita y gadolinita de Escandinavia.","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo la existencia y las propiedades del escandio en 1869 como \"eka-boro\" antes de que fuera descubierto en 1879.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de escandio al aluminio crea una aleación resistente y liviana que se usa en cuadros de bicicletas de alta gama y piezas aeroespaciales.","Lleva el nombre de Escandinavia, donde se extrajo el mineral que se encontró por primera vez.","En algunos aviones de combate MiG soviéticos se utilizaron aleaciones de escandio y aluminio.","A pesar de ser bastante común en la corteza terrestre, el escandio es difícil de extraer y rara vez se concentra en los minerales, lo que lo hace costoso.","Se añade yoduro de escandio a algunas lámparas de halogenuros metálicos para producir una luz que imita la luz solar natural."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgio","summary":"El seaborgio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Glenn T. Seaborg, el químico estadounidense que co-descubrió diez elementos transuránicos; fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona viva, propuesto por Lawrence Berkeley en 1994, aunque la IUPAC inicialmente se opuso antes de aprobar oficialmente el nombre en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgio lleva el nombre del químico Glenn T. Seaborg, quien ayudó a descubrir muchos elementos transuránicos.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona que todavía estaba viva en ese momento.","El seaborgio es un elemento superpesado sintético fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Sus átomos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, por lo que solo se han estudiado unos pocos.","Los experimentos químicos sugieren que se comporta como el tungsteno, en el grupo 6 de la tabla periódica.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1974 rompiendo iones de oxígeno en californio."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenio","summary":"El selenio es un no metal con propiedades similares al azufre y al telurio, utilizado en electrónica, fabricación de vidrio y como complemento nutricional.","appearance":"Formas negras, rojas y grises.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'selene' (luna), nombrada por Jöns Jacob Berzelius en 1817 como compañera del telurio (del latín 'tellus', la Tierra), ya que ambos elementos son químicamente similares y se encontraron juntos en los mismos depósitos minerales.","interesting_facts":["El selenio lleva el nombre de Selene, la diosa griega de la Luna.","Su conductividad eléctrica cambia con la luz, una propiedad utilizada en las primeras fotocopiadoras y fotómetros.","El selenio es un oligoelemento esencial que apoya las enzimas antioxidantes, pero es tóxico en dosis mayores.","Le da al vidrio un color rojo y también se usa para quitar el tinte verde del vidrio.","Las nueces de Brasil son excepcionalmente ricas en selenio.","El selenio se presenta en varias formas, incluido un polvo rojo y una forma metálica gris que conduce la electricidad."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicio","summary":"El silicio es un sólido cristalino duro y quebradizo y un componente clave en semiconductores y chips de computadora.","appearance":"Sólido cristalino gris","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'silex' o 'silicis' (pedernal o piedra dura), porque el silicio se encuentra abundantemente en las rocas de sílex y silicatos; El nombre \"silicio\" fue propuesto por Thomas Thomson en 1817.","interesting_facts":["El silicio es el segundo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre después del oxígeno, en su mayor parte encerrado en arena y rocas en forma de sílice.","Los cristales de silicio ultrapuro son la base de los chips de computadora, de ahí el nombre de Silicon Valley.","El silicio es un semiconductor metaloide que conduce la electricidad mejor que los aislantes, pero peor que los metales.","El cuarzo, el ópalo y la mayor parte de la arena son compuestos de silicio, y el vidrio se fabrica principalmente fundiendo sílice.","Los paneles solares dependen del silicio para convertir la luz solar directamente en electricidad.","A pesar de la similitud de su nombre, el silicio (el elemento) es diferente de la silicona, el polímero gomoso flexible que lo contiene."]},"Silver":{"name":"Plata","summary":"La plata es un metal suave, blanco y brillante con la mayor conductividad eléctrica y térmica de cualquier elemento, utilizado en joyería, electrónica y espejos.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"silver\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"seolfor\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"silubra\", de origen incierto; El símbolo Ag y el nombre del país Argentina derivan del latín 'argentum' (plata), vinculado al brillo blanco brillante del elemento.","interesting_facts":["La plata es el mejor conductor eléctrico y térmico de todos los elementos.","Tiene propiedades antibacterianas naturales y se usaba para mantener limpias las heridas y el agua mucho antes de la medicina moderna.","La plata es el metal más reflectante, por lo que se utilizaba tradicionalmente para respaldar los espejos.","La película fotográfica se basaba en compuestos de plata sensibles a la luz para capturar imágenes.","Su símbolo químico Ag proviene de la palabra latina 'argentum', y el país Argentina lleva su nombre.","La plata se vuelve negra cuando reacciona con pequeñas cantidades de compuestos de azufre en el aire."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodio","summary":"El sodio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, muy reactivo y un elemento esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Metal blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene de 'soda' (latín medieval 'sodanum', un remedio para el dolor de cabeza), mientras que el símbolo Na deriva del latín 'natrium', a su vez del árabe/egipcio 'natrun', la palabra para natron, un mineral de carbonato de sodio natural.","interesting_facts":["El sodio es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo aceite, burbujea y puede encenderse cuando se deja caer en agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo, revelando una superficie plateada brillante que rápidamente se opaca con el aire.","Las lámparas de vapor de sodio producen el distintivo brillo amarillo anaranjado que alguna vez fue común en el alumbrado público.","La sal de mesa común es cloruro de sodio y el sodio es esencial para los impulsos nerviosos y el equilibrio de líquidos en el cuerpo.","El sodio arde con una llama de color amarillo brillante, propiedad que se utiliza en las pruebas de llama para identificarlo.","El símbolo químico Na proviene de la palabra latina \"natrium\", en referencia a un compuesto de refresco natural."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Estroncio","summary":"El estroncio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fuegos artificiales, cerámica y aplicaciones radiológicas.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Strontian, un pueblo en Argyllshire, Escocia, donde el mineral estrontianita (carbonato de estroncio) se descubrió por primera vez en minas de plomo locales alrededor de 1790.","interesting_facts":["Las sales de estroncio producen el color rojo brillante en los fuegos artificiales y bengalas de emergencia.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo escocés de Strontian, donde se encontró por primera vez su mineral.","El isótopo radiactivo estroncio-90 procedente de la lluvia radiactiva puede alojarse en los huesos porque imita el calcio.","El estroncio se utiliza en algunas pastas dentales para reducir la sensibilidad dental.","El aluminato de estroncio brilla en la oscuridad durante horas y se utiliza en pinturas luminosas modernas.","Al igual que el calcio, el estroncio reacciona con el agua y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Azufre","summary":"El azufre es un elemento amarillo no metálico que se encuentra comúnmente en áreas volcánicas y es esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Cristales de color amarillo brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'azufre' (azufre), palabra de origen incierto posiblemente vinculada al sánscrito 'sulvere'; El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad como la piedra amarilla y picante que se encuentra alrededor de los volcanes, llamada \"azufre\" en los textos bíblicos.","interesting_facts":["El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad y en la Biblia se lo conoce como \"azufre\", que significa \"piedra ardiente\".","Es famoso por el olor a huevo podrido del sulfuro de hidrógeno, aunque el azufre puro en sí es inodoro.","El azufre arde con una llama azul y produce un gas asfixiante de dióxido de azufre.","La mayor parte del azufre extraído se utiliza para producir ácido sulfúrico, uno de los productos químicos industriales más producidos en el mundo.","Alrededor de los respiraderos volcánicos y las fuentes termales se forman depósitos de azufre de color amarillo brillante.","El azufre es un elemento esencial para la vida y se encuentra en los aminoácidos cisteína y metionina que ayudan a que las proteínas se pleguen."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tántalo","summary":"El tantalio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en electrónica, implantes quirúrgicos y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"azul grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Tántalo, el rey de la mitología griega condenado a permanecer en un charco de agua debajo de árboles frutales que retrocedían cada vez que los alcanzaba; Anders Ekeberg eligió el nombre en 1802 porque el elemento se negaba a absorber ácido, del mismo modo que Tantalus nunca podía satisfacer su sed.","interesting_facts":["Los condensadores de tantalio son pequeños pero almacenan mucha carga y se encuentran en casi todos los teléfonos y computadoras portátiles.","Lleva el nombre de Tantalus del mito griego, lo que refleja su \"tentadora\" resistencia a la disolución en ácido.","El tantalio es biocompatible y se utiliza en implantes, placas y clavos quirúrgicos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de cualquier metal, más de 3.000 °C.","El tantalio es muy resistente a la corrosión gracias a una resistente capa de óxido.","Gran parte del tantalio del mundo proviene del mineral coltán, lo que genera preocupaciones sobre el abastecimiento ético."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnecio","summary":"El tecnecio es un metal radiactivo de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en imágenes médicas y radiografía industrial.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'technetos' (artificial o creado por el hombre), denominado así por Carlo Perrier y Emilio Segrè en 1937 porque fue el primer elemento producido artificialmente, creado bombardeando molibdeno con deuterones en un ciclotrón.","interesting_facts":["El tecnecio fue el primer elemento creado artificialmente y su nombre proviene del griego y significa \"artificial\".","No tiene isótopos estables, por lo que esencialmente ninguno existe de forma natural en la Tierra.","El tecnecio-99m es el marcador radiactivo más utilizado en imágenes médicas y se utiliza en decenas de millones de exploraciones al año.","Mendeleev predijo que su hueco en la tabla periódica era \"eka-manganeso\".","Se ha detectado tecnecio en los espectros de determinadas estrellas lejanas, lo que demuestra que en ellas todavía se están forjando elementos.","Pequeñas cantidades de tecnecio pueden hacer que el acero sea notablemente resistente a la corrosión."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Teluro","summary":"El telurio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones, semiconductores y dispositivos termoeléctricos.","appearance":"Gris plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'tellus' (la Tierra), nombrado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1798; el nombre se combina deliberadamente con selenio (llamado así por la luna), ya que los dos elementos son químicamente similares y a menudo se encuentran juntos.","interesting_facts":["El telurio lleva el nombre de la palabra latina para Tierra, \"tellus\".","Las personas expuestas incluso a cantidades pequeñas desarrollan \"aliento de telurio\", un potente olor parecido al del ajo que puede durar semanas.","Es un metaloide raro, tan escaso en la corteza terrestre como el platino.","El telururo de cadmio se utiliza para fabricar paneles solares de película delgada.","El telurio mejora la maquinabilidad del acero y las aleaciones de cobre.","Se utiliza en discos ópticos regrabables porque puede cambiar entre estados vítreos y cristalinos."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Teneso","summary":"La tennessina es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico o metaloide","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, sede del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge (que produjo el objetivo esencial de berkelio), la Universidad de Vanderbilt y la Universidad de Tennessee; Fue sintetizado en 2010 y nombrado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 2016, con el sufijo 'ine' reflejando su posición en el grupo halógeno 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, hogar del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge.","Es el segundo elemento más pesado conocido y fue confirmado en 2010.","Su nombre termina en '-ine' porque se encuentra en la columna de halógenos, grupo 17.","Para crearlo se requirió un berkelio poco común producido en Oak Ridge, bombardeado con iones de calcio.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de tennessina.","Sus átomos se desintegran en una fracción de segundo."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbio","summary":"El terbio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en fósforos para iluminación verde, láseres y dispositivos magnetoópticos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla sueca de Resarö, donde originalmente se recolectaba el mineral gadolinita; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"terbio\" es una reordenación silábica de \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["El terbio proporciona el color verde en muchos fósforos utilizados en iluminación y pantallas antiguas.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, uno de los cuatro elementos que honran a esa única ciudad.","Las aleaciones de terbio cambian de forma en un campo magnético y se utilizan en sensores y sistemas de sonar.","Brilla con un color verde brillante bajo luz ultravioleta y se utiliza en tintas de seguridad.","El terbio es un metal de tierras raras, blando y plateado, que se puede cortar con un cuchillo.","Se utiliza en dispositivos de estado sólido y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Talio","summary":"El talio es un metal gris blando que se utiliza en electrónica, sistemas ópticos y algunas aplicaciones médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'thallos' (θαλλός), que significa 'brote verde' o 'ramita verde'; William Crookes lo nombró en 1861 por la distintiva línea espectral de color verde brillante que vio al analizar residuos de ácido selenio utilizando la técnica recientemente desarrollada de espectroscopia de llama.","interesting_facts":["El talio fue alguna vez un veneno favorito, inodoro e insípido, lo que le valió el sobrenombre de \"veneno del envenenador\".","Su nombre proviene del griego 'thallos', un brote verde, por la línea verde brillante de su espectro.","El envenenamiento por talio provoca la caída del cabello, lo que a veces ayuda a los médicos a diagnosticarlo.","En las pruebas de esfuerzo por imágenes del corazón se utiliza un isótopo radiactivo de talio.","Los compuestos de talio se utilizan en óptica y electrónica infrarroja especializada.","Fue descubierto en 1861 utilizando el nuevo método de espectroscopia de llama."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Torio","summary":"El torio es un metal débilmente radiactivo que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, aleaciones y mantos de gas.","appearance":"Plateado, a menudo con deslustre negro.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno, por el químico sueco Jöns Jacob Berzelius, quien lo descubrió en 1828; Berzelius lo encontró en un mineral noruego al que llamó torita y nombró al nuevo elemento en honor a la deidad, siguiendo una tradición de honrar a figuras mitológicas.","interesting_facts":["El torio lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno.","Se está investigando como combustible nuclear más seguro y abundante que el uranio.","El torio es entre tres y cuatro veces más abundante en la corteza que el uranio.","Los mantos de gas toriado brillaban intensamente y se utilizaron en linternas durante más de un siglo.","Alguna vez se agregó a lentes de cámaras de alta calidad, que pueden amarillear ligeramente con el tiempo debido a la radiación.","Casi todo el torio es el isótopo de larga vida torio-232, con una vida media más larga que la edad del universo."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulio","summary":"El tulio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en dispositivos portátiles de rayos X, láseres y algunas aplicaciones nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thule, el antiguo nombre griego y romano de una tierra mítica en el extremo norte del mundo conocido, a menudo identificada con Escandinavia o Islandia; Per Teodor Cleve eligió el nombre en 1879 para honrar los orígenes escandinavos del elemento.","interesting_facts":["El tulio es el elemento estable de tierras raras más raro y uno de los más caros.","Lleva el nombre de Thule, una tierra mítica en el extremo norte.","El tulio-170 radiactivo se utiliza en dispositivos de rayos X portátiles que no necesitan electricidad.","El tulio brilla de color azul bajo la luz ultravioleta y se utiliza para marcar los billetes contra la falsificación.","Los láseres de tulio se utilizan en algunos procedimientos quirúrgicos médicos.","A pesar de su rareza, el tulio sigue siendo más abundante en la corteza terrestre que el oro."]},"Tin":{"name":"Estaño","summary":"El estaño es un metal maleable de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en soldaduras, revestimientos y aleaciones como el bronce.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa 'tin' proviene del inglés antiguo 'tin', relacionado con el protogermánico 'tinam', de origen incierto; El símbolo Sn proviene del latín 'stannum', que originalmente se refería a una aleación de plata y plomo antes de aplicarse al estaño.","interesting_facts":["Al mezclar estaño con cobre se obtiene el bronce, la aleación que definió toda una era de la historia de la humanidad.","Cuando se dobla, una barra de estaño emite un crujido llamado \"grito de estaño\" cuando sus cristales se reorganizan.","En condiciones de frío extremo, las latas de hojalata ordinarias se desmoronan hasta convertirse en un polvo gris, un proceso llamado \"plaga del estaño\".","Las latas obtienen su resistencia a la corrosión gracias a una fina capa de estaño sobre el acero.","El estaño tiene más isótopos estables (diez) que cualquier otro elemento.","El peltre y la soldadura son aleaciones comunes a base de estaño que se utilizan desde hace siglos."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanio","summary":"El titanio es un metal resistente y liviano ampliamente utilizado en aleaciones y dispositivos aeroespaciales y médicos.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a los titanes de la mitología griega (poderosas deidades primordiales) que Martin Heinrich Klaproth le dio en 1795, quien quería un nombre libre de asociaciones geográficas o personales.","interesting_facts":["El titanio tiene la relación resistencia-densidad más alta de cualquier elemento metálico, siendo tan fuerte como el acero pero aproximadamente un 45% más liviano.","Es biocompatible, por lo que el organismo no lo rechaza, por lo que es ideal para prótesis de cadera e implantes dentales.","El dióxido de titanio es un pigmento blanco brillante que se utiliza en pinturas, protectores solares e incluso pastas de dientes.","Resiste tan bien la corrosión del agua de mar que se utiliza en piezas de barcos y cascos de submarinos.","El titanio lleva el nombre de los titanes de la mitología griega debido a su gran fuerza.","Aunque es el noveno elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre, el titanio es costoso porque es difícil de extraer de sus minerales."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolframio","summary":"El tungsteno es un metal duro y denso con el punto de fusión más alto de todos los elementos, utilizado en filamentos, herramientas de corte y proyectiles perforantes.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo, brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsteno' proviene de las palabras suecas 'tung' (pesado) y 'sten' (piedra), en referencia al mineral scheelita; El símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\", derivado del mineral wolframita, llamado así porque \"devoraba\" el estaño durante la fundición, evocando a un lobo (en alemán: Wolf Rahm, crema o espuma de lobo).","interesting_facts":["El tungsteno tiene el punto de fusión más alto de todos los metales, aproximadamente 3.422 °C.","Se utilizaba para los filamentos incandescentes de las bombillas incandescentes.","Su nombre proviene del sueco y significa \"piedra pesada\", mientras que su símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\".","El carburo de tungsteno es casi tan duro como el diamante y se utiliza en brocas, sierras y balas perforantes.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, aproximadamente de la misma densidad que el oro.","El tungsteno es esencial para algunas enzimas de ciertos microbios amantes del calor, el elemento más pesado que se sabe que utiliza la vida."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranio","summary":"El uranio es un metal denso y radiactivo que se utiliza como combustible en reactores nucleares y armas nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, que había sido descubierto apenas ocho años antes por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789; Siguió la tradición de nombrar elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes, del mismo modo que el telurio (el elemento anterior) había recibido el nombre de la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El uranio es el elemento más pesado que se encuentra en cantidades significativas en la naturaleza.","Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, descubierto apenas ocho años antes.","Un solo kilogramo de uranio-235 puede liberar tanta energía como varios miles de toneladas de carbón.","La radiactividad del uranio fue descubierta por Henri Becquerel en 1896 cuando empañaba placas fotográficas en la oscuridad.","El uranio empobrecido es extremadamente denso y se utiliza en municiones blindadas y perforantes.","El vidrio de uranio, popular en el siglo XIX, brilla de color verde brillante bajo la luz ultravioleta."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadio","summary":"El vanadio es un metal duro de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente para fortalecer aleaciones de acero y otros materiales.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Vanadis, un epíteto nórdico antiguo para la diosa Freyja, elegido por Nils Gabriel Sefström en 1830 porque los compuestos de vanadio forman soluciones multicolores sorprendentemente hermosas.","interesting_facts":["El vanadio lleva el nombre de Vanadis, un nombre de la diosa nórdica Freyja, debido a sus compuestos de hermosos colores.","Sus compuestos aparecen en un arco iris de colores según el estado de oxidación: violeta, azul, verde y amarillo.","Agregar pequeñas cantidades de vanadio al acero lo hace mucho más duro y resistente, y se utiliza en herramientas y piezas de automóviles.","Henry Ford utilizó acero de vanadio en el Modelo T para hacerlo más liviano y resistente.","Las baterías de flujo redox de vanadio pueden almacenar grandes cantidades de energía para la red eléctrica.","Algunas criaturas marinas llamadas ascidias concentran vanadio en su sangre a niveles mucho más altos que el agua de mar circundante."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenón","summary":"El xenón es un gas noble incoloro, denso e inodoro que se utiliza en iluminación, imágenes médicas y propulsión de naves espaciales.","appearance":"Gas incoloro, emite un brillo azul cuando se excita.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'xenos' (extraño o extranjero), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el xenón aparecía como un elemento completamente desconocido escondido en los residuos tras la evaporación del criptón líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Xenón proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"extraño\", porque era un hallazgo muy raro en el aire.","Produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en faros de automóviles, flashes de cámaras y lámparas para proyectores de películas.","El xenón se puede utilizar como anestésico potente y seguro, aunque es caro.","A pesar de ser un gas noble, el xenón fue el primero en formar un compuesto químico real, en 1962.","Los propulsores de iones de las naves espaciales utilizan xenón como propulsor, empujando suavemente las sondas a través del sistema solar.","El xenón es lo suficientemente denso como para que puedas hacer flotar un objeto liviano sobre el gas invisible."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Iterbio","summary":"El iterbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en láseres, relojes atómicos y medidores de tensión en materiales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo en la isla de Resarö cerca de Estocolmo, Suecia; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló por primera vez su óxido en 1878 del mineral erbia, y el iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre de ese único pueblo sueco.","interesting_facts":["El iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre del pequeño pueblo sueco de Ytterby.","Los relojes atómicos de iterbio se encuentran entre los cronometradores más precisos jamás construidos.","Su resistencia eléctrica aumenta bruscamente bajo alta presión y se utiliza como medidor de tensión.","Las fibras dopadas con iterbio alimentan láseres industriales de alta energía para cortar y soldar metales.","Es un metal de tierras raras plateado, blando, maleable.","Inusualmente para un lantánido, el iterbio puede adoptar un estado de oxidación estable +2."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Itrio","summary":"El itrio es un elemento metálico plateado que se utiliza en fósforos, superconductores y tecnología LED.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pequeño pueblo en la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se recolectó por primera vez el mineral de gadolinita en 1787; el mismo nombre del pueblo también inspiró los nombres de iterbio, erbio y terbio.","interesting_facts":["El itrio lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, que dio nombre a cuatro elementos diferentes.","Los cristales de itrio, aluminio y granate (YAG) se utilizan para fabricar potentes láseres para la medicina y la industria.","Ayudó a crear los primeros superconductores de alta temperatura que funcionan por encima del punto de ebullición del nitrógeno.","Los compuestos de itrio producían fósforos rojos en las antiguas pantallas de televisión en color.","Se utiliza para fortalecer aleaciones de aluminio y magnesio.","Aunque se le llama tierra rara, el itrio es más abundante en la corteza que la plata o el plomo."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"El zinc es un metal plateado azulado comúnmente utilizado en galvanización, aleaciones y como mineral esencial para procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal plateado azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Zink' (zinc), utilizado por primera vez por Paracelso en el siglo XVI; el origen puede estar relacionado con 'Zinke' (púa o punta), que describe los cristales puntiagudos que se forman durante la fundición, o posiblemente con el 'cantar' persa (piedra).","interesting_facts":["El zinc recubre el acero en un proceso llamado galvanización, sacrificándose para proteger el acero del óxido.","Es esencial para el sistema inmunológico humano y las pastillas de zinc se utilizan para ayudar a combatir los resfriados.","El zinc arde con una llama brillante de color verde azulado y una vez se le llamó \"lana de filósofo\" cuando se recogió su óxido blanco.","El latón, utilizado en instrumentos y accesorios, es una aleación de cobre y zinc.","La mayoría de las monedas modernas de un centavo y muchas otras monedas están hechas principalmente de zinc con una fina capa de cobre.","El óxido de zinc es el ingrediente activo de muchos protectores solares y cremas para la dermatitis del pañal."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Circonio","summary":"El circonio es un metal resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, instrumentos quirúrgicos y materiales cerámicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del árabe 'zarqun' (bermellón o color dorado), derivado del persa 'zargun' (parecido al oro), porque la piedra preciosa circón tiene tonalidades doradas; el nombre fue dado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789.","interesting_facts":["El circonio es muy resistente a la corrosión y apenas absorbe neutrones, lo que lo hace ideal para revestir barras de combustible nuclear.","La circonita cúbica, un compuesto de circonio, es un sustituto popular del diamante en joyería.","La piedra preciosa circón, un silicato de circonio, contiene algunos de los minerales más antiguos conocidos en la Tierra, con más de 4 mil millones de años.","El polvo de circonio es altamente inflamable y alguna vez se usó en flashes.","Es biocompatible y se utiliza en coronas dentales e implantes articulares.","Las cerámicas de dióxido de circonio son lo suficientemente resistentes como para fabricar hojas de cuchillo que rara vez necesitan afilarse."]}},"es-ES":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinio","summary":"El actinio es un metal radiactivo blando y plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigación y como fuente de neutrones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), que significa 'rayo' o ​​'haz'; André-Louis Debierne lo aisló por primera vez en 1899 del mineral de uranio y le puso el nombre de su poderosa radiactividad; da nombre a la serie actínida de elementos pesados.","interesting_facts":["El actinio brilla con una misteriosa luz azul pálida en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'aktis', que significa rayo o viga.","Da nombre a la serie de elementos actínidos.","El actinio-225 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida con partículas alfa contra el cáncer.","Es aproximadamente 150 veces más radiactivo que el radio.","El actinio es extremadamente raro y solo se encuentra en pequeñas cantidades en los minerales de uranio."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminio","summary":"El aluminio es un metal de color blanco plateado, ligero y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'alumen' (alumbre, compuesto utilizado desde la antigüedad en teñido y curtido); Humphry Davy acuñó \"aluminio\" en 1807 y luego lo revisó a \"aluminio\", mientras que gran parte del mundo adoptó la ortografía \"aluminio\".","interesting_facts":["El aluminio es el metal más abundante en la corteza terrestre, pero alguna vez fue tan difícil de purificar que era más valioso que el oro.","Según se informa, en un banquete de la década de 1880, los invitados más honrados de Francia comieron con cubiertos de aluminio mientras que otros usaban oro.","Es totalmente reciclable y el reciclaje del aluminio utiliza solo alrededor del 5% de la energía necesaria para fabricarlo a partir de mineral en bruto.","Se forma instantáneamente una fina capa de óxido autorreparable sobre el aluminio, protegiéndolo de la corrosión.","El proceso Hall-Heroult, inventado en 1886, abarató el aluminio mediante el uso de electricidad para extraerlo de la alúmina.","El aluminio es ligero, resistente y no magnético, lo que lo hace ideal para aviones, latas y papel de aluminio."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americio","summary":"El americio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en detectores de humo y como fuente de neutrones para aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña lentamente con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de América, los continentes donde se produjo por primera vez, por Glenn Seaborg en 1944; Seaborg lo nombró por analogía deliberada con europio (el nombre de Europa), ya que el americio ocupa la misma posición en la serie de actínidos que el europio en la serie de lantánidos.","interesting_facts":["El americio se utiliza en pequeñas cantidades en la mayoría de los detectores de humo domésticos.","Lleva el nombre de América, reflejando el nombre del europio en honor a Europa.","El americio se produjo por primera vez durante el Proyecto Manhattan en 1944.","En un detector de humo, el americio emite partículas alfa que ionizan el aire; El humo interrumpe la corriente y activa la alarma.","Brilla débilmente en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Se está estudiando el americio como posible fuente de energía duradera para futuras misiones espaciales."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimonio","summary":"El antimonio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco azulado que se utiliza en retardantes de llama, aleaciones y semiconductores.","appearance":"Plateado, blanco azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene del latín medieval 'antimonium', de origen incierto (posiblemente del árabe 'ithmid' o una frase latina que significa 'no solo', ya que el antimonio rara vez se presenta en forma pura); El símbolo Sb proviene del latín 'stibium', el nombre del mineral de sulfuro negro utilizado como cosmético desde el antiguo Egipto.","interesting_facts":["El antimonio se ha utilizado desde el antiguo Egipto como kohl, un cosmético para los ojos morados.","Es un metaloide que, inusualmente, se expande cuando se congela, lo que lo hace útil para piezas fundidas afiladas y tipos de metal.","Los compuestos de antimonio se utilizan ampliamente como retardantes de llama en plásticos y textiles.","Su símbolo químico Sb proviene del latín 'stibium'.","Los alquimistas medievales utilizaban pastillas de antimonio como laxante reutilizable, las recuperaban y las transmitían como \"píldoras eternas\".","El antimonio se alea con plomo para hacerlo más duro, como en los tipos de impresión antiguos y en las placas de batería."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argón","summary":"El argón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"argón\" (inactivo o inactivo, neutro de \"argos\"), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Lord Rayleigh en 1894 porque el gas es químicamente inerte y extremadamente reacio a reaccionar con cualquier cosa.","interesting_facts":["El argón constituye casi el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre, lo que lo convierte en el gas noble más abundante en el aire.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"perezoso\" porque no reacciona químicamente.","El argón se utiliza para llenar bombillas incandescentes porque no reacciona con el filamento caliente.","Los soldadores utilizan argón como gas protector para evitar que el metal caliente reaccione con el oxígeno del aire.","La mayor parte del argón de la Tierra es argón-40, producido por la desintegración radiactiva del potasio-40 en las rocas.","Las ventanas de doble acristalamiento suelen estar rellenas de argón porque aísla mejor que el aire normal."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsénico","summary":"El arsénico es un metaloide tóxico utilizado históricamente en pesticidas y ahora en semiconductores y producción de vidrio.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'arsenikon' (oropimento amarillo, un mineral de sulfuro de arsénico), posiblemente del persa 'zarnikh' (mineral de arsénico); la palabra también puede conectarse con el griego 'arrhen' (masculino o potente), lo que refleja las poderosas propiedades de los compuestos de arsénico.","interesting_facts":["El arsénico es famoso como el \"veneno de los reyes y el rey de los venenos\", indetectable durante siglos y uno de los favoritos en los asesinatos históricos.","A pesar de su toxicidad, pequeños rastros de arsénico pueden ser un nutriente necesario para algunos animales.","El arseniuro de galio y otros compuestos de arsénico son vitales para los semiconductores y LED modernos.","La contaminación por arsénico de las aguas subterráneas afecta el agua potable de millones de personas en todo el mundo.","Se sublima, pasando directamente de sólido a gas cuando se calienta, con un olor parecido al del ajo.","Los pigmentos verdes que contienen arsénico alguna vez se usaron en el papel tapiz y pueden haber envenenado lentamente los hogares victorianos."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astato","summary":"El astato es un elemento radiactivo poco común que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas y potencialmente en tratamientos contra el cáncer.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'astatos' (ἄστατος), que significa 'inestable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie y Emilio Segrè lo sintetizaron en 1940 en Berkeley y eligieron el nombre porque todos los isótopos de astato son radiactivos y se desintegran rápidamente, lo que hace que el elemento sea inherentemente inestable.","interesting_facts":["El astato es el elemento natural más raro; En cualquier momento existe menos de un gramo en la corteza terrestre.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"astatos\", que significa \"inestable\".","Nadie ha visto nunca una muestra visible porque se vaporizaría debido a su propia intensa radiactividad.","Es el más pesado de los halógenos y se sintetizó por primera vez en 1940.","Astatine-211 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida contra el cáncer con partículas alfa.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unas 8 horas."]},"Barium":{"name":"Bario","summary":"El bario es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fluidos de perforación, pinturas e imágenes médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'barys' (pesado), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1808 porque el sulfato de bario (barita, el mineral común) es inusualmente denso para un mineral no metálico.","interesting_facts":["Los pacientes beben una \"comida de bario\" o un \"trago de bario\" porque el bario bloquea los rayos X, revelando el tracto digestivo.","Los compuestos de bario dan a los fuegos artificiales sus colores verdes brillantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'barys', que significa pesado.","Aunque el metal es tóxico, el sulfato de bario insoluble utilizado en las exploraciones médicas pasa por el cuerpo de forma segura.","El bario es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo petróleo y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza.","El mineral barita (sulfato de bario) se utiliza para pesar los fluidos de perforación en la industria petrolera."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelio","summary":"El berkelio es un metal radiactivo que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1949 en el Laboratorio de Radiación de la Universidad de California; el nombre refleja deliberadamente el terbio, que lleva el nombre de la ciudad sueca de Ytterby: ambos elementos ocupan posiciones coincidentes en las series de lantánidos y actínidos, respectivamente.","interesting_facts":["El berkelio lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se fabricó por primera vez en 1949.","Es un elemento sintético extremadamente raro, del que solo se han producido pequeñas cantidades.","Se utilizó berkelio como material objetivo para sintetizar el elemento superpesado tennessine.","Producir una pequeña muestra de berkelio puede llevar muchos meses en un reactor de alto flujo.","Es altamente radiactivo y no tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica.","Berkelium completa un conjunto con terbio, ambos elementos con nombres de ciudades y colocados en posiciones coincidentes."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berilio","summary":"El berilio es un metal duro y grisáceo que se encuentra naturalmente en rocas minerales, carbón, suelo y polvo volcánico.","appearance":"Gris acero","naming_origin_explanation":"La piedra preciosa debe su nombre a berilo, del griego 'beryllos', porque Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin aisló por primera vez el berilio de minerales de berilo y esmeralda en 1798.","interesting_facts":["El berilio es notablemente transparente a los rayos X, por lo que se utiliza para fabricar ventanas para detectores y tubos de rayos X.","Es uno de los metales estructurales más ligeros pero tiene una relación rigidez-peso más alta que el acero.","Las piedras preciosas esmeralda y aguamarina son formas del mineral berilo, un silicato de berilio y aluminio.","El polvo de berilio es muy tóxico y puede provocar una enfermedad pulmonar crónica llamada beriliosis.","Los espejos del telescopio espacial James Webb están hechos de berilio recubierto de oro porque mantiene su forma incluso a temperaturas extremadamente frías.","En 1932, James Chadwick descubrió el neutrón bombardeando berilio con partículas alfa."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"El bismuto es un metal frágil y de baja toxicidad, utilizado en cosméticos, procedimientos médicos y aleaciones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado con un tono iridiscente.","naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva del antiguo alemán 'Wismut' o 'Wismuth', posiblemente de 'weiße Masse' (masa blanca) o un término minero de origen incierto; Conocido desde el siglo XV como un metal distinto, a veces confundido con plomo o estaño, y latinizado como \"bisemutum\" antes de convertirse en \"bismuto\" en el uso moderno.","interesting_facts":["El bismuto forma impresionantes cristales de arcoíris iridiscentes con forma de tolva y escalón.","Es el elemento más pesado que, a efectos prácticos, es estable y tiene una vida media casi inimaginable.","El bismuto es el ingrediente principal del Pepto-Bismol, que se utiliza para aliviar el malestar estomacal.","Al igual que el agua, el bismuto se expande cuando se congela.","Se utiliza en aleaciones de bajo punto de fusión para rociadores contra incendios y dispositivos de seguridad.","El bismuto es uno de los pocos metales menos densos en algunas aleaciones y es un sustituto no tóxico del plomo en muchos productos."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrio","summary":"El bohrio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico danés que desarrolló el modelo cuántico del átomo e hizo contribuciones fundamentales para comprender la estructura atómica; GSI Darmstadt, Alemania, lo sintetizó en 1981 y propuso el nombre en su honor, adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico que modeló la estructura del átomo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Bohrium se creó por primera vez en 1981 en Alemania.","Sus isótopos son intensamente radiactivos y se desintegran en segundos o menos.","Los experimentos indican que el bohrio se parece químicamente al renio, en el grupo 7.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación fundamental de los elementos más pesados."]},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"El boro es un elemento metaloide esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, pero que puede resultar tóxico en exceso.","appearance":"Negro-marrón","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al bórax, el mineral del que se aisló por primera vez, y \"bórax\" deriva del árabe \"buraq\" o del persa \"burah\", que significa bórax o salitre.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de boro dan un distintivo color verde brillante a las llamas, lo que los hace útiles en pirotecnia.","El boro es esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, aunque solo en pequeñas cantidades; demasiado es tóxico para los cultivos.","El vidrio de borosilicato, elaborado con boro, resiste el choque térmico y se utiliza en utensilios de cocina y cristalería de laboratorio.","El isótopo boro-10 absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que el boro se utiliza en barras de control y blindaje de reactores nucleares.","El bórax, un mineral de boro, se ha utilizado durante miles de años como agente limpiador y fundente para soldar metales.","El boro es un metaloide que comparte propiedades tanto de metales como de no metales y es un mal conductor a temperatura ambiente."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"El bromo es un líquido de color marrón rojizo a temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en retardantes de llama, tratamiento de agua y productos farmacéuticos.","appearance":"Líquido marrón rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"bromos\" (hedor u olor fétido), nombrado así por Antoine Jérôme Balard en 1826 porque el bromo líquido produce un olor profundamente desagradable y sofocante.","interesting_facts":["El bromo es uno de los dos únicos elementos líquidos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el mercurio.","Es un líquido denso, de color marrón rojizo que desprende vapores tóxicos y asfixiantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"bromos\", que significa \"hedor\".","Los pueblos antiguos extraían un precioso tinte púrpura, la púrpura de Tiro, de los caracoles marinos utilizando compuestos de bromo.","Los compuestos de bromo se utilizaron ampliamente como retardantes de llama en electrónica y muebles.","La mayor parte del bromo se extrae del agua de mar y de depósitos de salmuera rica en sal."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmio","summary":"El cadmio es un metal blando de color blanco azulado que se utiliza principalmente en baterías, pigmentos y galvanoplastia.","appearance":"Plateado gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cadmia' (calamina, un mineral de carbonato de zinc), en última instancia del griego 'kadmeia' (tierra tebana, llamada así por Cadmo, el mítico fundador de Tebas), ya que el cadmio fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","interesting_facts":["El cadmio produce pigmentos amarillos, naranjas y rojos intensos, apreciados desde hace mucho tiempo por artistas como Monet y Van Gogh.","Es tóxico y se acumula en el cuerpo, provocando la dolorosa enfermedad ósea 'itai-itai' que se observó en Japón en el siglo XX.","Las baterías recargables de níquel-cadmio (NiCd) alguna vez fueron extremadamente comunes.","Los recubrimientos de cadmio protegen el acero de la corrosión, especialmente en piezas de aviones.","Fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","El cadmio absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en barras de control de reactores nucleares."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcio","summary":"El calcio es un metal gris blando que es esencial para los organismos vivos, particularmente en la fisiología celular y la formación de huesos.","appearance":"Gris opaco, plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'calx' o 'calcis' (cal o piedra caliza), porque Humphry Davy la aisló por primera vez en 1808 mediante electrólisis del óxido de calcio (cal viva), un material que los romanos habían utilizado durante mucho tiempo en la construcción.","interesting_facts":["El calcio es el metal más abundante en el cuerpo humano y alrededor del 99% se almacena en huesos y dientes.","La piedra caliza, la tiza y el mármol son formas de carbonato de calcio.","Es el quinto elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre.","Los iones de calcio actúan como una señal universal dentro de las células, desencadenando todo, desde la contracción muscular hasta la fertilización.","La cal viva (óxido de calcio) brillaba intensamente cuando se calentaba y se utilizaba para iluminar escenarios, lo que nos dio la frase \"en el centro de atención\".","Los arrecifes de coral y las conchas marinas se construyen en gran medida a partir de carbonato de calcio extraído del agua de mar."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californio","summary":"El californio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en fuentes de neutrones, tratamiento del cáncer y análisis de materiales.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla en la oscuridad debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California y de la Universidad de California, donde se sintetizó en 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street y Ghiorso eligieron el nombre sabiendo que se habían quedado sin cuerpos celestes cercanos y decidieron honrar el lugar del descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El californio es una de las sustancias más caras de la Tierra y cuesta millones de dólares el gramo.","Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California, donde fue descubierto en 1950.","El californio-252 es un potente emisor de neutrones que se utiliza para poner en marcha reactores nucleares y escáneres industriales.","Se utiliza para detectar oro y petróleo mediante análisis de neutrones de rocas.","Un solo microgramo libera una enorme cantidad de neutrones por segundo.","El californio también se utiliza para identificar la fatiga del metal y encontrar puntos débiles en aviones y maquinaria."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbono","summary":"El carbono es un componente fundamental de la vida y se encuentra en todos los compuestos orgánicos conocidos.","appearance":"Varía (el grafito es negro, el diamante es transparente)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'carbo' (carbón o carbón vegetal), lo que refleja que el carbono se conoce desde la antigüedad en forma de carbón vegetal, grafito y diamante.","interesting_facts":["El carbono forma más compuestos que todos los demás elementos combinados y es la base química de toda la vida conocida.","Tanto el diamante como el grafito son carbono puro, pero el diamante es el material natural más duro, mientras que el grafito es lo suficientemente blando como para escribir.","El grafeno, una sola capa de átomos de carbono, es aproximadamente 200 veces más resistente que el acero y conduce la electricidad mejor que el cobre.","La datación por carbono 14 utiliza la desintegración constante de un isótopo de carbono radiactivo para determinar la edad de material que alguna vez estuvo vivo hasta aproximadamente 50.000 años.","Los átomos de carbono forjados dentro de las estrellas se esparcen por el universo cuando esas estrellas explotan, convirtiéndonos literalmente en polvo de estrellas.","El buckminsterfullereno, una molécula con forma de balón de fútbol de 60 átomos de carbono, fue descubierta en 1985 y lleva el nombre del arquitecto Buckminster Fuller."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerio","summary":"El cerio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, pulido de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto en 1801 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de la diosa romana de la agricultura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth y Jöns Jacob Berzelius lo nombraron en 1803, siguiendo la moda de nombrar nuevos elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes.","interesting_facts":["El cerio es el más abundante de todos los elementos de tierras raras, más común que el cobre.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto dos años antes.","El cerio es el ingrediente clave que produce chispas en las aleaciones de encendedores y encendedores de \"pedernal\".","El óxido de cerio es el polvo de pulido fino que se utiliza para dar un acabado suave al vidrio y las piedras preciosas.","Se agrega a los convertidores catalíticos para ayudar a almacenar y liberar oxígeno.","El cerio recién cortado puede encenderse espontáneamente en el aire, volviéndolo pirofórico."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesio","summary":"El cesio es un metal blando de color dorado conocido por su uso en relojes atómicos y diversas aplicaciones electrónicas.","appearance":"Plata-oro metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cesius' (azul cielo o azul grisáceo), nombrado así por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color azul brillante que utilizaron para identificar el elemento.","interesting_facts":["El segundo se define oficialmente por las vibraciones de los átomos de cesio, la base de los relojes atómicos.","El cesio es uno de los metales más reactivos y explota violentamente al contacto con el agua.","Se derrite a unos 28 °C, por lo que es líquido en un día cálido.","Tiene un color dorado plateado, uno de los pocos metales que no es plateado ni gris.","El cesio fue el primer elemento descubierto mediante espectroscopia, por Bunsen y Kirchhoff en 1860.","El cesio-137 radiactivo es un producto notable de la fisión nuclear y un motivo de preocupación en los accidentes nucleares."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso altamente reactivo que se utiliza como desinfectante y en diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gas amarillo verdoso","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'cloros' (verde pálido o amarillo verdoso), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1810 para reflejar el distintivo color amarillo verdoso del gas.","interesting_facts":["El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso que se utilizó como arma química en la Primera Guerra Mundial.","Pequeñas cantidades añadidas al agua potable y a las piscinas matan las bacterias y han salvado innumerables vidas de enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.","Combinado con sodio, el cloro forma sal de mesa común, que es esencial para la vida.","Es tan reactivo que blanquea fácilmente los tintes y desinfecta, por lo que se utiliza en la lejía doméstica.","El cloro fue aislado por primera vez en 1774 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele, quien no se dio cuenta de que era un elemento nuevo.","Aunque son tóxicos como gas, los iones de cloruro en el cuerpo son vitales para la digestión y la función nerviosa."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Cromo","summary":"El cromo es un metal duro, brillante y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en acero inoxidable y cromado.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"chroma\" (color), nombrado así por Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin en 1798 porque los compuestos de cromo muestran una amplia gama de colores vivos: rojo en los rubíes, verde en las esmeraldas, naranja en la crocoita.","interesting_facts":["El cromo le da al acero inoxidable su brillo y resistencia a la oxidación, formando una capa protectora invisible de óxido.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega 'chroma' que significa color, porque sus compuestos tienen colores vivos.","El cromo es lo que hace que los rubíes sean rojos y las esmeraldas verdes como una impureza en los cristales.","El cromado proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y similar a un espejo a las molduras y herramientas del coche.","El cromo es uno de los metales más duros y muy resistente a la corrosión.","Algunos compuestos de cromo son nutrientes esenciales en pequeñas cantidades, mientras que otros (cromo-6) son tóxicos y cancerígenos."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"El cobalto es un metal duro, brillante y de color gris plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones y baterías y es esencial para la vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metal gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Kobold' (duende o diablillo), porque los mineros alemanes culpaban a un travieso espíritu subterráneo por el problemático mineral de cobalto que liberaba vapores venenosos de arsénico y no producía cobre a pesar de parecerse al mineral de cobre.","interesting_facts":["El cobalto se ha utilizado durante más de 2000 años para dar al vidrio y a la cerámica un color azul intenso y brillante.","Su nombre proviene de 'kobold', un travieso duende que los mineros alemanes culpaban de los minerales problemáticos.","El cobalto es un ingrediente clave en las baterías recargables de iones de litio que alimentan teléfonos y coches eléctricos.","Es uno de los tres únicos elementos naturalmente magnéticos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el hierro y el níquel.","El isótopo radiactivo cobalto-60 se utiliza para tratar el cáncer y esterilizar equipos médicos.","El cobalto es esencial para la vida como átomo metálico en el corazón de la vitamina B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicio","summary":"El copernicio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Nicolaus Copernicus, el astrónomo polaco-alemán que propuso que la Tierra orbita alrededor del Sol; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1996 y propuso el nombre en honor a Copérnico, y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente en 2010 con motivo del 537 aniversario de su nacimiento.","interesting_facts":["Copérnico lleva el nombre del astrónomo Nicolás Copérnico, quien colocó al Sol en el centro del sistema solar.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1996 en Alemania.","Se predice que el copernicio será un líquido o gas volátil a temperatura ambiente, comportándose de manera similar al mercurio.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos son altamente radiactivos y de vida corta.","Se encuentra debajo del mercurio en el grupo 12 de la tabla periódica."]},"Copper":{"name":"Cobre","summary":"El cobre es un metal de color dorado rojizo conocido por su alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica, ampliamente utilizado en cableado eléctrico y plomería.","appearance":"Metálico rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cuprum', derivado del griego 'Kypros' (Chipre), la isla que era la principal fuente de cobre del mundo antiguo; el símbolo Cu también se remonta a este nombre latino.","interesting_facts":["El cobre fue uno de los primeros metales utilizados por el hombre, trabajado durante más de 10.000 años.","Es un excelente conductor de electricidad, solo superado por la plata, por lo que llena nuestros alambres y cables.","Las superficies de cobre matan naturalmente muchas bacterias y virus, lo que las hace útiles para pomos de puertas y accesorios de hospitales.","La Estatua de la Libertad está cubierta de cobre que se volvió verde con el tiempo al formar una pátina protectora.","Al mezclar cobre con estaño se obtiene bronce y con zinc se obtiene latón, dos aleaciones que dieron forma a la historia de la humanidad.","El cobre es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda al cuerpo a formar glóbulos rojos y a mantener los nervios."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curio","summary":"El curio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en la exploración espacial como fuente de energía y en la investigación científica.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, se empaña con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, los pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1944 en honor a la pareja cuyos descubrimientos hicieron posible la química nuclear, señalando que la posición del curio en la serie de actínidos refleja el gadolinio en los lantánidos (que lleva el nombre de un químico, siguiendo un patrón paralelo).","interesting_facts":["Curium lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad.","Brilla con una suave luz violeta o roja en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","El curio es tan radiactivo que genera una cantidad significativa de calor y se consideró para la energía de las naves espaciales.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1944, antes que el americio, más ligero.","Instrumentos basados ​​en curio han analizado la composición química de Marte y otras superficies planetarias.","Todo el curio se elabora artificialmente; ninguno se encuentra en la naturaleza."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtio","summary":"El darmstadtio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para investigar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1994 en GSI Darmstadt; Sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos recién creados según los lugares del descubrimiento, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde fue descubierto en 1994.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado creado en aceleradores de partículas.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de darmstadtio.","Sus átomos sobreviven menos de un segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Se espera que químicamente se parezca al platino, en el grupo 10.","El darmstadtio no tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnio","summary":"El dubnio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede del Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear; el nombre resolvió una disputa de la Guerra Fría en la que los científicos estadounidenses lo llamaron 'hahnium' y los científicos soviéticos lo llamaron 'nielsbohrium', antes de que la IUPAC adoptara el nombre neutral de ciudad en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede de un famoso instituto de investigación nuclear.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Su descubrimiento fue parte de las 'Guerras Transfermium', una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría.","Los átomos de dubnio existen solo unos segundos o menos antes de desintegrarse.","Sólo se ha creado una pequeña cantidad de átomos de dubnio.","Se predice que químicamente se parecerá al tantalio del grupo 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprosio","summary":"El disprosio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y barras de control de reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), que significa 'difícil de alcanzar'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran acuñó el nombre en 1886, reflejando la extrema dificultad de aislarlo de su mineral, un proceso que requiere diecinueve precipitaciones.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de disprosio proviene del griego \"dysprositos\", que significa \"difícil de conseguir\", porque era muy difícil de aislar.","Se añade a los imanes de neodimio para que mantengan su fuerza a altas temperaturas en motores y turbinas eólicas.","El disprosio tiene una de las fuerzas magnéticas más altas de cualquier elemento a bajas temperaturas.","Absorbe bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Las aleaciones a base de disprosio cambian de forma en campos magnéticos, lo que resulta útil en actuadores y transductores.","Se considera un material fundamental para la tecnología de energía limpia."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinio","summary":"El einstenio es un metal altamente radiactivo, utilizado principalmente para investigaciones científicas y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein, quien formuló la teoría especial de la relatividad y la ecuación E=mc² subyacente a la energía nuclear; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas le pusieron el nombre en 1955 tras descubrirlo entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952, mantenida en secreto durante varios años.","interesting_facts":["El einstenio fue descubierto en 1952 entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno.","Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein.","El einstenio brilla de color azul en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Es tan raro que solo ocasionalmente se han producido cantidades ponderables.","Estudiar el einstenio es extremadamente difícil porque daña su propio recipiente y sus instrumentos.","No tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica básica."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbio","summary":"El erbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fibras ópticas, láseres y tecnología nuclear.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se extrajo por primera vez el mineral gadolinita que lo contiene; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"erbio\" es uno de los cuatro nombres de elementos derivados del topónimo único \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["Las fibras dopadas con erbio amplifican las señales de luz, lo que hace posible Internet de fibra óptica de larga distancia.","Da al vidrio y a los esmaltes un color rosa suave y se utiliza en gafas de sol y vidrio decorativo.","Los láseres de erbio se utilizan en odontología y rejuvenecimiento cosmético de la piel.","Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, Suecia, y comparte ese origen con varias otras tierras raras.","Se añade erbio a algunas aleaciones metálicas, incluido el vanadio, para hacerlas más trabajables.","Absorbe la luz infrarroja de manera eficiente, lo que constituye la base de muchos de sus usos como láser."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europio","summary":"El europio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en materiales fosforescentes, barras de control y reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El continente lleva el nombre de Europa, por Eugène-Anatole Demarçay en 1901, quien lo aisló espectroscópicamente; fue uno de varios elementos que recibieron nombres de regiones geográficas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.","interesting_facts":["El europio proporciona los fósforos rojo y azul que producían el color en las pantallas de ordenadores y televisores antiguos.","Se utiliza como marcador antifalsificación en los billetes de euro y brilla bajo luz ultravioleta.","El europio es el elemento de tierras raras más reactivo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire.","Lleva el nombre del continente de Europa.","Los fósforos dopados con europio hacen que las luces LED y fluorescentes de bajo consumo brillen intensamente.","Es una de las tierras raras menos abundantes en la corteza."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermio","summary":"El fermio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y el estudio de elementos transuránicos.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Enrico Fermi, el físico italoamericano que construyó el primer reactor nuclear artificial en 1942 e hizo contribuciones fundamentales a la física nuclear y de partículas; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1953 después de descubrirlo en los mismos restos de prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno que produjeron einstenio.","interesting_facts":["El fermio también se descubrió en las consecuencias de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952.","Lleva el nombre del físico Enrico Fermi, pionero de las reacciones nucleares.","El fermio es el elemento más pesado que se puede producir en cantidades pesadas mediante bombardeo de neutrones.","Más allá del fermio, los elementos deben formarse átomo a átomo utilizando aceleradores de partículas.","Hasta ahora solo se han producido cantidades pequeñas e invisibles de fermio.","Existe solo como elemento sintético y no tiene usos comerciales."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovio","summary":"Flerovium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Dubna, Rusia, que a su vez lleva el nombre del físico soviético Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov cofundó el laboratorio e hizo importantes contribuciones a la física nuclear, y su equipo sintetizó por primera vez el elemento en 1998, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Rusia.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1998 por un equipo en Dubna, Rusia.","Algunas predicciones sugirieron que el flerovium podría ser inusualmente estable o incluso similar a un gas, aunque sigue siendo radiactivo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Flerovium se encuentra debajo del plomo en el grupo 14 de la tabla periódica.","Sus isótopos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, pero tienen una vida más larga que la de muchos vecinos, lo que hace alusión a la \"isla de la estabilidad\"."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flúor","summary":"El flúor es un gas amarillo pálido muy reactivo y es el elemento más electronegativo.","appearance":"Gas amarillo pálido","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'fluere' (fluir), porque el mineral fluorita era muy utilizado como fundente metalúrgico; El nombre del elemento fue propuesto por André-Marie Ampère en 1812.","interesting_facts":["El flúor es el más reactivo y electronegativo de todos los elementos y reacciona con casi todas las demás sustancias, a veces de forma explosiva.","Es tan agresivo que puede hacer que materiales como el amianto e incluso el agua estallen en llamas.","Se añaden trazas de fluoruro al agua potable y a la pasta de dientes para ayudar a prevenir las caries.","El teflón, el revestimiento antiadherente de los utensilios de cocina, es un polímero que contiene flúor (PTFE).","Muchos químicos fueron envenenados o asesinados tratando de aislar el flúor, lo que les valió el sobrenombre de \"mártires del flúor\" antes de que Henri Moissan lo consiguiera en 1886.","El flúor es un gas de color amarillo pálido a temperatura ambiente y es el más ligero de los halógenos."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francio","summary":"El francio es un metal extremadamente raro y radiactivo, sin aplicaciones importantes debido a su inestabilidad.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Francia, país donde Marguerite Perey lo descubrió en 1939 en el Instituto Curie de París; nombró el elemento en honor a su tierra natal, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos con nombres de lugares y convirtiéndose en la primera mujer elegida para la Academia de Ciencias de Francia.","interesting_facts":["El francio es el segundo elemento natural más raro, después del astato.","Fue el último elemento descubierto en la naturaleza, por Marguerite Perey en Francia en 1939.","Lleva el nombre de Francia, su país de origen.","El francio es tan radiactivo que cualquier cantidad visible se vaporizaría instantáneamente por su propio calor.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unos 22 minutos.","Es el más reactivo de los metales alcalinos, pero nunca se han observado sus escasas propiedades en masa."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinio","summary":"El gadolinio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en agentes de contraste para resonancias magnéticas, fósforos y terapia de captura de neutrones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la gadolinita, el mineral en el que se identificó por primera vez su óxido; la gadolinita lleva el nombre de Johan Gadolin, un químico finlandés que la analizó por primera vez; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló el nuevo elemento tierra en 1880.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de gadolinio se inyectan como agentes de contraste para que las imágenes por resonancia magnética sean mucho más claras.","Tiene una extraordinaria capacidad para absorber neutrones, la más alta de cualquier elemento estable, útil en reactores nucleares.","El gadolinio es magnético justo por debajo de la temperatura ambiente y está estudiado para la refrigeración magnética.","Lleva el nombre del químico finlandés Johan Gadolin, pionero de la investigación de tierras raras.","El gadolinio se calienta cuando se coloca en un campo magnético y se enfría cuando se retira, efecto magnetocalórico.","Se utiliza en algunos tipos de detectores de imágenes médicas y de seguridad."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Galio","summary":"El galio es un metal blando y plateado que se funde justo por encima de la temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en electrónica y semiconductores.","appearance":"Azul plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Gallia, el nombre latino de Francia, que le dio el descubridor Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1875; el nombre también puede ser un juego de palabras con 'gallus' (gallo en latín), un juego de palabras con el apellido de Lecoq que significa 'el gallo' en francés.","interesting_facts":["El galio se funde a unos 30 °C, por lo que un trozo sólido se derretirá en la mano.","Mendeleev predijo su existencia como \"eka-aluminio\" antes de su descubrimiento en 1875.","El arseniuro de galio se utiliza en electrónica de alta velocidad, LED y células solares para naves espaciales.","Aunque se derrite fácilmente, el galio hierve a más de 2.400 °C, uno de los mayores rangos de temperatura líquida de cualquier elemento.","El galio puede hacer que el aluminio se vuelva quebradizo al filtrarse en los límites de sus granos, debilitando drásticamente el metal.","A diferencia de la mayoría de sustancias, el galio se expande cuando se congela, como el agua."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanio","summary":"El germanio es un metaloide duro de color blanco grisáceo que se utiliza en semiconductores, fibra óptica y óptica infrarroja.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Germania, el nombre latino de Alemania, por Clemens Winkler, quien la descubrió en 1886; El descubrimiento confirmó la predicción de Mendeleev sobre un elemento faltante al que había llamado \"eka-silicio\".","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo que el germanio era \"eka-silicio\" y su descubrimiento en 1886 ayudó a confirmar la tabla periódica.","Los primeros transistores de las décadas de 1940 y 1950 estaban hechos de germanio antes de que el silicio tomara el relevo.","Es transparente a la luz infrarroja, por lo que se utiliza en lentes para gafas de visión nocturna y cámaras térmicas.","El germanio es un semiconductor metaloide con una apariencia brillante de color blanco grisáceo.","Las fibras ópticas utilizan compuestos de germanio para controlar cómo viaja la luz a través del vidrio.","Al igual que el agua y el silicio, el germanio se expande cuando se solidifica."]},"Gold":{"name":"Oro","summary":"El oro es un metal denso y blando muy valorado por su uso en joyería, electrónica y moneda.","appearance":"Amarillo metálico brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre inglés \"oro\" proviene del protogermánico \"gulþą\", relacionado con \"amarillo\"; el símbolo Au deriva del latín 'aurum', que se cree que significa 'amanecer brillante' o 'resplandor del amanecer'; El oro ha sido conocido y valorado desde tiempos prehistóricos en prácticamente todas las culturas.","interesting_facts":["El oro es tan poco reactivo que puede permanecer brillante durante miles de años, razón por la cual los antiguos artefactos de oro aún brillan.","Es increíblemente maleable; con un solo gramo se puede convertir una lámina que cubre aproximadamente un metro cuadrado.","Se cree que casi todo el oro de la Tierra llegó a través de impactos de asteroides después de que se formara el planeta.","El oro conduce bien la electricidad y nunca se corroe, por lo que se utiliza para revestir contactos electrónicos críticos.","Su símbolo químico Au proviene del latín 'aurum', que significa 'amanecer brillante'.","Las viseras de los astronautas están recubiertas con una capa ultrafina de oro para reflejar la dañina radiación solar."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnio","summary":"El hafnio es un metal plateado y brillante que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, barras de control y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague, Dinamarca, donde Dirk Coster y George de Hevesy la descubrieron en 1923 mediante espectroscopia de rayos X; eligieron el nombre en honor a la ciudad donde se llevó a cabo su investigación.","interesting_facts":["La existencia del hafnio fue predicha por la teoría atómica y se encontró en 1923 en mineral de circonio.","Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague.","El hafnio absorbe muy bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los submarinos nucleares.","Los compuestos a base de hafnio reemplazaron al dióxido de silicio como aislantes en los chips de ordenador modernos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos y se utiliza en superaleaciones para motores a reacción.","El hafnio es químicamente casi idéntico al circonio, lo que hace que sea muy difícil separarlos."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hasio","summary":"El hasio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al estado alemán de Hesse (latín: Hassia), donde se encuentra GSI Darmstadt, el laboratorio que lo sintetizó por primera vez en 1984; el nombre sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos según sus lugares de descubrimiento y fue reconocido oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium lleva el nombre del estado alemán de Hesse, donde se encuentra el laboratorio donde fue descubierto.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1984 bombardeando plomo con iones de hierro.","El hasio es un elemento sintético superpesado que se produce únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","A pesar de su escasez, los científicos confirmaron que se comporta como el osmio, del grupo 8.","Sus átomos existen solo durante fracciones de segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Hasta ahora solo se han producido pequeñas cantidades de átomos de hasio."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helio","summary":"El helio es un gas monoatómico incoloro, inodoro, insípido, no tóxico y que encabeza el grupo de los gases nobles en la tabla periódica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'helios' (sol), porque el helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro solar durante el eclipse solar total de 1868 antes de que fuera confirmado en la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro del Sol en 1868, antes de que se encontrara en la Tierra, y lleva el nombre del dios solar griego Helios.","Es el único elemento que no puede solidificarse enfriándose a presión atmosférica normal, por muy frío que haga.","Por debajo de 2,17 K, el helio líquido se convierte en un superfluido que puede fluir sin fricción e incluso trepar por las paredes de su recipiente.","Respirar helio eleva temporalmente el tono de la voz porque el sonido viaja casi tres veces más rápido a través de él que a través del aire.","La mayor parte del helio de la Tierra proviene de la desintegración radiactiva del uranio y el torio en las profundidades del subsuelo y se extrae del gas natural.","El helio es el segundo elemento más abundante en el universo, pero es comparativamente raro y no renovable en la Tierra."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmio","summary":"El holmio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en imanes, barras de control nuclear y láseres.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo, Suecia, donde tenía su sede Per Teodor Cleve, quien identificó el elemento en 1878; sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos de tierras raras según los lugares asociados con su descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El holmio tiene las propiedades magnéticas más fuertes de cualquier elemento natural.","Los láseres de holmio se utilizan en medicina para romper los cálculos renales y tratar el agrandamiento de la próstata.","Lleva el nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo.","El holmio confiere al vidrio y a la circona los colores amarillo y rojo.","Se utiliza para crear los campos magnéticos artificiales más fuertes conocidos en forma de piezas polares.","Las soluciones de óxido de holmio se utilizan como estándar de calibración para espectrofotómetros."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrógeno","summary":"El hidrógeno es el elemento más ligero y la sustancia química más abundante del universo.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"hidro\" (agua) y \"genes\" (formación), que significa \"formador de agua\". Nombrado así por Antoine Lavoisier en 1783 porque la quema de hidrógeno produce agua.","interesting_facts":["El hidrógeno es el elemento más abundante en el universo y constituye aproximadamente el 75% de toda la materia normal en masa.","Es el único elemento cuyos tres isótopos (protio, deuterio y tritio) tienen sus propios nombres distintos.","El hidrógeno líquido se ha utilizado como combustible para cohetes desde la década de 1960, impulsando las etapas superiores del Saturno V que llevó a los astronautas a la Luna.","Bajo presión extrema, como en el interior de Júpiter, el hidrógeno se comporta como un metal líquido y puede conducir electricidad.","Henry Cavendish identificó el hidrógeno como una sustancia distinta en 1766, llamándolo \"aire inflamable\".","Un átomo de hidrógeno es el átomo más simple que existe: un único protón orbitado por un único electrón."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indio","summary":"El indio es un metal blando y maleable que se utiliza en semiconductores, pantallas táctiles y como revestimiento protector para rodamientos.","appearance":"Brillo metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'indicum' (índigo), llamado así por Ferdinand Reich y Hieronymous Richter en 1863 por la brillante línea espectral azul índigo que observaron al analizar residuos de mineral de zinc utilizando la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El indio es tan suave que se puede abollar con una uña y emite un \"grito\" audible cuando se dobla, como el estaño.","El óxido de indio y estaño forma el recubrimiento transparente y conductor de electricidad en las pantallas táctiles y de panel plano.","Lleva el nombre de la línea índigo brillante en su espectro de emisión.","El indio permanece suave y trabajable incluso a temperaturas extremadamente bajas, lo que resulta útil para sellar al vacío.","Tiene un punto de fusión muy bajo y se utiliza en soldaduras y aleaciones especiales de baja temperatura.","La demanda de indio se ha disparado con la proliferación de teléfonos inteligentes y pantallas LCD."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Yodo","summary":"El yodo es un no metal oscuro, brillante, de color negro púrpura, esencial para la función tiroidea y se utiliza como desinfectante.","appearance":"Gris metálico brillante (sólido), violeta (gas)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del francés \"yodo\", derivado del griego \"ioeides\" (parecido a violeta), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1813 por el llamativo color violeta del vapor de yodo.","interesting_facts":["El yodo es esencial para la glándula tiroides, razón por la cual la sal de mesa a menudo se enriquece con él.","Cuando se calienta, el yodo sólido se sublima formando un llamativo vapor de color violeta.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"iodes\", que significa violeta.","La tintura de yodo se ha utilizado durante mucho tiempo como antiséptico para desinfectar heridas.","El yodo convierte el almidón en un color negro azulado intenso, una reacción que se utiliza como prueba química.","El yodo radiactivo-131 se usa para diagnosticar y tratar afecciones de la tiroides."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridio","summary":"El iridio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en bujías, crisoles y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado en honor a Iris, la diosa griega del arco iris (latín: iris), por Smithson Tennant en 1803; el nombre refleja la sorprendente variedad de colores que muestran las sales y compuestos de iridio, que le recordaron a Tennant los colores del arco iris.","interesting_facts":["Una capa mundial de arcilla rica en iridio es una prueba clave de que el impacto de un asteroide mató a los dinosaurios, ya que el iridio es raro en la Tierra pero común en los asteroides.","El iridio es el metal más resistente a la corrosión que se conoce y resiste los ácidos que disuelven casi cualquier otra cosa.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, casi empatado con el osmio.","El kilogramo estándar fue una vez un cilindro de platino-iridio guardado cerca de París.","El iridio puntas de las bujías porque resiste el calor extremo sin erosionarse.","Su nombre proviene de Iris, la diosa griega del arcoíris, por sus coloridas sales."]},"Iron":{"name":"Hierro","summary":"El hierro es un metal fuerte y maleable que es esencial para la producción de acero y un componente vital de la hemoglobina.","appearance":"Metálico brillante con un tinte grisáceo.","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"iron\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"iren\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"isarno\", posiblemente de una raíz celta para \"metal sagrado\"; El símbolo Fe deriva del latín 'ferrum' (hierro), que se funde y utiliza desde al menos el año 1200 a.C.","interesting_facts":["El hierro es el elemento más abundante en la Tierra en masa y constituye gran parte del núcleo fundido del planeta.","El núcleo giratorio de hierro líquido de la Tierra genera el campo magnético que nos protege de la radiación solar.","El hierro está en el centro de la hemoglobina, la molécula que transporta oxígeno a la sangre y la enrojece.","El hierro es el elemento más pesado que las estrellas pueden producir mediante fusión normal; Los elementos más pesados ​​requieren explosiones de supernova.","La Edad del Hierro, que comenzó alrededor del año 1200 a. C., transformó la civilización humana con herramientas y armas más potentes.","El óxido es óxido de hierro, que se forma cuando el hierro reacciona lentamente con el oxígeno y el agua."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Criptón","summary":"El criptón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que se utiliza en lámparas fluorescentes, fotografía y como gas de relleno para ventanas energéticamente eficientes.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"kryptos\" (oculto), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el criptón era extremadamente difícil de detectar y aislar: permanecía \"oculto\" dentro de los residuos del aire líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Krypton proviene de la palabra griega \"kryptos\", que significa \"oculto\", porque era muy difícil de encontrar en el aire.","De 1960 a 1983 el metro se definió oficialmente por la longitud de onda de la luz emitida por el criptón-86.","Krypton produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en algunas lámparas y flashes fotográficos de alto rendimiento.","Es un gas noble y casi no reacciona en absoluto, aunque se puede forzar la formación de algunos compuestos de criptón.","El criptón se utiliza en algunas ventanas y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo.","A pesar de la \"kriptonita\" de los cómics, el criptón real es un gas inofensivo, incoloro e inodoro."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantano","summary":"El lantano es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en lentes de cámaras, catalizadores y baterías recargables.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"lantano\" (estar oculto o pasar desapercibido), nombrado así por Carl Gustaf Mosander en 1839 porque el lantano pasó desapercibido como impureza en el óxido de cerio durante años antes de que lo identificara como un elemento distinto.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de lantano proviene del griego \"lantano\", que significa \"estar escondido\", porque se escondía en mineral de cerio.","Da nombre al primero de la serie de lantánidos, los elementos de las \"tierras raras\".","El lantano se utiliza en el cristal de lentes de cámaras y telescopios de alta calidad para desviar bruscamente la luz.","Las aleaciones de níquel-lantano almacenan hidrógeno y se utilizaron en las baterías de muchos coches híbridos.","Los compuestos de lantano ayudan a refinar el petróleo para convertirlo en gasolina como catalizadores.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencio","summary":"El lawrencio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones prácticas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Orlando Lawrence, el físico estadounidense que inventó el acelerador de partículas ciclotrón en 1930, haciendo posible la creación de elementos transuránicos; El Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley sintetizó este elemento en 1961 y lo nombró en honor a las contribuciones fundamentales de Lawrence.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium lleva el nombre de Ernest Lawrence, inventor del acelerador de partículas ciclotrón.","Es el elemento final de la serie de actínidos.","El lawrencio solo se puede crear con unos pocos átomos a la vez en aceleradores.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de solo unas pocas horas.","Medir las propiedades del lawrencio es extraordinariamente difícil porque existen muy pocos átomos y durante un período tan breve.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica fundamental."]},"Lead":{"name":"Plomo","summary":"El plomo es un metal blando y pesado que se utiliza en baterías, protección contra la radiación y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"plomo\" proviene del protogermánico \"lauda\"; El símbolo Pb proviene del latín \"plumbum\", probablemente derivado de una lengua mediterránea prelatina, que dio al inglés la palabra \"plomería\" porque los romanos usaban mucho plomo para las tuberías de agua.","interesting_facts":["El plomo es denso y bloquea la radiación, por lo que recubre delantales y escudos de rayos X.","Los romanos usaban tuberías de plomo para la plomería, y la palabra \"plomería\" proviene del latín para plomo, \"plumbum\" (símbolo Pb).","El plomo es tóxico para el sistema nervioso, por eso se eliminó de la gasolina y la pintura.","Es suave, pesado y de fácil forma, cualidades apreciadas desde la antigüedad.","Hoy en día, la mayor parte del plomo se recicla, en gran parte procedente de baterías de coches.","El plomo es el elemento más pesado con un isótopo completamente estable; todo lo más pesado es radiactivo."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Litio","summary":"El litio es un metal alcalino blando, de color blanco plateado. Es el metal más ligero y el elemento sólido menos denso.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'lithos' (piedra), porque Johan August Arfwedson la descubrió en 1817 dentro de minerales sólidos de piedra (petalita), a diferencia del sodio y el potasio que se encontraban en las cenizas de las plantas.","interesting_facts":["El litio es el metal más ligero y el elemento sólido menos denso, por lo que puede flotar en el agua mientras reacciona con ella.","Las baterías recargables de iones de litio alimentan la mayoría de los teléfonos, ordenadores portátiles y vehículos eléctricos modernos.","Las sales de litio se han utilizado desde la década de 1940 como estabilizador del estado de ánimo para tratar el trastorno bipolar.","Fue uno de los primeros tres elementos (junto con hidrógeno y helio) creados en la nucleosíntesis del Big Bang.","El litio arde con una llamativa llama de color rojo carmesí, propiedad utilizada en fuegos artificiales y bengalas.","Gran parte del litio del mundo se extrae de salinas salinas en lo alto de las montañas de los Andes en América del Sur."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorio","summary":"Livermorium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en Livermore, California, que colaboró ​​con el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear para sintetizarlo en 2000; La IUPAC reconoció oficialmente el nombre en 2012, y el nombre del laboratorio honra a Robert Livermore, uno de los primeros colonos de California.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en California.","Fue creado por primera vez en 2000 por un equipo ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Livermorium existen apenas milisegundos antes de descomponerse.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del polonio en el grupo 16.","Para producirlo es necesario fusionar iones de calcio con dianas de curio."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutecio","summary":"El lutecio es un metal denso y plateado que se utiliza en detectores de escaneo PET, catalizadores y aleaciones especializadas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París, Francia; Georges Urbain, que la aisló por primera vez en 1907, eligió el nombre en honor a su ciudad natal, siguiendo la práctica establecida de nombrar elementos de tierras raras con nombres de lugares.","interesting_facts":["El lutecio es el último de la serie de los lantánidos y una de las tierras raras más duras y densas.","Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París.","Los cristales a base de lutecio se utilizan como detectores en escáneres PET para imágenes médicas.","Es uno de los metales de tierras raras más raros y caros de obtener en forma pura.","El lutecio se utiliza como catalizador en el refinado de petróleo.","Un compuesto de lutecio radiactivo se utiliza en terapia dirigida para algunos cánceres."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesio","summary":"El magnesio es un metal gris brillante y es un elemento esencial para todas las células vivas.","appearance":"Sólido gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Magnesia, un distrito de Tesalia, Grecia, donde se encontraron minerales relacionados que contienen magnesio; El mismo topónimo también dio lugar a las palabras \"manganeso\" e \"imán\".","interesting_facts":["El magnesio arde con una luz blanca deslumbrante y alguna vez se usó ampliamente en los primeros flashes y bengalas fotográficas.","Es el metal estructural más ligero y está aleado con aluminio para fabricar piezas resistentes y ligeras para coches y aviones.","El magnesio se encuentra en el centro de cada molécula de clorofila, lo que lo hace esencial para la fotosíntesis en las plantas.","El cuerpo humano necesita magnesio para cientos de reacciones enzimáticas, incluidas aquellas que mantienen en funcionamiento los músculos y los nervios.","El magnesio es el octavo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre y el tercero más abundante disuelto en el agua de mar.","La sal de Epsom, utilizada para calmar los músculos doloridos, es sulfato de magnesio."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganeso","summary":"El manganeso es un metal duro y quebradizo que se utiliza principalmente en la producción de acero para mejorar la resistencia y la dureza.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del distrito de Magnesia de Tesalia, Grecia, la misma región que dio su nombre al magnesio, a través del latín medieval \"manganeso\"; el nombre posiblemente fue reforzado por el latín 'magnes' (imán), ya que históricamente el mineral de manganeso se confundió con el mineral de hierro magnético.","interesting_facts":["El manganeso es esencial para fabricar acero, eliminar oxígeno y azufre y añadir resistencia; casi todo el acero lo contiene.","Es un ingrediente clave en las pilas alcalinas desechables.","Los pintores rupestres utilizaron dióxido de manganeso hace decenas de miles de años para producir pigmento negro.","El color violeta intenso del permanganato de potasio lo convierte en un útil desinfectante y reactivo químico.","Vastos campos de nódulos de manganeso cubren partes del fondo del océano profundo.","El manganeso es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas que protegen las células del daño."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerio","summary":"El meitnerio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado exclusivamente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, la física austríaca-sueca que co-descubrió la fisión nuclear y el protactinio, pero fue excluida polémicamente del Premio Nobel de 1944; GSI Darmstadt propuso el nombre en 1992 en reconocimiento, muy esperado, de sus destacadas contribuciones a la ciencia nuclear.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerio lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, una pionera de la fisión nuclear cuyas contribuciones fueron pasadas por alto durante mucho tiempo.","Es uno de los pocos elementos que llevan el nombre de una mujer.","Meitnerium se creó por primera vez en 1982 en Alemania.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos se desintegran extremadamente rápido, en milisegundos o segundos.","Se predice que se comportará como el iridio, en el grupo 9 de la tabla periódica."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevio","summary":"El mendelevio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas para investigar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, el químico ruso que creó la tabla periódica en 1869; Glenn Seaborg y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1955 como homenaje al científico cuya organización visionaria de los elementos hizo conceptualmente posible el descubrimiento de los elementos transuránicos.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevio lleva el nombre de Dmitri Mendeleev, creador de la tabla periódica.","Se fabricó por primera vez en 1955, con solo unos pocos átomos a la vez.","El mendelevio solo puede producirse en aceleradores de partículas bombardeando einstenio.","Sus experimentos de descubrimiento detectaron al principio solo unos 17 átomos.","Es intensamente radiactivo con isótopos de vida corta.","El mendelevio no tiene usos más allá de la investigación fundamental de elementos pesados."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercurio","summary":"El mercurio es un metal líquido plateado y denso que se utiliza en termómetros, barómetros y lámparas fluorescentes.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Mercurio, el veloz dios mensajero romano, que refleja la naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento del elemento; El símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', una latinización del griego 'hidrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), que significa 'agua-plata', en referencia a su apariencia de plata líquida.","interesting_facts":["El mercurio es el único metal líquido a temperatura ambiente.","Lleva el nombre del dios mensajero romano por su naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento, y su símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', que significa 'agua-plata'.","El mercurio se utilizó alguna vez en termómetros y barómetros porque se expande uniformemente con la temperatura.","Los fabricantes de sombreros expuestos al mercurio desarrollaron temblores y confusión, lo que inspiró la frase \"loco como un sombrerero\".","Es tóxico y se bioacumula, acumulándose en los peces y en las personas que los comen.","El vapor de mercurio brilla de color azul verdoso cuando está electrificado, la base de las lámparas fluorescentes."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdeno","summary":"El molibdeno es un metal duro y plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones de acero para aumentar la fuerza, la tenacidad y la resistencia a la corrosión.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo se confundió el mineral molibdenita con los minerales de plomo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele demostró que era distinto en 1778 y Peter Jacob Hjelm aisló el metal en 1781.","interesting_facts":["El molibdeno tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos, aproximadamente 2623 °C.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo su mineral se confundió con plomo y grafito.","La adición de molibdeno al acero produce aleaciones de alta resistencia que se utilizan en aviones, herramientas y armaduras.","Es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas en plantas, animales y humanos.","Las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizan molibdeno para convertir el nitrógeno atmosférico en una forma utilizable.","El disulfuro de molibdeno es un sólido resbaladizo que se utiliza como lubricante seco a alta temperatura."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovio","summary":"Moscovio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Óblast de Moscú (región de Moscú) de Rusia, donde se encuentra el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear en Dubna; se sintetizó por primera vez en 2003 en una colaboración entre JINR y el Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore, y la IUPAC lo nombró oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium lleva el nombre de la región rusa de Moscú, donde se encuentra el laboratorio Dubna.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2003 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Moscovio se desintegran en una fracción de segundo.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del bismuto en el grupo 15.","Fue nombrado oficialmente en 2016 junto con otros tres elementos nuevos."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodimio","summary":"El neodimio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en potentes imanes, láseres y coloración de vidrio.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"neos\" (nuevo) y \"didymos\" (gemelo), nombrado por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando separó didimio en praseodimio y neodimio: el \"nuevo gemelo\" de la pareja.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de neodimio son los imanes permanentes más fuertes comúnmente disponibles y pueden levantar muchas veces su propio peso.","Estos imanes se encuentran en todo, desde auriculares y discos duros hasta turbinas eólicas y motores de coches eléctricos.","Su nombre significa \"nuevo gemelo\", ya que se separó del \"didimio\" junto con el praseodimio en 1885.","El neodimio confiere al vidrio un color llamativo que oscila entre el violeta y el azul según la luz.","Los cristales dopados con neodimio alimentan algunos de los láseres de alta energía más comunes.","Es uno de los elementos de tierras raras más abundantes a pesar de sus usos especializados."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neón","summary":"El neón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que emite un distintivo brillo anaranjado rojizo cuando se electrifica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'neos' (nuevo), nombrado por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 para reflejar que se trataba de un gas noble recién descubierto.","interesting_facts":["El neón brilla con un color rojo anaranjado brillante cuando una corriente eléctrica lo atraviesa, la base de los clásicos carteles de \"neón\".","Es casi completamente inerte y no forma compuestos químicos ordinarios estables en condiciones normales.","El neón fue descubierto en 1898 por Ramsay y Travers, quienes lo nombraron de la palabra griega \"neos\", que significa \"nuevo\".","A pesar de ser el quinto elemento más abundante del universo, el neón es raro en la Tierra y constituye solo una pequeña fracción de la atmósfera.","El neón líquido es un excelente refrigerante criogénico, con más de 40 veces la capacidad de refrigeración por volumen de helio líquido.","Los diferentes colores que se ven en los carteles de neón en realidad provienen de otros gases nobles; El neón puro siempre produce una luz de color naranja rojizo."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunio","summary":"El neptunio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en instrumentos de detección de neutrones y estudiado por su papel en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Neptuno, que se encuentra más allá de Urano en el sistema solar, al igual que el neptunio se encuentra más allá del uranio en la tabla periódica; Edwin McMillan y Philip Abelson lo sintetizaron en 1940, continuando la secuencia de denominación planetaria iniciada con el uranio.","interesting_facts":["El neptunio fue el primer elemento transuránico sintetizado en 1940.","Lleva el nombre del planeta Neptuno, continuando la secuencia posterior al uranio (Urano).","El neptunio es un subproducto de los reactores nucleares y se considera un problema de residuos nucleares de larga duración.","Es plateado, radiactivo y uno de los metales actínidos más densos.","El neptunio-237 se puede utilizar para producir plutonio-238 para fuentes de energía de naves espaciales.","Trazas de neptunio se encuentran naturalmente en los minerales de uranio."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Níquel","summary":"El níquel es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en acero inoxidable, baterías y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Abreviatura del alemán 'Kupfernickel' (cobre del diablo o cobre del viejo Nick), una maldición de los mineros para un mineral que parecía cobre pero no producía nada; \"Níquel\" es un apodo alemán para el diablo, derivado del nombre Nicolás.","interesting_facts":["El níquel lleva el nombre de un término minero alemán que significa \"cobre del viejo Nick\", porque su mineral parecía cobre pero no producía nada.","Es altamente resistente a la corrosión y se utiliza para galvanizar otros metales como protección.","El acero inoxidable suele contener níquel, lo que mejora su solidez y resistencia a la oxidación.","A pesar del nombre, las monedas modernas de \"níquel\" estadounidenses son en su mayoría de cobre, con solo un 25% de níquel.","Se cree que el núcleo de la Tierra es en gran parte una aleación de hierro y níquel, y muchos meteoritos son ricos en níquel.","El níquel es uno de los pocos elementos magnéticos a temperatura ambiente."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonio","summary":"El nihonio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a 'Nihon' (日本), la palabra japonesa para Japón, que significa 'tierra del sol naciente'; Los científicos de RIKEN en Japón confirmaron su síntesis en 2004 y eligieron el nombre en honor al primer elemento descubierto en Asia, y la IUPAC lo reconoció oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium lleva el nombre de Japón ('Nihon'), el primer elemento descubierto en un país asiático.","Fue sintetizado en el laboratorio RIKEN en Japón, confirmado alrededor de 2004.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de nihonio se desintegran a los pocos segundos de ser creados.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del talio en el grupo 13.","Su descubrimiento dio a Japón el honor de nombrar por primera vez un nuevo elemento."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobio","summary":"El niobio es un metal blando y dúctil que se utiliza principalmente en aleaciones, particularmente en la producción de acero, para mejorar la resistencia.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Heinrich Rose le dio el nombre de Niobe, la hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, en 1844, porque el niobio casi siempre se encuentra junto al tantalio y los dos elementos eran inicialmente tan difíciles de distinguir que la pareja mitológica de padre e hijo parecía apropiada.","interesting_facts":["El niobio lleva el nombre de Niobe, hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, lo que refleja su estrecho vínculo con el tantalio.","Se convierte en superconductor cuando está frío y se utiliza en los imanes de máquinas de resonancia magnética y aceleradores de partículas.","Las aleaciones de niobio se pueden anodizar para producir un arco iris de colores, popular en joyería.","Pequeñas cantidades de niobio hacen que el acero sea mucho más resistente y se utiliza en tuberías y estructuras de coches.","Alguna vez se llamó columbium en los Estados Unidos y el nombre persistió hasta el siglo XX.","El niobio es hipoalergénico, por lo que se utiliza para perforaciones corporales e implantes médicos."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrógeno","summary":"El nitrógeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 78% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"nitron\" (nitro/salitre) y \"genes\" (formador), que significa \"formador de nitro\", acuñado por Jean-Antoine Chaptal en 1790 porque tanto el salitre como el ácido nítrico contienen nitrógeno.","interesting_facts":["El nitrógeno constituye aproximadamente el 78% del aire que respiramos, pero es tan poco reactivo que en su mayor parte lo exhalamos sin utilizar.","El nitrógeno líquido hierve a -196 °C y se utiliza para congelar alimentos, conservar muestras biológicas y crear espectaculares efectos de niebla.","El triple enlace que mantiene unidos dos átomos de nitrógeno es uno de los enlaces químicos más fuertes que se conocen, lo que hace que el gas nitrógeno sea muy estable.","El proceso Haber-Bosch, que convierte el nitrógeno atmosférico en amoníaco para fertilizante, ayuda a alimentar aproximadamente a la mitad de la población mundial.","El nitrógeno es un ingrediente clave en explosivos como el TNT y la nitroglicerina porque sus enlaces liberan una enorme energía cuando se rompen.","Las bacterias en las raíces de las leguminosas \"fijan\" el nitrógeno del aire en una forma que las plantas puedan utilizar, enriqueciendo naturalmente el suelo."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelio","summary":"El Nobelio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones significativas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, el químico sueco que inventó la dinamita y fundó los Premios Nobel; El nombre fue propuesto en 1957 cuando un equipo de Estocolmo afirmó inicialmente el descubrimiento, y se mantuvo cuando el descubrimiento confirmado se atribuyó a los laboratorios de Dubna y Berkeley.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, fundador de los Premios Nobel.","Sólo puede producirse átomo a átomo en aceleradores de partículas.","Inusualmente para un actínido, el nobelio es más estable en el estado de oxidación +2.","Su descubrimiento a finales de la década de 1950 fue disputado durante años entre laboratorios competidores.","Todos los isótopos de nobelio son radiactivos y de vida corta.","Existe solo en entornos de investigación y no tiene aplicaciones prácticas."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesón","summary":"Oganesson es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente gaseoso o metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Yuri Oganessian, el físico nuclear ruso-armenio que fue pionero en la síntesis de elementos superpesados ​​y dirigió el equipo en JINR Dubna que creó oganesson en 2002; es uno de los dos únicos elementos que llevan el nombre de una persona viva, lo que refleja el extraordinario alcance de sus contribuciones al campo.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson es el elemento más pesado conocido, con número atómico 118.","Lleva el nombre del físico Yuri Oganessian, uno de los pocos elementos que lleva el nombre de una persona viva.","Aunque se encuentra en la columna de gases nobles, se prevé que el oganesson sea sólido y posiblemente reactivo, a diferencia de otros gases nobles.","Sólo se han creado unos pocos átomos y cada uno de ellos sobrevive menos de un milisegundo.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2002 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense en Dubna.","Oganesson completa la séptima fila de la tabla periódica."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmio","summary":"El osmio es un metal denso, de color blanco azulado, conocido por su dureza y utilizado en puntas de plumas estilográficas, contactos eléctricos y pivotes de instrumentos.","appearance":"Blanco azulado, metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'osmē' (ὀσμή), que significa 'olor' u 'olor'; Smithson Tennant acuñó el nombre en 1803 porque el tetróxido de osmio, que se forma cuando el metal se expone al aire, tiene un olor tóxico fuerte y distintivo.","interesting_facts":["El osmio es el elemento natural más denso, casi el doble que el plomo.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"osme\", que significa olor, porque su óxido tiene un olor penetrante y tóxico.","El osmio es extremadamente duro y se utilizó en las primeras agujas de fonógrafo y puntas de plumas estilográficas.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y tiene un aspecto plateado azulado.","El tetróxido de osmio se utiliza para teñir tejido biológico para microscopía electrónica.","Es uno de los elementos más raros de la corteza terrestre."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxígeno","summary":"El oxígeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro esencial para la respiración en la mayoría de los organismos vivos.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'oxys' (agrio o ácido) y 'genes' (formador), que significa 'formador de ácido', nombrado por Lavoisier en 1777 basándose en la creencia entonces sostenida de que el oxígeno es una parte esencial de todos los ácidos.","interesting_facts":["El oxígeno constituye aproximadamente el 21% de la atmósfera de la Tierra y es el elemento más abundante en masa en la corteza del planeta.","La mayor parte del oxígeno que respiramos se produce mediante la fotosíntesis, y una gran parte proviene del fitoplancton oceánico.","El oxígeno líquido y sólido son de color azul pálido y son magnéticos, siendo atraídos por un imán.","El ozono, una molécula de tres átomos de oxígeno, forma una capa protectora en la estratosfera que absorbe la dañina radiación ultravioleta.","El oxígeno fue descubierto de forma independiente en la década de 1770 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele y Joseph Priestley, y Antoine Lavoisier lo nombró.","Aunque es vital para la vida, el oxígeno también es muy reactivo e impulsa la oxidación del hierro y la quema de combustibles."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Paladio","summary":"El paladio es un metal precioso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, electrónica y almacenamiento de hidrógeno.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto en 1802 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de Palas Atenea; William Hyde Wollaston acuñó el nombre en 1803, siguiendo la moda contemporánea de nombrar nuevos elementos en honor a cuerpos celestes recientemente descubiertos.","interesting_facts":["Paladio lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto justo antes que el metal en 1803.","Su uso principal es en convertidores catalíticos, donde ayuda a convertir los gases de escape tóxicos en inofensivos.","El paladio puede absorber hasta 900 veces su propio volumen de gas hidrógeno, como una esponja metálica.","Es un metal precioso del grupo del platino y se utiliza en oro blanco, joyería fina y aleaciones dentales.","El paladio es esencial para muchos productos electrónicos, incluidos los pequeños condensadores que se encuentran dentro de los teléfonos y ordenadores.","Desempeñó un papel central en los famosos y luego desacreditados experimentos de \"fusión fría\" de 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fósforo","summary":"El fósforo es un elemento esencial y altamente reactivo en moléculas biológicas como el ADN y el ATP.","appearance":"El color varía (formas blancas, rojas o negras)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'phosforos' (portador de luz, de 'phos' = luz y 'phoros' = portador), porque el fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad al oxidarse; el nombre fue aplicado por Hennig Brand cuando lo descubrió en 1669.","interesting_facts":["El fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad cuando reacciona con el oxígeno, un fenómeno que dio su nombre a la \"fosforescencia\".","Fue el primer elemento descubierto por un descubridor conocido, aislado por Hennig Brand en 1669 a partir de orina hervida.","El fósforo existe en formas sorprendentemente diferentes: el fósforo blanco es peligrosamente inflamable, mientras que el fósforo rojo es estable y se usa en tiras de cajas de cerillas.","Cada célula utiliza fósforo en el ADN, el ARN y el ATP, la molécula que almacena y transfiere energía en los seres vivos.","Alrededor del 85% de la roca de fosfato extraída se convierte en fertilizante, lo que hace que el fósforo sea fundamental para la producción mundial de alimentos.","Sus huesos y dientes se fortalecen con fosfato de calcio, por lo que gran parte del fósforo de su cuerpo se almacena en su esqueleto."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platino","summary":"El platino es un metal denso, maleable y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, joyería y electrónica.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del español 'platina', un diminutivo de 'plata' (plata), que significa 'pequeña plata'; Los exploradores españoles en América del Sur en el siglo XVI utilizaron este término despectivo para el metal pálido, parecido a la plata, que encontraron mezclado en depósitos de oro pero que no podían trabajar fácilmente.","interesting_facts":["El platino es tan resistente a la corrosión que nunca se empaña, ni siquiera a altas temperaturas.","Es un catalizador clave en los convertidores catalíticos y ayuda a limpiar los gases de escape de los vehículos.","El platino es más denso que el oro y es muy apreciado para la joyería fina y los anillos de boda.","Algunos compuestos de platino, como el cisplatino, son potentes fármacos de quimioterapia.","Sudáfrica produce la mayor parte del platino del mundo.","Su nombre proviene del español \"platina\", que significa \"pequeña plata\", un nombre que los primeros mineros le dieron con desdén."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonio","summary":"El plutonio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en reactores nucleares, armas nucleares y como fuente de energía para naves espaciales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña cuando se expone al aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Plutón (entonces considerado el noveno planeta), que se encuentra más allá de Neptuno, al igual que el plutonio se encuentra más allá del neptunio; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1942, señalando que se consideró la forma alternativa 'plutium', pero se rechazó en favor de la terminación más clásica '-onium'.","interesting_facts":["El plutonio es famoso por su uso en armas y reactores nucleares.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Plutón, después del neptunio y el uranio.","El plutonio-238 impulsa naves espaciales como las sondas Voyager y el rover Curiosity con su calor constante.","Un trozo de plutonio está caliente al tacto debido al calor de su propia desintegración radiactiva.","Tiene una química inusual y existe en muchos estados de oxidación coloridos en solución.","El plutonio se expande y contrae dramáticamente entre sus diferentes formas sólidas, lo que hace que sea difícil de mecanizar."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonio","summary":"El polonio es un metal altamente radiactivo utilizado en dispositivos antiestáticos y como fuente de calor en aplicaciones espaciales.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Polonia (latín: Polonia), la patria de Marie Curie, quien la descubrió junto con Pierre Curie en 1898; Curie eligió el nombre como tributo a su patria ocupada, luego dividida entre Rusia, Prusia y Austria, con la esperanza de atraer la atención internacional a su causa.","interesting_facts":["El polonio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y recibió su nombre de la tierra natal de Marie, Polonia.","Es intensamente radiactivo, hasta el punto de que un gramo brilla de color azul y emite suficiente calor para mantenerse caliente.","El polonio-210 se utilizó en el famoso envenenamiento de Alexander Litvinenko en 2006.","Se ha utilizado como fuente de calor ligera en sondas espaciales y como dispositivo antiestático.","El polonio es extremadamente raro y se encuentra en minerales de uranio en pequeñas cantidades.","Una mota de polonio puede producir una dosis letal, lo que la convierte en una de las sustancias más tóxicas que se conocen."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Potasio","summary":"El potasio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas y crucial en los procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés deriva de 'potash' (ceniza de madera lixiviada en macetas, una de las primeras fuentes del elemento), mientras que el símbolo K proviene del latín 'kalium', en última instancia del árabe 'al-qali' (las cenizas de plantas alcalinas utilizadas en la fabricación de jabón).","interesting_facts":["El potasio es tan reactivo que estalla en una llama lila cuando entra en contacto con el agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y lo suficientemente ligero como para flotar en el agua mientras reacciona.","Los iones de potasio son esenciales para las señales nerviosas y los latidos del corazón, y los plátanos son una fuente dietética muy conocida.","Su símbolo químico K proviene de 'kalium', la forma latinizada de la palabra árabe para cenizas vegetales.","El potasio fue el primer metal aislado por electrólisis, por Humphry Davy en 1807.","El isótopo radiactivo potasio-40 en tu cuerpo te vuelve ligeramente radiactivo durante toda tu vida."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodimio","summary":"El praseodimio es un metal plateado blando que se utiliza en imanes, colorantes de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'prasios' (verde puerro) y 'didymos' (gemelo), nombrado así por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando dividió el didimio en dos elementos: praseodimio, el gemelo verde-salado, y neodimio, el nuevo gemelo.","interesting_facts":["El nombre praseodimio significa \"gemelo verde\", por el color verde de sus sales.","Se utiliza en gafas especiales que protegen a los soldadores y sopladores de vidrio del deslumbramiento intenso y de la luz infrarroja.","Mezclado con neodimio, forma potentes imanes utilizados en motores y auriculares.","El praseodimio da un color amarillo puro a los esmaltes de vidrio y cerámica.","Se separó de una sustancia llamada \"didimio\" en 1885, que resultó ser dos elementos.","Las fibras dopadas con praseodimio pueden amplificar las señales luminosas en algunos sistemas ópticos."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Prometio","summary":"El prometio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en pinturas luminosas, baterías atómicas e investigaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán de la mitología griega que robó el fuego a los dioses y se lo dio a la humanidad; Oportunamente, el prometio se obtuvo por primera vez en 1945 a partir de productos de fisión de uranio en un reactor nuclear.","interesting_facts":["El prometio es el único elemento de tierras raras que no tiene isótopos estables; es radiactivo y esencialmente ausente en la naturaleza.","Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán griego que robó el fuego a los dioses.","El prometio se ha utilizado en pintura luminosa y en pequeñas baterías atómicas para marcapasos y naves espaciales.","Su existencia llenó un vacío de larga data en el elemento 61 de la tabla periódica, confirmado en 1945.","El prometio brillante puede producir una tenue luz azul verdosa a partir de su propia radiación.","Se cree que en cualquier momento solo existen unos 500 gramos de prometio en toda la corteza terrestre."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinio","summary":"El protactinio es un metal denso de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas debido a su escasez y radiactividad.","appearance":"Metálico plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'protos' (πρῶτος), que significa 'primero', combinado con 'actinio', dando como resultado 'padre de actinio'; el nombre refleja que el protactinio-231 se desintegra en actinio-227; Kasper Fajans lo llamó por primera vez \"brevium\" en 1913, pero se adoptó \"protactinio\" cuando se identificó el isótopo de vida más larga.","interesting_facts":["El protactinio es uno de los elementos naturales más raros y caros.","Su nombre significa \"padre del actinio\", porque se descompone en actinio.","Es altamente radiactivo y tóxico, por lo que requiere un manejo cuidadoso.","El protactinio fue identificado por primera vez en 1913 y aislado en 1934.","La proporción de protactinio y torio en los sedimentos oceánicos ayuda a los científicos a estudiar el clima pasado y la circulación oceánica.","Tiene pocos usos fuera de la investigación científica debido a su escasez y radiactividad."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radio","summary":"El radio es un metal altamente radiactivo que alguna vez se usó en pinturas luminosas y ahora se estudia principalmente por sus propiedades radiactivas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Llamado así del latín \"radius\", que significa \"rayo\" o \"haz\", por Marie y Pierre Curie, quienes lo descubrieron en 1898; el nombre hace referencia a la intensa radiación que emite el elemento, que observaron como un fenómeno nuevo y notable al aislarlo de la pechblenda.","interesting_facts":["El radio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y brilla con una tenue luz azul en la oscuridad.","Una vez se añadió a las esferas de los relojes que brillan en la oscuridad, envenenando trágicamente a las 'Radium Girls' que las pintaron.","Los productos de principios del siglo XX comercializaban radio en pasta de dientes, agua y cosméticos antes de que se comprendieran sus peligros.","El radio es aproximadamente un millón de veces más radiactivo que la misma cantidad de uranio.","Históricamente se utilizó en radioterapia contra el cáncer antes de que lo reemplazaran fuentes más seguras.","Los cuadernos de notas de Marie Curie siguen siendo tan radiactivos que se guardan en cajas revestidas de plomo."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radón","summary":"El radón es un gas noble radiactivo utilizado en radioterapia y como trazador en investigaciones geológicas.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a \"radio\", el elemento a partir del cual se produce mediante desintegración radiactiva, combinado con el sufijo \"-on\" utilizado para los gases nobles; Friedrich Dorn lo detectó por primera vez en 1900 como un gas que emanaba del radio y se denominó \"emanación de radio\" antes de que se estandarizara el nombre \"radón\".","interesting_facts":["El radón es un gas noble radiactivo producido por la desintegración del uranio en el suelo y las rocas.","Es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón entre los no fumadores y se filtra de forma invisible en los sótanos.","El radón es incoloro, inodoro e insípido, por lo que solo puede detectarse con instrumentos especiales.","Es el gas más denso en condiciones normales y uno de los gases más pesados ​​que se conocen.","El radón alguna vez se usó en algunos de los primeros tratamientos médicos de radiación.","Los kits de prueba caseros están ampliamente disponibles porque los niveles de radón se pueden reducir con una ventilación adecuada."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renio","summary":"El renio es un metal denso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en motores a reacción, filamentos y catalizadores.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre del río Rin (latín: Rhenus), que atraviesa Alemania; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke y Otto Berg eligieron el nombre en 1925 cuando descubrieron el elemento, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos según las características geográficas de la tierra natal de los descubridores.","interesting_facts":["El renio fue uno de los últimos elementos estables descubiertos en 1925.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión y ebullición más altos de todos los elementos.","Las superaleaciones de renio permiten que las palas de las turbinas de los motores a reacción y de cohetes funcionen más calientes y de manera más eficiente.","Lleva el nombre del río Rin en Alemania.","El renio es extremadamente raro y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del cobre y el molibdeno.","Se utiliza como catalizador para producir gasolina sin plomo de alto octanaje."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodio","summary":"El rodio es un metal raro, de color blanco plateado, conocido por su alta reflectancia y su uso en convertidores catalíticos y joyería.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), nombrado así por William Hyde Wollaston en 1804 porque las soluciones de sales de rodio son característicamente de color rojo rosado.","interesting_facts":["El rodio es uno de los metales preciosos más raros y valiosos y, a menudo, cuesta mucho más que el oro.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), por el color rojo rosa de sus sales.","La mayor parte del rodio se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos para limpiar los gases nocivos de los gases de escape de los coches.","Proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y reflectante y se utiliza para enchapar joyas y espejos de oro blanco.","El rodio es muy resistente a la corrosión y no se empaña con el aire.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del platino y el níquel."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenio","summary":"El roentgenio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, el físico alemán que descubrió los rayos X en 1895 y recibió el primer Premio Nobel de Física en 1901; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1994, propuso el nombre en 2004 y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente ese mismo año.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, el descubridor de los rayos X.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1994 en Alemania mediante la fusión de núcleos de níquel y bismuto.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido solo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Se predice que el roentgenio se ubicará debajo del oro en la tabla periódica y puede compartir parte de su química.","Sus átomos se desintegran a los pocos segundos de formarse.","No tiene aplicaciones más allá de la investigación fundamental."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidio","summary":"El rubidio es un elemento metálico blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en electrónica, investigación y relojes atómicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso o rojo oscuro), nombrado por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1861 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color rojo intenso que utilizaron para identificarlo mediante la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El rubidio se enciende espontáneamente en el aire y reacciona violentamente con el agua.","Su nombre proviene del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso) por las líneas rojas en su espectro de emisión.","El rubidio fue descubierto en 1861 por Bunsen y Kirchhoff utilizando la nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","Se derrite justo por encima de la temperatura corporal, a unos 39 °C.","Los átomos de rubidio se utilizan en algunos de los relojes atómicos más precisos del mundo.","Los científicos utilizaron rubidio para crear el primer condensado de Bose-Einstein, un nuevo y extraño estado de la materia, en 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenio","summary":"El rutenio es un metal de transición poco común que se utiliza en contactos eléctricos, resistencias de película gruesa y como catalizador.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia (la tierra del pueblo ruso), por Karl Ernst Claus en 1844, quien hizo el descubrimiento mientras trabajaba en Kazán, en el Imperio Ruso.","interesting_facts":["El rutenio lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia, donde fue descubierto en 1844.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y es extremadamente duro y quebradizo.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de rutenio mejora enormemente la dureza y la resistencia al desgaste de las aleaciones de platino y paladio.","El rutenio se utiliza en contactos eléctricos y resistencias de chip dentro de la electrónica.","Actúa como un catalizador versátil, incluso en procesos para producir amoníaco y limpiar contaminantes.","Se están investigando compuestos de rutenio como colorantes absorbentes de luz para células solares."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordio","summary":"El ruterfordio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Rutherford, el físico nacido en Nueva Zelanda que descubrió el núcleo atómico y es considerado el padre de la física nuclear; El nombre fue propuesto por investigadores estadounidenses en Lawrence Berkeley y adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997 tras una disputa de nombres de la Guerra Fría con científicos soviéticos.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordio lleva el nombre del físico Ernest Rutherford, padre de la física nuclear.","Es el primero de los elementos transactínidos (superpesados).","El ruterfordio se produce rompiendo núcleos atómicos más ligeros en aceleradores.","Su descubrimiento fue objeto de una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría entre científicos estadounidenses y soviéticos.","Sólo se pueden crear unos pocos átomos a la vez y se desintegran en segundos.","Se espera que se comporte químicamente como el hafnio, en el grupo 4 de la tabla periódica."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samario","summary":"El samario es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y como absorbente de neutrones en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la samarskita, el mineral en el que fue identificada por primera vez por Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1879; La samarskita lleva el nombre del coronel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un funcionario minero ruso, lo que convierte al samario en el primer elemento que lleva el nombre (indirectamente) de una persona real.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de samario-cobalto mantienen su fuerza a altas temperaturas y se utilizan en aviones y equipos militares.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona, a través del mineral samarskita (en honor al funcionario minero Samarsky).","El samario absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Se utiliza un compuesto de samario radiactivo para aliviar el dolor causado por el cáncer que se ha extendido a los huesos.","El samario se utiliza como catalizador en química y para fabricar ciertos tipos de vidrio y láseres.","Es moderadamente duro y se oxida lentamente en el aire, formando una capa amarillenta."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Escandio","summary":"El escandio es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en componentes aeroespaciales y aleaciones de alto rendimiento.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Escandinavia (del latín 'Scandia'), la región donde Lars Fredrik Nilson la descubrió en 1879 en los minerales euxenita y gadolinita de Escandinavia.","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo la existencia y las propiedades del escandio en 1869 como \"eka-boro\" antes de que fuera descubierto en 1879.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de escandio al aluminio crea una aleación resistente y ligera que se usa en cuadros de bicicletas de alta gama y piezas aeroespaciales.","Lleva el nombre de Escandinavia, donde se extrajo el mineral que se encontró por primera vez.","En algunos aviones de combate MiG soviéticos se utilizaron aleaciones de escandio y aluminio.","A pesar de ser bastante común en la corteza terrestre, el escandio es difícil de extraer y rara vez se concentra en los minerales, lo que lo hace costoso.","Se añade yoduro de escandio a algunas lámparas de halogenuros metálicos para producir una luz que imita la luz solar natural."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgio","summary":"El seaborgio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Glenn T. Seaborg, el químico estadounidense que co-descubrió diez elementos transuránicos; fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona viva, propuesto por Lawrence Berkeley en 1994, aunque la IUPAC inicialmente se opuso antes de aprobar oficialmente el nombre en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgio lleva el nombre del químico Glenn T. Seaborg, quien ayudó a descubrir muchos elementos transuránicos.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona que todavía estaba viva en ese momento.","El seaborgio es un elemento superpesado sintético fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Sus átomos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, por lo que solo se han estudiado unos pocos.","Los experimentos químicos sugieren que se comporta como el tungsteno, en el grupo 6 de la tabla periódica.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1974 rompiendo iones de oxígeno en californio."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenio","summary":"El selenio es un no metal con propiedades similares al azufre y al telurio, utilizado en electrónica, fabricación de vidrio y como complemento nutricional.","appearance":"Formas negras, rojas y grises.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'selene' (luna), nombrada por Jöns Jacob Berzelius en 1817 como compañera del telurio (del latín 'tellus', la Tierra), ya que ambos elementos son químicamente similares y se encontraron juntos en los mismos depósitos minerales.","interesting_facts":["El selenio lleva el nombre de Selene, la diosa griega de la Luna.","Su conductividad eléctrica cambia con la luz, una propiedad utilizada en las primeras fotocopiadoras y fotómetros.","El selenio es un oligoelemento esencial que apoya las enzimas antioxidantes, pero es tóxico en dosis mayores.","Le da al vidrio un color rojo y también se usa para quitar el tinte verde del vidrio.","Las nueces de Brasil son excepcionalmente ricas en selenio.","El selenio se presenta en varias formas, incluido un polvo rojo y una forma metálica gris que conduce la electricidad."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicio","summary":"El silicio es un sólido cristalino duro y quebradizo y un componente clave en semiconductores y chips de ordenador.","appearance":"Sólido cristalino gris","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'silex' o 'silicis' (pedernal o piedra dura), porque el silicio se encuentra abundantemente en las rocas de sílex y silicatos; El nombre \"silicio\" fue propuesto por Thomas Thomson en 1817.","interesting_facts":["El silicio es el segundo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre después del oxígeno, en su mayor parte encerrado en arena y rocas en forma de sílice.","Los cristales de silicio ultrapuro son la base de los chips de ordenador, de ahí el nombre de Silicon Valley.","El silicio es un semiconductor metaloide que conduce la electricidad mejor que los aislantes, pero peor que los metales.","El cuarzo, el ópalo y la mayor parte de la arena son compuestos de silicio, y el vidrio se fabrica principalmente fundiendo sílice.","Los paneles solares dependen del silicio para convertir la luz solar directamente en electricidad.","A pesar de la similitud de su nombre, el silicio (el elemento) es diferente de la silicona, el polímero gomoso flexible que lo contiene."]},"Silver":{"name":"Plata","summary":"La plata es un metal suave, blanco y brillante con la mayor conductividad eléctrica y térmica de cualquier elemento, utilizado en joyería, electrónica y espejos.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"silver\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"seolfor\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"silubra\", de origen incierto; El símbolo Ag y el nombre del país Argentina derivan del latín 'argentum' (plata), vinculado al brillo blanco brillante del elemento.","interesting_facts":["La plata es el mejor conductor eléctrico y térmico de todos los elementos.","Tiene propiedades antibacterianas naturales y se usaba para mantener limpias las heridas y el agua mucho antes de la medicina moderna.","La plata es el metal más reflectante, por lo que se utilizaba tradicionalmente para respaldar los espejos.","La película fotográfica se basaba en compuestos de plata sensibles a la luz para capturar imágenes.","Su símbolo químico Ag proviene de la palabra latina 'argentum', y el país Argentina lleva su nombre.","La plata se vuelve negra cuando reacciona con pequeñas cantidades de compuestos de azufre en el aire."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodio","summary":"El sodio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, muy reactivo y un elemento esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Metal blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene de 'soda' (latín medieval 'sodanum', un remedio para el dolor de cabeza), mientras que el símbolo Na deriva del latín 'natrium', a su vez del árabe/egipcio 'natrun', la palabra para natron, un mineral de carbonato de sodio natural.","interesting_facts":["El sodio es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo aceite, burbujea y puede encenderse cuando se deja caer en agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo, revelando una superficie plateada brillante que rápidamente se opaca con el aire.","Las lámparas de vapor de sodio producen el distintivo brillo amarillo anaranjado que alguna vez fue común en el alumbrado público.","La sal de mesa común es cloruro de sodio y el sodio es esencial para los impulsos nerviosos y el equilibrio de líquidos en el cuerpo.","El sodio arde con una llama de color amarillo brillante, propiedad que se utiliza en las pruebas de llama para identificarlo.","El símbolo químico Na proviene de la palabra latina \"natrium\", en referencia a un compuesto de refresco natural."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Estroncio","summary":"El estroncio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fuegos artificiales, cerámica y aplicaciones radiológicas.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Strontian, un pueblo en Argyllshire, Escocia, donde el mineral estrontianita (carbonato de estroncio) se descubrió por primera vez en minas de plomo locales alrededor de 1790.","interesting_facts":["Las sales de estroncio producen el color rojo brillante en los fuegos artificiales y bengalas de emergencia.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo escocés de Strontian, donde se encontró por primera vez su mineral.","El isótopo radiactivo estroncio-90 procedente de la lluvia radiactiva puede alojarse en los huesos porque imita el calcio.","El estroncio se utiliza en algunas pastas dentales para reducir la sensibilidad dental.","El aluminato de estroncio brilla en la oscuridad durante horas y se utiliza en pinturas luminosas modernas.","Al igual que el calcio, el estroncio reacciona con el agua y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Azufre","summary":"El azufre es un elemento amarillo no metálico que se encuentra comúnmente en áreas volcánicas y es esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Cristales de color amarillo brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'azufre' (azufre), palabra de origen incierto posiblemente vinculada al sánscrito 'sulvere'; El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad como la piedra amarilla y picante que se encuentra alrededor de los volcanes, llamada \"azufre\" en los textos bíblicos.","interesting_facts":["El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad y en la Biblia se lo conoce como \"azufre\", que significa \"piedra ardiente\".","Es famoso por el olor a huevo podrido del sulfuro de hidrógeno, aunque el azufre puro en sí es inodoro.","El azufre arde con una llama azul y produce un gas asfixiante de dióxido de azufre.","La mayor parte del azufre extraído se utiliza para producir ácido sulfúrico, uno de los productos químicos industriales más producidos en el mundo.","Alrededor de los respiraderos volcánicos y las fuentes termales se forman depósitos de azufre de color amarillo brillante.","El azufre es un elemento esencial para la vida y se encuentra en los aminoácidos cisteína y metionina que ayudan a que las proteínas se pleguen."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tántalo","summary":"El tantalio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en electrónica, implantes quirúrgicos y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"azul grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Tántalo, el rey de la mitología griega condenado a permanecer en un charco de agua debajo de árboles frutales que retrocedían cada vez que los alcanzaba; Anders Ekeberg eligió el nombre en 1802 porque el elemento se negaba a absorber ácido, del mismo modo que Tantalus nunca podía satisfacer su sed.","interesting_facts":["Los condensadores de tantalio son pequeños pero almacenan mucha carga y se encuentran en casi todos los teléfonos y ordenadores portátiles.","Lleva el nombre de Tantalus del mito griego, lo que refleja su \"tentadora\" resistencia a la disolución en ácido.","El tantalio es biocompatible y se utiliza en implantes, placas y clavos quirúrgicos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de cualquier metal, más de 3.000 °C.","El tantalio es muy resistente a la corrosión gracias a una resistente capa de óxido.","Gran parte del tantalio del mundo proviene del mineral coltán, lo que genera preocupaciones sobre el abastecimiento ético."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnecio","summary":"El tecnecio es un metal radiactivo de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en imágenes médicas y radiografía industrial.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'technetos' (artificial o creado por el hombre), denominado así por Carlo Perrier y Emilio Segrè en 1937 porque fue el primer elemento producido artificialmente, creado bombardeando molibdeno con deuterones en un ciclotrón.","interesting_facts":["El tecnecio fue el primer elemento creado artificialmente y su nombre proviene del griego y significa \"artificial\".","No tiene isótopos estables, por lo que esencialmente ninguno existe de forma natural en la Tierra.","El tecnecio-99m es el marcador radiactivo más utilizado en imágenes médicas y se utiliza en decenas de millones de exploraciones al año.","Mendeleev predijo que su hueco en la tabla periódica era \"eka-manganeso\".","Se ha detectado tecnecio en los espectros de determinadas estrellas lejanas, lo que demuestra que en ellas todavía se están forjando elementos.","Pequeñas cantidades de tecnecio pueden hacer que el acero sea notablemente resistente a la corrosión."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Teluro","summary":"El telurio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones, semiconductores y dispositivos termoeléctricos.","appearance":"Gris plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'tellus' (la Tierra), nombrado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1798; el nombre se combina deliberadamente con selenio (llamado así por la luna), ya que los dos elementos son químicamente similares y a menudo se encuentran juntos.","interesting_facts":["El telurio lleva el nombre de la palabra latina para Tierra, \"tellus\".","Las personas expuestas incluso a cantidades pequeñas desarrollan \"aliento de telurio\", un potente olor parecido al del ajo que puede durar semanas.","Es un metaloide raro, tan escaso en la corteza terrestre como el platino.","El telururo de cadmio se utiliza para fabricar paneles solares de película delgada.","El telurio mejora la maquinabilidad del acero y las aleaciones de cobre.","Se utiliza en discos ópticos regrabables porque puede cambiar entre estados vítreos y cristalinos."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Teneso","summary":"La tennessina es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico o metaloide","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, sede del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge (que produjo el objetivo esencial de berkelio), la Universidad de Vanderbilt y la Universidad de Tennessee; Fue sintetizado en 2010 y nombrado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 2016, con el sufijo 'ine' reflejando su posición en el grupo halógeno 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, hogar del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge.","Es el segundo elemento más pesado conocido y fue confirmado en 2010.","Su nombre termina en '-ine' porque se encuentra en la columna de halógenos, grupo 17.","Para crearlo se requirió un berkelio poco común producido en Oak Ridge, bombardeado con iones de calcio.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de tennessina.","Sus átomos se desintegran en una fracción de segundo."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbio","summary":"El terbio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en fósforos para iluminación verde, láseres y dispositivos magnetoópticos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla sueca de Resarö, donde originalmente se recolectaba el mineral gadolinita; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"terbio\" es una reordenación silábica de \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["El terbio proporciona el color verde en muchos fósforos utilizados en iluminación y pantallas antiguas.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, uno de los cuatro elementos que honran a esa única ciudad.","Las aleaciones de terbio cambian de forma en un campo magnético y se utilizan en sensores y sistemas de sonar.","Brilla con un color verde brillante bajo luz ultravioleta y se utiliza en tintas de seguridad.","El terbio es un metal de tierras raras, blando y plateado, que se puede cortar con un cuchillo.","Se utiliza en dispositivos de estado sólido y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Talio","summary":"El talio es un metal gris blando que se utiliza en electrónica, sistemas ópticos y algunas aplicaciones médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'thallos' (θαλλός), que significa 'brote verde' o 'ramita verde'; William Crookes lo nombró en 1861 por la distintiva línea espectral de color verde brillante que vio al analizar residuos de ácido selenio utilizando la técnica recientemente desarrollada de espectroscopia de llama.","interesting_facts":["El talio fue alguna vez un veneno favorito, inodoro e insípido, lo que le valió el sobrenombre de \"veneno del envenenador\".","Su nombre proviene del griego 'thallos', un brote verde, por la línea verde brillante de su espectro.","El envenenamiento por talio provoca la caída del cabello, lo que a veces ayuda a los médicos a diagnosticarlo.","En las pruebas de esfuerzo por imágenes del corazón se utiliza un isótopo radiactivo de talio.","Los compuestos de talio se utilizan en óptica y electrónica infrarroja especializada.","Fue descubierto en 1861 utilizando el nuevo método de espectroscopia de llama."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Torio","summary":"El torio es un metal débilmente radiactivo que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, aleaciones y mantos de gas.","appearance":"Plateado, a menudo con deslustre negro.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno, por el químico sueco Jöns Jacob Berzelius, quien lo descubrió en 1828; Berzelius lo encontró en un mineral noruego al que llamó torita y nombró al nuevo elemento en honor a la deidad, siguiendo una tradición de honrar a figuras mitológicas.","interesting_facts":["El torio lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno.","Se está investigando como combustible nuclear más seguro y abundante que el uranio.","El torio es entre tres y cuatro veces más abundante en la corteza que el uranio.","Los mantos de gas toriado brillaban intensamente y se utilizaron en linternas durante más de un siglo.","Alguna vez se agregó a lentes de cámaras de alta calidad, que pueden amarillear ligeramente con el tiempo debido a la radiación.","Casi todo el torio es el isótopo de larga vida torio-232, con una vida media más larga que la edad del universo."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulio","summary":"El tulio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en dispositivos portátiles de rayos X, láseres y algunas aplicaciones nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thule, el antiguo nombre griego y romano de una tierra mítica en el extremo norte del mundo conocido, a menudo identificada con Escandinavia o Islandia; Per Teodor Cleve eligió el nombre en 1879 para honrar los orígenes escandinavos del elemento.","interesting_facts":["El tulio es el elemento estable de tierras raras más raro y uno de los más caros.","Lleva el nombre de Thule, una tierra mítica en el extremo norte.","El tulio-170 radiactivo se utiliza en dispositivos de rayos X portátiles que no necesitan electricidad.","El tulio brilla de color azul bajo la luz ultravioleta y se utiliza para marcar los billetes contra la falsificación.","Los láseres de tulio se utilizan en algunos procedimientos quirúrgicos médicos.","A pesar de su rareza, el tulio sigue siendo más abundante en la corteza terrestre que el oro."]},"Tin":{"name":"Estaño","summary":"El estaño es un metal maleable de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en soldaduras, revestimientos y aleaciones como el bronce.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa 'tin' proviene del inglés antiguo 'tin', relacionado con el protogermánico 'tinam', de origen incierto; El símbolo Sn proviene del latín 'stannum', que originalmente se refería a una aleación de plata y plomo antes de aplicarse al estaño.","interesting_facts":["Al mezclar estaño con cobre se obtiene el bronce, la aleación que definió toda una era de la historia de la humanidad.","Cuando se dobla, una barra de estaño emite un crujido llamado \"grito de estaño\" cuando sus cristales se reorganizan.","En condiciones de frío extremo, las latas de hojalata ordinarias se desmoronan hasta convertirse en un polvo gris, un proceso llamado \"plaga del estaño\".","Las latas obtienen su resistencia a la corrosión gracias a una fina capa de estaño sobre el acero.","El estaño tiene más isótopos estables (diez) que cualquier otro elemento.","El peltre y la soldadura son aleaciones comunes a base de estaño que se utilizan desde hace siglos."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanio","summary":"El titanio es un metal resistente y ligero ampliamente utilizado en aleaciones y dispositivos aeroespaciales y médicos.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a los titanes de la mitología griega (poderosas deidades primordiales) que Martin Heinrich Klaproth le dio en 1795, quien quería un nombre libre de asociaciones geográficas o personales.","interesting_facts":["El titanio tiene la relación resistencia-densidad más alta de cualquier elemento metálico, siendo tan fuerte como el acero pero aproximadamente un 45% más ligero.","Es biocompatible, por lo que el organismo no lo rechaza, por lo que es ideal para prótesis de cadera e implantes dentales.","El dióxido de titanio es un pigmento blanco brillante que se utiliza en pinturas, protectores solares e incluso pastas de dientes.","Resiste tan bien la corrosión del agua de mar que se utiliza en piezas de barcos y cascos de submarinos.","El titanio lleva el nombre de los titanes de la mitología griega debido a su gran fuerza.","Aunque es el noveno elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre, el titanio es costoso porque es difícil de extraer de sus minerales."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolframio","summary":"El tungsteno es un metal duro y denso con el punto de fusión más alto de todos los elementos, utilizado en filamentos, herramientas de corte y proyectiles perforantes.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo, brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsteno' proviene de las palabras suecas 'tung' (pesado) y 'sten' (piedra), en referencia al mineral scheelita; El símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\", derivado del mineral wolframita, llamado así porque \"devoraba\" el estaño durante la fundición, evocando a un lobo (en alemán: Wolf Rahm, crema o espuma de lobo).","interesting_facts":["El tungsteno tiene el punto de fusión más alto de todos los metales, aproximadamente 3.422 °C.","Se utilizaba para los filamentos incandescentes de las bombillas incandescentes.","Su nombre proviene del sueco y significa \"piedra pesada\", mientras que su símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\".","El carburo de tungsteno es casi tan duro como el diamante y se utiliza en brocas, sierras y balas perforantes.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, aproximadamente de la misma densidad que el oro.","El tungsteno es esencial para algunas enzimas de ciertos microbios amantes del calor, el elemento más pesado que se sabe que utiliza la vida."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranio","summary":"El uranio es un metal denso y radiactivo que se utiliza como combustible en reactores nucleares y armas nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, que había sido descubierto apenas ocho años antes por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789; Siguió la tradición de nombrar elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes, del mismo modo que el telurio (el elemento anterior) había recibido el nombre de la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El uranio es el elemento más pesado que se encuentra en cantidades significativas en la naturaleza.","Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, descubierto apenas ocho años antes.","Un solo kilogramo de uranio-235 puede liberar tanta energía como varios miles de toneladas de carbón.","La radiactividad del uranio fue descubierta por Henri Becquerel en 1896 cuando empañaba placas fotográficas en la oscuridad.","El uranio empobrecido es extremadamente denso y se utiliza en municiones blindadas y perforantes.","El vidrio de uranio, popular en el siglo XIX, brilla de color verde brillante bajo la luz ultravioleta."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadio","summary":"El vanadio es un metal duro de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente para fortalecer aleaciones de acero y otros materiales.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Vanadis, un epíteto nórdico antiguo para la diosa Freyja, elegido por Nils Gabriel Sefström en 1830 porque los compuestos de vanadio forman soluciones multicolores sorprendentemente hermosas.","interesting_facts":["El vanadio lleva el nombre de Vanadis, un nombre de la diosa nórdica Freyja, debido a sus compuestos de hermosos colores.","Sus compuestos aparecen en un arco iris de colores según el estado de oxidación: violeta, azul, verde y amarillo.","Agregar pequeñas cantidades de vanadio al acero lo hace mucho más duro y resistente, y se utiliza en herramientas y piezas de coches.","Henry Ford utilizó acero de vanadio en el Modelo T para hacerlo más ligero y resistente.","Las baterías de flujo redox de vanadio pueden almacenar grandes cantidades de energía para la red eléctrica.","Algunas criaturas marinas llamadas ascidias concentran vanadio en su sangre a niveles mucho más altos que el agua de mar circundante."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenón","summary":"El xenón es un gas noble incoloro, denso e inodoro que se utiliza en iluminación, imágenes médicas y propulsión de naves espaciales.","appearance":"Gas incoloro, emite un brillo azul cuando se excita.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'xenos' (extraño o extranjero), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el xenón aparecía como un elemento completamente desconocido escondido en los residuos tras la evaporación del criptón líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Xenón proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"extraño\", porque era un hallazgo muy raro en el aire.","Produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en faros de coches, flashes de cámaras y lámparas para proyectores de películas.","El xenón se puede utilizar como anestésico potente y seguro, aunque es caro.","A pesar de ser un gas noble, el xenón fue el primero en formar un compuesto químico real, en 1962.","Los propulsores de iones de las naves espaciales utilizan xenón como propulsor, empujando suavemente las sondas a través del sistema solar.","El xenón es lo suficientemente denso como para que puedas hacer flotar un objeto ligero sobre el gas invisible."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Iterbio","summary":"El iterbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en láseres, relojes atómicos y medidores de tensión en materiales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo en la isla de Resarö cerca de Estocolmo, Suecia; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló por primera vez su óxido en 1878 del mineral erbia, y el iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre de ese único pueblo sueco.","interesting_facts":["El iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre del pequeño pueblo sueco de Ytterby.","Los relojes atómicos de iterbio se encuentran entre los cronometradores más precisos jamás construidos.","Su resistencia eléctrica aumenta bruscamente bajo alta presión y se utiliza como medidor de tensión.","Las fibras dopadas con iterbio alimentan láseres industriales de alta energía para cortar y soldar metales.","Es un metal de tierras raras plateado, blando, maleable.","Inusualmente para un lantánido, el iterbio puede adoptar un estado de oxidación estable +2."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Itrio","summary":"El itrio es un elemento metálico plateado que se utiliza en fósforos, superconductores y tecnología LED.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pequeño pueblo en la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se recolectó por primera vez el mineral de gadolinita en 1787; el mismo nombre del pueblo también inspiró los nombres de iterbio, erbio y terbio.","interesting_facts":["El itrio lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, que dio nombre a cuatro elementos diferentes.","Los cristales de itrio, aluminio y granate (YAG) se utilizan para fabricar potentes láseres para la medicina y la industria.","Ayudó a crear los primeros superconductores de alta temperatura que funcionan por encima del punto de ebullición del nitrógeno.","Los compuestos de itrio producían fósforos rojos en las antiguas pantallas de televisión en color.","Se utiliza para fortalecer aleaciones de aluminio y magnesio.","Aunque se le llama tierra rara, el itrio es más abundante en la corteza que la plata o el plomo."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"El zinc es un metal plateado azulado comúnmente utilizado en galvanización, aleaciones y como mineral esencial para procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal plateado azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Zink' (zinc), utilizado por primera vez por Paracelso en el siglo XVI; el origen puede estar relacionado con 'Zinke' (púa o punta), que describe los cristales puntiagudos que se forman durante la fundición, o posiblemente con el 'cantar' persa (piedra).","interesting_facts":["El zinc recubre el acero en un proceso llamado galvanización, sacrificándose para proteger el acero del óxido.","Es esencial para el sistema inmunológico humano y las pastillas de zinc se utilizan para ayudar a combatir los resfriados.","El zinc arde con una llama brillante de color verde azulado y una vez se le llamó \"lana de filósofo\" cuando se recogió su óxido blanco.","El latón, utilizado en instrumentos y accesorios, es una aleación de cobre y zinc.","La mayoría de las monedas modernas de un centavo y muchas otras monedas están hechas principalmente de zinc con una fina capa de cobre.","El óxido de zinc es el ingrediente activo de muchos protectores solares y cremas para la dermatitis del pañal."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Circonio","summary":"El circonio es un metal resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, instrumentos quirúrgicos y materiales cerámicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del árabe 'zarqun' (bermellón o color dorado), derivado del persa 'zargun' (parecido al oro), porque la piedra preciosa circón tiene tonalidades doradas; el nombre fue dado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789.","interesting_facts":["El circonio es muy resistente a la corrosión y apenas absorbe neutrones, lo que lo hace ideal para revestir barras de combustible nuclear.","La circonita cúbica, un compuesto de circonio, es un sustituto popular del diamante en joyería.","La piedra preciosa circón, un silicato de circonio, contiene algunos de los minerales más antiguos conocidos en la Tierra, con más de 4 mil millones de años.","El polvo de circonio es altamente inflamable y alguna vez se usó en flashes.","Es biocompatible y se utiliza en coronas dentales e implantes articulares.","Las cerámicas de dióxido de circonio son lo suficientemente resistentes como para fabricar hojas de cuchillo que rara vez necesitan afilarse."]}},"es":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinio","summary":"El actinio es un metal radiactivo blando y plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigación y como fuente de neutrones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), que significa 'rayo' o ​​'haz'; André-Louis Debierne lo aisló por primera vez en 1899 del mineral de uranio y le puso el nombre de su poderosa radiactividad; da nombre a la serie actínida de elementos pesados.","interesting_facts":["El actinio brilla con una misteriosa luz azul pálida en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'aktis', que significa rayo o viga.","Da nombre a la serie de elementos actínidos.","El actinio-225 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida con partículas alfa contra el cáncer.","Es aproximadamente 150 veces más radiactivo que el radio.","El actinio es extremadamente raro y sólo se encuentra en pequeñas cantidades en los minerales de uranio."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminio","summary":"El aluminio es un metal de color blanco plateado, liviano y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'alumen' (alumbre, compuesto utilizado desde la antigüedad en teñido y curtido); Humphry Davy acuñó \"aluminio\" en 1807 y luego lo revisó a \"aluminio\", mientras que gran parte del mundo adoptó la ortografía \"aluminio\".","interesting_facts":["El aluminio es el metal más abundante en la corteza terrestre, pero alguna vez fue tan difícil de purificar que era más valioso que el oro.","Según se informa, en un banquete de la década de 1880, los invitados más honrados de Francia comieron con cubiertos de aluminio mientras que otros usaban oro.","Es totalmente reciclable y el reciclaje del aluminio utiliza sólo alrededor del 5% de la energía necesaria para fabricarlo a partir de mineral en bruto.","Se forma instantáneamente una fina capa de óxido autorreparable sobre el aluminio, protegiéndolo de la corrosión.","El proceso Hall-Heroult, inventado en 1886, abarató el aluminio mediante el uso de electricidad para extraerlo de la alúmina.","El aluminio es liviano, resistente y no magnético, lo que lo hace ideal para aviones, latas y papel de aluminio."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americio","summary":"El americio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en detectores de humo y como fuente de neutrones para aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña lentamente con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de América, los continentes donde se produjo por primera vez, por Glenn Seaborg en 1944; Seaborg lo nombró por analogía deliberada con europio (el nombre de Europa), ya que el americio ocupa la misma posición en la serie de actínidos que el europio en la serie de lantánidos.","interesting_facts":["El americio se utiliza en pequeñas cantidades en la mayoría de los detectores de humo domésticos.","Lleva el nombre de América, reflejando el nombre del europio en honor a Europa.","El americio se produjo por primera vez durante el Proyecto Manhattan en 1944.","En un detector de humo, el americio emite partículas alfa que ionizan el aire; El humo interrumpe la corriente y activa la alarma.","Brilla débilmente en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Se está estudiando el americio como posible fuente de energía duradera para futuras misiones espaciales."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimonio","summary":"El antimonio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco azulado que se utiliza en retardantes de llama, aleaciones y semiconductores.","appearance":"Plateado, blanco azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene del latín medieval 'antimonium', de origen incierto (posiblemente del árabe 'ithmid' o una frase latina que significa 'no solo', ya que el antimonio rara vez se presenta en forma pura); El símbolo Sb proviene del latín 'stibium', el nombre del mineral de sulfuro negro utilizado como cosmético desde el antiguo Egipto.","interesting_facts":["El antimonio se ha utilizado desde el antiguo Egipto como kohl, un cosmético para los ojos morados.","Es un metaloide que, inusualmente, se expande cuando se congela, lo que lo hace útil para piezas fundidas afiladas y tipos de metal.","Los compuestos de antimonio se utilizan ampliamente como retardantes de llama en plásticos y textiles.","Su símbolo químico Sb proviene del latín 'stibium'.","Los alquimistas medievales utilizaban pastillas de antimonio como laxante reutilizable, las recuperaban y las transmitían como \"píldoras eternas\".","El antimonio se alea con plomo para hacerlo más duro, como en los tipos de impresión antiguos y en las placas de batería."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argón","summary":"El argón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"argón\" (inactivo o inactivo, neutro de \"argos\"), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Lord Rayleigh en 1894 porque el gas es químicamente inerte y extremadamente reacio a reaccionar con cualquier cosa.","interesting_facts":["El argón constituye casi el 1% de la atmósfera terrestre, lo que lo convierte en el gas noble más abundante en el aire.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"perezoso\" porque no reacciona químicamente.","El argón se utiliza para llenar bombillas incandescentes porque no reacciona con el filamento caliente.","Los soldadores utilizan argón como gas protector para evitar que el metal caliente reaccione con el oxígeno del aire.","La mayor parte del argón de la Tierra es argón-40, producido por la desintegración radiactiva del potasio-40 en las rocas.","Las ventanas de doble acristalamiento suelen estar rellenas de argón porque aísla mejor que el aire normal."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsénico","summary":"El arsénico es un metaloide tóxico utilizado históricamente en pesticidas y ahora en semiconductores y producción de vidrio.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'arsenikon' (oropimento amarillo, un mineral de sulfuro de arsénico), posiblemente del persa 'zarnikh' (mineral de arsénico); la palabra también puede conectarse con el griego 'arrhen' (masculino o potente), lo que refleja las poderosas propiedades de los compuestos de arsénico.","interesting_facts":["El arsénico es famoso como el \"veneno de los reyes y el rey de los venenos\", indetectable durante siglos y uno de los favoritos en los asesinatos históricos.","A pesar de su toxicidad, pequeños rastros de arsénico pueden ser un nutriente necesario para algunos animales.","El arseniuro de galio y otros compuestos de arsénico son vitales para los semiconductores y LED modernos.","La contaminación por arsénico de las aguas subterráneas afecta el agua potable de millones de personas en todo el mundo.","Se sublima, pasando directamente de sólido a gas cuando se calienta, con un olor parecido al del ajo.","Los pigmentos verdes que contienen arsénico alguna vez se usaron en el papel tapiz y pueden haber envenenado lentamente los hogares victorianos."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astato","summary":"El astato es un elemento radiactivo poco común que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas y potencialmente en tratamientos contra el cáncer.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'astatos' (ἄστατος), que significa 'inestable'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie y Emilio Segrè lo sintetizaron en 1940 en Berkeley y eligieron el nombre porque todos los isótopos de astato son radiactivos y se desintegran rápidamente, lo que hace que el elemento sea inherentemente inestable.","interesting_facts":["El astato es el elemento natural más raro; En cualquier momento existe menos de un gramo en la corteza terrestre.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"astatos\", que significa \"inestable\".","Nadie ha visto nunca una muestra visible porque se vaporizaría debido a su propia intensa radiactividad.","Es el más pesado de los halógenos y se sintetizó por primera vez en 1940.","Astatine-211 se está estudiando para la terapia dirigida contra el cáncer con partículas alfa.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de sólo unas 8 horas."]},"Barium":{"name":"Bario","summary":"El bario es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fluidos de perforación, pinturas e imágenes médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'barys' (pesado), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1808 porque el sulfato de bario (barita, el mineral común) es inusualmente denso para un mineral no metálico.","interesting_facts":["Los pacientes beben una \"comida de bario\" o un \"trago de bario\" porque el bario bloquea los rayos X, revelando el tracto digestivo.","Los compuestos de bario dan a los fuegos artificiales sus colores verdes brillantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'barys', que significa pesado.","Aunque el metal es tóxico, el sulfato de bario insoluble utilizado en las exploraciones médicas pasa por el cuerpo de forma segura.","El bario es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo petróleo y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza.","El mineral barita (sulfato de bario) se utiliza para pesar los fluidos de perforación en la industria petrolera."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelio","summary":"El berkelio es un metal radiactivo que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1949 en el Laboratorio de Radiación de la Universidad de California; el nombre refleja deliberadamente el terbio, que lleva el nombre de la ciudad sueca de Ytterby: ambos elementos ocupan posiciones coincidentes en las series de lantánidos y actínidos, respectivamente.","interesting_facts":["El berkelio lleva el nombre de Berkeley, California, donde se fabricó por primera vez en 1949.","Es un elemento sintético extremadamente raro, del que sólo se han producido pequeñas cantidades.","Se utilizó berkelio como material objetivo para sintetizar el elemento superpesado tennessine.","Producir una pequeña muestra de berkelio puede llevar muchos meses en un reactor de alto flujo.","Es altamente radiactivo y no tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica.","Berkelium completa un conjunto con terbio, ambos elementos con nombres de ciudades y colocados en posiciones coincidentes."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berilio","summary":"El berilio es un metal duro y grisáceo que se encuentra naturalmente en rocas minerales, carbón, suelo y polvo volcánico.","appearance":"Gris acero","naming_origin_explanation":"La piedra preciosa debe su nombre a berilo, del griego 'beryllos', porque Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin aisló por primera vez el berilio de minerales de berilo y esmeralda en 1798.","interesting_facts":["El berilio es notablemente transparente a los rayos X, por lo que se utiliza para fabricar ventanas para detectores y tubos de rayos X.","Es uno de los metales estructurales más livianos pero tiene una relación rigidez-peso más alta que el acero.","Las piedras preciosas esmeralda y aguamarina son formas del mineral berilo, un silicato de berilio y aluminio.","El polvo de berilio es muy tóxico y puede provocar una enfermedad pulmonar crónica llamada beriliosis.","Los espejos del telescopio espacial James Webb están hechos de berilio recubierto de oro porque mantiene su forma incluso a temperaturas extremadamente frías.","En 1932, James Chadwick descubrió el neutrón bombardeando berilio con partículas alfa."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"El bismuto es un metal frágil y de baja toxicidad, utilizado en cosméticos, procedimientos médicos y aleaciones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado con un tono iridiscente.","naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva del antiguo alemán 'Wismut' o 'Wismuth', posiblemente de 'weiße Masse' (masa blanca) o un término minero de origen incierto; Conocido desde el siglo XV como un metal distinto, a veces confundido con plomo o estaño, y latinizado como \"bisemutum\" antes de convertirse en \"bismuto\" en el uso moderno.","interesting_facts":["El bismuto forma impresionantes cristales de arcoíris iridiscentes con forma de tolva y escalón.","Es el elemento más pesado que, a efectos prácticos, es estable y tiene una vida media casi inimaginable.","El bismuto es el ingrediente principal del Pepto-Bismol, que se utiliza para aliviar el malestar estomacal.","Al igual que el agua, el bismuto se expande cuando se congela.","Se utiliza en aleaciones de bajo punto de fusión para rociadores contra incendios y dispositivos de seguridad.","El bismuto es uno de los pocos metales menos densos en algunas aleaciones y es un sustituto no tóxico del plomo en muchos productos."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrio","summary":"El bohrio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico danés que desarrolló el modelo cuántico del átomo e hizo contribuciones fundamentales para comprender la estructura atómica; GSI Darmstadt, Alemania, lo sintetizó en 1981 y propuso el nombre en su honor, adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium lleva el nombre de Niels Bohr, el físico que modeló la estructura del átomo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido sólo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Bohrium se creó por primera vez en 1981 en Alemania.","Sus isótopos son intensamente radiactivos y se desintegran en segundos o menos.","Los experimentos indican que el bohrio se parece químicamente al renio, en el grupo 7.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación fundamental de los elementos más pesados."]},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"El boro es un elemento metaloide esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, pero que puede resultar tóxico en exceso.","appearance":"Negro-marrón","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al bórax, el mineral del que se aisló por primera vez, y \"bórax\" deriva del árabe \"buraq\" o del persa \"burah\", que significa bórax o salitre.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de boro dan un distintivo color verde brillante a las llamas, lo que los hace útiles en pirotecnia.","El boro es esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas, aunque sólo en pequeñas cantidades; demasiado es tóxico para los cultivos.","El vidrio de borosilicato, elaborado con boro, resiste el choque térmico y se utiliza en utensilios de cocina y cristalería de laboratorio.","El isótopo boro-10 absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que el boro se utiliza en barras de control y blindaje de reactores nucleares.","El bórax, un mineral de boro, se ha utilizado durante miles de años como agente limpiador y fundente para soldar metales.","El boro es un metaloide que comparte propiedades tanto de metales como de no metales y es un mal conductor a temperatura ambiente."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"El bromo es un líquido de color marrón rojizo a temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en retardantes de llama, tratamiento de agua y productos farmacéuticos.","appearance":"Líquido marrón rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"bromos\" (hedor u olor fétido), nombrado así por Antoine Jérôme Balard en 1826 porque el bromo líquido produce un olor profundamente desagradable y sofocante.","interesting_facts":["El bromo es uno de los dos únicos elementos líquidos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el mercurio.","Es un líquido denso, de color marrón rojizo que desprende vapores tóxicos y asfixiantes.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"bromos\", que significa \"hedor\".","Los pueblos antiguos extraían un precioso tinte púrpura, la púrpura de Tiro, de los caracoles marinos utilizando compuestos de bromo.","Los compuestos de bromo se utilizaron ampliamente como retardantes de llama en electrónica y muebles.","La mayor parte del bromo se extrae del agua de mar y de depósitos de salmuera rica en sal."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmio","summary":"El cadmio es un metal blando de color blanco azulado que se utiliza principalmente en baterías, pigmentos y galvanoplastia.","appearance":"Plateado gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cadmia' (calamina, un mineral de carbonato de zinc), en última instancia del griego 'kadmeia' (tierra tebana, llamada así por Cadmo, el mítico fundador de Tebas), ya que el cadmio fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","interesting_facts":["El cadmio produce pigmentos amarillos, naranjas y rojos intensos, apreciados desde hace mucho tiempo por artistas como Monet y Van Gogh.","Es tóxico y se acumula en el cuerpo, provocando la dolorosa enfermedad ósea 'itai-itai' que se observó en Japón en el siglo XX.","Las baterías recargables de níquel-cadmio (NiCd) alguna vez fueron extremadamente comunes.","Los recubrimientos de cadmio protegen el acero de la corrosión, especialmente en piezas de aviones.","Fue descubierto en 1817 como impureza en minerales de zinc.","El cadmio absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en barras de control de reactores nucleares."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcio","summary":"El calcio es un metal gris blando que es esencial para los organismos vivos, particularmente en la fisiología celular y la formación de huesos.","appearance":"Gris opaco, plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'calx' o 'calcis' (cal o piedra caliza), porque Humphry Davy la aisló por primera vez en 1808 mediante electrólisis del óxido de calcio (cal viva), un material que los romanos habían utilizado durante mucho tiempo en la construcción.","interesting_facts":["El calcio es el metal más abundante en el cuerpo humano y alrededor del 99% se almacena en huesos y dientes.","La piedra caliza, la tiza y el mármol son formas de carbonato de calcio.","Es el quinto elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre.","Los iones de calcio actúan como una señal universal dentro de las células, desencadenando todo, desde la contracción muscular hasta la fertilización.","La cal viva (óxido de calcio) brillaba intensamente cuando se calentaba y se utilizaba para iluminar escenarios, lo que nos dio la frase \"en el centro de atención\".","Los arrecifes de coral y las conchas marinas se construyen en gran medida a partir de carbonato de calcio extraído del agua de mar."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californio","summary":"El californio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en fuentes de neutrones, tratamiento del cáncer y análisis de materiales.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla en la oscuridad debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California y de la Universidad de California, donde se sintetizó en 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street y Ghiorso eligieron el nombre sabiendo que se habían quedado sin cuerpos celestes cercanos y decidieron honrar el lugar del descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El californio es una de las sustancias más caras de la Tierra y cuesta millones de dólares el gramo.","Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de California, donde fue descubierto en 1950.","El californio-252 es un potente emisor de neutrones que se utiliza para poner en marcha reactores nucleares y escáneres industriales.","Se utiliza para detectar oro y petróleo mediante análisis de neutrones de rocas.","Un solo microgramo libera una enorme cantidad de neutrones por segundo.","El californio también se utiliza para identificar la fatiga del metal y encontrar puntos débiles en aviones y maquinaria."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbono","summary":"El carbono es un componente fundamental de la vida y se encuentra en todos los compuestos orgánicos conocidos.","appearance":"Varía (el grafito es negro, el diamante es transparente)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'carbo' (carbón o carbón vegetal), lo que refleja que el carbono se conoce desde la antigüedad en forma de carbón vegetal, grafito y diamante.","interesting_facts":["El carbono forma más compuestos que todos los demás elementos combinados y es la base química de toda la vida conocida.","Tanto el diamante como el grafito son carbono puro, pero el diamante es el material natural más duro, mientras que el grafito es lo suficientemente blando como para escribir.","El grafeno, una sola capa de átomos de carbono, es aproximadamente 200 veces más resistente que el acero y conduce la electricidad mejor que el cobre.","La datación por carbono 14 utiliza la desintegración constante de un isótopo de carbono radiactivo para determinar la edad de material que alguna vez estuvo vivo hasta aproximadamente 50.000 años.","Los átomos de carbono forjados dentro de las estrellas se esparcen por el universo cuando esas estrellas explotan, convirtiéndonos literalmente en polvo de estrellas.","El buckminsterfullereno, una molécula con forma de balón de fútbol de 60 átomos de carbono, fue descubierta en 1985 y lleva el nombre del arquitecto Buckminster Fuller."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerio","summary":"El cerio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, pulido de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto en 1801 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de la diosa romana de la agricultura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth y Jöns Jacob Berzelius lo nombraron en 1803, siguiendo la moda de nombrar nuevos elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes.","interesting_facts":["El cerio es el más abundante de todos los elementos de tierras raras, más común que el cobre.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Ceres, descubierto dos años antes.","El cerio es el ingrediente clave que produce chispas en las aleaciones de encendedores y encendedores de \"pedernal\".","El óxido de cerio es el polvo de pulido fino que se utiliza para dar un acabado suave al vidrio y las piedras preciosas.","Se agrega a los convertidores catalíticos para ayudar a almacenar y liberar oxígeno.","El cerio recién cortado puede encenderse espontáneamente en el aire, volviéndolo pirofórico."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesio","summary":"El cesio es un metal blando de color dorado conocido por su uso en relojes atómicos y diversas aplicaciones electrónicas.","appearance":"Plata-oro metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cesius' (azul cielo o azul grisáceo), nombrado así por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color azul brillante que utilizaron para identificar el elemento.","interesting_facts":["El segundo se define oficialmente por las vibraciones de los átomos de cesio, la base de los relojes atómicos.","El cesio es uno de los metales más reactivos y explota violentamente al contacto con el agua.","Se derrite a unos 28 °C, por lo que es líquido en un día cálido.","Tiene un color dorado plateado, uno de los pocos metales que no es plateado ni gris.","El cesio fue el primer elemento descubierto mediante espectroscopia, por Bunsen y Kirchhoff en 1860.","El cesio-137 radiactivo es un producto notable de la fisión nuclear y un motivo de preocupación en los accidentes nucleares."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso altamente reactivo que se utiliza como desinfectante y en diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gas amarillo verdoso","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'cloros' (verde pálido o amarillo verdoso), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1810 para reflejar el distintivo color amarillo verdoso del gas.","interesting_facts":["El cloro es un gas de color amarillo verdoso que se utilizó como arma química en la Primera Guerra Mundial.","Pequeñas cantidades añadidas al agua potable y a las piscinas matan las bacterias y han salvado innumerables vidas de enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.","Combinado con sodio, el cloro forma sal de mesa común, que es esencial para la vida.","Es tan reactivo que blanquea fácilmente los tintes y desinfecta, por lo que se utiliza en la lejía doméstica.","El cloro fue aislado por primera vez en 1774 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele, quien no se dio cuenta de que era un elemento nuevo.","Aunque son tóxicos como gas, los iones de cloruro en el cuerpo son vitales para la digestión y la función nerviosa."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Cromo","summary":"El cromo es un metal duro, brillante y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en acero inoxidable y cromado.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"chroma\" (color), nombrado así por Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin en 1798 porque los compuestos de cromo muestran una amplia gama de colores vivos: rojo en los rubíes, verde en las esmeraldas, naranja en la crocoita.","interesting_facts":["El cromo le da al acero inoxidable su brillo y resistencia a la oxidación, formando una capa protectora invisible de óxido.","Su nombre proviene de la palabra griega 'chroma' que significa color, porque sus compuestos tienen colores vivos.","El cromo es lo que hace que los rubíes sean rojos y las esmeraldas verdes como una impureza en los cristales.","El cromado proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y similar a un espejo a las molduras y herramientas del automóvil.","El cromo es uno de los metales más duros y muy resistente a la corrosión.","Algunos compuestos de cromo son nutrientes esenciales en pequeñas cantidades, mientras que otros (cromo-6) son tóxicos y cancerígenos."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"El cobalto es un metal duro, brillante y de color gris plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones y baterías y es esencial para la vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metal gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Kobold' (duende o diablillo), porque los mineros alemanes culpaban a un travieso espíritu subterráneo por el problemático mineral de cobalto que liberaba vapores venenosos de arsénico y no producía cobre a pesar de parecerse al mineral de cobre.","interesting_facts":["El cobalto se ha utilizado durante más de 2000 años para dar al vidrio y a la cerámica un color azul intenso y brillante.","Su nombre proviene de 'kobold', un travieso duende que los mineros alemanes culpaban de los minerales problemáticos.","El cobalto es un ingrediente clave en las baterías recargables de iones de litio que alimentan teléfonos y automóviles eléctricos.","Es uno de los tres únicos elementos naturalmente magnéticos a temperatura ambiente, junto con el hierro y el níquel.","El isótopo radiactivo cobalto-60 se utiliza para tratar el cáncer y esterilizar equipos médicos.","El cobalto es esencial para la vida como átomo metálico en el corazón de la vitamina B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicio","summary":"El copernicio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Nicolaus Copernicus, el astrónomo polaco-alemán que propuso que la Tierra orbita alrededor del Sol; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1996 y propuso el nombre en honor a Copérnico, y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente en 2010 con motivo del 537 aniversario de su nacimiento.","interesting_facts":["Copérnico lleva el nombre del astrónomo Nicolás Copérnico, quien colocó al Sol en el centro del sistema solar.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1996 en Alemania.","Se predice que el copernicio será un líquido o gas volátil a temperatura ambiente, comportándose de manera similar al mercurio.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos son altamente radiactivos y de vida corta.","Se encuentra debajo del mercurio en el grupo 12 de la tabla periódica."]},"Copper":{"name":"Cobre","summary":"El cobre es un metal de color dorado rojizo conocido por su alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica, ampliamente utilizado en cableado eléctrico y plomería.","appearance":"Metálico rojizo","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'cuprum', derivado del griego 'Kypros' (Chipre), la isla que era la principal fuente de cobre del mundo antiguo; el símbolo Cu también se remonta a este nombre latino.","interesting_facts":["El cobre fue uno de los primeros metales utilizados por el hombre, trabajado durante más de 10.000 años.","Es un excelente conductor de electricidad, solo superado por la plata, por lo que llena nuestros alambres y cables.","Las superficies de cobre matan naturalmente muchas bacterias y virus, lo que las hace útiles para pomos de puertas y accesorios de hospitales.","La Estatua de la Libertad está cubierta de cobre que se volvió verde con el tiempo al formar una pátina protectora.","Al mezclar cobre con estaño se obtiene bronce y con zinc se obtiene latón, dos aleaciones que dieron forma a la historia de la humanidad.","El cobre es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda al cuerpo a formar glóbulos rojos y a mantener los nervios."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curio","summary":"El curio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en la exploración espacial como fuente de energía y en la investigación científica.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, se empaña con el aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, los pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1944 en honor a la pareja cuyos descubrimientos hicieron posible la química nuclear, señalando que la posición del curio en la serie de actínidos refleja el gadolinio en los lantánidos (que lleva el nombre de un químico, siguiendo un patrón paralelo).","interesting_facts":["Curium lleva el nombre de Marie y Pierre Curie, pioneros de la investigación de la radiactividad.","Brilla con una suave luz violeta o roja en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","El curio es tan radiactivo que genera una cantidad significativa de calor y se consideró para la energía de las naves espaciales.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1944, antes que el americio, más ligero.","Instrumentos basados ​​en curio han analizado la composición química de Marte y otras superficies planetarias.","Todo el curio se elabora artificialmente; ninguno se encuentra en la naturaleza."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtio","summary":"El darmstadtio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para investigar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde se sintetizó por primera vez en 1994 en GSI Darmstadt; Sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos recién creados según los lugares del descubrimiento, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Darmstadt, Alemania, donde fue descubierto en 1994.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado creado en aceleradores de partículas.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de darmstadtio.","Sus átomos sobreviven menos de un segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Se espera que químicamente se parezca al platino, en el grupo 10.","El darmstadtio no tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnio","summary":"El dubnio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede del Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear; el nombre resolvió una disputa de la Guerra Fría en la que los científicos estadounidenses lo llamaron 'hahnium' y los científicos soviéticos lo llamaron 'nielsbohrium', antes de que la IUPAC adoptara el nombre neutral de ciudad en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium lleva el nombre de Dubna, Rusia, sede de un famoso instituto de investigación nuclear.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Su descubrimiento fue parte de las 'Guerras Transfermium', una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría.","Los átomos de dubnio existen sólo unos segundos o menos antes de desintegrarse.","Sólo se ha creado una pequeña cantidad de átomos de dubnio.","Se predice que químicamente se parecerá al tantalio del grupo 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprosio","summary":"El disprosio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y barras de control de reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), que significa 'difícil de alcanzar'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran acuñó el nombre en 1886, reflejando la extrema dificultad de aislarlo de su mineral, un proceso que requiere diecinueve precipitaciones.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de disprosio proviene del griego \"dysprositos\", que significa \"difícil de conseguir\", porque era muy difícil de aislar.","Se añade a los imanes de neodimio para que mantengan su fuerza a altas temperaturas en motores y turbinas eólicas.","El disprosio tiene una de las fuerzas magnéticas más altas de cualquier elemento a bajas temperaturas.","Absorbe bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Las aleaciones a base de disprosio cambian de forma en campos magnéticos, lo que resulta útil en actuadores y transductores.","Se considera un material fundamental para la tecnología de energía limpia."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinio","summary":"El einstenio es un metal altamente radiactivo, utilizado principalmente para investigaciones científicas y en la producción de elementos más pesados.","appearance":"Metálico plateado, brilla debido a su radiactividad.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein, quien formuló la teoría especial de la relatividad y la ecuación E=mc² subyacente a la energía nuclear; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas le pusieron el nombre en 1955 tras descubrirlo entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952, mantenida en secreto durante varios años.","interesting_facts":["El einstenio fue descubierto en 1952 entre los restos de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno.","Lleva el nombre de Albert Einstein.","El einstenio brilla de color azul en la oscuridad debido a su intensa radiactividad.","Es tan raro que sólo ocasionalmente se han producido cantidades ponderables.","Estudiar el einstenio es extremadamente difícil porque daña su propio recipiente y sus instrumentos.","No tiene usos prácticos fuera de la investigación científica básica."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbio","summary":"El erbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fibras ópticas, láseres y tecnología nuclear.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se extrajo por primera vez el mineral gadolinita que lo contiene; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"erbio\" es uno de los cuatro nombres de elementos derivados del topónimo único \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["Las fibras dopadas con erbio amplifican las señales de luz, lo que hace posible Internet de fibra óptica de larga distancia.","Da al vidrio y a los esmaltes un color rosa suave y se utiliza en gafas de sol y vidrio decorativo.","Los láseres de erbio se utilizan en odontología y rejuvenecimiento cosmético de la piel.","Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, Suecia, y comparte ese origen con varias otras tierras raras.","Se añade erbio a algunas aleaciones metálicas, incluido el vanadio, para hacerlas más trabajables.","Absorbe la luz infrarroja de manera eficiente, lo que constituye la base de muchos de sus usos como láser."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europio","summary":"El europio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en materiales fosforescentes, barras de control y reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El continente lleva el nombre de Europa, por Eugène-Anatole Demarçay en 1901, quien lo aisló espectroscópicamente; fue uno de varios elementos que recibieron nombres de regiones geográficas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.","interesting_facts":["El europio proporciona los fósforos rojo y azul que producían el color en las pantallas de ordenadores y televisores antiguos.","Se utiliza como marcador antifalsificación en los billetes de euro y brilla bajo luz ultravioleta.","El europio es el elemento de tierras raras más reactivo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire.","Lleva el nombre del continente de Europa.","Los fósforos dopados con europio hacen que las luces LED y fluorescentes de bajo consumo brillen intensamente.","Es una de las tierras raras menos abundantes en la corteza."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermio","summary":"El fermio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica y el estudio de elementos transuránicos.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Enrico Fermi, el físico italoamericano que construyó el primer reactor nuclear artificial en 1942 e hizo contribuciones fundamentales a la física nuclear y de partículas; Albert Ghiorso y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1953 después de descubrirlo en los mismos restos de prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno que produjeron einstenio.","interesting_facts":["El fermio también se descubrió en las consecuencias de la primera prueba de la bomba de hidrógeno en 1952.","Lleva el nombre del físico Enrico Fermi, pionero de las reacciones nucleares.","El fermio es el elemento más pesado que se puede producir en cantidades pesadas mediante bombardeo de neutrones.","Más allá del fermio, los elementos deben formarse átomo a átomo utilizando aceleradores de partículas.","Hasta ahora sólo se han producido cantidades pequeñas e invisibles de fermio.","Existe sólo como elemento sintético y no tiene usos comerciales."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovio","summary":"Flerovium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para explorar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Dubna, Rusia, que a su vez lleva el nombre del físico soviético Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov cofundó el laboratorio e hizo importantes contribuciones a la física nuclear, y su equipo sintetizó por primera vez el elemento en 1998, y la IUPAC adoptó oficialmente el nombre en 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Flerov de Reacciones Nucleares en Rusia.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1998 por un equipo en Dubna, Rusia.","Algunas predicciones sugirieron que el flerovium podría ser inusualmente estable o incluso similar a un gas, aunque sigue siendo radiactivo.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Flerovium se encuentra debajo del plomo en el grupo 14 de la tabla periódica.","Sus isótopos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, pero tienen una vida más larga que la de muchos vecinos, lo que hace alusión a la \"isla de la estabilidad\"."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flúor","summary":"El flúor es un gas amarillo pálido muy reactivo y es el elemento más electronegativo.","appearance":"Gas amarillo pálido","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'fluere' (fluir), porque el mineral fluorita era muy utilizado como fundente metalúrgico; El nombre del elemento fue propuesto por André-Marie Ampère en 1812.","interesting_facts":["El flúor es el más reactivo y electronegativo de todos los elementos y reacciona con casi todas las demás sustancias, a veces de forma explosiva.","Es tan agresivo que puede hacer que materiales como el amianto e incluso el agua estallen en llamas.","Se añaden trazas de fluoruro al agua potable y a la pasta de dientes para ayudar a prevenir las caries.","El teflón, el revestimiento antiadherente de los utensilios de cocina, es un polímero que contiene flúor (PTFE).","Muchos químicos fueron envenenados o asesinados tratando de aislar el flúor, lo que les valió el sobrenombre de \"mártires del flúor\" antes de que Henri Moissan lo consiguiera en 1886.","El flúor es un gas de color amarillo pálido a temperatura ambiente y es el más ligero de los halógenos."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francio","summary":"El francio es un metal extremadamente raro y radiactivo, sin aplicaciones importantes debido a su inestabilidad.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Francia, país donde Marguerite Perey lo descubrió en 1939 en el Instituto Curie de París; nombró el elemento en honor a su tierra natal, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos con nombres de lugares y convirtiéndose en la primera mujer elegida para la Academia de Ciencias de Francia.","interesting_facts":["El francio es el segundo elemento natural más raro, después del astato.","Fue el último elemento descubierto en la naturaleza, por Marguerite Perey en Francia en 1939.","Lleva el nombre de Francia, su país de origen.","El francio es tan radiactivo que cualquier cantidad visible se vaporizaría instantáneamente por su propio calor.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de sólo unos 22 minutos.","Es el más reactivo de los metales alcalinos, pero nunca se han observado sus escasas propiedades en masa."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinio","summary":"El gadolinio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en agentes de contraste para resonancias magnéticas, fósforos y terapia de captura de neutrones.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la gadolinita, el mineral en el que se identificó por primera vez su óxido; la gadolinita lleva el nombre de Johan Gadolin, un químico finlandés que la analizó por primera vez; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló el nuevo elemento tierra en 1880.","interesting_facts":["Los compuestos de gadolinio se inyectan como agentes de contraste para que las imágenes por resonancia magnética sean mucho más claras.","Tiene una extraordinaria capacidad para absorber neutrones, la más alta de cualquier elemento estable, útil en reactores nucleares.","El gadolinio es magnético justo por debajo de la temperatura ambiente y está estudiado para la refrigeración magnética.","Lleva el nombre del químico finlandés Johan Gadolin, pionero de la investigación de tierras raras.","El gadolinio se calienta cuando se coloca en un campo magnético y se enfría cuando se retira, efecto magnetocalórico.","Se utiliza en algunos tipos de detectores de imágenes médicas y de seguridad."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Galio","summary":"El galio es un metal blando y plateado que se funde justo por encima de la temperatura ambiente y se utiliza en electrónica y semiconductores.","appearance":"Azul plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Gallia, el nombre latino de Francia, que le dio el descubridor Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1875; el nombre también puede ser un juego de palabras con 'gallus' (gallo en latín), un juego de palabras con el apellido de Lecoq que significa 'el gallo' en francés.","interesting_facts":["El galio se funde a unos 30 °C, por lo que un trozo sólido se derretirá en la mano.","Mendeleev predijo su existencia como \"eka-aluminio\" antes de su descubrimiento en 1875.","El arseniuro de galio se utiliza en electrónica de alta velocidad, LED y células solares para naves espaciales.","Aunque se derrite fácilmente, el galio hierve a más de 2.400 °C, uno de los mayores rangos de temperatura líquida de cualquier elemento.","El galio puede hacer que el aluminio se vuelva quebradizo al filtrarse en los límites de sus granos, debilitando drásticamente el metal.","A diferencia de la mayoría de sustancias, el galio se expande cuando se congela, como el agua."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanio","summary":"El germanio es un metaloide duro de color blanco grisáceo que se utiliza en semiconductores, fibra óptica y óptica infrarroja.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Germania, el nombre latino de Alemania, por Clemens Winkler, quien la descubrió en 1886; El descubrimiento confirmó la predicción de Mendeleev sobre un elemento faltante al que había llamado \"eka-silicio\".","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo que el germanio era \"eka-silicio\" y su descubrimiento en 1886 ayudó a confirmar la tabla periódica.","Los primeros transistores de las décadas de 1940 y 1950 estaban hechos de germanio antes de que el silicio tomara el relevo.","Es transparente a la luz infrarroja, por lo que se utiliza en lentes para gafas de visión nocturna y cámaras térmicas.","El germanio es un semiconductor metaloide con una apariencia brillante de color blanco grisáceo.","Las fibras ópticas utilizan compuestos de germanio para controlar cómo viaja la luz a través del vidrio.","Al igual que el agua y el silicio, el germanio se expande cuando se solidifica."]},"Gold":{"name":"Oro","summary":"El oro es un metal denso y blando muy valorado por su uso en joyería, electrónica y moneda.","appearance":"Amarillo metálico brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre inglés \"oro\" proviene del protogermánico \"gulþą\", relacionado con \"amarillo\"; el símbolo Au deriva del latín 'aurum', que se cree que significa 'amanecer brillante' o 'resplandor del amanecer'; El oro ha sido conocido y valorado desde tiempos prehistóricos en prácticamente todas las culturas.","interesting_facts":["El oro es tan poco reactivo que puede permanecer brillante durante miles de años, razón por la cual los antiguos artefactos de oro aún brillan.","Es increíblemente maleable; con un solo gramo se puede convertir una lámina que cubre aproximadamente un metro cuadrado.","Se cree que casi todo el oro de la Tierra llegó a través de impactos de asteroides después de que se formara el planeta.","El oro conduce bien la electricidad y nunca se corroe, por lo que se utiliza para revestir contactos electrónicos críticos.","Su símbolo químico Au proviene del latín 'aurum', que significa 'amanecer brillante'.","Las viseras de los astronautas están recubiertas con una capa ultrafina de oro para reflejar la dañina radiación solar."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnio","summary":"El hafnio es un metal plateado y brillante que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, barras de control y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague, Dinamarca, donde Dirk Coster y George de Hevesy la descubrieron en 1923 mediante espectroscopia de rayos X; eligieron el nombre en honor a la ciudad donde se llevó a cabo su investigación.","interesting_facts":["La existencia del hafnio fue predicha por la teoría atómica y se encontró en 1923 en mineral de circonio.","Lleva el nombre de Hafnia, el nombre latino de Copenhague.","El hafnio absorbe muy bien los neutrones y se utiliza en las barras de control de los submarinos nucleares.","Los compuestos a base de hafnio reemplazaron al dióxido de silicio como aislantes en los chips de computadora modernos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos y se utiliza en superaleaciones para motores a reacción.","El hafnio es químicamente casi idéntico al circonio, lo que hace que sea muy difícil separarlos."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hasio","summary":"El hasio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al estado alemán de Hesse (latín: Hassia), donde se encuentra GSI Darmstadt, el laboratorio que lo sintetizó por primera vez en 1984; el nombre sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos según sus lugares de descubrimiento y fue reconocido oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium lleva el nombre del estado alemán de Hesse, donde se encuentra el laboratorio donde fue descubierto.","Se sintetizó por primera vez en 1984 bombardeando plomo con iones de hierro.","El hasio es un elemento sintético superpesado que se produce únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","A pesar de su escasez, los científicos confirmaron que se comporta como el osmio, del grupo 8.","Sus átomos existen sólo durante fracciones de segundo antes de desintegrarse.","Hasta ahora sólo se han producido pequeñas cantidades de átomos de hasio."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helio","summary":"El helio es un gas monoatómico incoloro, inodoro, insípido, no tóxico y que encabeza el grupo de los gases nobles en la tabla periódica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'helios' (sol), porque el helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro solar durante el eclipse solar total de 1868 antes de que fuera confirmado en la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El helio se detectó por primera vez en el espectro del Sol en 1868, antes de que se encontrara en la Tierra, y lleva el nombre del dios solar griego Helios.","Es el único elemento que no puede solidificarse enfriándose a presión atmosférica normal, por muy frío que haga.","Por debajo de 2,17 K, el helio líquido se convierte en un superfluido que puede fluir sin fricción e incluso trepar por las paredes de su recipiente.","Respirar helio eleva temporalmente el tono de la voz porque el sonido viaja casi tres veces más rápido a través de él que a través del aire.","La mayor parte del helio de la Tierra proviene de la desintegración radiactiva del uranio y el torio en las profundidades del subsuelo y se extrae del gas natural.","El helio es el segundo elemento más abundante en el universo, pero es comparativamente raro y no renovable en la Tierra."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmio","summary":"El holmio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en imanes, barras de control nuclear y láseres.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo, Suecia, donde tenía su sede Per Teodor Cleve, quien identificó el elemento en 1878; sigue la tradición de nombrar elementos de tierras raras según los lugares asociados con su descubrimiento.","interesting_facts":["El holmio tiene las propiedades magnéticas más fuertes de cualquier elemento natural.","Los láseres de holmio se utilizan en medicina para romper los cálculos renales y tratar el agrandamiento de la próstata.","Lleva el nombre de Holmia, el nombre latino de Estocolmo.","El holmio confiere al vidrio y a la circona los colores amarillo y rojo.","Se utiliza para crear los campos magnéticos artificiales más fuertes conocidos en forma de piezas polares.","Las soluciones de óxido de holmio se utilizan como estándar de calibración para espectrofotómetros."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrógeno","summary":"El hidrógeno es el elemento más ligero y la sustancia química más abundante del universo.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"hidro\" (agua) y \"genes\" (formación), que significa \"formador de agua\". Nombrado así por Antoine Lavoisier en 1783 porque la quema de hidrógeno produce agua.","interesting_facts":["El hidrógeno es el elemento más abundante en el universo y constituye aproximadamente el 75% de toda la materia normal en masa.","Es el único elemento cuyos tres isótopos (protio, deuterio y tritio) tienen sus propios nombres distintos.","El hidrógeno líquido se ha utilizado como combustible para cohetes desde la década de 1960, impulsando las etapas superiores del Saturno V que llevó a los astronautas a la Luna.","Bajo presión extrema, como en el interior de Júpiter, el hidrógeno se comporta como un metal líquido y puede conducir electricidad.","Henry Cavendish identificó el hidrógeno como una sustancia distinta en 1766, llamándolo \"aire inflamable\".","Un átomo de hidrógeno es el átomo más simple que existe: un único protón orbitado por un único electrón."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indio","summary":"El indio es un metal blando y maleable que se utiliza en semiconductores, pantallas táctiles y como revestimiento protector para rodamientos.","appearance":"Brillo metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'indicum' (índigo), llamado así por Ferdinand Reich y Hieronymous Richter en 1863 por la brillante línea espectral azul índigo que observaron al analizar residuos de mineral de zinc utilizando la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El indio es tan suave que se puede abollar con una uña y emite un \"grito\" audible cuando se dobla, como el estaño.","El óxido de indio y estaño forma el recubrimiento transparente y conductor de electricidad en las pantallas táctiles y de panel plano.","Lleva el nombre de la línea índigo brillante en su espectro de emisión.","El indio permanece suave y trabajable incluso a temperaturas extremadamente bajas, lo que resulta útil para sellar al vacío.","Tiene un punto de fusión muy bajo y se utiliza en soldaduras y aleaciones especiales de baja temperatura.","La demanda de indio se ha disparado con la proliferación de teléfonos inteligentes y pantallas LCD."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Yodo","summary":"El yodo es un no metal oscuro, brillante, de color negro púrpura, esencial para la función tiroidea y se utiliza como desinfectante.","appearance":"Gris metálico brillante (sólido), violeta (gas)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del francés \"yodo\", derivado del griego \"ioeides\" (parecido a violeta), nombrado así por Humphry Davy en 1813 por el llamativo color violeta del vapor de yodo.","interesting_facts":["El yodo es esencial para la glándula tiroides, razón por la cual la sal de mesa a menudo se enriquece con él.","Cuando se calienta, el yodo sólido se sublima formando un llamativo vapor de color violeta.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"iodes\", que significa violeta.","La tintura de yodo se ha utilizado durante mucho tiempo como antiséptico para desinfectar heridas.","El yodo convierte el almidón en un color negro azulado intenso, una reacción que se utiliza como prueba química.","El yodo radiactivo-131 se usa para diagnosticar y tratar afecciones de la tiroides."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridio","summary":"El iridio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en bujías, crisoles y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado en honor a Iris, la diosa griega del arco iris (latín: iris), por Smithson Tennant en 1803; el nombre refleja la sorprendente variedad de colores que muestran las sales y compuestos de iridio, que le recordaron a Tennant los colores del arco iris.","interesting_facts":["Una capa mundial de arcilla rica en iridio es una prueba clave de que el impacto de un asteroide mató a los dinosaurios, ya que el iridio es raro en la Tierra pero común en los asteroides.","El iridio es el metal más resistente a la corrosión que se conoce y resiste los ácidos que disuelven casi cualquier otra cosa.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, casi empatado con el osmio.","El kilogramo estándar fue una vez un cilindro de platino-iridio guardado cerca de París.","El iridio puntas de las bujías porque resiste el calor extremo sin erosionarse.","Su nombre proviene de Iris, la diosa griega del arcoíris, por sus coloridas sales."]},"Iron":{"name":"Hierro","summary":"El hierro es un metal fuerte y maleable que es esencial para la producción de acero y un componente vital de la hemoglobina.","appearance":"Metálico brillante con un tinte grisáceo.","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"iron\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"iren\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"isarno\", posiblemente de una raíz celta para \"metal sagrado\"; El símbolo Fe deriva del latín 'ferrum' (hierro), que se funde y utiliza desde al menos el año 1200 a.C.","interesting_facts":["El hierro es el elemento más abundante en la Tierra en masa y constituye gran parte del núcleo fundido del planeta.","El núcleo giratorio de hierro líquido de la Tierra genera el campo magnético que nos protege de la radiación solar.","El hierro está en el centro de la hemoglobina, la molécula que transporta oxígeno a la sangre y la enrojece.","El hierro es el elemento más pesado que las estrellas pueden producir mediante fusión normal; Los elementos más pesados ​​requieren explosiones de supernova.","La Edad del Hierro, que comenzó alrededor del año 1200 a. C., transformó la civilización humana con herramientas y armas más potentes.","El óxido es óxido de hierro, que se forma cuando el hierro reacciona lentamente con el oxígeno y el agua."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Criptón","summary":"El criptón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que se utiliza en lámparas fluorescentes, fotografía y como gas de relleno para ventanas energéticamente eficientes.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"kryptos\" (oculto), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el criptón era extremadamente difícil de detectar y aislar: permanecía \"oculto\" dentro de los residuos del aire líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Krypton proviene de la palabra griega \"kryptos\", que significa \"oculto\", porque era muy difícil de encontrar en el aire.","De 1960 a 1983 el metro se definió oficialmente por la longitud de onda de la luz emitida por el criptón-86.","Krypton produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en algunas lámparas y flashes fotográficos de alto rendimiento.","Es un gas noble y casi no reacciona en absoluto, aunque se puede forzar la formación de algunos compuestos de criptón.","El criptón se utiliza en algunas ventanas y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo.","A pesar de la \"kriptonita\" de los cómics, el criptón real es un gas inofensivo, incoloro e inodoro."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantano","summary":"El lantano es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en lentes de cámaras, catalizadores y baterías recargables.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"lantano\" (estar oculto o pasar desapercibido), nombrado así por Carl Gustaf Mosander en 1839 porque el lantano pasó desapercibido como impureza en el óxido de cerio durante años antes de que lo identificara como un elemento distinto.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de lantano proviene del griego \"lantano\", que significa \"estar escondido\", porque se escondía en mineral de cerio.","Da nombre al primero de la serie de lantánidos, los elementos de las \"tierras raras\".","El lantano se utiliza en el cristal de lentes de cámaras y telescopios de alta calidad para desviar bruscamente la luz.","Las aleaciones de níquel-lantano almacenan hidrógeno y se utilizaron en las baterías de muchos coches híbridos.","Los compuestos de lantano ayudan a refinar el petróleo para convertirlo en gasolina como catalizadores.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y se empaña rápidamente con el aire."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencio","summary":"El lawrencio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones prácticas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Orlando Lawrence, el físico estadounidense que inventó el acelerador de partículas ciclotrón en 1930, haciendo posible la creación de elementos transuránicos; El Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley sintetizó este elemento en 1961 y lo nombró en honor a las contribuciones fundamentales de Lawrence.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium lleva el nombre de Ernest Lawrence, inventor del acelerador de partículas ciclotrón.","Es el elemento final de la serie de actínidos.","El lawrencio sólo se puede crear con unos pocos átomos a la vez en aceleradores.","Su isótopo más estable tiene una vida media de sólo unas pocas horas.","Medir las propiedades del lawrencio es extraordinariamente difícil porque existen muy pocos átomos y durante un período tan breve.","No tiene usos fuera de la investigación científica fundamental."]},"Lead":{"name":"Plomo","summary":"El plomo es un metal blando y pesado que se utiliza en baterías, protección contra la radiación y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Gris azulado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"plomo\" proviene del protogermánico \"lauda\"; El símbolo Pb proviene del latín \"plumbum\", probablemente derivado de una lengua mediterránea prelatina, que dio al inglés la palabra \"plomería\" porque los romanos usaban mucho plomo para las tuberías de agua.","interesting_facts":["El plomo es denso y bloquea la radiación, por lo que recubre delantales y escudos de rayos X.","Los romanos usaban tuberías de plomo para la plomería, y la palabra \"plomería\" proviene del latín para plomo, \"plumbum\" (símbolo Pb).","El plomo es tóxico para el sistema nervioso, por eso se eliminó de la gasolina y la pintura.","Es suave, pesado y de fácil forma, cualidades apreciadas desde la antigüedad.","Hoy en día, la mayor parte del plomo se recicla, en gran parte procedente de baterías de automóviles.","El plomo es el elemento más pesado con un isótopo completamente estable; todo lo más pesado es radiactivo."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Litio","summary":"El litio es un metal alcalino blando, de color blanco plateado. Es el metal más ligero y el elemento sólido menos denso.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'lithos' (piedra), porque Johan August Arfwedson la descubrió en 1817 dentro de minerales sólidos de piedra (petalita), a diferencia del sodio y el potasio que se encontraban en las cenizas de las plantas.","interesting_facts":["El litio es el metal más ligero y el elemento sólido menos denso, por lo que puede flotar en el agua mientras reacciona con ella.","Las baterías recargables de iones de litio alimentan la mayoría de los teléfonos, computadoras portátiles y vehículos eléctricos modernos.","Las sales de litio se han utilizado desde la década de 1940 como estabilizador del estado de ánimo para tratar el trastorno bipolar.","Fue uno de los primeros tres elementos (junto con hidrógeno y helio) creados en la nucleosíntesis del Big Bang.","El litio arde con una llamativa llama de color rojo carmesí, propiedad utilizada en fuegos artificiales y bengalas.","Gran parte del litio del mundo se extrae de salinas salinas en lo alto de las montañas de los Andes en América del Sur."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorio","summary":"Livermorium es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en Livermore, California, que colaboró ​​con el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear para sintetizarlo en 2000; La IUPAC reconoció oficialmente el nombre en 2012, y el nombre del laboratorio honra a Robert Livermore, uno de los primeros colonos de California.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium lleva el nombre del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore en California.","Fue creado por primera vez en 2000 por un equipo ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado sólo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Livermorium existen apenas milisegundos antes de descomponerse.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del polonio en el grupo 16.","Para producirlo es necesario fusionar iones de calcio con dianas de curio."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutecio","summary":"El lutecio es un metal denso y plateado que se utiliza en detectores de escaneo PET, catalizadores y aleaciones especializadas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París, Francia; Georges Urbain, que la aisló por primera vez en 1907, eligió el nombre en honor a su ciudad natal, siguiendo la práctica establecida de nombrar elementos de tierras raras con nombres de lugares.","interesting_facts":["El lutecio es el último de la serie de los lantánidos y una de las tierras raras más duras y densas.","Lleva el nombre de Lutetia, el antiguo nombre romano de París.","Los cristales a base de lutecio se utilizan como detectores en escáneres PET para imágenes médicas.","Es uno de los metales de tierras raras más raros y caros de obtener en forma pura.","El lutecio se utiliza como catalizador en el refinado de petróleo.","Un compuesto de lutecio radiactivo se utiliza en terapia dirigida para algunos cánceres."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesio","summary":"El magnesio es un metal gris brillante y es un elemento esencial para todas las células vivas.","appearance":"Sólido gris brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Magnesia, un distrito de Tesalia, Grecia, donde se encontraron minerales relacionados que contienen magnesio; El mismo topónimo también dio lugar a las palabras \"manganeso\" e \"imán\".","interesting_facts":["El magnesio arde con una luz blanca deslumbrante y alguna vez se usó ampliamente en los primeros flashes y bengalas fotográficas.","Es el metal estructural más liviano y está aleado con aluminio para fabricar piezas resistentes y livianas para automóviles y aviones.","El magnesio se encuentra en el centro de cada molécula de clorofila, lo que lo hace esencial para la fotosíntesis en las plantas.","El cuerpo humano necesita magnesio para cientos de reacciones enzimáticas, incluidas aquellas que mantienen en funcionamiento los músculos y los nervios.","El magnesio es el octavo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre y el tercero más abundante disuelto en el agua de mar.","La sal de Epsom, utilizada para calmar los músculos doloridos, es sulfato de magnesio."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganeso","summary":"El manganeso es un metal duro y quebradizo que se utiliza principalmente en la producción de acero para mejorar la resistencia y la dureza.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del distrito de Magnesia de Tesalia, Grecia, la misma región que dio su nombre al magnesio, a través del latín medieval \"manganeso\"; el nombre posiblemente fue reforzado por el latín 'magnes' (imán), ya que históricamente el mineral de manganeso se confundió con el mineral de hierro magnético.","interesting_facts":["El manganeso es esencial para fabricar acero, eliminar oxígeno y azufre y añadir resistencia; casi todo el acero lo contiene.","Es un ingrediente clave en las pilas alcalinas desechables.","Los pintores rupestres utilizaron dióxido de manganeso hace decenas de miles de años para producir pigmento negro.","El color violeta intenso del permanganato de potasio lo convierte en un útil desinfectante y reactivo químico.","Vastos campos de nódulos de manganeso cubren partes del fondo del océano profundo.","El manganeso es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas que protegen las células del daño."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerio","summary":"El meitnerio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado exclusivamente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, la física austríaca-sueca que co-descubrió la fisión nuclear y el protactinio, pero fue excluida polémicamente del Premio Nobel de 1944; GSI Darmstadt propuso el nombre en 1992 en reconocimiento, muy esperado, de sus destacadas contribuciones a la ciencia nuclear.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerio lleva el nombre de Lise Meitner, una pionera de la fisión nuclear cuyas contribuciones fueron pasadas por alto durante mucho tiempo.","Es uno de los pocos elementos que llevan el nombre de una mujer.","Meitnerium se creó por primera vez en 1982 en Alemania.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado por un átomo a la vez.","Sus isótopos se desintegran extremadamente rápido, en milisegundos o segundos.","Se predice que se comportará como el iridio, en el grupo 9 de la tabla periódica."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevio","summary":"El mendelevio es un metal radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas para investigar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, el químico ruso que creó la tabla periódica en 1869; Glenn Seaborg y sus colegas lo nombraron en 1955 como homenaje al científico cuya organización visionaria de los elementos hizo conceptualmente posible el descubrimiento de los elementos transuránicos.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevio lleva el nombre de Dmitri Mendeleev, creador de la tabla periódica.","Se fabricó por primera vez en 1955, con sólo unos pocos átomos a la vez.","El mendelevio sólo puede producirse en aceleradores de partículas bombardeando einstenio.","Sus experimentos de descubrimiento detectaron al principio sólo unos 17 átomos.","Es intensamente radiactivo con isótopos de vida corta.","El mendelevio no tiene usos más allá de la investigación fundamental de elementos pesados."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercurio","summary":"El mercurio es un metal líquido plateado y denso que se utiliza en termómetros, barómetros y lámparas fluorescentes.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Mercurio, el veloz dios mensajero romano, que refleja la naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento del elemento; El símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', una latinización del griego 'hidrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), que significa 'agua-plata', en referencia a su apariencia de plata líquida.","interesting_facts":["El mercurio es el único metal líquido a temperatura ambiente.","Lleva el nombre del dios mensajero romano por su naturaleza fluida y de rápido movimiento, y su símbolo Hg proviene de 'hidrargyrum', que significa 'agua-plata'.","El mercurio se utilizó alguna vez en termómetros y barómetros porque se expande uniformemente con la temperatura.","Los fabricantes de sombreros expuestos al mercurio desarrollaron temblores y confusión, lo que inspiró la frase \"loco como un sombrerero\".","Es tóxico y se bioacumula, acumulándose en los peces y en las personas que los comen.","El vapor de mercurio brilla de color azul verdoso cuando está electrificado, la base de las lámparas fluorescentes."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdeno","summary":"El molibdeno es un metal duro y plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones de acero para aumentar la fuerza, la tenacidad y la resistencia a la corrosión.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo se confundió el mineral molibdenita con los minerales de plomo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele demostró que era distinto en 1778 y Peter Jacob Hjelm aisló el metal en 1781.","interesting_facts":["El molibdeno tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de todos los elementos, aproximadamente 2623 °C.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'molybdos' (plomo), porque durante mucho tiempo su mineral se confundió con plomo y grafito.","La adición de molibdeno al acero produce aleaciones de alta resistencia que se utilizan en aviones, herramientas y armaduras.","Es un oligoelemento esencial que ayuda a las enzimas en plantas, animales y humanos.","Las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizan molibdeno para convertir el nitrógeno atmosférico en una forma utilizable.","El disulfuro de molibdeno es un sólido resbaladizo que se utiliza como lubricante seco a alta temperatura."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovio","summary":"Moscovio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del Óblast de Moscú (región de Moscú) de Rusia, donde se encuentra el Instituto Conjunto de Investigación Nuclear en Dubna; se sintetizó por primera vez en 2003 en una colaboración entre JINR y el Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore, y la IUPAC lo nombró oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium lleva el nombre de la región rusa de Moscú, donde se encuentra el laboratorio Dubna.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2003 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido sólo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de Moscovio se desintegran en una fracción de segundo.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del bismuto en el grupo 15.","Fue nombrado oficialmente en 2016 junto con otros tres elementos nuevos."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodimio","summary":"El neodimio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en potentes imanes, láseres y coloración de vidrio.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"neos\" (nuevo) y \"didymos\" (gemelo), nombrado por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando separó didimio en praseodimio y neodimio: el \"nuevo gemelo\" de la pareja.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de neodimio son los imanes permanentes más fuertes comúnmente disponibles y pueden levantar muchas veces su propio peso.","Estos imanes se encuentran en todo, desde auriculares y discos duros hasta turbinas eólicas y motores de automóviles eléctricos.","Su nombre significa \"nuevo gemelo\", ya que se separó del \"didimio\" junto con el praseodimio en 1885.","El neodimio confiere al vidrio un color llamativo que oscila entre el violeta y el azul según la luz.","Los cristales dopados con neodimio alimentan algunos de los láseres de alta energía más comunes.","Es uno de los elementos de tierras raras más abundantes a pesar de sus usos especializados."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neón","summary":"El neón es un gas noble incoloro e inodoro que emite un distintivo brillo anaranjado rojizo cuando se electrifica.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'neos' (nuevo), nombrado por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 para reflejar que se trataba de un gas noble recién descubierto.","interesting_facts":["El neón brilla con un color rojo anaranjado brillante cuando una corriente eléctrica lo atraviesa, la base de los clásicos carteles de \"neón\".","Es casi completamente inerte y no forma compuestos químicos ordinarios estables en condiciones normales.","El neón fue descubierto en 1898 por Ramsay y Travers, quienes lo nombraron de la palabra griega \"neos\", que significa \"nuevo\".","A pesar de ser el quinto elemento más abundante del universo, el neón es raro en la Tierra y constituye sólo una pequeña fracción de la atmósfera.","El neón líquido es un excelente refrigerante criogénico, con más de 40 veces la capacidad de refrigeración por volumen de helio líquido.","Los diferentes colores que se ven en los carteles de neón en realidad provienen de otros gases nobles; El neón puro siempre produce una luz de color naranja rojizo."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunio","summary":"El neptunio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en instrumentos de detección de neutrones y estudiado por su papel en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Neptuno, que se encuentra más allá de Urano en el sistema solar, al igual que el neptunio se encuentra más allá del uranio en la tabla periódica; Edwin McMillan y Philip Abelson lo sintetizaron en 1940, continuando la secuencia de denominación planetaria iniciada con el uranio.","interesting_facts":["El neptunio fue el primer elemento transuránico sintetizado en 1940.","Lleva el nombre del planeta Neptuno, continuando la secuencia posterior al uranio (Urano).","El neptunio es un subproducto de los reactores nucleares y se considera un problema de residuos nucleares de larga duración.","Es plateado, radiactivo y uno de los metales actínidos más densos.","El neptunio-237 se puede utilizar para producir plutonio-238 para fuentes de energía de naves espaciales.","Trazas de neptunio se encuentran naturalmente en los minerales de uranio."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Níquel","summary":"El níquel es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en acero inoxidable, baterías y diversas aplicaciones industriales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Abreviatura del alemán 'Kupfernickel' (cobre del diablo o cobre del viejo Nick), una maldición de los mineros para un mineral que parecía cobre pero no producía nada; \"Níquel\" es un apodo alemán para el diablo, derivado del nombre Nicolás.","interesting_facts":["El níquel lleva el nombre de un término minero alemán que significa \"cobre del viejo Nick\", porque su mineral parecía cobre pero no producía nada.","Es altamente resistente a la corrosión y se utiliza para galvanizar otros metales como protección.","El acero inoxidable suele contener níquel, lo que mejora su solidez y resistencia a la oxidación.","A pesar del nombre, las monedas modernas de \"níquel\" estadounidenses son en su mayoría de cobre, con sólo un 25% de níquel.","Se cree que el núcleo de la Tierra es en gran parte una aleación de hierro y níquel, y muchos meteoritos son ricos en níquel.","El níquel es uno de los pocos elementos magnéticos a temperatura ambiente."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonio","summary":"El nihonio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a 'Nihon' (日本), la palabra japonesa para Japón, que significa 'tierra del sol naciente'; Los científicos de RIKEN en Japón confirmaron su síntesis en 2004 y eligieron el nombre en honor al primer elemento descubierto en Asia, y la IUPAC lo reconoció oficialmente en 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium lleva el nombre de Japón ('Nihon'), el primer elemento descubierto en un país asiático.","Fue sintetizado en el laboratorio RIKEN en Japón, confirmado alrededor de 2004.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado formado sólo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Los átomos de nihonio se desintegran a los pocos segundos de ser creados.","Se prevé que se encuentre debajo del talio en el grupo 13.","Su descubrimiento dio a Japón el honor de nombrar por primera vez un nuevo elemento."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobio","summary":"El niobio es un metal blando y dúctil que se utiliza principalmente en aleaciones, particularmente en la producción de acero, para mejorar la resistencia.","appearance":"Gris metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Heinrich Rose le dio el nombre de Niobe, la hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, en 1844, porque el niobio casi siempre se encuentra junto al tantalio y los dos elementos eran inicialmente tan difíciles de distinguir que la pareja mitológica de padre e hijo parecía apropiada.","interesting_facts":["El niobio lleva el nombre de Niobe, hija de Tántalo en la mitología griega, lo que refleja su estrecho vínculo con el tantalio.","Se convierte en superconductor cuando está frío y se utiliza en los imanes de máquinas de resonancia magnética y aceleradores de partículas.","Las aleaciones de niobio se pueden anodizar para producir un arco iris de colores, popular en joyería.","Pequeñas cantidades de niobio hacen que el acero sea mucho más resistente y se utiliza en tuberías y estructuras de automóviles.","Alguna vez se llamó columbium en los Estados Unidos y el nombre persistió hasta el siglo XX.","El niobio es hipoalergénico, por lo que se utiliza para perforaciones corporales e implantes médicos."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrógeno","summary":"El nitrógeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro que constituye aproximadamente el 78% de la atmósfera terrestre.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego \"nitron\" (nitro/salitre) y \"genes\" (formador), que significa \"formador de nitro\", acuñado por Jean-Antoine Chaptal en 1790 porque tanto el salitre como el ácido nítrico contienen nitrógeno.","interesting_facts":["El nitrógeno constituye aproximadamente el 78% del aire que respiramos, pero es tan poco reactivo que en su mayor parte lo exhalamos sin utilizar.","El nitrógeno líquido hierve a -196 °C y se utiliza para congelar alimentos, conservar muestras biológicas y crear espectaculares efectos de niebla.","El triple enlace que mantiene unidos dos átomos de nitrógeno es uno de los enlaces químicos más fuertes que se conocen, lo que hace que el gas nitrógeno sea muy estable.","El proceso Haber-Bosch, que convierte el nitrógeno atmosférico en amoníaco para fertilizante, ayuda a alimentar aproximadamente a la mitad de la población mundial.","El nitrógeno es un ingrediente clave en explosivos como el TNT y la nitroglicerina porque sus enlaces liberan una enorme energía cuando se rompen.","Las bacterias en las raíces de las leguminosas \"fijan\" el nitrógeno del aire en una forma que las plantas puedan utilizar, enriqueciendo naturalmente el suelo."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelio","summary":"El Nobelio es un elemento radiactivo sintético sin aplicaciones significativas fuera de la investigación científica.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, el químico sueco que inventó la dinamita y fundó los Premios Nobel; El nombre fue propuesto en 1957 cuando un equipo de Estocolmo afirmó inicialmente el descubrimiento, y se mantuvo cuando el descubrimiento confirmado se atribuyó a los laboratorios de Dubna y Berkeley.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium lleva el nombre de Alfred Nobel, fundador de los Premios Nobel.","Sólo puede producirse átomo a átomo en aceleradores de partículas.","Inusualmente para un actínido, el nobelio es más estable en el estado de oxidación +2.","Su descubrimiento a finales de la década de 1950 fue disputado durante años entre laboratorios competidores.","Todos los isótopos de nobelio son radiactivos y de vida corta.","Existe sólo en entornos de investigación y no tiene aplicaciones prácticas."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesón","summary":"Oganesson es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente gaseoso o metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Yuri Oganessian, el físico nuclear ruso-armenio que fue pionero en la síntesis de elementos superpesados ​​y dirigió el equipo en JINR Dubna que creó oganesson en 2002; es uno de los dos únicos elementos que llevan el nombre de una persona viva, lo que refleja el extraordinario alcance de sus contribuciones al campo.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson es el elemento más pesado conocido, con número atómico 118.","Lleva el nombre del físico Yuri Oganessian, uno de los pocos elementos que lleva el nombre de una persona viva.","Aunque se encuentra en la columna de gases nobles, se prevé que el oganesson sea sólido y posiblemente reactivo, a diferencia de otros gases nobles.","Sólo se han creado unos pocos átomos y cada uno de ellos sobrevive menos de un milisegundo.","Fue sintetizado por primera vez en 2002 mediante una colaboración ruso-estadounidense en Dubna.","Oganesson completa la séptima fila de la tabla periódica."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmio","summary":"El osmio es un metal denso, de color blanco azulado, conocido por su dureza y utilizado en puntas de plumas estilográficas, contactos eléctricos y pivotes de instrumentos.","appearance":"Blanco azulado, metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'osmē' (ὀσμή), que significa 'olor' u 'olor'; Smithson Tennant acuñó el nombre en 1803 porque el tetróxido de osmio, que se forma cuando el metal se expone al aire, tiene un olor tóxico fuerte y distintivo.","interesting_facts":["El osmio es el elemento natural más denso, casi el doble que el plomo.","Su nombre proviene del griego \"osme\", que significa olor, porque su óxido tiene un olor penetrante y tóxico.","El osmio es extremadamente duro y se utilizó en las primeras agujas de fonógrafo y puntas de plumas estilográficas.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y tiene un aspecto plateado azulado.","El tetróxido de osmio se utiliza para teñir tejido biológico para microscopía electrónica.","Es uno de los elementos más raros de la corteza terrestre."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxígeno","summary":"El oxígeno es un gas incoloro e inodoro esencial para la respiración en la mayoría de los organismos vivos.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'oxys' (agrio o ácido) y 'genes' (formador), que significa 'formador de ácido', nombrado por Lavoisier en 1777 basándose en la creencia entonces sostenida de que el oxígeno es una parte esencial de todos los ácidos.","interesting_facts":["El oxígeno constituye aproximadamente el 21% de la atmósfera de la Tierra y es el elemento más abundante en masa en la corteza del planeta.","La mayor parte del oxígeno que respiramos se produce mediante la fotosíntesis, y una gran parte proviene del fitoplancton oceánico.","El oxígeno líquido y sólido son de color azul pálido y son magnéticos, siendo atraídos por un imán.","El ozono, una molécula de tres átomos de oxígeno, forma una capa protectora en la estratosfera que absorbe la dañina radiación ultravioleta.","El oxígeno fue descubierto de forma independiente en la década de 1770 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele y Joseph Priestley, y Antoine Lavoisier lo nombró.","Aunque es vital para la vida, el oxígeno también es muy reactivo e impulsa la oxidación del hierro y la quema de combustibles."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Paladio","summary":"El paladio es un metal precioso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, electrónica y almacenamiento de hidrógeno.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto en 1802 y que a su vez lleva el nombre de Palas Atenea; William Hyde Wollaston acuñó el nombre en 1803, siguiendo la moda contemporánea de nombrar nuevos elementos en honor a cuerpos celestes recientemente descubiertos.","interesting_facts":["Paladio lleva el nombre del asteroide Palas, descubierto justo antes que el metal en 1803.","Su uso principal es en convertidores catalíticos, donde ayuda a convertir los gases de escape tóxicos en inofensivos.","El paladio puede absorber hasta 900 veces su propio volumen de gas hidrógeno, como una esponja metálica.","Es un metal precioso del grupo del platino y se utiliza en oro blanco, joyería fina y aleaciones dentales.","El paladio es esencial para muchos productos electrónicos, incluidos los pequeños condensadores que se encuentran dentro de los teléfonos y computadoras.","Desempeñó un papel central en los famosos y luego desacreditados experimentos de \"fusión fría\" de 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fósforo","summary":"El fósforo es un elemento esencial y altamente reactivo en moléculas biológicas como el ADN y el ATP.","appearance":"El color varía (formas blancas, rojas o negras)","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'phosforos' (portador de luz, de 'phos' = luz y 'phoros' = portador), porque el fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad al oxidarse; el nombre fue aplicado por Hennig Brand cuando lo descubrió en 1669.","interesting_facts":["El fósforo blanco brilla débilmente en la oscuridad cuando reacciona con el oxígeno, un fenómeno que dio su nombre a la \"fosforescencia\".","Fue el primer elemento descubierto por un descubridor conocido, aislado por Hennig Brand en 1669 a partir de orina hervida.","El fósforo existe en formas sorprendentemente diferentes: el fósforo blanco es peligrosamente inflamable, mientras que el fósforo rojo es estable y se usa en tiras de cajas de cerillas.","Cada célula utiliza fósforo en el ADN, el ARN y el ATP, la molécula que almacena y transfiere energía en los seres vivos.","Alrededor del 85% de la roca de fosfato extraída se convierte en fertilizante, lo que hace que el fósforo sea fundamental para la producción mundial de alimentos.","Sus huesos y dientes se fortalecen con fosfato de calcio, por lo que gran parte del fósforo de su cuerpo se almacena en su esqueleto."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platino","summary":"El platino es un metal denso, maleable y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos, joyería y electrónica.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado del español 'platina', un diminutivo de 'plata' (plata), que significa 'pequeña plata'; Los exploradores españoles en América del Sur en el siglo XVI utilizaron este término despectivo para el metal pálido, parecido a la plata, que encontraron mezclado en depósitos de oro pero que no podían trabajar fácilmente.","interesting_facts":["El platino es tan resistente a la corrosión que nunca se empaña, ni siquiera a altas temperaturas.","Es un catalizador clave en los convertidores catalíticos y ayuda a limpiar los gases de escape de los vehículos.","El platino es más denso que el oro y es muy apreciado para la joyería fina y los anillos de boda.","Algunos compuestos de platino, como el cisplatino, son potentes fármacos de quimioterapia.","Sudáfrica produce la mayor parte del platino del mundo.","Su nombre proviene del español \"platina\", que significa \"pequeña plata\", un nombre que los primeros mineros le dieron con desdén."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonio","summary":"El plutonio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en reactores nucleares, armas nucleares y como fuente de energía para naves espaciales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado, se empaña cuando se expone al aire.","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Plutón (entonces considerado el noveno planeta), que se encuentra más allá de Neptuno, al igual que el plutonio se encuentra más allá del neptunio; Glenn Seaborg lo nombró en 1942, señalando que se consideró la forma alternativa 'plutium', pero se rechazó en favor de la terminación más clásica '-onium'.","interesting_facts":["El plutonio es famoso por su uso en armas y reactores nucleares.","Lleva el nombre del planeta enano Plutón, después del neptunio y el uranio.","El plutonio-238 impulsa naves espaciales como las sondas Voyager y el rover Curiosity con su calor constante.","Un trozo de plutonio está caliente al tacto debido al calor de su propia desintegración radiactiva.","Tiene una química inusual y existe en muchos estados de oxidación coloridos en solución.","El plutonio se expande y contrae dramáticamente entre sus diferentes formas sólidas, lo que hace que sea difícil de mecanizar."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonio","summary":"El polonio es un metal altamente radiactivo utilizado en dispositivos antiestáticos y como fuente de calor en aplicaciones espaciales.","appearance":"Plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Polonia (latín: Polonia), la patria de Marie Curie, quien la descubrió junto con Pierre Curie en 1898; Curie eligió el nombre como tributo a su patria ocupada, luego dividida entre Rusia, Prusia y Austria, con la esperanza de atraer la atención internacional a su causa.","interesting_facts":["El polonio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y recibió su nombre de la tierra natal de Marie, Polonia.","Es intensamente radiactivo, hasta el punto de que un gramo brilla de color azul y emite suficiente calor para mantenerse caliente.","El polonio-210 se utilizó en el famoso envenenamiento de Alexander Litvinenko en 2006.","Se ha utilizado como fuente de calor ligera en sondas espaciales y como dispositivo antiestático.","El polonio es extremadamente raro y se encuentra en minerales de uranio en pequeñas cantidades.","Una mota de polonio puede producir una dosis letal, lo que la convierte en una de las sustancias más tóxicas que se conocen."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Potasio","summary":"El potasio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas y crucial en los procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés deriva de 'potash' (ceniza de madera lixiviada en macetas, una de las primeras fuentes del elemento), mientras que el símbolo K proviene del latín 'kalium', en última instancia del árabe 'al-qali' (las cenizas de plantas alcalinas utilizadas en la fabricación de jabón).","interesting_facts":["El potasio es tan reactivo que estalla en una llama lila cuando entra en contacto con el agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo y lo suficientemente liviano como para flotar en el agua mientras reacciona.","Los iones de potasio son esenciales para las señales nerviosas y los latidos del corazón, y los plátanos son una fuente dietética muy conocida.","Su símbolo químico K proviene de 'kalium', la forma latinizada de la palabra árabe para cenizas vegetales.","El potasio fue el primer metal aislado por electrólisis, por Humphry Davy en 1807.","El isótopo radiactivo potasio-40 en tu cuerpo te vuelve ligeramente radiactivo durante toda tu vida."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodimio","summary":"El praseodimio es un metal plateado blando que se utiliza en imanes, colorantes de vidrio y aleaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'prasios' (verde puerro) y 'didymos' (gemelo), nombrado así por Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 cuando dividió el didimio en dos elementos: praseodimio, el gemelo verde-salado, y neodimio, el nuevo gemelo.","interesting_facts":["El nombre praseodimio significa \"gemelo verde\", por el color verde de sus sales.","Se utiliza en gafas especiales que protegen a los soldadores y sopladores de vidrio del deslumbramiento intenso y de la luz infrarroja.","Mezclado con neodimio, forma potentes imanes utilizados en motores y auriculares.","El praseodimio da un color amarillo puro a los esmaltes de vidrio y cerámica.","Se separó de una sustancia llamada \"didimio\" en 1885, que resultó ser dos elementos.","Las fibras dopadas con praseodimio pueden amplificar las señales luminosas en algunos sistemas ópticos."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Prometio","summary":"El prometio es un metal radiactivo utilizado en pinturas luminosas, baterías atómicas e investigaciones.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán de la mitología griega que robó el fuego a los dioses y se lo dio a la humanidad; Oportunamente, el prometio se obtuvo por primera vez en 1945 a partir de productos de fisión de uranio en un reactor nuclear.","interesting_facts":["El prometio es el único elemento de tierras raras que no tiene isótopos estables; es radiactivo y esencialmente ausente en la naturaleza.","Lleva el nombre de Prometeo, el titán griego que robó el fuego a los dioses.","El prometio se ha utilizado en pintura luminosa y en pequeñas baterías atómicas para marcapasos y naves espaciales.","Su existencia llenó un vacío de larga data en el elemento 61 de la tabla periódica, confirmado en 1945.","El prometio brillante puede producir una tenue luz azul verdosa a partir de su propia radiación.","Se cree que en cualquier momento sólo existen unos 500 gramos de prometio en toda la corteza terrestre."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinio","summary":"El protactinio es un metal denso de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en investigaciones científicas debido a su escasez y radiactividad.","appearance":"Metálico plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'protos' (πρῶτος), que significa 'primero', combinado con 'actinio', dando como resultado 'padre de actinio'; el nombre refleja que el protactinio-231 se desintegra en actinio-227; Kasper Fajans lo llamó por primera vez \"brevium\" en 1913, pero se adoptó \"protactinio\" cuando se identificó el isótopo de vida más larga.","interesting_facts":["El protactinio es uno de los elementos naturales más raros y caros.","Su nombre significa \"padre del actinio\", porque se descompone en actinio.","Es altamente radiactivo y tóxico, por lo que requiere un manejo cuidadoso.","El protactinio fue identificado por primera vez en 1913 y aislado en 1934.","La proporción de protactinio y torio en los sedimentos oceánicos ayuda a los científicos a estudiar el clima pasado y la circulación oceánica.","Tiene pocos usos fuera de la investigación científica debido a su escasez y radiactividad."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radio","summary":"El radio es un metal altamente radiactivo que alguna vez se usó en pinturas luminosas y ahora se estudia principalmente por sus propiedades radiactivas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Llamado así del latín \"radius\", que significa \"rayo\" o \"haz\", por Marie y Pierre Curie, quienes lo descubrieron en 1898; el nombre hace referencia a la intensa radiación que emite el elemento, que observaron como un fenómeno nuevo y notable al aislarlo de la pechblenda.","interesting_facts":["El radio fue descubierto por Marie y Pierre Curie en 1898 y brilla con una tenue luz azul en la oscuridad.","Una vez se añadió a las esferas de los relojes que brillan en la oscuridad, envenenando trágicamente a las 'Radium Girls' que las pintaron.","Los productos de principios del siglo XX comercializaban radio en pasta de dientes, agua y cosméticos antes de que se comprendieran sus peligros.","El radio es aproximadamente un millón de veces más radiactivo que la misma cantidad de uranio.","Históricamente se utilizó en radioterapia contra el cáncer antes de que lo reemplazaran fuentes más seguras.","Los cuadernos de notas de Marie Curie siguen siendo tan radiactivos que se guardan en cajas revestidas de plomo."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radón","summary":"El radón es un gas noble radiactivo utilizado en radioterapia y como trazador en investigaciones geológicas.","appearance":"gas incoloro","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a \"radio\", el elemento a partir del cual se produce mediante desintegración radiactiva, combinado con el sufijo \"-on\" utilizado para los gases nobles; Friedrich Dorn lo detectó por primera vez en 1900 como un gas que emanaba del radio y se denominó \"emanación de radio\" antes de que se estandarizara el nombre \"radón\".","interesting_facts":["El radón es un gas noble radiactivo producido por la desintegración del uranio en el suelo y las rocas.","Es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón entre los no fumadores y se filtra de forma invisible en los sótanos.","El radón es incoloro, inodoro e insípido, por lo que sólo puede detectarse con instrumentos especiales.","Es el gas más denso en condiciones normales y uno de los gases más pesados ​​que se conocen.","El radón alguna vez se usó en algunos de los primeros tratamientos médicos de radiación.","Los kits de prueba caseros están ampliamente disponibles porque los niveles de radón se pueden reducir con una ventilación adecuada."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renio","summary":"El renio es un metal denso de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en motores a reacción, filamentos y catalizadores.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre del río Rin (latín: Rhenus), que atraviesa Alemania; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke y Otto Berg eligieron el nombre en 1925 cuando descubrieron el elemento, siguiendo la tradición de nombrar elementos según las características geográficas de la tierra natal de los descubridores.","interesting_facts":["El renio fue uno de los últimos elementos estables descubiertos en 1925.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión y ebullición más altos de todos los elementos.","Las superaleaciones de renio permiten que las palas de las turbinas de los motores a reacción y de cohetes funcionen más calientes y de manera más eficiente.","Lleva el nombre del río Rin en Alemania.","El renio es extremadamente raro y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del cobre y el molibdeno.","Se utiliza como catalizador para producir gasolina sin plomo de alto octanaje."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodio","summary":"El rodio es un metal raro, de color blanco plateado, conocido por su alta reflectancia y su uso en convertidores catalíticos y joyería.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), nombrado así por William Hyde Wollaston en 1804 porque las soluciones de sales de rodio son característicamente de color rojo rosado.","interesting_facts":["El rodio es uno de los metales preciosos más raros y valiosos y, a menudo, cuesta mucho más que el oro.","Su nombre proviene del griego 'rhodon' (rosa), por el color rojo rosa de sus sales.","La mayor parte del rodio se utiliza en convertidores catalíticos para limpiar los gases nocivos de los gases de escape de los automóviles.","Proporciona un acabado brillante, duro y reflectante y se utiliza para enchapar joyas y espejos de oro blanco.","El rodio es muy resistente a la corrosión y no se empaña con el aire.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y se recupera principalmente como subproducto de la minería del platino y el níquel."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenio","summary":"El roentgenio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza principalmente en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, el físico alemán que descubrió los rayos X en 1895 y recibió el primer Premio Nobel de Física en 1901; GSI Darmstadt lo sintetizó en 1994, propuso el nombre en 2004 y la IUPAC lo adoptó oficialmente ese mismo año.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium lleva el nombre de Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, el descubridor de los rayos X.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1994 en Alemania mediante la fusión de núcleos de níquel y bismuto.","Es un elemento sintético superpesado producido sólo por unos pocos átomos a la vez.","Se predice que el roentgenio se ubicará debajo del oro en la tabla periódica y puede compartir parte de su química.","Sus átomos se desintegran a los pocos segundos de formarse.","No tiene aplicaciones más allá de la investigación fundamental."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidio","summary":"El rubidio es un elemento metálico blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en electrónica, investigación y relojes atómicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso o rojo oscuro), nombrado por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1861 por las dos distintivas líneas espectrales de color rojo intenso que utilizaron para identificarlo mediante la entonces nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","interesting_facts":["El rubidio se enciende espontáneamente en el aire y reacciona violentamente con el agua.","Su nombre proviene del latín 'rubidus' (rojo intenso) por las líneas rojas en su espectro de emisión.","El rubidio fue descubierto en 1861 por Bunsen y Kirchhoff utilizando la nueva técnica de espectroscopia.","Se derrite justo por encima de la temperatura corporal, a unos 39 °C.","Los átomos de rubidio se utilizan en algunos de los relojes atómicos más precisos del mundo.","Los científicos utilizaron rubidio para crear el primer condensado de Bose-Einstein, un nuevo y extraño estado de la materia, en 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenio","summary":"El rutenio es un metal de transición poco común que se utiliza en contactos eléctricos, resistencias de película gruesa y como catalizador.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia (la tierra del pueblo ruso), por Karl Ernst Claus en 1844, quien hizo el descubrimiento mientras trabajaba en Kazán, en el Imperio Ruso.","interesting_facts":["El rutenio lleva el nombre de Rutenia, el nombre latino de Rusia, donde fue descubierto en 1844.","Es uno de los metales del grupo del platino y es extremadamente duro y quebradizo.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de rutenio mejora enormemente la dureza y la resistencia al desgaste de las aleaciones de platino y paladio.","El rutenio se utiliza en contactos eléctricos y resistencias de chip dentro de la electrónica.","Actúa como un catalizador versátil, incluso en procesos para producir amoníaco y limpiar contaminantes.","Se están investigando compuestos de rutenio como colorantes absorbentes de luz para células solares."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordio","summary":"El ruterfordio es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ernest Rutherford, el físico nacido en Nueva Zelanda que descubrió el núcleo atómico y es considerado el padre de la física nuclear; El nombre fue propuesto por investigadores estadounidenses en Lawrence Berkeley y adoptado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 1997 tras una disputa de nombres de la Guerra Fría con científicos soviéticos.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordio lleva el nombre del físico Ernest Rutherford, padre de la física nuclear.","Es el primero de los elementos transactínidos (superpesados).","El ruterfordio se produce rompiendo núcleos atómicos más ligeros en aceleradores.","Su descubrimiento fue objeto de una disputa sobre el nombre durante la Guerra Fría entre científicos estadounidenses y soviéticos.","Sólo se pueden crear unos pocos átomos a la vez y se desintegran en segundos.","Se espera que se comporte químicamente como el hafnio, en el grupo 4 de la tabla periódica."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samario","summary":"El samario es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en imanes, láseres y como absorbente de neutrones en reactores nucleares.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a la samarskita, el mineral en el que fue identificada por primera vez por Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1879; La samarskita lleva el nombre del coronel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un funcionario minero ruso, lo que convierte al samario en el primer elemento que lleva el nombre (indirectamente) de una persona real.","interesting_facts":["Los imanes de samario-cobalto mantienen su fuerza a altas temperaturas y se utilizan en aviones y equipos militares.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona, a través del mineral samarskita (en honor al funcionario minero Samarsky).","El samario absorbe fácilmente neutrones, por lo que se utiliza en las barras de control de los reactores nucleares.","Se utiliza un compuesto de samario radiactivo para aliviar el dolor causado por el cáncer que se ha extendido a los huesos.","El samario se utiliza como catalizador en química y para fabricar ciertos tipos de vidrio y láseres.","Es moderadamente duro y se oxida lentamente en el aire, formando una capa amarillenta."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Escandio","summary":"El escandio es un metal blando de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en componentes aeroespaciales y aleaciones de alto rendimiento.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre a Escandinavia (del latín 'Scandia'), la región donde Lars Fredrik Nilson la descubrió en 1879 en los minerales euxenita y gadolinita de Escandinavia.","interesting_facts":["Mendeleev predijo la existencia y las propiedades del escandio en 1869 como \"eka-boro\" antes de que fuera descubierto en 1879.","Agregar una pequeña cantidad de escandio al aluminio crea una aleación resistente y liviana que se usa en cuadros de bicicletas de alta gama y piezas aeroespaciales.","Lleva el nombre de Escandinavia, donde se extrajo el mineral que se encontró por primera vez.","En algunos aviones de combate MiG soviéticos se utilizaron aleaciones de escandio y aluminio.","A pesar de ser bastante común en la corteza terrestre, el escandio es difícil de extraer y rara vez se concentra en los minerales, lo que lo hace costoso.","Se añade yoduro de escandio a algunas lámparas de halogenuros metálicos para producir una luz que imita la luz solar natural."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgio","summary":"El seaborgio es un elemento radiactivo sintético utilizado en la investigación científica para estudiar las propiedades de los elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Glenn T. Seaborg, el químico estadounidense que co-descubrió diez elementos transuránicos; fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona viva, propuesto por Lawrence Berkeley en 1994, aunque la IUPAC inicialmente se opuso antes de aprobar oficialmente el nombre en 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgio lleva el nombre del químico Glenn T. Seaborg, quien ayudó a descubrir muchos elementos transuránicos.","Fue el primer elemento que lleva el nombre de una persona que todavía estaba viva en ese momento.","El seaborgio es un elemento superpesado sintético fabricado únicamente en aceleradores de partículas.","Sus átomos se desintegran en cuestión de segundos, por lo que sólo se han estudiado unos pocos.","Los experimentos químicos sugieren que se comporta como el tungsteno, en el grupo 6 de la tabla periódica.","Fue creado por primera vez en 1974 rompiendo iones de oxígeno en californio."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenio","summary":"El selenio es un no metal con propiedades similares al azufre y al telurio, utilizado en electrónica, fabricación de vidrio y como complemento nutricional.","appearance":"Formas negras, rojas y grises.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'selene' (luna), nombrada por Jöns Jacob Berzelius en 1817 como compañera del telurio (del latín 'tellus', la Tierra), ya que ambos elementos son químicamente similares y se encontraron juntos en los mismos depósitos minerales.","interesting_facts":["El selenio lleva el nombre de Selene, la diosa griega de la Luna.","Su conductividad eléctrica cambia con la luz, una propiedad utilizada en las primeras fotocopiadoras y fotómetros.","El selenio es un oligoelemento esencial que apoya las enzimas antioxidantes, pero es tóxico en dosis mayores.","Le da al vidrio un color rojo y también se usa para quitar el tinte verde del vidrio.","Las nueces de Brasil son excepcionalmente ricas en selenio.","El selenio se presenta en varias formas, incluido un polvo rojo y una forma metálica gris que conduce la electricidad."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicio","summary":"El silicio es un sólido cristalino duro y quebradizo y un componente clave en semiconductores y chips de computadora.","appearance":"Sólido cristalino gris","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'silex' o 'silicis' (pedernal o piedra dura), porque el silicio se encuentra abundantemente en las rocas de sílex y silicatos; El nombre \"silicio\" fue propuesto por Thomas Thomson en 1817.","interesting_facts":["El silicio es el segundo elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre después del oxígeno, en su mayor parte encerrado en arena y rocas en forma de sílice.","Los cristales de silicio ultrapuro son la base de los chips de computadora, de ahí el nombre de Silicon Valley.","El silicio es un semiconductor metaloide que conduce la electricidad mejor que los aislantes, pero peor que los metales.","El cuarzo, el ópalo y la mayor parte de la arena son compuestos de silicio, y el vidrio se fabrica principalmente fundiendo sílice.","Los paneles solares dependen del silicio para convertir la luz solar directamente en electricidad.","A pesar de la similitud de su nombre, el silicio (el elemento) es diferente de la silicona, el polímero gomoso flexible que lo contiene."]},"Silver":{"name":"Plata","summary":"La plata es un metal suave, blanco y brillante con la mayor conductividad eléctrica y térmica de cualquier elemento, utilizado en joyería, electrónica y espejos.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa \"silver\" proviene del inglés antiguo \"seolfor\", relacionado con el protogermánico \"silubra\", de origen incierto; El símbolo Ag y el nombre del país Argentina derivan del latín 'argentum' (plata), vinculado al brillo blanco brillante del elemento.","interesting_facts":["La plata es el mejor conductor eléctrico y térmico de todos los elementos.","Tiene propiedades antibacterianas naturales y se usaba para mantener limpias las heridas y el agua mucho antes de la medicina moderna.","La plata es el metal más reflectante, por lo que se utilizaba tradicionalmente para respaldar los espejos.","La película fotográfica se basaba en compuestos de plata sensibles a la luz para capturar imágenes.","Su símbolo químico Ag proviene de la palabra latina 'argentum', y el país Argentina lleva su nombre.","La plata se vuelve negra cuando reacciona con pequeñas cantidades de compuestos de azufre en el aire."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodio","summary":"El sodio es un metal blando, de color blanco plateado, muy reactivo y un elemento esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Metal blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre en inglés proviene de 'soda' (latín medieval 'sodanum', un remedio para el dolor de cabeza), mientras que el símbolo Na deriva del latín 'natrium', a su vez del árabe/egipcio 'natrun', la palabra para natron, un mineral de carbonato de sodio natural.","interesting_facts":["El sodio es tan reactivo que debe almacenarse bajo aceite, burbujea y puede encenderse cuando se deja caer en agua.","Es lo suficientemente suave como para cortarlo con un cuchillo, revelando una superficie plateada brillante que rápidamente se opaca con el aire.","Las lámparas de vapor de sodio producen el distintivo brillo amarillo anaranjado que alguna vez fue común en el alumbrado público.","La sal de mesa común es cloruro de sodio y el sodio es esencial para los impulsos nerviosos y el equilibrio de líquidos en el cuerpo.","El sodio arde con una llama de color amarillo brillante, propiedad que se utiliza en las pruebas de llama para identificarlo.","El símbolo químico Na proviene de la palabra latina \"natrium\", en referencia a un compuesto de refresco natural."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Estroncio","summary":"El estroncio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en fuegos artificiales, cerámica y aplicaciones radiológicas.","appearance":"Plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Strontian, un pueblo en Argyllshire, Escocia, donde el mineral estrontianita (carbonato de estroncio) se descubrió por primera vez en minas de plomo locales alrededor de 1790.","interesting_facts":["Las sales de estroncio producen el color rojo brillante en los fuegos artificiales y bengalas de emergencia.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo escocés de Strontian, donde se encontró por primera vez su mineral.","El isótopo radiactivo estroncio-90 procedente de la lluvia radiactiva puede alojarse en los huesos porque imita el calcio.","El estroncio se utiliza en algunas pastas dentales para reducir la sensibilidad dental.","El aluminato de estroncio brilla en la oscuridad durante horas y se utiliza en pinturas luminosas modernas.","Al igual que el calcio, el estroncio reacciona con el agua y nunca se encuentra libre en la naturaleza."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Azufre","summary":"El azufre es un elemento amarillo no metálico que se encuentra comúnmente en áreas volcánicas y es esencial para la vida.","appearance":"Cristales de color amarillo brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'azufre' (azufre), palabra de origen incierto posiblemente vinculada al sánscrito 'sulvere'; El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad como la piedra amarilla y picante que se encuentra alrededor de los volcanes, llamada \"azufre\" en los textos bíblicos.","interesting_facts":["El azufre se conoce desde la antigüedad y en la Biblia se lo conoce como \"azufre\", que significa \"piedra ardiente\".","Es famoso por el olor a huevo podrido del sulfuro de hidrógeno, aunque el azufre puro en sí es inodoro.","El azufre arde con una llama azul y produce un gas asfixiante de dióxido de azufre.","La mayor parte del azufre extraído se utiliza para producir ácido sulfúrico, uno de los productos químicos industriales más producidos en el mundo.","Alrededor de los respiraderos volcánicos y las fuentes termales se forman depósitos de azufre de color amarillo brillante.","El azufre es un elemento esencial para la vida y se encuentra en los aminoácidos cisteína y metionina que ayudan a que las proteínas se pleguen."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tántalo","summary":"El tantalio es un metal denso y resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en electrónica, implantes quirúrgicos y aleaciones de alta temperatura.","appearance":"azul grisáceo","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Tántalo, el rey de la mitología griega condenado a permanecer en un charco de agua debajo de árboles frutales que retrocedían cada vez que los alcanzaba; Anders Ekeberg eligió el nombre en 1802 porque el elemento se negaba a absorber ácido, del mismo modo que Tantalus nunca podía satisfacer su sed.","interesting_facts":["Los condensadores de tantalio son pequeños pero almacenan mucha carga y se encuentran en casi todos los teléfonos y computadoras portátiles.","Lleva el nombre de Tantalus del mito griego, lo que refleja su \"tentadora\" resistencia a la disolución en ácido.","El tantalio es biocompatible y se utiliza en implantes, placas y clavos quirúrgicos.","Tiene uno de los puntos de fusión más altos de cualquier metal, más de 3.000 °C.","El tantalio es muy resistente a la corrosión gracias a una resistente capa de óxido.","Gran parte del tantalio del mundo proviene del mineral coltán, lo que genera preocupaciones sobre el abastecimiento ético."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnecio","summary":"El tecnecio es un metal radiactivo de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente en imágenes médicas y radiografía industrial.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'technetos' (artificial o creado por el hombre), denominado así por Carlo Perrier y Emilio Segrè en 1937 porque fue el primer elemento producido artificialmente, creado bombardeando molibdeno con deuterones en un ciclotrón.","interesting_facts":["El tecnecio fue el primer elemento creado artificialmente y su nombre proviene del griego y significa \"artificial\".","No tiene isótopos estables, por lo que esencialmente ninguno existe de forma natural en la Tierra.","El tecnecio-99m es el marcador radiactivo más utilizado en imágenes médicas y se utiliza en decenas de millones de exploraciones al año.","Mendeleev predijo que su hueco en la tabla periódica era \"eka-manganeso\".","Se ha detectado tecnecio en los espectros de determinadas estrellas lejanas, lo que demuestra que en ellas todavía se están forjando elementos.","Pequeñas cantidades de tecnecio pueden hacer que el acero sea notablemente resistente a la corrosión."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Teluro","summary":"El telurio es un metaloide frágil de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en aleaciones, semiconductores y dispositivos termoeléctricos.","appearance":"Gris plateado brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"Del latín 'tellus' (la Tierra), nombrado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1798; el nombre se combina deliberadamente con selenio (llamado así por la luna), ya que los dos elementos son químicamente similares y a menudo se encuentran juntos.","interesting_facts":["El telurio lleva el nombre de la palabra latina para Tierra, \"tellus\".","Las personas expuestas incluso a cantidades pequeñas desarrollan \"aliento de telurio\", un potente olor parecido al del ajo que puede durar semanas.","Es un metaloide raro, tan escaso en la corteza terrestre como el platino.","El telururo de cadmio se utiliza para fabricar paneles solares de película delgada.","El telurio mejora la maquinabilidad del acero y las aleaciones de cobre.","Se utiliza en discos ópticos regrabables porque puede cambiar entre estados vítreos y cristalinos."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Teneso","summary":"La tennessina es un elemento radiactivo sintético que se utiliza en la investigación científica para estudiar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconocido, probablemente metálico o metaloide","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, sede del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge (que produjo el objetivo esencial de berkelio), la Universidad de Vanderbilt y la Universidad de Tennessee; Fue sintetizado en 2010 y nombrado oficialmente por la IUPAC en 2016, con el sufijo 'ine' reflejando su posición en el grupo halógeno 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine lleva el nombre del estado estadounidense de Tennessee, hogar del Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge.","Es el segundo elemento más pesado conocido y fue confirmado en 2010.","Su nombre termina en '-ine' porque se encuentra en la columna de halógenos, grupo 17.","Para crearlo se requirió un berkelio poco común producido en Oak Ridge, bombardeado con iones de calcio.","Sólo se han formado unos pocos átomos de tennessina.","Sus átomos se desintegran en una fracción de segundo."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbio","summary":"El terbio es un metal de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en fósforos para iluminación verde, láseres y dispositivos magnetoópticos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo de la isla sueca de Resarö, donde originalmente se recolectaba el mineral gadolinita; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separó de la itria en 1843, y \"terbio\" es una reordenación silábica de \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["El terbio proporciona el color verde en muchos fósforos utilizados en iluminación y pantallas antiguas.","Lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, uno de los cuatro elementos que honran a esa única ciudad.","Las aleaciones de terbio cambian de forma en un campo magnético y se utilizan en sensores y sistemas de sonar.","Brilla con un color verde brillante bajo luz ultravioleta y se utiliza en tintas de seguridad.","El terbio es un metal de tierras raras, blando y plateado, que se puede cortar con un cuchillo.","Se utiliza en dispositivos de estado sólido y lámparas fluorescentes de bajo consumo."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Talio","summary":"El talio es un metal gris blando que se utiliza en electrónica, sistemas ópticos y algunas aplicaciones médicas.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Nombrado del griego 'thallos' (θαλλός), que significa 'brote verde' o 'ramita verde'; William Crookes lo nombró en 1861 por la distintiva línea espectral de color verde brillante que vio al analizar residuos de ácido selenio utilizando la técnica recientemente desarrollada de espectroscopia de llama.","interesting_facts":["El talio fue alguna vez un veneno favorito, inodoro e insípido, lo que le valió el sobrenombre de \"veneno del envenenador\".","Su nombre proviene del griego 'thallos', un brote verde, por la línea verde brillante de su espectro.","El envenenamiento por talio provoca la caída del cabello, lo que a veces ayuda a los médicos a diagnosticarlo.","En las pruebas de esfuerzo por imágenes del corazón se utiliza un isótopo radiactivo de talio.","Los compuestos de talio se utilizan en óptica y electrónica infrarroja especializada.","Fue descubierto en 1861 utilizando el nuevo método de espectroscopia de llama."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Torio","summary":"El torio es un metal débilmente radiactivo que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, aleaciones y mantos de gas.","appearance":"Plateado, a menudo con deslustre negro.","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno, por el químico sueco Jöns Jacob Berzelius, quien lo descubrió en 1828; Berzelius lo encontró en un mineral noruego al que llamó torita y nombró al nuevo elemento en honor a la deidad, siguiendo una tradición de honrar a figuras mitológicas.","interesting_facts":["El torio lleva el nombre de Thor, el dios nórdico del trueno.","Se está investigando como combustible nuclear más seguro y abundante que el uranio.","El torio es entre tres y cuatro veces más abundante en la corteza que el uranio.","Los mantos de gas toriado brillaban intensamente y se utilizaron en linternas durante más de un siglo.","Alguna vez se agregó a lentes de cámaras de alta calidad, que pueden amarillear ligeramente con el tiempo debido a la radiación.","Casi todo el torio es el isótopo de larga vida torio-232, con una vida media más larga que la edad del universo."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulio","summary":"El tulio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en dispositivos portátiles de rayos X, láseres y algunas aplicaciones nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Thule, el antiguo nombre griego y romano de una tierra mítica en el extremo norte del mundo conocido, a menudo identificada con Escandinavia o Islandia; Per Teodor Cleve eligió el nombre en 1879 para honrar los orígenes escandinavos del elemento.","interesting_facts":["El tulio es el elemento estable de tierras raras más raro y uno de los más caros.","Lleva el nombre de Thule, una tierra mítica en el extremo norte.","El tulio-170 radiactivo se utiliza en dispositivos de rayos X portátiles que no necesitan electricidad.","El tulio brilla de color azul bajo la luz ultravioleta y se utiliza para marcar los billetes contra la falsificación.","Los láseres de tulio se utilizan en algunos procedimientos quirúrgicos médicos.","A pesar de su rareza, el tulio sigue siendo más abundante en la corteza terrestre que el oro."]},"Tin":{"name":"Estaño","summary":"El estaño es un metal maleable de color blanco plateado que se utiliza en soldaduras, revestimientos y aleaciones como el bronce.","appearance":"Blanco plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"La palabra inglesa 'tin' proviene del inglés antiguo 'tin', relacionado con el protogermánico 'tinam', de origen incierto; El símbolo Sn proviene del latín 'stannum', que originalmente se refería a una aleación de plata y plomo antes de aplicarse al estaño.","interesting_facts":["Al mezclar estaño con cobre se obtiene el bronce, la aleación que definió toda una era de la historia de la humanidad.","Cuando se dobla, una barra de estaño emite un crujido llamado \"grito de estaño\" cuando sus cristales se reorganizan.","En condiciones de frío extremo, las latas de hojalata ordinarias se desmoronan hasta convertirse en un polvo gris, un proceso llamado \"plaga del estaño\".","Las latas obtienen su resistencia a la corrosión gracias a una fina capa de estaño sobre el acero.","El estaño tiene más isótopos estables (diez) que cualquier otro elemento.","El peltre y la soldadura son aleaciones comunes a base de estaño que se utilizan desde hace siglos."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanio","summary":"El titanio es un metal resistente y liviano ampliamente utilizado en aleaciones y dispositivos aeroespaciales y médicos.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre se debe a los titanes de la mitología griega (poderosas deidades primordiales) que Martin Heinrich Klaproth le dio en 1795, quien quería un nombre libre de asociaciones geográficas o personales.","interesting_facts":["El titanio tiene la relación resistencia-densidad más alta de cualquier elemento metálico, siendo tan fuerte como el acero pero aproximadamente un 45% más liviano.","Es biocompatible, por lo que el organismo no lo rechaza, por lo que es ideal para prótesis de cadera e implantes dentales.","El dióxido de titanio es un pigmento blanco brillante que se utiliza en pinturas, protectores solares e incluso pastas de dientes.","Resiste tan bien la corrosión del agua de mar que se utiliza en piezas de barcos y cascos de submarinos.","El titanio lleva el nombre de los titanes de la mitología griega debido a su gran fuerza.","Aunque es el noveno elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre, el titanio es costoso porque es difícil de extraer de sus minerales."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolframio","summary":"El tungsteno es un metal duro y denso con el punto de fusión más alto de todos los elementos, utilizado en filamentos, herramientas de corte y proyectiles perforantes.","appearance":"Blanco grisáceo, brillante","naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsteno' proviene de las palabras suecas 'tung' (pesado) y 'sten' (piedra), en referencia al mineral scheelita; El símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\", derivado del mineral wolframita, llamado así porque \"devoraba\" el estaño durante la fundición, evocando a un lobo (en alemán: Wolf Rahm, crema o espuma de lobo).","interesting_facts":["El tungsteno tiene el punto de fusión más alto de todos los metales, aproximadamente 3.422 °C.","Se utilizaba para los filamentos incandescentes de las bombillas incandescentes.","Su nombre proviene del sueco y significa \"piedra pesada\", mientras que su símbolo W proviene de \"wolframio\".","El carburo de tungsteno es casi tan duro como el diamante y se utiliza en brocas, sierras y balas perforantes.","Es uno de los elementos más densos, aproximadamente de la misma densidad que el oro.","El tungsteno es esencial para algunas enzimas de ciertos microbios amantes del calor, el elemento más pesado que se sabe que utiliza la vida."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranio","summary":"El uranio es un metal denso y radiactivo que se utiliza como combustible en reactores nucleares y armas nucleares.","appearance":"Gris plateado metalizado","naming_origin_explanation":"Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, que había sido descubierto apenas ocho años antes por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789; Siguió la tradición de nombrar elementos con el nombre de cuerpos celestes, del mismo modo que el telurio (el elemento anterior) había recibido el nombre de la Tierra.","interesting_facts":["El uranio es el elemento más pesado que se encuentra en cantidades significativas en la naturaleza.","Debe su nombre al planeta Urano, descubierto apenas ocho años antes.","Un solo kilogramo de uranio-235 puede liberar tanta energía como varios miles de toneladas de carbón.","La radiactividad del uranio fue descubierta por Henri Becquerel en 1896 cuando empañaba placas fotográficas en la oscuridad.","El uranio empobrecido es extremadamente denso y se utiliza en municiones blindadas y perforantes.","El vidrio de uranio, popular en el siglo XIX, brilla de color verde brillante bajo la luz ultravioleta."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadio","summary":"El vanadio es un metal duro de color gris plateado que se utiliza principalmente para fortalecer aleaciones de acero y otros materiales.","appearance":"Gris plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Vanadis, un epíteto nórdico antiguo para la diosa Freyja, elegido por Nils Gabriel Sefström en 1830 porque los compuestos de vanadio forman soluciones multicolores sorprendentemente hermosas.","interesting_facts":["El vanadio lleva el nombre de Vanadis, un nombre de la diosa nórdica Freyja, debido a sus compuestos de hermosos colores.","Sus compuestos aparecen en un arco iris de colores según el estado de oxidación: violeta, azul, verde y amarillo.","Agregar pequeñas cantidades de vanadio al acero lo hace mucho más duro y resistente, y se utiliza en herramientas y piezas de automóviles.","Henry Ford utilizó acero de vanadio en el Modelo T para hacerlo más ligero y resistente.","Las baterías de flujo redox de vanadio pueden almacenar grandes cantidades de energía para la red eléctrica.","Algunas criaturas marinas llamadas ascidias concentran vanadio en su sangre a niveles mucho más altos que el agua de mar circundante."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenón","summary":"El xenón es un gas noble incoloro, denso e inodoro que se utiliza en iluminación, imágenes médicas y propulsión de naves espaciales.","appearance":"Gas incoloro, emite un brillo azul cuando se excita.","naming_origin_explanation":"Del griego 'xenos' (extraño o extranjero), nombrado así por William Ramsay y Morris Travers en 1898 porque el xenón aparecía como un elemento completamente desconocido escondido en los residuos tras la evaporación del criptón líquido.","interesting_facts":["El nombre de Xenón proviene de la palabra griega que significa \"extraño\", porque era un hallazgo muy raro en el aire.","Produce una luz blanca brillante y se utiliza en faros de automóviles, flashes de cámaras y lámparas para proyectores de películas.","El xenón se puede utilizar como anestésico potente y seguro, aunque es caro.","A pesar de ser un gas noble, el xenón fue el primero en formar un compuesto químico real, en 1962.","Los propulsores de iones de las naves espaciales utilizan xenón como propulsor, empujando suavemente las sondas a través del sistema solar.","El xenón es lo suficientemente denso como para que puedas hacer flotar un objeto liviano sobre el gas invisible."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Iterbio","summary":"El iterbio es un metal blando y plateado que se utiliza en láseres, relojes atómicos y medidores de tensión en materiales.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"El nombre de Ytterby, un pueblo en la isla de Resarö cerca de Estocolmo, Suecia; Jean Charles de Marignac aisló por primera vez su óxido en 1878 del mineral erbia, y el iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre de ese único pueblo sueco.","interesting_facts":["El iterbio es uno de los cuatro elementos que llevan el nombre del pequeño pueblo sueco de Ytterby.","Los relojes atómicos de iterbio se encuentran entre los cronometradores más precisos jamás construidos.","Su resistencia eléctrica aumenta bruscamente bajo alta presión y se utiliza como medidor de tensión.","Las fibras dopadas con iterbio alimentan láseres industriales de alta energía para cortar y soldar metales.","Es un metal de tierras raras plateado, blando, maleable.","Inusualmente para un lantánido, el iterbio puede adoptar un estado de oxidación estable +2."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Itrio","summary":"El itrio es un elemento metálico plateado que se utiliza en fósforos, superconductores y tecnología LED.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Lleva el nombre de Ytterby, un pequeño pueblo en la isla de Resarö en Suecia, donde se recolectó por primera vez el mineral de gadolinita en 1787; el mismo nombre del pueblo también inspiró los nombres de iterbio, erbio y terbio.","interesting_facts":["El itrio lleva el nombre del pueblo sueco de Ytterby, que dio nombre a cuatro elementos diferentes.","Los cristales de itrio, aluminio y granate (YAG) se utilizan para fabricar potentes láseres para la medicina y la industria.","Ayudó a crear los primeros superconductores de alta temperatura que funcionan por encima del punto de ebullición del nitrógeno.","Los compuestos de itrio producían fósforos rojos en las antiguas pantallas de televisión en color.","Se utiliza para fortalecer aleaciones de aluminio y magnesio.","Aunque se le llama tierra rara, el itrio es más abundante en la corteza que la plata o el plomo."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"El zinc es un metal plateado azulado comúnmente utilizado en galvanización, aleaciones y como mineral esencial para procesos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal plateado azulado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del alemán 'Zink' (zinc), utilizado por primera vez por Paracelso en el siglo XVI; el origen puede estar relacionado con 'Zinke' (púa o punta), que describe los cristales puntiagudos que se forman durante la fundición, o posiblemente con el 'cantar' persa (piedra).","interesting_facts":["El zinc recubre el acero en un proceso llamado galvanización, sacrificándose para proteger el acero del óxido.","Es esencial para el sistema inmunológico humano y las pastillas de zinc se utilizan para ayudar a combatir los resfriados.","El zinc arde con una llama brillante de color verde azulado y una vez se le llamó \"lana de filósofo\" cuando se recogió su óxido blanco.","El latón, utilizado en instrumentos y accesorios, es una aleación de cobre y zinc.","La mayoría de las monedas modernas de un centavo y muchas otras monedas están hechas principalmente de zinc con una fina capa de cobre.","El óxido de zinc es el ingrediente activo de muchos protectores solares y cremas para la dermatitis del pañal."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Circonio","summary":"El circonio es un metal resistente a la corrosión que se utiliza en reactores nucleares, instrumentos quirúrgicos y materiales cerámicos.","appearance":"Blanco plateado","naming_origin_explanation":"Del árabe 'zarqun' (bermellón o color dorado), derivado del persa 'zargun' (parecido al oro), porque la piedra preciosa circón tiene tonalidades doradas; el nombre fue dado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789.","interesting_facts":["El circonio es muy resistente a la corrosión y apenas absorbe neutrones, lo que lo hace ideal para revestir barras de combustible nuclear.","La circonita cúbica, un compuesto de circonio, es un sustituto popular del diamante en joyería.","La piedra preciosa circón, un silicato de circonio, contiene algunos de los minerales más antiguos conocidos en la Tierra, con más de 4 mil millones de años.","El polvo de circonio es altamente inflamable y alguna vez se usó en flashes.","Es biocompatible y se utiliza en coronas dentales e implantes articulares.","Las cerámicas de dióxido de circonio son lo suficientemente resistentes como para fabricar hojas de cuchillo que rara vez necesitan afilarse."]}},"fi":{"Actinium":{"name":"Aktinium","summary":"Actinium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tutkimuksessa ja neutronilähteenä.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"aktis\" (ἀκτίς), joka tarkoittaa \"sädettä\" tai \"sädettä\"; André-Louis Debierne eristi sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1899 uraanimalmista ja nimesi sen voimakkaan radioaktiivisuuden vuoksi; se antaa nimensä raskaiden alkuaineiden aktinidisarjalle.","interesting_facts":["Aktinium hohtaa pimeässä aavemaisen vaaleansinisellä valolla voimakkaan radioaktiivisuutensa ansiosta.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"aktis\", joka tarkoittaa sädettä tai sädettä.","Se antaa nimensä elementtien aktinidisarjalle.","Actinium-225:tä tutkitaan kohdennettuun alfahiukkashoitoon syöpää vastaan.","Se on noin 150 kertaa radioaktiivisempi kuin radium.","Aktiinia on erittäin harvinainen, ja sitä esiintyy vain pieniä määriä uraanimalmeissa."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Alumiini","summary":"Alumiini on hopeanvalkoinen, kevyt ja korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään monenlaisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"alumen\" (aluna, yhdiste, jota on käytetty antiikista lähtien värjäyksessä ja parkitsemisessa); Humphry Davy loi sanan \"alumiini\" vuonna 1807 ja muutti sen myöhemmin \"alumiiniksi\", kun taas suuri osa maailmasta omaksui \"alumiini\" -kirjoituksen.","interesting_facts":["Alumiini on maankuoren runsain metalli, mutta sitä oli kerran niin vaikea puhdistaa, että se oli arvokkaampaa kuin kulta.","Ranskan arvostetuimpien vieraat söivät 1880-luvun juhlissa alumiinisten ruokailuvälineiden kanssa, kun taas toiset käyttivät kultaa.","Se on täysin kierrätettävää, ja alumiinin kierrätykseen kuluu vain noin 5 % raakamalmista valmistukseen tarvittavasta energiasta.","Alumiinin päälle muodostuu välittömästi ohut, itsestään paraneva oksidikerros, joka suojaa sitä korroosiolta.","Hall-Heroultin prosessi, joka keksittiin vuonna 1886, teki alumiinista halvan käyttämällä sähköä sen erottamiseen alumiinioksidista.","Alumiini on kevyttä, vahvaa ja ei-magneettista, joten se sopii erinomaisesti lentokoneisiin, tölkkeihin ja kalvoon."]},"Americium":{"name":"Amerikium","summary":"Americium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään savunilmaisimissa ja neutronilähteenä teollisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen, tummuu hitaasti ilmassa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Amerikan mantereiden mukaan, joissa se ensimmäisen kerran valmistettiin, Glenn Seaborg vuonna 1944; Seaborg nimesi sen tarkoituksella analogisesti europiumin kanssa (nimetty Euroopan mukaan), koska americiumilla on sama asema aktinidisarjassa kuin europiumilla lantanidisarjassa.","interesting_facts":["Americiumia käytetään pieninä määrinä useimmissa kotitalouksien palovaroittimissa.","Se on nimetty Amerikan mukaan, ja se heijastaa sitä, että europium on nimetty Euroopan mukaan.","Americium valmistettiin ensimmäisen kerran Manhattan Projectin aikana vuonna 1944.","Savunilmaisimessa americium lähettää alfahiukkasia, jotka ionisoivat ilmaa; savu katkaisee virran ja laukaisee hälytyksen.","Se hohtaa heikosti pimeässä omasta voimakkaasta radioaktiivisuudestaan.","Americiumia tutkitaan mahdollisena pitkäkestoisena virtalähteenä tuleville avaruustehtäville."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimoni","summary":"Antimoni on hauras, sinertävän valkoinen metalloidi, jota käytetään palonestoaineissa, metalliseoksissa ja puolijohteissa.","appearance":"Hopeinen, sinivalkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen nimi tulee keskiaikaisesta latinalaisesta 'antimonium', jonka alkuperä on epävarma (mahdollisesti arabian sanasta 'ithmid' tai latinalaisesta ilmauksesta, joka tarkoittaa 'ei yksin', koska antimonia esiintyy harvoin puhtaassa muodossa); symboli Sb tulee latinan sanasta \"stibium\", joka on kosmeettisena aineena muinaisesta Egyptistä lähtien käytetyn mustan sulfidimalmin nimi.","interesting_facts":["Antimonia on käytetty muinaisesta Egyptistä asti kohlina, mustien silmien kosmeettisena aineena.","Se on metalloidi, joka epätavallisesti laajenee jäätyessään, mikä tekee siitä hyödyllisen teräville valukappaleille ja tyyppimetallille.","Antimoniyhdisteitä käytetään laajalti palonestoaineina muovissa ja tekstiileissä.","Sen kemiallinen symboli Sb tulee latinan sanasta \"stibium\".","Keskiaikaiset alkemistit käyttivät antimonipillereitä uudelleenkäytettävinä laksatiivina, otettiin talteen ja siirtyivät \"ikuisiksi pillereiksi\".","Antimonia seostetaan lyijyn kanssa sen kovempaa tekemiseksi, kuten vanhoissa painotyypeissä ja akkulevyissä."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon on väritön, hajuton jalokaasu, joka muodostaa noin 1 % maapallon ilmakehästä.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikankielisestä \"argonista\" (joutokäynti tai ei-aktiivinen, neutraali sanasta \"argos\"), jonka William Ramsay ja Lord Rayleigh nimesivät vuonna 1894, koska kaasu on kemiallisesti inerttiä ja erittäin haluton reagoimaan minkään kanssa.","interesting_facts":["Argon muodostaa lähes 1 % maapallon ilmakehästä, mikä tekee siitä yleisimmän jalokaasun ilmassa.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"laiska\", koska se on niin kemiallisesti reagoimaton.","Argonia käytetään hehkulamppujen täyttämiseen, koska se ei reagoi kuuman hehkulangan kanssa.","Hitsaajat käyttävät argonia suojakaasuna suojaamaan kuumaa metallia reagoimasta ilman hapen kanssa.","Suurin osa maapallon argonista on argon-40:tä, jota syntyy kalium-40:n radioaktiivisen hajoamisen seurauksena kivissä.","Kaksoisikkunat täytetään usein argonilla, koska se eristää paremmin kuin tavallinen ilma."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arseeni","summary":"Arseeni on myrkyllinen metalloidi, jota on historiallisesti käytetty torjunta-aineissa ja nykyään puolijohteiden ja lasin tuotannossa.","appearance":"Metallinen harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"arsenikon\" (keltainen orpimentti, arseenin sulfidimalmi), itse mahdollisesti persialaisesta \"zarnikhista\" (arseenimalmi); sana voi liittyä myös kreikan sanaan \"arrhen\" (mies tai voimakas), mikä kuvastaa arseeniyhdisteiden voimakkaita ominaisuuksia.","interesting_facts":["Arseeni on kuuluisa \"kuninkaiden myrkkynä ja myrkkyjen kuninkaana\", jota ei ole havaittu vuosisatojen ajan ja se on suosittu historiallisissa murhissa.","Myrkyllisyydestään huolimatta pienet arseenin jäämät voivat olla joillekin eläimille välttämätön ravintoaine.","Galliumarsenidi ja muut arseeniyhdisteet ovat elintärkeitä nykyaikaisille puolijohteille ja LEDeille.","Pohjaveden arseenin saastuminen vaikuttaa miljoonien ihmisten juomaveteen maailmanlaajuisesti.","Se sublimoituu ja muuttuu suoraan kiinteästä kaasuksi kuumennettaessa ja tuoksuu valkosipulille.","Arseenia sisältäviä vihreitä pigmenttejä käytettiin aikoinaan tapeteissa, ja ne ovat saattaneet hitaasti myrkyttää viktoriaanisia kotitalouksia."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatiini","summary":"Astatiini on harvinainen radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa ja mahdollisesti syövän hoidossa.","appearance":"Tuntematon, luultavasti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"astatos\" (ἄστατος), joka tarkoittaa \"epävakaa\"; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie ja Emilio Segrè syntetisoivat sen vuonna 1940 Berkeleyssä ja valitsivat nimen, koska kaikki astatiinin isotoopit ovat radioaktiivisia ja hajoavat nopeasti, mikä tekee elementistä luonnostaan ​​epästabiilin.","interesting_facts":["Astatiini on harvinaisin luonnossa esiintyvä alkuaine; Maankuoressa on aina alle grammaa.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"astatos\", joka tarkoittaa \"epävakaa\".","Kukaan ei ole koskaan nähnyt näkyvää näytettä, koska se höyrystyy omasta voimakkaasta radioaktiivisuudestaan.","Se on halogeeneista raskain ja syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1940.","Astatiini-211:tä tutkitaan kohdennettuun alfahiukkassyöpähoitoon.","Sen stabiilimman isotoopin puoliintumisaika on vain noin 8 tuntia."]},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään porausnesteissä, maaleissa ja lääketieteellisessä kuvantamisessa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"barys\" (raskas), jonka Humphry Davy nimesi vuonna 1808, koska bariumsulfaatti (baryytti, yleinen malmi) on epämetalliselle mineraalille epätavallisen tiheää.","interesting_facts":["Potilaat juovat \"bariumateriaa\" tai \"baariumpääskystä\", koska barium estää röntgensäteet ja paljastaa ruoansulatuskanavan.","Bariumyhdisteet antavat ilotulituksiin kirkkaan vihreät värit.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"barys\", joka tarkoittaa raskasta.","Vaikka metalli on myrkyllistä, lääketieteellisissä skannauksissa käytetty liukenematon bariumsulfaatti kulkee kehon läpi turvallisesti.","Barium on niin reaktiivinen, että se on varastoitava öljyn alla, eikä sitä koskaan löydy vapaana luonnosta.","Mineraalibaryyttiä (bariumsulfaattia) käytetään porausnesteiden painotukseen öljyteollisuudessa."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa ja raskaampien alkuaineiden valmistuksessa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Kalifornian Berkeleyn mukaan, jossa se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1949 Kalifornian yliopiston säteilylaboratoriossa; Nimeäminen heijastelee tarkoituksella terbiumia, joka on nimetty ruotsalaisen Ytterbyn kaupungin mukaan – molemmat alkuaineet ovat samassa asemassa lantanidi- ja aktinidisarjassa.","interesting_facts":["Berkelium on nimetty Kalifornian Berkeleyn mukaan, jossa se valmistettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1949.","Se on erittäin harvinainen synteettinen alkuaine, jota on valmistettu vain pieniä määriä.","Berkeliumia käytettiin kohdemateriaalina superraskaan alkuaineen tennessiinin syntetisoinnissa.","Pienen berkeliuminäytteen tuottaminen voi kestää useita kuukausia korkeavirtausreaktorissa.","Se on erittäin radioaktiivista, eikä sillä ole käyttöä tieteellisen tutkimuksen ulkopuolella.","Berkelium täydentää sarjan terbiumilla, jotka molemmat on nimetty kaupunkien mukaan ja sijoitettu yhteensopiviin paikkoihin."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium on kova, harmahtava metalli, jota esiintyy luonnollisesti mineraalikivissä, hiilessä, maaperässä ja vulkaanisessa pölyssä.","appearance":"Teräksen harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty beryllin, jalokiven mukaan, kreikkalaisesta \"beryllosista\", koska Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin eristi ensimmäisen kerran beryllion beryllistä ja smaragdimineraaleista vuonna 1798.","interesting_facts":["Beryllium on erittäin läpinäkyvä röntgensäteille, joten sitä käytetään röntgenputkien ja ilmaisimien ikkunoiden valmistukseen.","Se on yksi kevyimmistä rakennemetalleista, mutta sillä on korkeampi jäykkyys-painosuhde kuin teräksellä.","Jalokivet smaragdi ja akvamariini ovat molemmat muotoja beryllistä, berylliumalumiinisilikaatista.","Berylliumpöly on erittäin myrkyllistä ja voi aiheuttaa kroonisen keuhkosairauden, jota kutsutaan beryllioosiksi.","James Webbin avaruusteleskoopin peilit on valmistettu kullalla päällystetystä berylliumista, koska se säilyttää muotonsa erittäin kylmissä lämpötiloissa.","Vuonna 1932 James Chadwick löysi neutronin pommittamalla berylliumia alfahiukkasilla."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Vismutti","summary":"Vismutti on hauras metalli, jonka myrkyllisyys on alhainen ja jota käytetään kosmetiikassa, lääketieteellisissä toimenpiteissä ja seoksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen irisoivalla sävyllä","naming_origin_explanation":"Johtuu vanhasta saksan sanasta \"Wismut\" tai \"Wismuth\", mahdollisesti sanasta \"weiße Masse\" (valkoinen massa) tai epävarmaa alkuperää olevasta kaivostermistä; Tunnettu 1400-luvulta lähtien erillisenä metallina, joka joskus sekoitetaan lyijyyn tai tinaan, ja latinattiin \"bisemutum\" ennen kuin siitä tuli \"vismutti\" nykyaikaisessa käytössä.","interesting_facts":["Vismutti muodostaa upeita, värikkäitä sateenkaarikiteitä, joilla on portaiden muotoinen suppilomuoto.","Se on painavin elementti, joka on käytännön syistä stabiili ja jonka puoliintumisaika on lähes käsittämättömän pitkä.","Vismutti on Pepto-Bismolin pääainesosa, jota käytetään vatsavaivojen rauhoittamiseen.","Kuten vesi, vismutti laajenee jäätyessään.","Sitä käytetään matalan sulamispisteen metalliseoksissa sprinklereissä ja turvalaitteissa.","Vismutti on yksi harvoista metalleista, jotka ovat vähemmän tiheitä joissakin seoksissa, ja se on myrkytön lyijyn korvike monissa tuotteissa."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty tanskalaisen fyysikon Niels Bohrin mukaan, joka kehitti atomin kvanttimallin ja antoi perustavanlaatuisen panoksen atomirakenteen ymmärtämiseen. GSI Darmstadt, Saksa, syntetisoi sen vuonna 1981 ja ehdotti nimeä hänen kunniakseen, jonka IUPAC hyväksyi virallisesti vuonna 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium on nimetty atomin rakenteen mallinneen fyysikon Niels Bohrin mukaan.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka tuottaa vain muutaman atomin kerrallaan.","Bohrium perustettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1981 Saksassa.","Sen isotoopit ovat voimakkaasti radioaktiivisia ja hajoavat sekunneissa tai vähemmän.","Kokeet osoittavat, että bohrium muistuttaa kemiallisesti reniumia ryhmässä 7.","Sillä ei ole käyttöä raskaimpien elementtien perustutkimuksen ulkopuolella."]},"Boron":{"name":"Boori","summary":"Boori on metalloidielementti, joka on välttämätön kasvien kasvulle, mutta voi olla ylimääräisesti myrkyllistä.","appearance":"Musta-ruskea","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty booraksin, mineraalin, josta se alun perin eristettiin, mukaan, ja \"booraksi\" on johdettu arabian sanasta \"buraq\" tai persialainen \"burah\", joka tarkoittaa booraksia tai salpeteria.","interesting_facts":["Booriyhdisteet antavat liekeille erottuvan kirkkaan vihreän värin, mikä tekee siitä hyödyllisen pyrotekniikassa.","Boori on välttämätön kasvien kasvulle, vaikkakin vain pieniä määriä; liikaa on myrkyllistä kasveille.","Borosilikaattilasi, joka on valmistettu boorista, kestää lämpöshokkia ja sitä käytetään ruoanlaittovälineissä ja laboratoriolaseissa.","Boori-10-isotooppi imee helposti neutroneja, joten booria käytetään säätösauvoissa ja ydinreaktorien suojauksessa.","Booraksia, boorimineraalia, on käytetty tuhansia vuosia metallien juottamisen puhdistusaineena ja juoksutteena.","Boori on metalloidi, jolla on sekä metallien että ei-metallien ominaisuudet, ja se on huono johdin huoneenlämpötilassa."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromi","summary":"Bromi on punertavanruskea neste huoneenlämpötilassa, ja sitä käytetään palonestoaineissa, vedenkäsittelyssä ja lääkkeissä.","appearance":"Punaruskea neste","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikankielisestä \"bromosta\" (haju tai paha haju), jonka Antoine Jérôme Balard nimesi vuonna 1826, koska nestemäinen bromi tuottaa syvän epämiellyttävän, tukehtuvan hajun.","interesting_facts":["Bromi on elohopean ohella yksi kahdesta huoneenlämpötilassa nestemäisestä alkuaineesta.","Se on tiheä, punertavanruskea neste, josta tulee tukehtuvia, myrkyllisiä höyryjä.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"bromos\", joka tarkoittaa \"hajua\".","Muinaiset kansat loivat merietanoista arvokasta violettia väriainetta, Tyyron purppuraa, käyttämällä bromiyhdisteitä.","Bromiyhdisteitä käytettiin laajalti palonestoaineina elektroniikassa ja huonekaluissa.","Suurin osa bromista uutetaan merivedestä ja suolapitoisista suolavesiesiintymistä."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Kadmium","summary":"Kadmium on pehmeä, sinertävän valkoinen metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa akuissa, pigmenteissä ja galvanoinnissa.","appearance":"Hopean siniharmaa metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinankielisestä sanasta \"kadmia\" (kalamiini, sinkkikarbonaattimalmi), lopulta kreikan sanasta \"kadmeia\" (Theban maa, nimetty Theban myyttisen perustajan Kadmuksen mukaan), koska kadmium löydettiin vuonna 1817 epäpuhtautena sinkkimalmista.","interesting_facts":["Kadmium antaa eloisia keltaisia, oransseja ja punaisia ​​pigmenttejä, joita monet taiteilijat, kuten Monet ja Van Gogh ovat pitkään arvostaneet.","Se on myrkyllistä ja kerääntyy elimistöön aiheuttaen tuskallisen itai-itai-luusairauden, jota havaittiin Japanissa 1900-luvulla.","Ladattavat nikkelikadmium (NiCd) -akut olivat aikoinaan erittäin yleisiä.","Kadmiumpinnoitteet suojaavat terästä korroosiolta erityisesti lentokoneiden osissa.","Se löydettiin vuonna 1817 epäpuhtaudeksi sinkkimalmista.","Kadmium imee helposti neutroneja, joten sitä käytetään ydinreaktorien säätösauvoissa."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Kalsium","summary":"Kalsium on pehmeä harmaa metalli, joka on välttämätön eläville organismeille, erityisesti solufysiologiassa ja luun muodostuksessa.","appearance":"Himmeä harmaa, hopea","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"calx\" tai \"calcis\" (kalkki tai kalkkikivi), koska Humphry Davy eristi sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1808 elektrolyysillä kalsiumoksidista (quicklime), materiaalia, jota roomalaiset olivat käyttäneet pitkään rakentamisessa.","interesting_facts":["Kalsium on ihmiskehon runsain metalli, josta noin 99 % varastoituu luihin ja hampaisiin.","Kalkkikivi, liitu ja marmori ovat kaikki kalsiumkarbonaatin muotoja.","Se on viidenneksi runsain alkuaine maankuoressa.","Kalsiumionit toimivat universaalina signaalina solujen sisällä ja laukaisevat kaiken lihasten supistumisesta hedelmöittymiseen.","Poltettu kalkki (kalsiumoksidi) hehkui kirkkaasti kuumennettaessa ja sitä käytettiin valaisemaan lavaa, mikä antoi meille ilmaisun \"parrasvaloissa\".","Koralliriutat ja simpukankuoret on rakennettu suurelta osin merivedestä uutetusta kalsiumkarbonaatista."]},"Californium":{"name":"Kalifornium","summary":"Kalifornium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään neutronilähteissä, syövän hoidossa ja materiaalianalyysissä.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli, hohtaa pimeässä radioaktiivisuutensa ansiosta","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Yhdysvaltain Kalifornian osavaltion ja Kalifornian yliopiston mukaan, jossa se syntetisoitiin vuonna 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street ja Ghiorso valitsivat nimen toteamalla, että he olivat loppuneet läheisistä taivaankappaleista ja päättivät kunnioittaa löytöpaikkaa.","interesting_facts":["Kalifornium on yksi kalleimmista aineista maapallolla, ja se maksaa miljoonia dollareita grammalta.","Se on nimetty Yhdysvaltain Kalifornian osavaltion mukaan, josta se löydettiin vuonna 1950.","Californium-252 on voimakas neutronisäteilijä, jota käytetään ydinreaktorien käynnistämiseen ja teollisissa skannereissa.","Sitä käytetään kullan ja öljyn havaitsemiseen kiven neutronianalyysin avulla.","Yksi mikrogramma vapauttaa valtavan määrän neutroneja sekunnissa.","Kaliforniumia käytetään myös metallien väsymisen ja heikkojen kohtien löytämiseen lentokoneissa ja koneissa."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Hiili","summary":"Hiili on elämän perusrakennusaine, jota löytyy kaikista tunnetuista orgaanisista yhdisteistä.","appearance":"Vaihtelee (grafiitti on mustaa, timantti on kirkasta)","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"carbo\" (hiili tai puuhiili), mikä heijastaa sitä, että hiili on tunnettu antiikista lähtien hiilen, grafiitin ja timantin muodossa.","interesting_facts":["Hiili muodostaa enemmän yhdisteitä kuin kaikki muut alkuaineet yhteensä, ja se on kaiken tunnetun elämän kemiallinen perusta.","Timantti ja grafiitti ovat molemmat puhdasta hiiltä, ​​mutta timantti on kovin luonnonmateriaali, kun taas grafiitti on tarpeeksi pehmeää kirjoittaakseen.","Grafeeni, yksi kerros hiiliatomeja, on noin 200 kertaa vahvempaa kuin teräs ja johtaa sähköä paremmin kuin kupari.","Hiili-14-ajanmääritys käyttää radioaktiivisen hiilen isotoopin tasaista hajoamista määrittääkseen kerran eläneen materiaalin iän noin 50 000 vuotta vanhaan asti.","Tähtien sisälle taotut hiiliatomit leviävät maailmankaikkeuden läpi, kun tähdet räjähtävät, mikä tekee meistä kirjaimellisesti tähtipölystä.","Buckminsterfullereeni, jalkapallon muotoinen 60 hiiliatomin molekyyli, löydettiin vuonna 1985 ja nimettiin arkkitehti Buckminster Fullerin mukaan."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään katalysaattoreissa, lasin kiillotuksessa ja seoksissa.","appearance":"Hopean harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kääpiöplaneetan Ceresin mukaan, löydetty vuonna 1801 ja itse nimetty roomalaisen maatalouden jumalattaren mukaan; Martin Heinrich Klaproth ja Jöns Jacob Berzelius antoivat sille nimen vuonna 1803 noudattaen tapaa nimetä uusia elementtejä taivaankappaleiden mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Cerium on runsain kaikista harvinaisista maametallien alkuaineista, yleisempi kuin kupari.","Se on nimetty kaksi vuotta aiemmin löydetyn kääpiöplaneetan Ceresin mukaan.","Cerium on tärkein kipinöitä tuottava ainesosa piikivisytyttimien ja sytytinseosten seoksissa.","Ceriumoksidi on hieno kiillotusjauhe, jota käytetään antamaan lasille ja jalokiville sileä pinta.","Sitä lisätään katalysaattoreihin hapen varastoimiseksi ja vapauttamiseksi.","Juuri leikattu cerium voi syttyä itsestään ilmassa tehden siitä pyroforisen."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium on pehmeä, kullanvärinen metalli, joka tunnetaan käytöstä atomikelloissa ja erilaisissa elektronisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopean-kultainen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"caesius\" (taivaansininen tai harmahtavan sininen), jonka Robert Bunsen ja Gustav Kirchhoff antoivat vuonna 1860 nimen kahden erottuvan kirkkaan sinisen spektriviivan mukaan, joita he käyttivät elementin tunnistamiseen.","interesting_facts":["Toinen määritellään virallisesti cesiumatomien värähtelyillä, jotka ovat atomikellojen perusta.","Cesium on yksi reaktiivisimmista metalleista, joka räjähtää voimakkaasti joutuessaan kosketuksiin veden kanssa.","Se sulaa noin 28 °C:ssa, joten se on nestemäistä lämpimänä päivänä.","Sen väri on kulta-hopea, yksi harvoista metalleista, jotka eivät ole hopeaa tai harmaata.","Cesium oli ensimmäinen alkuaine, jonka Bunsen ja Kirchhoff löysivät spektroskopialla vuonna 1860.","Radioaktiivinen cesium-137 on merkittävä ydinfissiotuote ja huolenaihe ydinonnettomuuksissa."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Kloori","summary":"Kloori on erittäin reaktiivinen, vihertävän keltainen kaasu, jota käytetään desinfiointiaineena ja erilaisissa teollisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Vihertävän keltainen kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"chloros\" (vaaleanvihreä tai vihertävän keltainen), jonka Humphry Davy nimesi vuonna 1810 heijastamaan kaasun erottuvaa kelta-vihreää väriä.","interesting_facts":["Kloori on vihertävän keltainen kaasu, jota käytettiin kemiallisena aseena ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa.","Juomaveteen ja uima-altaisiin lisätyt pienet määrät tappavat bakteereja ja ovat pelastaneet lukemattomia ihmishenkiä vesivälitteisiltä taudeilta.","Yhdessä natriumin kanssa kloori muodostaa tavallista ruokasuolaa, joka on välttämätön elämälle.","Se on niin reaktiivinen, että se valkaisee helposti väriaineita ja desinfioi, minkä vuoksi sitä käytetään kotitalouksien valkaisuaineissa.","Carl Wilhelm Scheele eristi kloorin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1774, joka ei ymmärtänyt sen olevan uusi alkuaine.","Vaikka elimistössäsi olevat kloridi-ionit ovat myrkyllisiä kaasuna, ne ovat elintärkeitä ruoansulatukselle ja hermojen toiminnalle."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Kromi","summary":"Kromi on kova, kiiltävä ja korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään ruostumattomassa teräksessä ja kromipinnoituksessa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"chroma\" (väri), jonka Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin nimesi vuonna 1798, koska kromiyhdisteillä on laaja valikoima eloisia värejä - punainen rubiineissa, vihreä smaragdeissa ja oranssi krokoiitissa.","interesting_facts":["Kromi antaa ruostumattomalle teräkselle sen kiiltoa ja ruosteenkestävyyttä muodostaen näkymättömän suojaavan oksidikerroksen.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"chroma\", joka tarkoittaa väriä, koska sen yhdisteet ovat värikkäitä.","Kromi tekee rubiineista punaisia ​​ja smaragdeista vihreitä hivenepäpuhtaudena kiteissä.","Kromipinnoite antaa kirkkaan, kovan, peilimäisen viimeistelyn auton verhoilulle ja työkaluille.","Kromi on yksi kovimmista metalleista ja kestää hyvin korroosiota.","Jotkut kromiyhdisteet ovat välttämättömiä ravintoaineita pieniä määriä, kun taas toiset (kromi-6) ovat myrkyllisiä ja syöpää aiheuttavia."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Koboltti","summary":"Koboltti on kova, kiiltävä, hopeanharmaa metalli, jota käytetään seoksissa ja akuissa ja joka on välttämätön B12-vitamiinille.","appearance":"Kiiltävä harmaa metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Saksalaisesta \"Koboldista\" (goblin tai imp), koska saksalaiset kaivostyöläiset syyttivät ilkikurista maanalaista henkeä hankalasta kobolttimalmista, joka vapautui myrkyllisiä arseenihöyryjä eikä tuottanut kuparia, vaikka se muistutti kuparimalmia.","interesting_facts":["Kobolttia on käytetty yli 2000 vuoden ajan antamaan lasille ja keramiikalle syvän, loistavan sininen väri.","Sen nimi tulee \"koboldista\", ilkikurisesta saksalaisista kaivostyöläisistä, joita syytetään haitallisista malmeista.","Koboltti on keskeinen ainesosa ladattavissa litiumioniakuissa, jotka toimivat puhelimissa ja sähköautoissa.","Se on yksi kolmesta luonnollisesti magneettisesta elementistä huoneenlämpötilassa raudan ja nikkelin ohella.","Radioaktiivista isotooppia koboltti-60 käytetään syövän hoitoon ja lääketieteellisten laitteiden sterilointiin.","Koboltti on välttämätön elämälle B12-vitamiinin ytimessä oleva metalliatomi."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Kopernikium","summary":"Kopernikium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Nicolaus Copernicuksen, puolalais-saksalaisen tähtitieteilijän mukaan, joka ehdotti, että maa kiertää aurinkoa; GSI Darmstadt syntetisoi sen vuonna 1996 ja ehdotti nimeä Kopernikuksen kunniaksi, ja IUPAC otti sen virallisesti käyttöön vuonna 2010 hänen syntymänsä 537-vuotispäivänä.","interesting_facts":["Copernicium on nimetty tähtitieteilijä Nicolaus Copernicuksen mukaan, joka asetti Auringon aurinkokunnan keskukseen.","Se luotiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1996 Saksassa.","Koperniumin ennustetaan olevan huoneenlämmössä haihtuva neste tai kaasu, joka käyttäytyy jonkin verran elohopean tavoin.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka on valmistettu yksi atomi kerrallaan.","Sen isotoopit ovat erittäin radioaktiivisia ja lyhytikäisiä.","Se sijaitsee elohopean alapuolella jaksollisen järjestelmän ryhmässä 12."]},"Copper":{"name":"Kupari","summary":"Kupari on punertavan kultainen metalli, joka tunnetaan korkeasta lämmön- ja sähkönjohtavuudestaan ​​ja jota käytetään laajalti sähköjohdoissa ja putkistoissa.","appearance":"Punertava metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinan kielestä \"cuprum\", joka on johdettu kreikan sanasta \"Kypros\" (Kypros), saari, joka oli muinaisen maailman ensisijainen kuparin lähde; myös symboli Cu juontaa juurensa tähän latinalaiseen nimeen.","interesting_facts":["Kupari oli yksi ensimmäisistä ihmisten käyttämistä metalleista, ja sitä käytettiin yli 10 000 vuotta.","Se on erinomainen sähkönjohdin hopean jälkeen, minkä vuoksi se täyttää johdot ja kaapelit.","Kuparipinnat tappavat luonnollisesti monia bakteereja ja viruksia, mikä tekee siitä hyödyllisen ovenkahvoissa ja sairaalavarusteissa.","Vapaudenpatsas on peitetty kuparilla, joka muuttui vihreäksi ajan myötä muodostaessaan suojaavan patinan.","Kuparin ja tinan sekoittaminen tuottaa pronssia ja sinkin kanssa messinkiä, kaksi seosta, jotka muovasivat ihmiskunnan historiaa.","Kupari on välttämätön hivenravinne, joka auttaa kehoasi muodostamaan punasoluja ja ylläpitämään hermoja."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään avaruustutkimuksessa voimanlähteenä ja tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli, tummuu ilmassa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty radioaktiivisuustutkimuksen pioneereiden Marie ja Pierre Curien mukaan; Glenn Seaborg nimesi sen vuonna 1944 kunniaksi pariskunnalle, jonka löydöt mahdollistivat ydinkemian, ja huomautti, että curiumin asema aktinidisarjassa heijastaa gadoliinia lantanideissa – joka on nimetty kemistin mukaan rinnakkaisen mallin mukaisesti.","interesting_facts":["Curium on nimetty radioaktiivisuustutkimuksen pioneereiden Marie ja Pierre Curien mukaan.","Se hohtaa pimeässä pehmeällä violetilla tai punaisella valolla voimakkaan radioaktiivisuutensa vuoksi.","Curium on niin radioaktiivista, että se tuottaa merkittävää lämpöä ja sitä pidettiin avaruusalusten tehona.","Se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1944, ennen kevyempää americiumia.","Kuriumiin perustuvat instrumentit ovat analysoineet Marsin ja muiden planeettojen pintojen kemiallista rakennetta.","Kaikki curium on valmistettu keinotekoisesti; niitä ei löydy luonnosta."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Saksan Darmstadtin kaupungin mukaan, jossa se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1994 GSI Darmstadtissa; se noudattaa perinnettä nimetä uudet elementit löytöpaikkojen mukaan, ja IUPAC otti nimen virallisesti käyttöön vuonna 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium on nimetty Saksan Darmstadtin kaupungin mukaan, josta se löydettiin vuonna 1994.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka on luotu hiukkaskiihdyttimissä.","Vain muutama darmstadtium-atomi on koskaan valmistettu.","Sen atomit elävät alle sekunnin ennen kuin ne hajoavat.","Sen odotetaan kemiallisesti muistuttavan platinaa ryhmässä 10.","Darmstadtiumilla ei ole käytännön käyttöä tieteellisen tutkimuksen ulkopuolella."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa raskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Dubna, Venäjä, koti Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; nimi ratkaisi kylmän sodan kiistan, jossa amerikkalaiset tiedemiehet kutsuivat sitä \"hahniumiksi\" ja Neuvostoliiton tiedemiehet kutsuivat sitä \"nielsbohriumiksi\", ennen kuin IUPAC otti käyttöön neutraalin kaupunkipohjaisen nimen vuonna 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium on nimetty Venäjän Dubnan mukaan, jossa on kuuluisa ydintutkimuslaitos.","Se on synteettinen superraskas elementti, joka on valmistettu vain hiukkaskiihdyttimissä.","Sen löytö oli osa \"Transfermium Warsia\", kylmän sodan aikaista nimikiistaa.","Dubnium-atomit ovat olemassa vain sekunteja tai vähemmän ennen kuin ne hajoavat.","Vain pieni määrä dubniumatomeja on koskaan luotu.","Sen ennustetaan kemiallisesti muistuttavan tantaalia ryhmässä 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium on hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään magneeteissa, lasereissa ja ydinreaktorin ohjaussauvissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"dysprositos\" (δυσπρόσιτος), joka tarkoittaa \"vaikea saada\"; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran loi nimen vuonna 1886, mikä kuvastaa äärimmäistä vaikeutta eristää se malmistaan ​​- prosessi, joka vaatii 19 saostumista.","interesting_facts":["Dysprosiumin nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"dysprositos\", joka tarkoittaa \"vaikea saada\", koska sitä oli niin vaikea eristää.","Sitä lisätään neodyymimagneetteihin, jotta ne säilyttävät voimansa korkeissa lämpötiloissa moottoreissa ja tuuliturbiineissa.","Dysprosiumilla on alhaisissa lämpötiloissa yksi kaikkien alkuaineiden korkeimmista magneettisista vahvuuksista.","Se imee hyvin neutroneja ja sitä käytetään ydinreaktorin ohjaussauvoissa.","Dysprosiumpohjaiset seokset muuttavat muotoaan magneettikentissä, mikä on hyödyllistä toimilaitteissa ja muuntimissa.","Sitä pidetään puhtaan energiateknologian kriittisenä materiaalina."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium on erittäin radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa ja raskaampien alkuaineiden valmistuksessa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli, hehkuu radioaktiivisuutensa ansiosta","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Albert Einsteinin mukaan, joka muotoili erityisen suhteellisuusteorian ja yhtälön E=mc² ydinenergian taustalla; Albert Ghiorso ja kollegat antoivat sille nimen vuonna 1955 löydettyään sen ensimmäisen vetypommikokeen jäännöksestä vuonna 1952, ja se pidettiin salassa useita vuosia.","interesting_facts":["Einsteiniumia löydettiin vuonna 1952 ensimmäisen vetypommikokeen jäännöksistä.","Se on nimetty Albert Einsteinin mukaan.","Einsteinium hehkuu sinisenä pimeässä voimakkaasta radioaktiivisuudestaan.","Se on niin harvinaista, että punnittavia määriä on valmistettu vain satunnaisesti.","Einsteiniumin tutkiminen on äärimmäisen vaikeaa, koska se vahingoittaa omaa astiaansa ja instrumenttejaan.","Sillä ei ole käytännön käyttöä tieteellisen perustutkimuksen ulkopuolella."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään optisissa kuiduissa, lasereissa ja ydintekniikassa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ytterbyn mukaan, kylän Resarön saarella Ruotsissa, jossa sitä sisältävä gadoliniitti mineraali louhittiin ensimmäisen kerran; Carl Gustaf Mosander erotti sen yttriasta vuonna 1843, ja \"erbium\" on yksi neljästä elementin nimestä, jotka on johdettu yhdestä paikannimestä \"Ytterby\".","interesting_facts":["Erbium-seostetut kuidut vahvistavat valosignaaleja, mikä mahdollistaa pitkän matkan kuituoptisen internetin.","Se antaa lasille ja lasiteille pehmeän vaaleanpunaisen värin ja sitä käytetään aurinkolaseissa ja koristelasissa.","Erbiumlasereita käytetään hammaslääketieteessä ja kosmeettisessa ihon pinnoituksessa.","Se on nimetty Ruotsin Ytterbyn mukaan, ja se jakaa alkuperänsä useiden muiden harvinaisten maametallien kanssa.","Erbiumia lisätään joihinkin metalliseoksiin, mukaan lukien vanadiiniin, jotta ne olisivat työstettävimpiä.","Se absorboi infrapunavaloa tehokkaasti, mikä on monien sen laserkäyttöjen taustalla."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään fosforoivissa materiaaleissa, säätösauvoissa ja ydinreaktoreissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Euroopan, mantereen mukaan, Eugène-Anatole Demarçay vuonna 1901, joka eristi sen spektroskooppisesti; se oli useiden maantieteellisten alueiden mukaan nimettyjen elementtien joukossa 1800-luvun lopulla ja 1900-luvun alussa.","interesting_facts":["Europium tarjoaa punaisia ​​ja sinisiä loisteaineita, jotka tuottivat väriä vanhoissa televisio- ja tietokonenäytöissä.","Sitä käytetään euroseteleiden väärennösten torjuntaan, ja se hehkuu ultraviolettivalossa.","Europium on harvinaisten maametallien reaktiivisin alkuaine, joka tahrautuu nopeasti ilmassa.","Se on nimetty Euroopan mantereen mukaan.","Europiumilla seostetut fosforit saavat energiatehokkaat loistelamput ja LED-valot loistamaan kirkkaasti.","Se on yksi maankuoren vähiten esiintyvistä harvinaisista maametallista."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa ja transuraanialkuaineiden tutkimuksessa.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti hopeaa metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Enrico Fermin mukaan, italialais-amerikkalainen fyysikko, joka rakensi ensimmäisen keinotekoisen ydinreaktorin vuonna 1942 ja antoi perustavanlaatuisen panoksen ydin- ja hiukkasfysiikkaan; Albert Ghiorso ja kollegat antoivat sille nimen vuonna 1953 löydettyään sen samasta vetypommien testijätteestä, joka tuotti einsteiniumia.","interesting_facts":["Fermiumia löydettiin myös ensimmäisen vetypommitestin laskeumasta vuonna 1952.","Se on nimetty fyysikon Enrico Fermin mukaan, joka oli ydinreaktioiden edelläkävijä.","Fermium on raskain alkuaine, jota voidaan valmistaa punnittavissa määrin neutronipommituksella.","Fermiumin lisäksi alkuaineet on valmistettava atomi kerrallaan hiukkaskiihdyttimien avulla.","Vain pieniä, näkymättömiä määriä fermiumia on koskaan valmistettu.","Se on olemassa vain synteettisenä alkuaineena, eikä sillä ole kaupallista käyttöä."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Dubnassa, Venäjällä sijaitsevan Flerov-ydinreaktioiden laboratorion mukaan, itse nimetty Neuvostoliiton fyysikon Georgi Flyorovin mukaan; Flyorov oli mukana perustamassa laboratoriota ja teki merkittävän panoksen ydinfysiikkaan, ja hänen tiiminsä syntetisoi elementin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1998, ja IUPAC otti nimen virallisesti käyttöön vuonna 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium on nimetty Venäjällä sijaitsevan Flerov-ydinreaktioiden laboratorion mukaan.","Sen loi ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1998 Dubnassa, Venäjällä sijaitseva tiimi.","Jotkut ennusteet viittaavat siihen, että flerovium saattaa olla epätavallisen vakaa tai jopa kaasumainen, vaikka se on edelleen radioaktiivista.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka on valmistettu yksi atomi kerrallaan.","Flerovium on johdon alapuolella jaksollisen taulukon ryhmässä 14.","Sen isotoopit hajoavat sekunneissa, mutta ovat pidempiä kuin monet naapurit, mikä viittaa \"vakauden saareen\"."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluori","summary":"Fluori on erittäin reaktiivinen, vaaleankeltainen kaasu ja elektronegatiivisin alkuaine.","appearance":"Vaaleankeltainen kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"fluere\" (virtaamaan), koska mineraalifluoriittia käytettiin laajalti metallurgisena juoksutena; André-Marie Ampère ehdotti elementille nimeä vuonna 1812.","interesting_facts":["Fluori on kaikista alkuaineista reaktiivisin ja elektronegatiivisin, ja se reagoi lähes kaikkien muiden aineiden kanssa, joskus räjähdysmäisesti.","Se on niin aggressiivinen, että se voi saada materiaalit, kuten asbestin ja jopa veden syttymään liekkiin.","Juomaveteen ja hammastahnaan lisätty pieni määrä fluoria auttaa estämään hampaiden reikiintymistä.","Teflon, keittoastioiden tarttumaton pinnoite, on fluoria sisältävä polymeeri (PTFE).","Monet kemistit myrkytettiin tai tapettiin yrittäessään eristää fluoria, jolloin he saivat lempinimen \"fluorimarttyyreiksi\", ennen kuin Henri Moissan onnistui vuonna 1886.","Fluori on huoneenlämmössä vaaleankeltainen kaasu ja halogeeneista kevyin."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium on erittäin harvinainen ja radioaktiivinen metalli, jolla ei ole merkittäviä käyttökohteita sen epävakauden vuoksi.","appearance":"Tuntematon, luultavasti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ranskan mukaan, jossa Marguerite Perey löysi sen vuonna 1939 Curie-instituutissa Pariisissa; hän nimesi elementin kotimaansa kunniaksi noudattaen perinnettä nimetä elementit paikkojen mukaan ja hänestä tuli ensimmäinen nainen, joka valittiin Ranskan tiedeakatemiaan.","interesting_facts":["Francium on toiseksi harvinaisin luonnossa esiintyvä alkuaine astatiinin jälkeen.","Se oli viimeinen elementti, jonka Marguerite Perey löysi Ranskassa vuonna 1939 luonnosta.","Se on nimetty hänen kotimaansa Ranskan mukaan.","Francium on niin radioaktiivista, että mikä tahansa näkyvä määrä höyrystyy välittömästi omasta lämmöstään.","Sen stabiilimman isotoopin puoliintumisaika on vain noin 22 minuuttia.","Se on alkalimetalleista reaktiivisin, mutta sen bulkkiominaisuuksia ei ole koskaan havaittu."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium on hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään MRI-varjoaineissa, fosforeissa ja neutronien sieppaushoidossa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty gadoliniitista, mineraalista, josta sen oksidi tunnistettiin ensimmäisen kerran; gadoliniitti on nimetty sen ensimmäisenä analysoineen kemistin Johan Gadolinin mukaan; Jean Charles de Marignac eristi uuden maaelementin vuonna 1880.","interesting_facts":["Gadoliiniyhdisteitä ruiskutetaan varjoaineina, jotta MRI-skannaukset ovat paljon selkeämpiä.","Sillä on poikkeuksellinen kyky absorboida neutroneja, korkein kaikista stabiileista elementeistä, hyödyllinen ydinreaktoreissa.","Gadolinium on magneettista hieman huoneenlämpötilan alapuolella ja sitä on tutkittu magneettista jäähdytystä varten.","Se on nimetty kemistin Johan Gadolinin mukaan, joka on harvinaisten maametallien tutkimuksen pioneeri.","Gadolinium lämpenee, kun se asetetaan magneettikenttään ja jäähtyy, kun se poistetaan, magnetocaloric vaikutus.","Sitä käytetään tietyn tyyppisissä lääketieteellisissä ja turvallisuuskuvanilmaisimissa."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, joka sulaa hieman huoneenlämpötilassa ja jota käytetään elektroniikassa ja puolijohteissa.","appearance":"Hopeansininen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Galliasta, Ranskan latinankielisestä nimestä, keksijä Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran vuonna 1875; nimi voi olla myös sanapeli sanalla \"gallus\" (latinaksi kukko), leikki Lecoqin sukunimellä, joka tarkoittaa ranskaksi \"kuko\".","interesting_facts":["Gallium sulaa noin 30 °C:ssa, joten kiinteä pala sulaa kädessäsi.","Mendelejev ennusti sen olemassaolon \"eka-alumiiniksi\" ennen kuin se löydettiin vuonna 1875.","Galliumarsenidia käytetään nopeassa elektroniikassa, LEDeissä ja avaruusalusten aurinkokennoissa.","Vaikka gallium sulaa helposti, se kiehuu yli 2 400 °C:ssa, joka on yksi alkuaineen suurimmista nesteen lämpötila-alueista.","Gallium voi tehdä alumiinista hauraaksi tunkeutumalla sen raerajoihin, mikä heikentää metallia dramaattisesti.","Toisin kuin useimmat aineet, gallium laajenee jäätyessään, kuten vesi."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium on kova, harmahtavanvalkoinen metalloidi, jota käytetään puolijohteissa, kuituoptiikassa ja infrapunaoptiikassa.","appearance":"Harmaanvalkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Germania, Saksan latinankielinen nimi, Clemens Winkler, joka löysi sen vuonna 1886; löytö vahvisti Mendelejevin ennusteen puuttuvasta elementistä, jota hän oli kutsunut \"eka-piiksi\".","interesting_facts":["Mendelejev ennusti germaaniumia \"eka-piiksi\", ja sen vuoden 1886 löytö auttoi vahvistamaan jaksollisen järjestelmän.","Ensimmäiset transistorit 1940- ja 1950-luvuilla tehtiin germaniumista ennen piin valtaamista.","Se läpäisee infrapunavaloa, joten sitä käytetään yönäkölasien ja lämpökameroiden linsseissä.","Germanium on metalloidipuolijohde, jolla on kiiltävä, harmahtavanvalkoinen ulkonäkö.","Optiset kuidut käyttävät germaniumyhdisteitä säätelemään valon kulkemista lasin läpi.","Kuten vesi ja pii, germanium laajenee jähmettyessään."]},"Gold":{"name":"Kulta","summary":"Kulta on tiheä, pehmeä metalli, jota arvostetaan korkeasti sen käytön koruissa, elektroniikassa ja valuutassa.","appearance":"Kirkkaan metallinkeltainen","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen nimi 'gold' tulee protogermaanisesta sanasta 'gulþą', joka liittyy sanaan 'keltainen'; symboli Au tulee latinan sanasta 'arum', jonka uskotaan tarkoittavan 'hohtavaa aamunkoittoa' tai 'auringonnousun hehkua'; kulta on tunnettu ja arvostettu esihistoriallisista ajoista lähtien käytännössä kaikissa kulttuureissa.","interesting_facts":["Kulta on niin reagoimaton, että se voi pysyä kiiltävänä tuhansia vuosia, minkä vuoksi muinaiset kultaesineet kiiltävät edelleen.","Se on uskomattoman muokattava; yksi gramma voidaan takoa noin neliömetrin kokoiseksi levyksi.","Lähes kaiken maan kullan uskotaan saapuneen asteroidien törmäysten kautta planeetan muodostumisen jälkeen.","Kulta johtaa sähköä hyvin eikä koskaan syöpy, joten sitä käytetään kriittisten elektronisten koskettimien pinnoittamiseen.","Sen kemiallinen symboli Au tulee latinan sanasta \"arum\", joka tarkoittaa \"hohtavaa aamunkoittoa\".","Astronautien visiirit on päällystetty erittäin ohuella kultakerroksella heijastamaan haitallista auringonsäteilyä."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium on kiiltävä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään ydinreaktoreissa, säätösauvoissa ja korkean lämpötilan seoksissa.","appearance":"Hopean harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Hafnian mukaan, latinalainen nimi Kööpenhaminalle, Tanskalle, missä Dirk Coster ja George de Hevesy löysivät sen vuonna 1923 röntgenspektroskopialla; he valitsivat nimen kunnioittaakseen kaupunkia, jossa heidän tutkimustaan ​​tehtiin.","interesting_facts":["Hafniumin olemassaolon ennusti atomiteoria, ja se löydettiin vuonna 1923 zirkoniummalmista.","Se on nimetty Hafnian, Kööpenhaminan latinankielisen nimen mukaan.","Hafnium imee neutroneja erittäin hyvin ja sitä käytetään ydinsukellusveneiden ohjaussauvoissa.","Hafniumpohjaiset yhdisteet korvasivat piidioksidin eristeinä nykyaikaisissa tietokonesiruissa.","Sillä on yksi kaikkien alkuaineiden korkeimmista sulamispisteistä, ja sitä käytetään suihkumoottoreiden superseoksissa.","Hafnium on kemiallisesti lähes identtinen zirkoniumin kanssa, joten nämä kaksi on erittäin vaikea erottaa toisistaan."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Saksan Hessenin osavaltion (latinaksi: Hassia) mukaan, jossa sijaitsee GSI Darmstadt - laboratorio, joka syntetisoi sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1984; nimi noudattaa perinnettä nimetä elementit niiden löytöpaikkojen mukaan, ja IUPAC tunnusti sen virallisesti vuonna 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium on nimetty Saksan Hessenin osavaltion mukaan, jossa sijaitsee laboratorio, jossa se löydettiin.","Se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1984 pommittamalla lyijyä rautaioneilla.","Hassium on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, jota valmistetaan vain hiukkaskiihdyttimissä.","Huolimatta niukkuudesta, tutkijat vahvistivat, että se käyttäytyy kuin osmium ryhmässä 8.","Sen atomit ovat olemassa vain sekunnin murto-osan ennen hajoamista.","Hassiumatomeja on koskaan valmistettu vain pieni määrä."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium on väritön, hajuton, mauton, myrkytön, inertti, yksiatominen kaasu, joka johtaa jalokaasuryhmää jaksollisessa taulukossa.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"helios\" (aurinko), koska helium havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran auringon spektristä vuoden 1868 täydellisen auringonpimennyksen aikana ennen kuin se vahvistettiin maan päällä.","interesting_facts":["Helium havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran Auringon spektrissä vuonna 1868, ennen kuin sitä koskaan löydettiin maapallolta, ja se on nimetty kreikkalaisen aurinkojumalan Helioksen mukaan.","Se on ainoa alkuaine, jota ei voida kiinteyttää jäähdyttämällä normaalissa ilmanpaineessa, olipa se kuinka kylmä tahansa.","Alle 2,17 K:n lämpötilassa nestemäisestä heliumista tulee superneste, joka voi virrata ilman kitkaa ja jopa hiipiä ylös astiansa seinämiä pitkin.","Heliumin hengittäminen nostaa tilapäisesti äänenkorkeutta, koska ääni kulkee sen läpi lähes kolme kertaa nopeammin kuin ilmassa.","Suurin osa maapallon heliumista tulee uraanin ja toriumin radioaktiivisesta hajoamisesta syvällä maan alla, ja se uutetaan maakaasusta.","Helium on maailmankaikkeuden toiseksi runsain alkuaine, mutta se on kuitenkin suhteellisen harvinainen ja uusiutumaton maan päällä."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään magneeteissa, ydinsauvoissa ja lasereissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Holmia, Tukholman latinankielinen nimi Ruotsissa, jossa Per Teodor Cleve – joka tunnisti elementin vuonna 1878 – oli kotipaikka; se noudattaa perinnettä nimetä harvinaiset maametallit niiden löytöihin liittyvien paikkojen mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Holmiumilla on voimakkaimmat magneettiset ominaisuudet kaikista luonnossa esiintyvistä alkuaineista.","Holmiumlasereita käytetään lääketieteessä munuaiskivien hajottamiseen ja laajentuneen eturauhasen hoitoon.","Se on nimetty Holmian, Tukholman latinankielisen nimen mukaan.","Holmium antaa lasille ja kuutiosirkoniumoksidille keltaisia ​​ja punaisia ​​värejä.","Sitä käytetään luomaan vahvimmat tunnetut keinotekoiset magneettikentät napakappaleina.","Holmiumoksidiliuoksia käytetään spektrofotometrien kalibrointistandardina."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Vety","summary":"Vety on maailmankaikkeuden kevyin alkuaine ja runsain kemiallinen aine.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanoista \"hydro\" (vesi) ja \"geenit\" (muodostavat), mikä tarkoittaa \"veden muodostajaa\". Antoine Lavoisier nimesi sen vuonna 1783, koska vedyn palaminen tuottaa vettä.","interesting_facts":["Vety on maailmankaikkeuden runsain alkuaine, ja sen massa on noin 75 % kaikesta normaalista aineesta.","Se on ainoa alkuaine, jonka kolmella isotoopilla (protium, deuterium ja tritium) on omat nimensä.","Nestemäistä vetyä on käytetty rakettien polttoaineena 1960-luvulta lähtien, ja se on toimittanut voimanlähteenä Saturn V:n ylempiä vaiheita, jotka kuljettivat astronautit Kuuhun.","Äärimmäisessä paineessa, kuten Jupiterin sisällä, vety käyttäytyy kuin nestemäinen metalli ja voi johtaa sähköä.","Henry Cavendish tunnisti vedyn erilliseksi aineeksi vuonna 1766 ja kutsui sitä \"syttyväksi ilmaksi\".","Vetyatomi on yksinkertaisin olemassa oleva atomi: yksi protoni, jota kiertää yksi elektroni."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium on pehmeä, muokattava metalli, jota käytetään puolijohteissa, kosketusnäytöissä ja laakereiden suojapinnoitteena.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metallinen kiilto","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta 'indicum' (indigo) -nimestä, jonka Ferdinand Reich ja Hieronymous Richter antoivat vuonna 1863 nimensä loistavan indigonsinisen spektriviivan mukaan, jonka he havaitsivat analysoidessaan sinkkimalmijäämiä silloisella uudella spektroskopiatekniikalla.","interesting_facts":["Indium on niin pehmeää, että siihen voi naarmuuntua kynnellä, ja se itkee taivutettuna, kuten tina.","Indiumtinaoksidi muodostaa läpinäkyvän, sähköä johtavan pinnoitteen kosketusnäytöissä ja litteissä näytöissä.","Se on nimetty kirkkaan indigoviivan mukaan sen emissiospektrissä.","Indium pysyy pehmeänä ja työstettävänä jopa erittäin alhaisissa lämpötiloissa, mikä on hyödyllistä tyhjiötiivisteissä.","Sillä on erittäin alhainen sulamispiste ja sitä käytetään erityisissä matalan lämpötilan juotteissa ja seoksissa.","Indiumin kysyntä on kasvanut älypuhelimien ja LCD-näyttöjen leviämisen myötä."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Jodi","summary":"Jodi on tumma, kiiltävä, purppuranmusta epämetalli, joka on välttämätön kilpirauhasen toiminnalle ja jota käytetään desinfiointiaineena.","appearance":"Kiiltävä metallinharmaa (kiinteä), violetti (kaasu)","naming_origin_explanation":"Ranskan sanasta \"iode\", joka on johdettu kreikkalaisesta sanasta \"ioeides\" (violetti), jonka Humphry Davy nimesi vuonna 1813 jodihöyryn silmiinpistävän violetin värin mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Jodi on välttämätön kilpirauhaselle, minkä vuoksi ruokasuolaa täydennetään usein sillä.","Kuumennettaessa kiinteä jodi sublimoituu silmiinpistävän violetin väriseksi höyryksi.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"iodes\", joka tarkoittaa violettia.","Joditinktuuraa on pitkään käytetty antiseptisenä aineena haavojen desinfioinnissa.","Jodi muuttaa tärkkelyksen syvän sinimustaaksi, reaktiota käytetään kemiallisena testinä.","Radioaktiivista jodi-131:tä käytetään kilpirauhasen sairauksien diagnosointiin ja hoitoon."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium on tiheä, korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään sytytystulpissa, upokkaissa ja erilaisissa teollisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Smithson Tennant nimesi sen vuonna 1803 kreikkalaisen sateenkaaren jumalattaren Iriksen mukaan (latinaksi iris); nimi heijastaa iridiumin suolojen ja yhdisteiden näyttämää silmiinpistävää värivalikoimaa, joka muistutti Tennantia sateenkaaren väreistä.","interesting_facts":["Maailmanlaajuinen kerros iridiumia sisältävää savea on keskeinen todiste siitä, että asteroidin törmäys tappoi dinosaurukset, koska iridium on harvinainen maapallolla, mutta yleinen asteroideissa.","Iridium on korroosionkestävin metalli, joka kestää happoja, jotka liuottavat melkein mitä tahansa muuta.","Se on yksi tiheimmistä alkuaineista, ja se on lähes sidottu osmiumiin.","Standardikilo oli aikoinaan Pariisin lähellä pidetty platina-iridium-sylinteri.","Iridium kärki sytytystulppia, koska se kestää äärimmäistä lämpöä syöpymättä.","Sen nimi tulee Iriksesta, kreikkalaisesta sateenkaaren jumalattaresta, sen värikkäiden suolojen vuoksi."]},"Iron":{"name":"Rauta","summary":"Rauta on vahva, muokattava metalli, joka on välttämätön teräksen tuotannossa ja tärkeä osa hemoglobiinia.","appearance":"Kiiltävä metalli, jossa harmahtava sävy","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen sana \"rauta\" tulee vanhan englannin sanasta \"iren\", joka liittyy protogermaaniseen \"isarno\" -sanaan, mahdollisesti kelttiläisestä juuresta \"pyhä metalli\"; symboli Fe tulee latinan kielestä 'ferrum' (rauta), jota on sulatettu ja käytetty ainakin vuodesta 1200 eaa.","interesting_facts":["Rauta on massaltaan maan runsain alkuaine, ja se muodostaa suuren osan planeetan sulasta ytimestä.","Maan pyörivä nestemäinen rautaydin tuottaa magneettikentän, joka suojaa meitä auringon säteilyltä.","Rauta on hemoglobiinin, molekyylin, joka kuljettaa happea veressäsi ja tekee sen punaiseksi, keskellä.","Rauta on raskain alkuaine, jonka tähdet voivat valmistaa normaalilla fuusioprosessilla; raskaammat elementit vaativat supernovaräjähdyksiä.","Rautakausi, joka alkoi noin vuodesta 1200 eaa., muutti ihmissivilisaation vahvemmilla työkaluilla ja aseilla.","Ruoste on rautaoksidia, joka muodostuu, kun rauta reagoi hitaasti hapen ja veden kanssa."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton on väritön, hajuton jalokaasu, jota käytetään loistelampuissa, valokuvauksessa ja energiatehokkaiden ikkunoiden täyttökaasuna.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan \"kryptos\" (piilotettu), jonka William Ramsay ja Morris Travers nimesivät vuonna 1898, koska kryptonia oli erittäin vaikea havaita ja eristää - se pysyi \"piilotettuna\" nestemäisen ilman jäännösten sisällä.","interesting_facts":["Kryptonin nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"kryptos\", joka tarkoittaa \"piilotettua\", koska sitä oli niin vaikea löytää ilmasta.","Vuodesta 1960 vuoteen 1983 mittari määriteltiin virallisesti krypton-86:n lähettämän valon aallonpituudella.","Krypton tuottaa loistavan valkoista valoa, ja sitä käytetään joissakin korkean suorituskyvyn valokuvaussalamaissa ja -lampuissa.","Se on jalokaasu ja on lähes täysin reagoimaton, vaikka muutamia kryptonyhdisteitä voidaan pakottaa muodostumaan.","Kryptonia käytetään joissakin energiatehokkaissa ikkunoissa ja loistelampuissa.","Sarjakuvan kryptoniittista huolimatta todellinen krypton on vaaraton, väritön ja hajuton kaasu."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantaani","summary":"Lantaani on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään kameran linsseissä, katalyyteissä ja ladattavissa akuissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikankielisestä \"lantaneiinista\" (piilotettuna tai paeta varoitusta), jonka Carl Gustaf Mosander nimesi vuonna 1839, koska lantaania ei havaittu ceriumoksidin epäpuhtaudeksi vuosia ennen kuin hän tunnisti sen erilliseksi alkuaineeksi.","interesting_facts":["Lantaanin nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"lanthanein\", joka tarkoittaa \"makaa piilossa\", koska se piiloutui ceriummalmiin.","Se antaa ensimmäisen lantanidisarjan, \"harvinaisten maametallien\" alkuaineiden, nimen.","Lantaania käytetään korkealaatuisten kamera- ja teleskooppilinssien lasissa valon taivuttamiseksi terävästi.","Nikkeli-lantaaniseokset varastoivat vetyä ja niitä käytettiin monien hybridiautojen akuissa.","Lantaaniyhdisteet auttavat jalostamaan öljyä bensiiniksi katalyytteinä.","Se on tarpeeksi pehmeä leikattavaksi veitsellä ja tummuu nopeasti ilmassa."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jolla ei ole käytännön sovellutuksia tieteellisen tutkimuksen ulkopuolella.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti hopeaa metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ernest Orlando Lawrencen, amerikkalaisen fyysikon mukaan, joka keksi syklotronihiukkaskiihdyttimen vuonna 1930, mikä mahdollisti transuraanisten alkuaineiden luomisen. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory syntetisoi tämän elementin vuonna 1961 ja nimesi sen kunnioittamaan Lawrencen perustavaa työtä.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium on nimetty syklotronihiukkaskiihdyttimen keksijän Ernest Lawrencen mukaan.","Se on aktinidisarjan viimeinen elementti.","Lawrenciumia voidaan luoda vain muutama atomi kerrallaan kiihdyttimissä.","Sen stabiilimman isotoopin puoliintumisaika on vain muutama tunti.","Lawrenciumin ominaisuuksien mittaaminen on poikkeuksellisen vaikeaa, koska niin vähän atomeja on olemassa niin lyhyen aikaa.","Sillä ei ole käyttöä tieteellisen perustutkimuksen ulkopuolella."]},"Lead":{"name":"Lyijy","summary":"Lyijy on pehmeä, raskas metalli, jota käytetään akuissa, säteilysuojauksessa ja erilaisissa teollisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Sinertävän harmaa metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Englannin sana 'lyijy' tulee protogermaanisesta 'lauda'; symboli Pb tulee latinan sanasta \"plumbum\", joka on todennäköisesti johdettu esilatinalaista Välimeren kielestä, joka antoi englannin kielelle sanan \"plumbing\", koska roomalaiset käyttivät lyijyä laajasti vesiputkissa.","interesting_facts":["Lyijy on tiheää ja estää säteilyä, minkä vuoksi se vuoraa röntgenesiliinat ja -suojat.","Roomalaiset käyttivät lyijyputkia putkistoissa, ja sana \"putkityö\" tulee latinan kielestä lyijystä \"plumbum\" (symboli Pb).","Lyijy on myrkyllistä hermostolle, minkä vuoksi se poistettiin bensiinistä ja maalista.","Se on pehmeä, painava ja helposti muotoiltu, ominaisuudet arvostettu muinaisista ajoista lähtien.","Suurin osa lyijystä nykyään kierrätetään, suurelta osin autojen akuista.","Lyijy on raskain alkuaine, jolla on täysin vakaa isotooppi; kaikki raskaampi on radioaktiivista."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Litium","summary":"Litium on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen alkalimetalli. Se on kevyin metalli ja vähiten tiheä kiinteä elementti.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"lithos\" (kivi), koska Johan August Arfwedson löysi sen vuonna 1817 kiinteiden kivimineraalien (petaliitin) sisältä, toisin kuin natriumin ja kaliumin, joita löydettiin kasvien tuhkasta.","interesting_facts":["Litium on kevyin metalli ja vähiten tiheä kiinteä elementti, joten se voi kellua veden päällä reagoidessaan sen kanssa.","Ladattavat litiumioniakut toimivat useimmissa nykyaikaisissa puhelimissa, kannettavissa tietokoneissa ja sähköajoneuvoissa.","Litiumsuoloja on käytetty 1940-luvulta lähtien mielialan stabiloijana kaksisuuntaisen mielialahäiriön hoidossa.","Se oli yksi kolmesta ensimmäisestä alkuaineesta (vedyn ja heliumin kanssa), jotka syntyivät alkuräjähdyksen nukleosynteesissä.","Litium palaa silmiinpistävällä purppuranpunaisella liekillä, jota käytetään ilotulituksissa ja soihduksissa.","Suuri osa maailman litiumista uutetaan Etelä-Amerikan Andien korkealla sijaitsevista suolatasannoista."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryn mukaan Livermoressa, Kaliforniassa, joka teki yhteistyötä Joint Institute for Nuclear Researchin kanssa syntetisoidakseen sen vuonna 2000; IUPAC tunnusti nimen virallisesti vuonna 2012, ja itse laboratorion nimi kunnioitti Robert Livermorea, varhaista Kalifornian siirtokuntalaista.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium on nimetty Kaliforniassa sijaitsevan Lawrence Livermoren kansallisen laboratorion mukaan.","Sen loi ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 2000 venäläis-amerikkalainen tiimi.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka koostuu vain muutamasta atomista kerrallaan.","Livermorium-atomit ovat olemassa vain millisekunteja ennen hajoamista.","Sen ennustetaan olevan poloniumin alapuolella ryhmässä 16.","Sen tuottaminen vaatii kalsiumionien yhdistämistä curiumkohteisiin."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium on tiheä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään PET-skannausilmaisimissa, katalyyteissä ja erikoisseoksissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Lutetian mukaan, muinaisen roomalaisen Pariisin nimen mukaan Ranskassa; Georges Urbain, joka eristi sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1907, valitsi nimen kotikaupunkinsa kunniaksi noudattaen vakiintunutta käytäntöä nimetä harvinaiset maametallit paikkojen mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Lutetium on viimeinen lantanidisarjasta ja yksi kovimmista ja tiheimmistä harvinaisista maametallista.","Se on nimetty Lutetian mukaan, muinaisen roomalaisen Pariisin nimen mukaan.","Lutetiumpohjaisia ​​kiteitä käytetään ilmaisimina PET-skannereissa lääketieteellisessä kuvantamisessa.","Se on yksi harvinaisimmista ja kalleimmista puhtaassa muodossa saatavista harvinaisista maametalleista.","Lutetiumia käytetään katalyyttinä öljynjalostuksessa.","Radioaktiivista lutetiumyhdistettä käytetään joidenkin syöpien kohdistetussa hoidossa."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium on kiiltävä harmaa metalli ja olennainen alkuaine kaikille eläville soluille.","appearance":"Kiiltävän harmaa kiinteä aine","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Magnesian mukaan, Thessaliassa Kreikassa sijaitsevan alueen mukaan, josta löydettiin vastaavia magnesiumia sisältäviä mineraaleja; sama paikannimi synnytti myös sanat \"mangaani\" ja \"magneetti\".","interesting_facts":["Magnesium palaa häikäisevän valkoisella valolla, ja sitä käytettiin aikoinaan laajalti varhaisessa valokuvauksessa salamajauheessa ja soihdutuksissa.","Se on kevyin rakennemetalli ja se on seostettu alumiiniin, jotta se tekee vahvoja, kevyitä osia autoihin ja lentokoneisiin.","Magnesium on jokaisen klorofyllimolekyylin keskellä, mikä tekee siitä välttämättömän kasvien fotosynteesille.","Ihmiskeho tarvitsee magnesiumia satoihin entsyymireaktioihin, mukaan lukien ne, jotka pitävät lihakset ja hermot toiminnassa.","Magnesium on kahdeksanneksi runsain alkuaine maankuoressa ja kolmanneksi runsain meriveteen liuennut alkuaine.","Epsom-suola, jota käytetään rauhoittamaan kipeitä lihaksia, on magnesiumsulfaattia."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangaani","summary":"Mangaani on kova, hauras metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa teräksen valmistuksessa lujuuden ja kovuuden parantamiseksi.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Se on johdettu Kreikan Thessalian Magnesian alueelta - samalta alueelta, joka antoi nimensä magnesiumille - keskiaikaisen latinan \"mangaani\" kautta; nimeä mahdollisesti vahvisti latinalainen 'magnes' (magneetti), koska mangaanimalmi sekoitettiin historiallisesti magneettiseen rautamalmiin.","interesting_facts":["Mangaani on välttämätön teräksen valmistuksessa, hapen ja rikin poistamisessa ja lujuuden lisäämisessä; lähes kaikki teräs sisältää sitä.","Se on keskeinen ainesosa kertakäyttöisissä alkaliparistoissa.","Luolamaalarit käyttivät mangaanidioksidia kymmeniä tuhansia vuosia sitten mustan pigmentin valmistukseen.","Kaliumpermanganaatin syvä violetti tekee siitä hyödyllisen desinfiointiaineen ja kemiallisen reagenssin.","Valtavat mangaanikyhmykentät peittävät osia syvänmeren pohjasta.","Mangaani on välttämätön hivenravinne, joka auttaa entsyymejä suojaamaan soluja vaurioilta."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään yksinomaan tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty itävaltalais-ruotsalaisen fyysikon Lise Meitnerin mukaan, joka löysi yhdessä ydinfission ja protactiniumin, mutta joka kiistanalaisena jätettiin vuoden 1944 Nobel-palkinnon ulkopuolelle; GSI Darmstadt ehdotti nimeä vuonna 1992 tunnustuksena hänen jyrkästä panoksestaan ​​ydintieteen alalla.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium on nimetty Lise Meitnerin mukaan, joka on ydinfission edelläkävijä, jonka osuudet jäivät pitkään huomiotta.","Se on yksi harvoista naisen mukaan nimetyistä elementeistä.","Meitnerium perustettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1982 Saksassa.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka on valmistettu yksi atomi kerrallaan.","Sen isotoopit hajoavat erittäin nopeasti, millisekunneissa tai sekunneissa.","Sen ennustetaan käyttäytyvän kuin iridium jaksollisen järjestelmän ryhmässä 9."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa raskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti hopeaa metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Dmitri Ivanovitš Mendelejevin, venäläisen kemistin mukaan, joka loi jaksollisen järjestelmän vuonna 1869; Glenn Seaborg ja kollegat nimesivät sen vuonna 1955 kunnianosoituksena tiedemiehelle, jonka elementtien visionäärinen organisaatio teki transuraanisten alkuaineiden löytämisen käsitteellisesti mahdolliseksi.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium on nimetty jaksollisen järjestelmän luojan Dmitri Mendelejevin mukaan.","Se valmistettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1955, vain muutama atomi kerrallaan.","Mendeleviumia voidaan tuottaa vain hiukkaskiihdyttimissä pommittamalla einsteiniumia.","Sen löytökokeet havaitsivat aluksi vain noin 17 atomia.","Se on voimakkaasti radioaktiivinen lyhytikäisten isotooppien kanssa.","Mendeleviumilla ei ole muuta käyttöä kuin raskaiden alkuaineiden perustutkimus."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Elohopea","summary":"Elohopea on tiheä, hopeanhohtoinen nestemäinen metalli, jota käytetään lämpömittareissa, ilmanpainemittareissa ja loistelampuissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Merkuriuksen, nopean roomalaisen sanansaattajajumalan mukaan, heijastaen elementin nestemäistä, nopeasti liikkuvaa luontoa; symboli Hg tulee sanasta \"hydrargyrum\", joka on latinointi kreikan sanasta \"hydrargyros\" (ὑδράργυρος), joka tarkoittaa \"vesihopeaa\", viitaten sen nestemäiseen hopeiseen ulkonäköön.","interesting_facts":["Elohopea on ainoa metalli, joka on nestemäistä huoneenlämpötilassa.","Se on nimetty roomalaisen sanansaattajajumalan mukaan sen nopeasti liikkuvan, juoksevan luonteensa vuoksi, ja sen symboli Hg tulee sanasta \"hydrargyrum\", joka tarkoittaa \"vesi-hopeaa\".","Elohopeaa käytettiin kerran lämpömittareissa ja ilmanpainemittareissa, koska se laajenee tasaisesti lämpötilan mukana.","Elohopealle altistuneet hatuntekijät saivat aikaan vapinaa ja hämmennystä, mikä inspiroi ilmaisua \"hullu kuin hatuntekijä\".","Se on myrkyllistä ja kertyy biologisesti kaloihin ja niitä syöviin ihmisiin.","Elohopeahöyry hehkuu sinivihreänä sähköistettynä, loistelamppujen perusta."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdeeni","summary":"Molybdeeni on kova, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään terässeoksissa lisäämään lujuutta, sitkeyttä ja korroosionkestävyyttä.","appearance":"Harmaa metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"molybdos\" (lyijy), koska malmimolybdeniitti sekoitettiin pitkään lyijymalmeihin; Carl Wilhelm Scheele osoitti sen erottuvan vuonna 1778, ja Peter Jacob Hjelm eristi metallin vuonna 1781.","interesting_facts":["Molybdeenillä on yksi kaikkien alkuaineiden korkeimmista sulamispisteistä, noin 2 623 °C.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"molybdos\" (lyijy), koska sen malmi sekoitettiin pitkään lyijyyn ja grafiittiin.","Molybdeenin lisääminen teräkseen tekee erittäin lujia metalliseoksia, joita käytetään lentokoneissa, työkaluissa ja panssareissa.","Se on välttämätön hivenravinne, joka auttaa kasvien, eläinten ja ihmisten entsyymejä.","Typpeä sitovat bakteerit käyttävät molybdeeniä muuntaakseen ilmakehän typen käyttökelpoiseen muotoon.","Molybdeenidisulfidi on liukas kiinteä aine, jota käytetään korkean lämpötilan kuivana voiteluaineena."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Venäjän Moskovan alueen (Moskovan alue) mukaan, jossa Dubnan ydintutkimuslaitos sijaitsee; se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 2003 JINR:n ja Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryn yhteistyössä, ja IUPAC nimesi sen virallisesti vuonna 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium on nimetty Venäjän Moskovan alueen mukaan, jossa Dubnan laboratorio sijaitsee.","Se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 2003 venäläis-amerikkalaisen yhteistyön tuloksena.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka tuottaa vain muutaman atomin kerrallaan.","Moscovium-atomit hajoavat sekunnin murto-osassa.","Sen ennustetaan olevan vismutin alapuolella ryhmässä 15.","Se nimettiin virallisesti vuonna 2016 kolmen muun uuden elementin ohella."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodyymi","summary":"Neodyymi on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään voimakkaissa magneeteissa, lasereissa ja lasin värjäyksessä.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanoista \"neos\" (uusi) ja \"didymos\" (kaksos), jotka Carl Auer von Welsbach nimesi vuonna 1885, kun hän jakoi didyymin praseodyymiksi ja neodyymiksi - parin \"uudeksi kaksoseksi\".","interesting_facts":["Neodyymimagneetit ovat vahvimpia yleisesti saatavilla olevia kestomagneetteja, jotka pystyvät nostamaan monta kertaa oman painonsa.","Näitä magneetteja löytyy kaikessa nappikuulokkeista ja kiintolevyistä tuuliturbiineihin ja sähköautojen moottoreihin.","Sen nimi tarkoittaa 'uusi kaksois', koska se erotettiin 'didymiumista' praseodyymin rinnalla vuonna 1885.","Neodyymi antaa lasille silmiinpistävän värin, joka vaihtelee violetin ja sinisen välillä valosta riippuen.","Neodyymi-seostetut kiteet tehoavat joihinkin yleisimmistä korkean energian lasereista.","Se on yksi yleisimmistä harvinaisten maametallien alkuaineista erityisistä käyttötavoistaan ​​huolimatta."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon on väritön, hajuton jalokaasu, joka sähköistettynä lähettää selkeän punertavan oranssin hehkun.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikankielisestä \"neosista\" (uusi), jonka William Ramsay ja Morris Travers nimesivät vuonna 1898 osoituksena siitä, että se oli hiljattain löydetty jalokaasu.","interesting_facts":["Neon hehkuu loistavan oranssinpunaisena, kun sen läpi kulkee sähkövirta, joka on klassisten \"neon\"-merkkien perusta.","Se on lähes täysin inertti, eikä se muodosta stabiileja tavallisia kemiallisia yhdisteitä normaaleissa olosuhteissa.","Ramsay ja Travers löysivät neonin vuonna 1898 ja antoivat sille nimen kreikan sanasta \"neos\", joka tarkoittaa \"uutta\".","Vaikka neon on maailmankaikkeuden viidenneksi runsain alkuaine, se on harvinainen maapallolla, ja se muodostaa vain pienen osan ilmakehästä.","Nestemäinen neon on erinomainen kryogeeninen kylmäaine, jolla on yli 40 kertaa suurempi jäähdytyskapasiteetti nestemäisen heliumin tilavuutta kohti.","Neonkylteissä näkyvät eri värit tulevat itse asiassa muista jalokaasuista; puhdas neon tuottaa aina punertavan oranssin valon."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään neutronien havaitsemislaitteissa ja jonka roolia on tutkittu ydinreaktoreissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty planeetan Neptunuksen mukaan, joka sijaitsee Uranuksen takana aurinkokunnassa, aivan kuten neptunium on uraanin takana jaksollisessa järjestelmässä; Edwin McMillan ja Philip Abelson syntetisoivat sen vuonna 1940 jatkaen uraanilla aloitettua planeettojen nimeämissarjaa.","interesting_facts":["Neptunium oli ensimmäinen syntetisoitu transuraanialkuaine vuonna 1940.","Se on nimetty planeetan Neptunuksen mukaan, ja se jatkaa uraanin (Uranuksen) mukaan.","Neptunium on ydinreaktorien sivutuote, ja sitä pidetään pitkäikäisenä ydinjäteongelmana.","Se on hopeaa, radioaktiivista ja yksi tiheimmistä aktinidimetalleista.","Neptunium-237:stä voidaan valmistaa plutonium-238 avaruusalusten virtalähteitä varten.","Uraanimalmeissa esiintyy luonnossa pieniä määriä neptuniumia."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikkeli","summary":"Nikkeli on hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään ruostumattomassa teräksessä, akuissa ja erilaisissa teollisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Lyhennetty sanasta \"Kupfernickel\" (paholaisen kupari tai vanhan Nickin kupari), kaivosmiesten kirous malmille, joka näytti kuparilta, mutta ei tuottanut yhtään; \"Nikkeli\" on saksalainen lempinimi paholaiselle, joka on johdettu nimestä Nicholas.","interesting_facts":["Nikkeli on nimetty saksalaisen kaivostermin mukaan, joka tarkoittaa \"vanhan Nickin kuparia\", koska sen malmi näytti kuparilta, mutta ei tuottanut yhtään.","Se on erittäin kestävä korroosiota vastaan ​​ja sitä käytetään muiden metallien galvanoimiseen suojaamiseksi.","Ruostumaton teräs sisältää tyypillisesti nikkeliä, joka parantaa sen lujuutta ja ruosteenkestävyyttä.","Nimestä huolimatta nykyaikaiset yhdysvaltalaiset \"nikkeli\"-kolikot ovat enimmäkseen kuparia, ja niissä on vain 25 % nikkeliä.","Maan ytimen uskotaan olevan suurelta osin rauta-nikkeli-seosta, ja monet meteoriitit sisältävät runsaasti nikkeliä.","Nikkeli on yksi harvoista alkuaineista, jotka ovat magneettisia huoneenlämpötilassa."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty sanasta \"Nihon\" (日本), japaninkielisestä Japania tarkoittavasta sanasta, joka tarkoittaa \"nousevan auringon maata\"; Japanin RIKENin tutkijat vahvistivat sen synteesin vuonna 2004 ja valitsivat nimen kunnioittamaan ensimmäistä Aasiasta löydettyä alkuainetta, ja IUPAC tunnusti sen virallisesti vuonna 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium on nimetty Japanin (\"Nihon\") mukaan, joka on ensimmäinen Aasian maasta löydetty alkuaine.","Se syntetisoitiin RIKEN-laboratoriossa Japanissa, varmistui noin vuonna 2004.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka koostuu vain muutamasta atomista kerrallaan.","Nihoniumatomit hajoavat muutamassa sekunnissa luomisen jälkeen.","Sen ennustetaan olevan talliumin alapuolella ryhmässä 13.","Sen löytö antoi Japanille kunnian nimetä uusi elementti ensimmäistä kertaa."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium on pehmeä, sitkeä metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa metalliseoksissa, erityisesti teräksen valmistuksessa lujuuden parantamiseksi.","appearance":"Harmaa metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Heinrich Rose nimesi sen kreikkalaisessa mytologiassa Tantaluksen tyttären Nioben mukaan vuonna 1844, koska niobiumia löytyy lähes aina tantaalin rinnasta ja nämä kaksi elementtiä olivat alun perin niin vaikea erottaa toisistaan, että mytologinen vanhemman ja lapsen parisuhde vaikutti sopivalta.","interesting_facts":["Niobium on nimetty kreikkalaisessa mytologiassa Tantaluksen tyttären Nioben mukaan, mikä kuvastaa sen läheistä yhteyttä tantaaliin.","Siitä tulee suprajohde kylmänä, ja sitä käytetään magneettikuvauslaitteiden ja hiukkaskiihdyttimien magneeteissa.","Niobiumseokset voidaan anodisoida koruissa suosittujen värien sateenkaaren saamiseksi.","Pienet määrät niobiumia tekevät teräksestä paljon vahvempaa, ja sitä käytetään putkistoissa ja auton rungoissa.","Sitä kutsuttiin aikoinaan kolumbiumiksi Yhdysvalloissa, ja nimi säilyi 1900-luvulla.","Niobium on hypoallergeeninen, joten sitä käytetään lävistyksissä ja lääketieteellisissä implanteissa."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Typpi","summary":"Typpi on väritön, hajuton kaasu, joka muodostaa noin 78 % maapallon ilmakehästä.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta 'nitron' (nitteri/suolapetri) ja 'geenit' (muodostavat), mikä tarkoittaa 'niterin muodostajaa', jonka Jean-Antoine Chaptal loi vuonna 1790, koska sekä salpetteri että typpihappo sisältävät typpeä.","interesting_facts":["Typpi muodostaa noin 78 % hengittämästäsi ilmasta, mutta se on kuitenkin niin reagoimatonta, että hengitämme sen enimmäkseen takaisin käyttämättömänä.","Nestemäinen typpi kiehuu -196 °C:ssa, ja sitä käytetään elintarvikkeiden pikapakastukseen, biologisten näytteiden säilöntään ja dramaattisten sumuefektien luomiseen.","Kaksi typpiatomia yhdessä pitävä kolmoissidos on yksi vahvimmista tunnetuista kemiallisista sidoksista, mikä tekee typpikaasusta erittäin vakaan.","Haber-Boschin prosessi, joka muuttaa ilmakehän typen ammoniakiksi lannoitteeksi, auttaa ruokkimaan noin puolta maailman väestöstä.","Typpi on tärkeä ainesosa räjähteissä, kuten TNT:ssä ja nitroglyseriinissä, koska sen sidokset vapauttavat valtavasti energiaa niiden rikkoutuessa.","Palkokasvien juurissa olevat bakteerit \"kiinnittävät\" typpeä ilmasta sellaiseen muotoon, jota kasvit voivat käyttää, rikastaen näin maaperää luonnollisesti."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jolla ei ole merkittäviä sovelluksia tieteellisen tutkimuksen ulkopuolella.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti hopeaa metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Alfred Nobelin, ruotsalaisen kemistin mukaan, joka keksi dynamiitin ja perusti Nobel-palkinnot; nimi ehdotettiin vuonna 1957, kun tukholmalainen ryhmä alun perin väitti löydön, ja se säilytettiin, kun vahvistettu löytö kirjattiin Dubnan ja Berkeleyn laboratorioihin.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium on nimetty Nobel-palkintojen perustajan Alfred Nobelin mukaan.","Se voidaan tehdä vain atomi atomilta hiukkaskiihdyttimissä.","Epätavallista aktinidille nobelium on stabiileimmin +2-hapetustilassa.","Sen löydöstä 1950-luvun lopulla kiisteltiin kilpailevien laboratorioiden välillä vuosia.","Kaikki nobeliumin isotoopit ovat radioaktiivisia ja lyhytikäisiä.","Se on olemassa vain tutkimusympäristöissä, eikä sillä ole käytännön sovelluksia."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti kaasumainen tai metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Yuri Oganessianin mukaan, venäläis-armenialaisen ydinfyysikon mukaan, joka oli edelläkävijä superraskaiden alkuaineiden synteesiä ja johti JINR Dubnan tiimiä, joka loi oganessonin vuonna 2002; se on yksi vain kahdesta elävän henkilön mukaan nimetystä elementistä, mikä kuvastaa hänen panoksensa poikkeuksellista laajuutta alalla.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson on raskain tunnettu alkuaine, jonka atominumero on 118.","Se on nimetty fyysikko Juri Oganessianin mukaan, yksi harvoista elävän ihmisen mukaan nimetyistä alkuaineista.","Vaikka oganesson sijaitsee jalokaasukolonnissa, sen ennustetaan olevan kiinteä ja mahdollisesti reaktiivinen, toisin kuin muut jalokaasut.","Vain muutamia atomeja on koskaan luotu, joista jokainen on säilynyt alle millisekunnin.","Se syntetisoitiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 2002 venäläis-amerikkalaisen yhteistyön tuloksena Dubnassa.","Oganesson täydentää jaksollisen taulukon seitsemännen rivin."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium on tiheä, sinertävänvalkoinen metalli, joka tunnetaan kovuudestaan ​​ja jota käytetään mustekynän kärjissä, sähkökoskettimissa ja instrumenttien nivelissä.","appearance":"Sinertävänvalkoinen, metallinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"osmē\" (ὀσμή), joka tarkoittaa \"hajua\" tai \"hajua\"; Smithson Tennant loi nimen vuonna 1803, koska osmiumtetroksidilla, joka muodostuu metallin joutuessa alttiiksi ilmalle, on terävä ja erottuva myrkyllinen haju.","interesting_facts":["Osmium on tihein luonnossa esiintyvä alkuaine, lähes kaksi kertaa lyijyä tiheämpi.","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"osme\", joka tarkoittaa hajua, koska sen oksidilla on terävä, myrkyllinen haju.","Osmium on erittäin kovaa, ja sitä käytettiin varhaisissa fonografineuloissa ja mustekynän kärjissä.","Se on yksi platinaryhmän metalleista ja on ulkonäöltään sinertävän hopeaa.","Osmiumtetroksidia käytetään biologisen kudoksen värjäämiseen elektronimikroskopiaa varten.","Se on yksi harvinaisimmista alkuaineista maankuoressa."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Happi","summary":"Happi on väritön, hajuton kaasu, joka on välttämätön useimpien elävien organismien hengitykselle.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanoista \"oxys\" (terävä tai hapan) ja \"geenit\" (muodostavat), mikä tarkoittaa \"hapon muodostajaa\", jonka Lavoisier nimesi vuonna 1777 perustuen silloiseen uskomukseen, että happi on olennainen osa kaikkia happoja.","interesting_facts":["Happi muodostaa noin 21 % maapallon ilmakehästä ja on massaltaan runsain alkuaine planeetankuoressa.","Suurin osa hengittämästämme hapesta tuotetaan fotosynteesin avulla, ja suuri osa tulee valtamerten kasviplanktonista.","Nestemäinen ja kiinteä happi ovat vaaleansinisiä ja ovat magneettisia, ja ne vetäytyvät magneettiin.","Otsoni, kolmen happiatomin molekyyli, muodostaa stratosfääriin suojaavan kerroksen, joka absorboi haitallista ultraviolettisäteilyä.","Carl Wilhelm Scheele ja Joseph Priestley löysivät itsenäisesti hapen 1770-luvulla, ja Antoine Lavoisier nimesi sen.","Vaikka happi on elintärkeää elämälle, se on myös erittäin reaktiivista ja edistää raudan ruostumista ja polttoaineiden palamista."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium on arvokas, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään katalysaattoreissa, elektroniikassa ja vedyn varastoinnissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty vuonna 1802 löydetyn asteroidin Pallas mukaan ja itse nimetty Pallas Athenen mukaan; William Hyde Wollaston loi nimen vuonna 1803 noudattaen nykyajan muotia nimetä uusia elementtejä äskettäin löydettyjen taivaankappaleiden mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Palladium on nimetty juuri ennen metallia vuonna 1803 löydetyn asteroidin Pallas mukaan.","Sitä käytetään pääasiassa katalysaattoreissa, joissa se auttaa muuttamaan myrkylliset pakokaasut vaarattomiksi.","Palladium voi absorboida jopa 900 kertaa oman tilavuutensa verran vetykaasua, kuten metallisieni.","Se on arvokas platinaryhmän metalli, ja sitä käytetään valkokullassa, hienoissa koruissa ja hammasseoksissa.","Palladium on välttämätön monille elektroniikalle, mukaan lukien puhelimien ja tietokoneiden pienet kondensaattorit.","Sillä oli keskeinen rooli kuuluisissa, myöhemmin arvostetuiksi tulleissa \"kylmäfuusiokokeissa\" vuonna 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfori","summary":"Fosfori on erittäin reaktiivinen, välttämätön alkuaine biologisissa molekyyleissä, kuten DNA:ssa ja ATP:ssä.","appearance":"Väri vaihtelee (valkoinen, punainen tai musta muoto)","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"phosphoros\" (valoa kantava, sanasta \"phos\" = valo ja \"phoros\" = kantava), koska valkoinen fosfori hehkuu heikosti pimeässä hapettuessaan; Hennig Brand käytti nimeä, kun hän löysi sen vuonna 1669.","interesting_facts":["Valkoinen fosfori hehkuu heikosti pimeässä, kun se reagoi hapen kanssa, ilmiö, joka antoi nimensä \"fosforesenssi\".","Se oli ensimmäinen tunnetun löytäjän kanssa löydetty alkuaine, jonka Hennig Brand eristi vuonna 1669 keitetystä virtsasta.","Fosforia esiintyy hämmästyttävän erilaisissa muodoissa: valkoinen fosfori on vaarallisesti syttyvää, kun taas punainen fosfori on vakaata ja sitä käytetään tulitikkurasiana.","Jokainen solu käyttää fosforia DNA:ssa, RNA:ssa ja ATP:ssä, molekyylissä, joka varastoi ja siirtää energiaa eläviin asioihin.","Noin 85 % louhitusta fosfaattikivestä muutetaan lannoitteeksi, mikä tekee fosforista kriittistä maailmanlaajuiselle elintarviketuotannolle.","Kalsiumfosfaatti vahvistaa luitasi ja hampaitasi, joten suuri osa kehosi fosforista varastoituu luustoon."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"Platina on tiheä, muokattava ja korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään katalysaattoreissa, koruissa ja elektroniikassa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Se on johdettu espanjan sanasta \"platina\", joka on deminutiivi sanasta \"plata\" (hopea), joka tarkoittaa \"pientä hopeaa\"; Espanjalaiset tutkimusmatkailijat Etelä-Amerikassa 1500-luvulla käyttivät tätä halventavaa termiä vaaleasta, hopean kaltaisesta metallista, jonka he löysivät sekoitettuna kultaesiintymiin, mutta jotka eivät olleet helposti toimivia.","interesting_facts":["Platina kestää korroosiota niin paljon, että se ei koskaan tummu edes korkeissa lämpötiloissa.","Se on tärkeä katalysaattori katalysaattoreissa, mikä auttaa puhdistamaan ajoneuvon pakokaasuja.","Platina on kultaa tiheämpää ja sitä arvostetaan hienoissa koruissa ja vihkisormuksissa.","Jotkut platinayhdisteet, kuten sisplatiini, ovat tehokkaita kemoterapialääkkeitä.","Etelä-Afrikka tuottaa suurimman osan maailman platinasta.","Sen nimi tulee espanjan sanasta \"platina\", joka tarkoittaa \"pientä hopeaa\", jonka varhaiset kaivostyöläiset antoivat sille vähättelevästi."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään ydinreaktoreissa, ydinaseissa ja avaruusalusten virtalähteenä.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen, tummuu altistuessaan ilmalle","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Pluton mukaan (silloin pidettiin yhdeksäntenä planeetana), joka sijaitsee Neptunuksen takana aivan kuten plutonium on neptuniumin takana; Glenn Seaborg antoi sille nimen vuonna 1942 ja huomautti, että vaihtoehtoista muotoa \"plutium\" harkittiin, mutta se hylättiin klassisemman \"-onium\"-päätteen puolesta.","interesting_facts":["Plutonium on kuuluisa käytöstään ydinaseissa ja reaktoreissa.","Se on nimetty kääpiöplaneetan Pluton mukaan neptuniumin ja uraanin jälkeen.","Plutonium-238 antaa voiman avaruusaluksille, kuten Voyager-luotaimet ja Curiosity-mönkijät tasaisella lämmöllään.","Pala plutoniumia on lämmin kosketettaessa sen oman radioaktiivisen hajoamisen aiheuttaman lämmön vuoksi.","Sillä on epätavallinen kemia, joka esiintyy monissa värikkäissä hapetustiloissa liuoksessa.","Plutonium laajenee ja supistuu dramaattisesti eri kiinteiden muotojensa välillä, mikä tekee siitä hankalan työstää."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium on erittäin radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään antistaattisissa laitteissa ja lämmönlähteenä avaruussovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Puolan (latinaksi: Polonia), Marie Curien kotimaan mukaan, joka löysi sen yhdessä Pierre Curien kanssa vuonna 1898; Curie valitsi nimen kunnianosoituksena miehitetylle kotimaalleen, joka jaettiin sitten Venäjän, Preussin ja Itävallan kesken, toivoen saavansa kansainvälistä huomiota sen asiaan.","interesting_facts":["Marie ja Pierre Curie löysivät poloniumin vuonna 1898, ja se nimettiin Marien kotimaan Puolan mukaan.","Se on erittäin radioaktiivista, niin paljon, että gramma sitä hehkuu sinisenä ja antaa tarpeeksi lämpöä pysyäkseen lämpimänä.","Polonium-210:tä käytettiin pahamaineisessa Aleksanteri Litvinenkon myrkytyksessä vuonna 2006.","Sitä on käytetty kevyenä lämmönlähteenä avaruusluotaimissa ja antistaattisena laitteena.","Polonium on erittäin harvinainen, ja sitä esiintyy uraanimalmeissa pieniä määriä.","Poloniumhiukkanen voi antaa tappavan annoksen, mikä tekee siitä yhden myrkyllisimmistä tunnetuista aineista."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, joka on välttämätön kasvien kasvulle ja tärkeä biologisissa prosesseissa.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen nimi tulee sanoista \"potash\" (ruukuissa huuhtoutunut puutuhka, alkuaineen varhainen lähde), kun taas symboli K tulee latinan kielestä \"kalium\", lopulta arabian kielestä \"al-qali\" (saippuan valmistuksessa käytetty alkalikasvien tuhka).","interesting_facts":["Kalium on niin reaktiivista, että se syttyy lilanväriseksi liekiksi koskettaessaan vettä.","Se on tarpeeksi pehmeä leikattavaksi veitsellä ja tarpeeksi kevyt kellumaan veden päällä reagoidessaan.","Kaliumionit ovat välttämättömiä hermosignaaleille ja sydämen sykkeelle, ja banaanit ovat tunnettu ravinnonlähde.","Sen kemiallinen symboli K tulee sanasta \"kalium\", joka on arabiankielisen kasvin tuhkaa tarkoittavan sanan latinoitu muoto.","Humphry Davy vuonna 1807 kalium oli ensimmäinen elektrolyysillä eristetty metalli.","Kehosi radioaktiivinen isotooppi kalium-40 tekee sinusta hyvin vähän radioaktiivista koko elämäsi ajan."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodyymi","summary":"Praseodyymi on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään magneeteissa, lasin värjäyksessä ja metalliseoksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanoista \"prasios\" (purjovihreä) ja \"didymos\" (kaksos), jotka Carl Auer von Welsbach nimesi vuonna 1885, kun hän jakoi didymiumin kahdeksi alkuaineeksi: praseodyymiksi, vihreäksi suolatuksi kaksoseksi, ja neodyymiksi, uudeksi kaksoseksi.","interesting_facts":["Praseodyymin nimi tarkoittaa 'vihreää kaksois', sen suolojen vihreän värin vuoksi.","Sitä käytetään erityisissä suojalaseissa, jotka suojaavat hitsaajia ja lasinpuhaltimia voimakkaalta häikäisyltä ja infrapunavalolta.","Neodyymin kanssa sekoitettuna se muodostaa voimakkaita magneetteja, joita käytetään moottoreissa ja kuulokkeissa.","Praseodyymi antaa lasille ja keraamisille lasiteille puhtaan keltaisen värin.","Se erotettiin vuonna 1885 aineesta nimeltä \"didymium\", joka osoittautui kahdeksi alkuaineeksi.","Praseodyymi-seostetut kuidut voivat vahvistaa valosignaaleja joissakin optisissa järjestelmissä."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium on radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään valomaaleissa, atomiakuissa ja tutkimuksessa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Prometheuksen, kreikkalaisen mytologian titaanin mukaan, joka varasti tulen jumalilta ja antoi sen ihmiskunnalle; Sopivasti prometiumia saatiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1945 uraanin fissiotuotteista ydinreaktorissa.","interesting_facts":["Promethium on ainoa harvinaisten maametallien alkuaine, jolla ei ole stabiileja isotooppeja; se on radioaktiivista ja pohjimmiltaan poissa luonnosta.","Se on nimetty Prometheuksen, kreikkalaisen titaanin mukaan, joka varasti tulen jumalilta.","Prometiumia on käytetty valaisevassa maalissa ja pienissä atomiakuissa sydämentahdistimissa ja avaruusaluksissa.","Sen olemassaolo täytti pitkään jatkuneen aukon jaksollisen järjestelmän elementissä 61, joka vahvistettiin vuonna 1945.","Hehkuva prometium voi tuottaa heikosti sinivihreää valoa omasta säteilystään.","Vain noin 500 grammaa prometiumia uskotaan olevan koko maankuoressa kulloinkin."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protaktinium","summary":"Protaktinium on tiheä, hopeanharmaa metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa sen niukkuuden ja radioaktiivisuuden vuoksi.","appearance":"Kirkas, hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"protos\" (πρῶτος), joka tarkoittaa \"ensimmäistä\", yhdistettynä \"aktiniumiin\", jolloin saadaan \"aktiniumin emo\"; nimi heijastaa sitä, että protaktinium-231 hajoaa aktinium-227:ksi; Kasper Fajans kutsui sitä ensimmäisen kerran \"breviumiksi\" vuonna 1913, mutta \"protactinium\" otettiin käyttöön, kun pidempiikäinen isotooppi tunnistettiin.","interesting_facts":["Protactinium on yksi harvinaisimmista ja kalleimmista luonnossa esiintyvistä alkuaineista.","Sen nimi tarkoittaa 'aktiniumin emo', koska se hajoaa aktiniumiksi.","Se on erittäin radioaktiivista ja myrkyllistä ja vaatii huolellista käsittelyä.","Protactinium tunnistettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1913 ja eristettiin vuonna 1934.","Protaktiiniumin ja toriumin suhde valtamerten sedimentissä auttaa tutkijoita tutkimaan aiempia ilmastoa ja valtamerten kiertokulkua.","Sillä on vähän käyttöä tieteellisen tutkimuksen ulkopuolella sen niukkuuden ja radioaktiivisuuden vuoksi."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium on erittäin radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytettiin aikoinaan valomaaleissa, ja nyt tutkitaan ensisijaisesti sen radioaktiivisia ominaisuuksia.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty latinan sanasta \"radius\", joka tarkoittaa \"sädettä\" tai \"sädettä\", Marie ja Pierre Curie, jotka löysivät sen vuonna 1898; nimi viittaa elementin säteilemään voimakkaaseen säteilyyn, jonka he havaitsivat uutena merkittävänä ilmiönä erotettaessa sitä pikseoksesta.","interesting_facts":["Marie ja Pierre Curie löysivät radiumin vuonna 1898, ja se hehkuu heikosti sinisellä valolla pimeässä.","Se lisättiin kerran pimeässä hohtaviin kellojen kellotauluihin, mikä myrkytti traagisesti \"Radium Girls\" -tytöt, jotka maalasivat ne.","1900-luvun alun tuotteet markkinoivat radiumia hammastahnassa, vedessä ja kosmetiikassa ennen kuin sen vaaroja ymmärrettiin.","Radium on noin miljoona kertaa radioaktiivisempi kuin sama määrä uraania.","Sitä käytettiin historiallisesti syövän sädehoidossa ennen kuin turvallisemmat lähteet korvasivat sen.","Marie Curien muistikirjat ovat edelleen niin radioaktiivisia, että niitä säilytetään lyijyllä vuoratuissa laatikoissa."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon on radioaktiivinen jalokaasu, jota käytetään sädehoidossa ja merkkiaineena geologisessa tutkimuksessa.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty \"radiumista\" - alkuaineesta, josta se muodostuu radioaktiivisen hajoamisen seurauksena - yhdistettynä \"on\"-liitteeseen, jota käytetään jalokaasuissa; Friedrich Dorn havaitsi sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1900 radiumista tulevana kaasuna, ja sitä kutsuttiin \"radium-emanaatioksi\" ennen kuin nimi \"radon\" standardoitiin.","interesting_facts":["Radon on radioaktiivinen jalokaasu, jota syntyy uraanin hajoamisesta maaperässä ja kivessä.","Se on johtava keuhkosyövän aiheuttaja tupakoimattomien keskuudessa, ja se tihkuu näkymättömästi kellareihin.","Radon on väritöntä, hajutonta ja mautonta, joten se voidaan havaita vain erikoisinstrumenteilla.","Se on normaaleissa olosuhteissa tihein kaasu ja yksi raskaimmista tunnetuista kaasuista.","Radonia käytettiin kerran joissakin varhaisissa lääketieteellisissä säteilyhoidoissa.","Kotitestisarjat ovat laajalti saatavilla, koska radonpitoisuutta voidaan vähentää asianmukaisella ilmanvaihdolla."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renium","summary":"Renium on tiheä, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään suihkumoottoreissa, filamenteissa ja katalyyteissä.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Rein-joen (latinaksi: Rhenus) mukaan, joka virtaa Saksan halki; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke ja Otto Berg valitsivat nimen vuonna 1925, kun he löysivät elementin, noudattaen perinnettä nimetä elementit löytäjien kotimaan maantieteellisten piirteiden mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Renium oli yksi viimeisistä pysyvistä alkuaineista, jotka löydettiin vuonna 1925.","Sillä on yksi kaikkien alkuaineiden korkeimmista sulamis- ja kiehumispisteistä.","Renium-superseokset antavat suihku- ja rakettimoottorien turbiinien siipien käydä kuumemmin ja tehokkaammin.","Se on nimetty Rein-joen mukaan Saksassa.","Renium on erittäin harvinainen ja sitä saadaan talteen pääasiassa kuparin ja molybdeenin louhinnan sivutuotteena.","Sitä käytetään katalysaattorina korkeaoktaanisen lyijyttömän bensiinin valmistukseen."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodium","summary":"Rodium on harvinainen, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, joka tunnetaan korkeasta heijastuskyvystään ja käytöstä katalysaattoreissa ja koruissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan kielestä \"rhodon\" (ruusu), jonka William Hyde Wollaston nimesi vuonna 1804, koska rodiumsuolojen liuokset ovat väriltään tyypillisesti ruusunpunaisia.","interesting_facts":["Rodium on yksi harvinaisimmista ja arvokkaimmista jalometalleista, ja se maksaa usein paljon enemmän kuin kulta.","Sen nimi tulee kreikkalaisesta sanasta \"rhodon\" (ruusu) sen suolojen ruusunpunaisen värin mukaan.","Suurin osa rodiumista käytetään katalysaattoreissa haitallisten kaasujen puhdistamiseen auton pakokaasuista.","Se antaa loistavan, kovan, heijastavan pinnan ja sitä käytetään valkokultaisten korujen ja peilien pinnoittamiseen.","Rodium on erittäin kestävä korroosiota vastaan ​​eikä tahraudu ilmassa.","Se on yksi platinaryhmän metalleista ja sitä saadaan talteen pääasiassa platinan ja nikkelin louhinnan sivutuotteena."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Röntgenium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään ensisijaisesti tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Wilhelm Conrad Röntgenin, saksalaisen fyysikon mukaan, joka löysi röntgensäteet vuonna 1895 ja sai ensimmäisen fysiikan Nobel-palkinnon vuonna 1901; GSI Darmstadt syntetisoi sen vuonna 1994, ehdotti nimeä vuonna 2004, ja IUPAC hyväksyi sen virallisesti samana vuonna.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium on nimetty röntgensäteiden löytäjän Wilhelm Conrad Roentgenin mukaan.","Se luotiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1994 Saksassa yhdistämällä nikkeli- ja vismuttiytimiä.","Se on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, joka tuottaa vain muutaman atomin kerrallaan.","Roentgeniumin ennustetaan olevan kullan alapuolella jaksollisessa taulukossa ja saattaa jakaa osan kemiastaan.","Sen atomit hajoavat sekunneissa muodostumisen jälkeen.","Sillä ei ole sovelluksia perustutkimuksen lisäksi."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen metallielementti, jota käytetään elektroniikassa, tutkimuksessa ja atomikelloissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta sanasta \"rubidus\" (syvänpunainen tai tummanpunainen), jonka Robert Bunsen ja Gustav Kirchhoff antoivat vuonna 1861 nimen kahden erottuvan syvän punaisen spektriviivan mukaan, joita he käyttivät tunnistamaan sen silloisen uuden spektroskopiatekniikan avulla.","interesting_facts":["Rubidium syttyy itsestään ilmassa ja reagoi kiivaasti veden kanssa.","Se on nimetty latinan sanasta \"rubidus\" (syvän punainen) sen emissiospektrin punaisten viivojen vuoksi.","Bunsen ja Kirchhoff löysivät rubidiumin vuonna 1861 käyttämällä uutta spektroskopiatekniikkaa.","Se sulaa juuri kehon lämpötilan yläpuolella, noin 39 °C:ssa.","Rubidiumatomeja käytetään joissakin maailman tarkimmista atomikelloista.","Tutkijat käyttivät rubidiumia luodakseen ensimmäisen Bose-Einstein-kondensaatin, oudon uuden aineen tilan, vuonna 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenium","summary":"Rutenium on harvinainen siirtymämetalli, jota käytetään sähkökoskettimissa, paksukalvovastuksissa ja katalysaattorina.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ruthenia, Venäjän (venäläisten maan) latinankielinen nimi, Karl Ernst Clausin vuonna 1844 tekemästä löydöstä työskennellessään Kazanissa Venäjän valtakunnassa.","interesting_facts":["Rutenium on nimetty Rutheniasta, joka on Venäjän latinankielinen nimi, josta se löydettiin vuonna 1844.","Se on yksi platinaryhmän metalleista ja on erittäin kovaa ja hauras.","Pienen määrän ruteenia lisääminen parantaa huomattavasti platina- ja palladiumseosten kovuutta ja kulutuskestävyyttä.","Ruteenia käytetään elektroniikan sähkökoskettimissa ja siruvastuksissa.","Se toimii monipuolisena katalysaattorina, myös ammoniakin valmistusprosesseissa ja epäpuhtauksien puhdistamisessa.","Ruteeniyhdisteitä tutkitaan aurinkokennojen valoa absorboivina väriaineina."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa raskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti hopeaa metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ernest Rutherfordin mukaan, Uudessa-Seelannissa syntyneen fyysikon mukaan, joka löysi atomiytimen ja jota pidetään ydinfysiikan isänä. nimeä ehdottivat amerikkalaiset Lawrence Berkeleyn tutkijat, ja IUPAC hyväksyi sen virallisesti vuonna 1997 kylmän sodan nimeämiskiistan jälkeen Neuvostoliiton tutkijoiden kanssa.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium on nimetty fyysikko Ernest Rutherfordin mukaan, joka on ydinfysiikan isä.","Se on ensimmäinen transaktinidista (superraskas).","Rutherfordium valmistetaan murskaamalla kevyempiä atomiytimiä yhteen kiihdyttimissä.","Sen löydöstä käytiin kylmän sodan nimikiista amerikkalaisten ja neuvostoliittolaisten tutkijoiden välillä.","Vain muutama atomi voidaan luoda kerrallaan, ja ne hajoavat sekunneissa.","Sen odotetaan käyttäytyvän kemiallisesti kuten hafnium, jaksollisen järjestelmän ryhmässä 4."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium on hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään magneeteissa, lasereissa ja neutronien absorboijana ydinreaktoreissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty samarskitesta, mineraalista, josta Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran tunnisti sen ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1879; samarskite nimettiin eversti Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovetsin mukaan, venäläisen kaivosvirkailijan mukaan, mikä teki samariumista ensimmäisen (epäsuorasti) oikean henkilön mukaan nimetyn alkuaineen.","interesting_facts":["Samarium-kobolttimagneetit säilyttävät voimansa korkeissa lämpötiloissa, joita käytetään lentokoneissa ja sotilaslaitteistoissa.","Se oli ensimmäinen alkuaine, joka nimettiin henkilön mukaan samarskite-mineraalin kautta (virallisen Samarskin louhinnan jälkeen).","Samarium imee helposti neutroneja, joten sitä käytetään ydinreaktorin ohjaussauvoissa.","Radioaktiivista samariumyhdistettä käytetään lievittämään luihin levinneen syövän aiheuttamaa kipua.","Samariumia käytetään katalysaattorina kemiassa sekä tietyntyyppisten lasien ja lasereiden valmistukseen.","Se on kohtalaisen kovaa ja hapettuu hitaasti ilmassa muodostaen kellertävän pinnoitteen."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Skandium","summary":"Scandium on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään ilmailu-avaruuskomponenteissa ja korkean suorituskyvyn metalliseoksissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Skandinavian (latinaksi \"Scandia\") mukaan, alue, josta Lars Fredrik Nilson löysi sen vuonna 1879 Skandinaviasta peräisin olevista euxeniitistä ja gadoliniitista.","interesting_facts":["Mendelejev ennusti Scandiumin olemassaolon ja ominaisuudet vuonna 1869 \"eka-booriksi\" ennen kuin se löydettiin vuonna 1879.","Pienen määrän skandiumia lisäämällä alumiiniin syntyy vahva, kevyt seos, jota käytetään huippuluokan polkupyörien rungoissa ja ilmailun osissa.","Se on nimetty Skandinavian mukaan, josta mineraali, josta se alun perin löydettiin, louhittiin.","Joissakin Neuvostoliiton MiG-hävittäjäkoneissa käytettiin skandium-alumiiniseoksia.","Huolimatta siitä, että skandium on melko yleistä kuoressa, sitä on vaikea uuttaa ja se keskittyy harvoin malmeihin, mikä tekee siitä kallista.","Joihinkin metallihalogenidilamppuihin lisätään skandiumjodidia tuottamaan valoa, joka jäljittelee luonnollista auringonvaloa."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metallia","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Glenn T. Seaborgin mukaan, yhdysvaltalaisen kemistin mukaan, joka yhdessä löysi kymmenen transuraanista alkuainetta; se oli ensimmäinen elävän henkilön mukaan nimetty elementti, jota Lawrence Berkeley ehdotti vuonna 1994, vaikka IUPAC vastusti sitä alun perin ennen kuin se hyväksyi nimen virallisesti vuonna 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium on nimetty kemisti Glenn T. Seaborgin mukaan, joka auttoi löytämään monia transuraanisia alkuaineita.","Se oli ensimmäinen elementti, joka nimettiin tuolloin vielä elossa olleen henkilön mukaan.","Seaborgium on synteettinen superraskas alkuaine, jota valmistetaan vain hiukkaskiihdyttimissä.","Sen atomit hajoavat sekunneissa, joten vain kourallinen on koskaan tutkittu.","Kemialliset kokeet viittaavat siihen, että se käyttäytyy kuin volframi jaksollisen järjestelmän ryhmässä 6.","Se luotiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1974 murskaamalla happiioneja kaliforniumiksi."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Seleeni","summary":"Seleeni on ei-metalli, jonka ominaisuudet ovat samankaltaisia ​​kuin rikki ja telluuri, jota käytetään elektroniikassa, lasinvalmistuksessa ja ravintolisänä.","appearance":"Mustat, punaiset ja harmaat muodot","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan sanasta \"selene\" (kuu), jonka Jöns Jacob Berzelius nimesi vuonna 1817 telluurin (latinasta \"tellis\" maapallo) seuralaiseksi, koska molemmat alkuaineet ovat kemiallisesti samanlaisia ​​ja löydetty yhdessä samoista malmiesiintymistä.","interesting_facts":["Seleeni on nimetty kreikkalaisen kuun jumalattaren Selenen mukaan.","Sen sähkönjohtavuus muuttuu valon mukana, mikä on ominaisuus, jota käytettiin varhaisissa kopiokoneissa ja valomittareissa.","Seleeni on välttämätön hivenravinne, joka tukee antioksidanttientsyymejä, mutta on myrkyllistä suurempina annoksina.","Se antaa lasille punaisen värin ja sitä käytetään myös vihreän sävyn poistamiseen lasista.","Brasiliapähkinät ovat poikkeuksellisen runsaasti seleeniä.","Seleeniä on useissa muodoissa, mukaan lukien punainen jauhe ja harmaa metallimuoto, joka johtaa sähköä."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Pii","summary":"Pii on kova, hauras kiteinen kiinteä aine ja keskeinen komponentti puolijohteissa ja tietokonesiruissa.","appearance":"Harmaa kiteinen kiinteä aine","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinan kielestä \"silex\" tai \"silicis\" (piikivi tai kova kivi), koska piitä löytyy runsaasti piikivi- ja silikaattikivistä; nimen \"pii\" ehdotti Thomas Thomson vuonna 1817.","interesting_facts":["Pii on toiseksi runsain alkuaine maankuoressa hapen jälkeen, ja se on enimmäkseen lukittuneena hiekkaan ja kiveen piidioksidina.","Ultrapuhtaat piikiteet ovat tietokonesirujen perusta, mikä antaa Piilaakson nimen.","Pii on metalloidipuolijohde, joka johtaa sähköä paremmin kuin eristeet, mutta huonommin kuin metallit.","Kvartsi, opaali ja useimmat hiekka ovat piiyhdisteitä, ja lasia valmistetaan pääasiassa sulattamalla piidioksidia.","Aurinkopaneelit käyttävät piitä muuntamaan auringonvalon suoraan sähköksi.","Nimensä samankaltaisuudesta huolimatta pii (elementti) eroaa silikonista, joka on sitä sisältävä joustava kumimainen polymeeri."]},"Silver":{"name":"Hopea","summary":"Hopea on koruissa, elektroniikassa ja peileissä käytetty pehmeä, valkoinen, kiiltävä metalli, jolla on korkein sähkö- ja lämmönjohtavuus.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen sana \"silver\" tulee vanhan englannin sanasta \"seolfor\", joka liittyy protogermaaniseen \"silubraan\", jonka alkuperä on epävarma; symboli Ag ja maan nimi Argentina ovat molemmat peräisin latinan kielestä 'argentum' (hopea), jotka liittyvät elementin loistavaan valkoiseen kiiltoon.","interesting_facts":["Hopea on kaikista elementeistä paras sähkö- ja lämmönjohdin.","Sillä on luonnollisia antibakteerisia ominaisuuksia, ja sitä käytettiin pitämään haavat ja vesi puhtaana kauan ennen nykyaikaista lääketiedettä.","Hopea on heijastavin metalli, minkä vuoksi sitä on perinteisesti käytetty taustapeileissä.","Valokuvausfilmi luotti valoherkkiin hopeayhdisteisiin kuvien ottamiseen.","Sen kemiallinen symboli Ag tulee latinan sanasta 'argentum', ja maa Argentiina on nimetty sen mukaan.","Hopea tahraa mustaa, kun se reagoi pienten määrien rikkiyhdisteiden kanssa ilmassa."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium on pehmeä, hopeanvalkoinen, erittäin reaktiivinen metalli ja välttämätön alkuaine elämälle.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen nimi tulee sanasta \"soda\" (keskiaikainen latina \"sodanum\", päänsärkylääke), kun taas symboli Na tulee latinan sanasta \"natrium\", itse arabialaisesta/egyptiläisestä \"natrun\" -sanasta, joka tarkoittaa natronia, luonnossa esiintyvää natriumkarbonaattimineraalia.","interesting_facts":["Natrium on niin reaktiivista, että se on varastoitava öljyn alla, ja se kuohuu ja voi syttyä veteen pudotessaan.","Se on tarpeeksi pehmeä leikattavaksi veitsellä ja paljastaa kiiltävän hopeanhohtoisen pinnan, joka himmenee nopeasti ilmassa.","Natriumhöyrylamput tuottavat erottuvan kelta-oranssin hehkun, joka oli aikoinaan yleinen katuvalaistuksessa.","Tavallinen ruokasuola on natriumkloridi, ja natrium on välttämätön hermoimpulsseille ja nestetasapainolle kehossasi.","Natrium palaa kirkkaan keltaisella liekillä, jota käytetään liekkitekeissä sen tunnistamiseen.","Kemiallinen symboli Na tulee latinan sanasta \"natrium\", joka viittaa luonnolliseen soodayhdisteeseen."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään ilotulituksissa, keramiikassa ja radiologisissa sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Strontianin mukaan, kylän Argyllshiressä, Skotlannissa, jossa mineraali strontianiitti (strontiumkarbonaatti) löydettiin ensimmäisen kerran paikallisista lyijykaivoksista noin vuonna 1790.","interesting_facts":["Strontiumsuolat tuottavat loistavan punaisen värin ilotulituksissa ja hätäsoihdeissa.","Se on nimetty skotlantilaisen Strontianin kylän mukaan, josta sen malmi löydettiin ensimmäisen kerran.","Ydinlaskeumasta peräisin oleva radioaktiivinen isotooppi strontium-90 voi jäädä luihin, koska se matkii kalsiumia.","Strontiumia käytetään joissakin hammastahnoissa vähentämään hampaiden herkkyyttä.","Strontium-aluminaatti hohtaa pimeässä tuntikausia ja sitä käytetään nykyaikaisissa valomaaleissa.","Kuten kalsium, strontium reagoi veden kanssa, eikä sitä koskaan löydy vapaana luonnosta."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Rikki","summary":"Rikki on keltainen, ei-metallinen alkuaine, jota esiintyy yleisesti vulkaanisilla alueilla ja se on välttämätön elämälle.","appearance":"Kirkkaan keltaisia ​​kiteitä","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinalaisesta 'sulphur' (turkikivi), epävarmaa alkuperää oleva sana, joka mahdollisesti liittyy sanskritin kieleen 'sulvere'; rikki on tunnettu antiikista lähtien tulivuorten ympäriltä löytyvänä pistävänä keltaisena kivenä, jota Raamatun teksteissä kutsutaan \"tulkikiveksi\".","interesting_facts":["Rikki on tunnettu muinaisista ajoista lähtien, ja sitä kutsutaan Raamatussa \"tuliksi\", mikä tarkoittaa \"palavaa kiveä\".","Se on kuuluisa rikkivedyn mätämunan hajusta, vaikka puhdas rikki itsessään on hajuton.","Rikki palaa sinisellä liekillä ja tuottaa tukehtuvaa rikkidioksidikaasua.","Suurin osa louhitusta rikistä käytetään rikkihapon valmistukseen, joka on yksi maailman eniten tuotetuista teollisuuskemikaaleista.","Kirkkaankeltaisia ​​rikkikertymiä muodostuu tulivuoren aukkojen ja kuumien lähteiden ympärille.","Rikki on elintärkeä elementti, jota löytyy aminohapoista kysteiinistä ja metioniinista, jotka auttavat proteiineja laskostumaan."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantaali","summary":"Tantaali on tiheä, korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään elektroniikassa, kirurgisissa implanteissa ja korkean lämpötilan seoksissa.","appearance":"Harmaa sininen","naming_origin_explanation":"Tantaluksen mukaan nimetty kuningas kreikkalaisessa mytologiassa tuomittiin seisomaan vesilammikossa hedelmäpuiden alla, jotka vetäytyivät aina kun hän kurkoi niitä luokseen; Anders Ekeberg valitsi nimen vuonna 1802, koska alkuaine kiusaavasti kieltäytyi imemästä happoa, aivan kuten Tantalus ei koskaan kyennyt tyydyttämään janoaan.","interesting_facts":["Tantaalikondensaattorit ovat pieniä, mutta niissä on paljon latausta, joita löytyy melkein jokaisesta puhelimesta ja kannettavasta tietokoneesta.","Se on nimetty kreikkalaisen myytin Tantaluksen mukaan, mikä kuvastaa sen \"kiusattavaa\" vastustuskykyä happoon liukenemiselle.","Tantaali on biologisesti yhteensopivaa ja sitä käytetään kirurgisissa implanteissa, levyissä ja pinnoissa.","Sillä on yksi metallien korkeimmista sulamispisteistä, yli 3000 °C.","Tantaali kestää hyvin korroosiota kovan oksidikerroksen ansiosta.","Suuri osa maailman tantaalista on peräisin malmikoltaanista, mikä herättää eettisiä hankintoja koskevia huolenaiheita."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Teknetium","summary":"Teknetium on hopeanharmaa radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa lääketieteellisessä kuvantamisessa ja teollisuusradiografiassa.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikan \"technetos\" (keinotekoinen tai ihmisen tekemä), jonka Carlo Perrier ja Emilio Segrè nimesivät vuonna 1937, koska se oli ensimmäinen keinotekoisesti valmistettu alkuaine, joka luotiin pommittamalla molybdeenia deuteroneilla syklotronissa.","interesting_facts":["Teknetium oli ensimmäinen alkuaine, joka valmistettiin keinotekoisesti, ja sen nimi tulee kreikasta ja tarkoittaa \"keinotekoista\".","Sillä ei ole stabiileja isotooppeja, joten niitä ei käytännössä ole luonnossa maan päällä.","Teknetium-99m on lääketieteellisessä kuvantamisessa laajimmin käytetty radioaktiivinen merkkiaine, jota käytetään kymmenissä miljoonissa skannauksissa vuosittain.","Mendelejev ennusti sen aukon jaksollisessa taulukossa \"eka-mangaaniksi\".","Teknetiumia on havaittu tiettyjen kaukaisten tähtien spektreistä, ja niissä todistetaan edelleen alkuaineita.","Pienet määrät teknetiumia voivat tehdä teräksestä erittäin kestävän korroosiota vastaan."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Telluuri","summary":"Telluuri on hauras, hopeanvalkoinen metalloidi, jota käytetään seoksissa, puolijohteissa ja lämpösähköisissä laitteissa.","appearance":"Hopean kiiltävä harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Latinan kielestä \"tellis\" (Maa), jonka nimesi Martin Heinrich Klaproth vuonna 1798; nimi yhdistettiin tarkoituksella seleeniin (nimetty kuun mukaan), koska nämä kaksi alkuainetta ovat kemiallisesti samanlaisia ​​ja löydetty usein yhdessä.","interesting_facts":["Telluuri on nimetty maan latinan sanan \"tellis\" mukaan.","Ihmiset, jotka altistuvat pienillekin määrille, kehittävät \"telluurihengityksen\", voimakkaan valkosipulin kaltaisen hajun, joka voi kestää viikkoja.","Se on harvinainen metalloidi, jota on lähes yhtä vähän maankuoressa kuin platinaa.","Kadmiumtelluridia käytetään ohutkalvoisten aurinkopaneelien valmistukseen.","Telluuri parantaa teräksen ja kupariseosten työstettävyyttä.","Sitä käytetään uudelleenkirjoitettavilla optisilla levyillä, koska se voi vaihtaa lasimaisen ja kiteisen tilan välillä."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine on synteettinen, radioaktiivinen alkuaine, jota käytetään tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa superraskaiden alkuaineiden tutkimiseen.","appearance":"Tuntematon, todennäköisesti metalli tai metalloidi","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Yhdysvaltain Tennesseen osavaltion mukaan, jossa sijaitsevat Oak Ridge National Laboratory (joka tuotti välttämättömän berkeliumkohteen), Vanderbilt University ja University of Tennessee; se syntetisoitiin vuonna 2010, ja IUPAC nimesi sen virallisesti vuonna 2016. Pääte \"-ine\" kuvastaa sen asemaa halogeeniryhmässä 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine on nimetty Yhdysvaltain Tennesseen osavaltion mukaan, jossa sijaitsee Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","Se on toiseksi raskain tunnettu alkuaine, ja se vahvistettiin vuonna 2010.","Sen nimi päättyy \"-ine\", koska se sijaitsee halogeenisarakkeessa, ryhmässä 17.","Sen luominen vaati harvinaista berkeliumia, jota tuotettiin Oak Ridgessä ja jota pommitettiin kalsiumioneilla.","Tennessiiniatomia on koskaan valmistettu vain muutama.","Sen atomit hajoavat sekunnin murto-osassa."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium on hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään vihreän valaistuksen, lasereiden ja magneto-optisten laitteiden fosforeissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ytterbyn mukaan, Ruotsin Resarön saarella sijaitsevasta kylästä, josta malmigadoliitti alun perin kerättiin; Carl Gustaf Mosander erotti sen yttriasta vuonna 1843, ja \"terbium\" on \"Ytterbyn\" tavuinen uudelleenjärjestely.","interesting_facts":["Terbium tarjoaa vihreän värin monissa valaistuksessa ja vanhemmissa näytöissä käytetyissä fosforeissa.","Se on nimetty ruotsalaisen Ytterbyn kylän mukaan, joka on yksi neljästä elementistä, jotka kunnioittavat tätä yhtä kaupunkia.","Terbiumlejeeringit muuttavat muotoaan magneettikentässä, ja niitä käytetään antureissa ja luotainjärjestelmissä.","Se hohtaa kirkkaanvihreänä ultraviolettivalossa ja sitä käytetään turvamusteissa.","Terbium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen harvinainen maametalli, jota voidaan leikata veitsellä.","Sitä käytetään puolijohdelaitteissa ja energiatehokkaissa loistelampuissa."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Tallium","summary":"Tallium on pehmeä, harmaa metalli, jota käytetään elektroniikassa, optisissa järjestelmissä ja joissakin lääketieteellisissä sovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty kreikan sanasta \"thallos\" (θαλλός), joka tarkoittaa \"vihreää versoa\" tai \"vihreää oksaa\"; William Crookes nimesi sen vuonna 1861 erottuvan kirkkaan vihreän spektriviivan mukaan, jonka hän näki analysoidessaan seleenihappojäämiä käyttämällä uutta liekkispektroskopiatekniikkaa.","interesting_facts":["Tallium oli aikoinaan suosittu myrkky, hajuton ja mauton, ja se sai lempinimen \"myrkyttäjän myrkky\".","Sen nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"thallos\", vihreä verso, kirkkaan vihreän viivan mukaan.","Talliummyrkytys aiheuttaa hiustenlähtöä, mikä joskus auttaa lääkäreitä diagnosoimaan sen.","Radioaktiivista tallium-isotooppia käytetään sydämen kuvantamisrasitustesteissä.","Talliumyhdisteitä käytetään erikoistuneessa infrapunaoptiikassa ja elektroniikassa.","Se löydettiin vuonna 1861 käyttämällä uutta liekkispektroskopiamenetelmää."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Torium","summary":"Torium on heikosti radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään ydinreaktoreissa, metalliseoksissa ja kaasuvaippaissa.","appearance":"Hopeanhohtoinen, usein mustalla tahralla","naming_origin_explanation":"Ruotsalainen kemisti Jöns Jacob Berzelius, joka löysi sen vuonna 1828, on nimennyt Thorin, norjalaisen ukkonen jumalan, mukaan; Berzelius löysi sen norjalaisesta mineraalista, jota hän kutsui toriitiksi ja antoi sille uuden alkuaineen nimen jumaluuden mukaan mytologisten hahmojen kunnioittamisen perinnettä noudattaen.","interesting_facts":["Thorium on nimetty pohjoismaisen ukkonen jumalan Thorin mukaan.","Sitä tutkitaan turvallisempana, runsaammin ydinpolttoaineena kuin uraani.","Toriumia on kuoressa noin kolme-neljä kertaa enemmän kuin uraania.","Thoriaattikaasuvaipat hehkuivat kirkkaasti ja niitä käytettiin lyhtyissä yli vuosisadan.","Se lisättiin kerran korkealaatuisiin kameralinsseihin, jotka voivat ajan myötä kellastua säteilyn vaikutuksesta.","Melkein kaikki torium on pitkäikäistä isotooppia torium-232, jonka puoliintumisaika on pidempi kuin maailmankaikkeuden ikä."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulium","summary":"Thulium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään kannettavissa röntgenlaitteissa, lasereissa ja joissakin ydinsovelluksissa.","appearance":"Hopean harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Thulen mukaan, muinaisen kreikkalaisen ja roomalaisen nimen mukaan myyttiselle maalle tunnetun maailman pohjoisella reunalla, joka usein tunnistetaan Skandinaviaan tai Islantiin. Per Teodor Cleve valitsi nimen vuonna 1879 kunnioittaakseen elementin skandinaavista alkuperää.","interesting_facts":["Thulium on harvinaisin stabiileista harvinaisista maametallista ja yksi kalleimmista.","Se on nimetty kaukaa pohjoisessa sijaitsevan myyttisen maan Thulen mukaan.","Radioaktiivista tulium-170:tä käytetään kannettavissa röntgenlaitteissa, jotka eivät tarvitse sähköä.","Thulium hehkuu sinisenä ultraviolettivalossa ja sitä käytetään seteleiden väärentämisenestomerkkeihin.","Thuliumlasereita käytetään joissakin lääketieteellisissä kirurgisissa toimenpiteissä.","Harvuudestaan ​​huolimatta tuliumia on edelleen runsaammin kuoressa kuin kultaa."]},"Tin":{"name":"Tina","summary":"Tina on muokattava, hopeanvalkoinen metalli, jota käytetään juotteessa, pinnoitteissa ja seoksissa, kuten pronssissa.","appearance":"Hopeanvalkoinen metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Englanninkielinen sana 'tin' tulee vanhan englannin sanasta 'tina', joka liittyy protogermaaniseen 'tinamiin', jonka alkuperä on epävarma; symboli Sn tulee latinan sanasta 'stannum', joka alun perin viittasi hopea-lyijy-seokseen ennen sen levittämistä tinaan.","interesting_facts":["Tinan sekoittaminen kuparin kanssa tuottaa pronssia, seoksen, joka määritteli koko ihmiskunnan historian aikakauden.","Kun tinapatukka taivutetaan, siitä kuuluu rätisevä ääni, jota kutsutaan \"tinahuutukseksi\", kun sen kiteet järjestyvät uudelleen.","Äärimmäisessä kylmässä tavallinen tina voi murentua harmaaksi jauheeksi, jota kutsutaan \"tinatuhoksi\".","Tölkit saavat korroosionkestävyyden teräksen päällä olevasta ohuesta tinapinnoitteesta.","Tinassa on enemmän stabiileja isotooppeja (kymmenen) kuin missään muussa alkuaineessa.","Tina ja juote ovat yleisiä tinapohjaisia ​​seoksia, joita on käytetty vuosisatojen ajan."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titaani","summary":"Titaani on vahva, kevyt metalli, jota käytetään laajalti ilmailuteollisuudessa, lääketieteellisissä laitteissa ja seoksissa.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa-valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth nimesi sen kreikkalaisen mytologian titaanien – voimakkaiden ikijumalien – mukaan vuonna 1795, joka halusi nimen, joka ei sisällä maantieteellisiä tai henkilökohtaisia ​​assosiaatioita.","interesting_facts":["Titaanilla on korkein lujuus/tiheyssuhde kaikista metallielementeistä, ja se on yhtä vahva kuin teräs, mutta noin 45 % kevyempi.","Se on biologisesti yhteensopiva, joten elimistö ei hylkää sitä, joten se on ihanteellinen lonkkaproteesiin ja hammasimplantiin.","Titaanidioksidi on loistava valkoinen pigmentti, jota käytetään maaleissa, aurinkovoiteissa ja jopa hammastahnassa.","Se kestää meriveden korroosiota niin hyvin, että sitä käytetään laivojen osissa ja sukellusveneen rungoissa.","Titaani on nimetty kreikkalaisen mytologian titaanien mukaan sen suuren vahvuuden vuoksi.","Vaikka titaani on kuoren yhdeksänneksi yleisin alkuaine, se on kallista, koska sitä on vaikea erottaa malmeistaan."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Volframi","summary":"Volframi on kova, tiheä metalli, jolla on korkein sulamispiste kaikista alkuaineista, ja sitä käytetään filamenteissa, leikkaustyökaluissa ja panssaria lävistävissä ammuksissa.","appearance":"Harmaanvalkoinen, kiiltävä","naming_origin_explanation":"\"Tungsten\" tulee ruotsin sanoista \"tung\" (raskas) ja \"sten\" (kivi), viitaten mineraalischeeliittiin; symboli W tulee sanasta \"wolfram\", joka on johdettu wolframiitista, joka on nimetty, koska se \"söi\" tinaa sulatuksen aikana ja tuo mieleen suden (saksa: Wolf Rahm, suden kerma tai vaahto).","interesting_facts":["Volframilla on kaikista metalleista korkein sulamispiste, noin 3 422 °C.","Sitä käytettiin hehkulamppujen hehkuviin filamentteihin.","Sen nimi tulee ruotsin kielestä ja tarkoittaa \"raskasta kiveä\", kun taas sen symboli W tulee sanasta \"wolfram\".","Volframikarbidi on lähes yhtä kovaa kuin timantti, ja sitä käytetään poranterissä, sahoissa ja panssarin lävistyspyörissä.","Se on yksi tiheimmistä alkuaineista, suunnilleen sama tiheydellä kuin kullalla.","Volframi on välttämätön joillekin entsyymeille tietyissä lämpöä rakastavissa mikrobeissa, raskain elämän tiedetty käyttämä alkuaine."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uraani","summary":"Uraani on tiheä, radioaktiivinen metalli, jota käytetään polttoaineena ydinreaktoreissa ja ydinaseissa.","appearance":"Hopeanharmaa metalliväri","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Uranuksen planeetan mukaan, joka oli löydetty vain kahdeksan vuotta aiemmin, Martin Heinrich Klaprothin vuonna 1789; hän noudatti perinnettä nimetä alkuaineet taivaankappaleiden mukaan, aivan kuten telluuri (setä edeltävä alkuaine) oli nimetty Maan mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Uraani on raskain alkuaine, jota esiintyy merkittäviä määriä luonnossa.","Se on nimetty vain kahdeksan vuotta sitten löydetyn Uranuksen mukaan.","Yksi kilo uraani-235:tä voi vapauttaa yhtä paljon energiaa kuin useita tuhansia tonneja hiiltä.","Henri Becquerel havaitsi uraanin radioaktiivisuuden vuonna 1896, kun se huursi valokuvauslevyjä pimeässä.","Köyhdytetty uraani on erittäin tiheää ja sitä käytetään panssari- ja panssarinlävistysammuksissa.","1800-luvulla suosittu uraanilasi hehkuu kirkkaan vihreänä ultraviolettivalossa."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadiini","summary":"Vanadiini on kova, hopeanharmaa metalli, jota käytetään pääasiassa terässeosten ja muiden materiaalien lujittamiseen.","appearance":"Hopean harmaa","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Vanadisin mukaan, vanhannorjalaisen jumalatar Freyjan epiteetin mukaan, jonka Nils Gabriel Sefström valitsi vuonna 1830, koska vanadiiniyhdisteet muodostavat hämmästyttävän kauniita, monivärisiä liuoksia.","interesting_facts":["Vanadiini on nimetty Vanadisin mukaan, joka on norjalaisen jumalattaren Freyjan nimi kauniin värillisten yhdisteidensä vuoksi.","Sen yhdisteet esiintyvät sateenkaaren väreissä hapetusasteesta riippuen: violetti, sininen, vihreä ja keltainen.","Pienten vanadiinimäärien lisääminen teräkseen tekee siitä paljon kovempaa ja sitkeämpää, ja sitä käytetään työkaluissa ja autonosissa.","Henry Ford käytti vanadiiniterästä Model T:ssä tehdäkseen siitä kevyemmän ja vahvemman.","Vanadiini-pelkistysvirtausakut voivat varastoida suuria määriä energiaa sähköverkkoon.","Jotkut merieläimet, joita kutsutaan meriruiskuiksi, keskittävät vanadiinia veressään paljon korkeammalle tasolle kuin ympäröivä merivesi."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Ksenon","summary":"Ksenon on väritön, tiheä, hajuton jalokaasu, jota käytetään valaistuksessa, lääketieteellisessä kuvantamisessa ja avaruusalusten propulsiossa.","appearance":"Väritön kaasu, säteilee sinistä hehkua innoissaan","naming_origin_explanation":"Kreikankielisestä sanasta \"xenos\" (vieras tai vieras), jonka William Ramsay ja Morris Travers nimesivät vuonna 1898, koska ksenoni ilmaantui täysin tuntemattomana elementtinä piilotettuna jäännöksiin nestemäisen kryptonin haihduttamisen jälkeen.","interesting_facts":["Xenonin nimi tulee kreikan sanasta \"muukalainen\", koska se oli niin harvinainen löytö ilmassa.","Se tuottaa loistavan valkoisen valon ja sitä käytetään autojen ajovaloissa, kameran salamoissa ja elokuvaprojektorin lampuissa.","Ksenonia voidaan käyttää turvallisena, tehokkaana anestesiana, vaikka se on kallista.","Huolimatta jalokaasusta, ksenon muodosti ensimmäisenä todellisen kemiallisen yhdisteen vuonna 1962.","Avaruusalusten ionipotkurit käyttävät ksenonia ponneaineena, työntäen varovasti luotain aurinkokunnan poikki.","Ksenon on riittävän tiheä, jotta voit kelluttaa kevyen esineen näkymättömän kaasun päällä."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium on pehmeä, hopeanhohtoinen metalli, jota käytetään lasereissa, atomikelloissa ja materiaalien jännitysmittareissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ytterbyn mukaan, kylän Resarön saarella lähellä Tukholmaa, Ruotsissa; Jean Charles de Marignac eristi oksidinsa ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1878 erbiasta, ja ytterbium on yksi neljästä alkuaineesta, jotka on nimetty tuon yksittäisen ruotsalaisen kylän mukaan.","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium on yksi neljästä alkuaineesta, jotka on nimetty pienen ruotsalaisen Ytterbyn kylän mukaan.","Ytterbium-atomikellot ovat kaikkien aikojen tarkimpia ajanottajia.","Sen sähkövastus kasvaa jyrkästi korkeassa paineessa, jota käytetään jännitysmittarina.","Ytterbium-seostetut kuidut tehoavat korkeaenergisiin teollisuuslasereihin metallin leikkaamiseen ja hitsaukseen.","Se on pehmeä, muokattava, hopeanhohtoinen harvinainen maametalli.","Lantanidille epätavallista, ytterbium voi saada vakaan +2 hapetustilan."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Ittrium on hopeametallinen elementti, jota käytetään loisteaineissa, suprajohtimissa ja LED-tekniikassa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Nimetty Ytterbyn mukaan, pienestä kylästä Resarön saarella Ruotsissa, jossa malmigadoliitti kerättiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1787; sama kylän nimi inspiroi myös nimiä ytterbium, erbium ja terbium.","interesting_facts":["Yttrium on nimetty ruotsalaisen Ytterbyn kylän mukaan, joka antoi nimensä neljälle eri elementille.","Yttrium-alumiini-granaatti (YAG) kiteitä käytetään tehokkaiden lasereiden valmistukseen lääketieteen ja teollisuuden käyttöön.","Se auttoi luomaan ensimmäiset korkean lämpötilan suprajohteet, jotka toimivat typen kiehumispisteen yläpuolella.","Yttriumyhdisteet tuottivat punaista loisteainetta vanhoissa väritelevisioruuduissa.","Sitä käytetään alumiinin ja magnesiumseosten vahvistamiseen.","Vaikka yttriumia kutsutaan harvinaiseksi maametalliksi, sitä on runsaammin kuoressa kuin hopeaa tai lyijyä."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Sinkki","summary":"Sinkki on sinertävän hopeanvärinen metalli, jota käytetään yleisesti galvanoinnissa, metalliseoksissa ja välttämättömänä mineraalina biologisissa prosesseissa.","appearance":"Sinertävän hopea metalli","naming_origin_explanation":"Saksasta \"Zink\" (sinkki), jota Paracelsus käytti ensimmäisen kerran 1500-luvulla; alkuperä voi liittyä sanaan \"Zinke\" (piikki tai piikki), joka kuvaa sulatuksen aikana muodostuvia piikkikiteitä, tai mahdollisesti persialaiseen \"sing\" (kivi).","interesting_facts":["Sinkki pinnoittaa terästä prosessissa, jota kutsutaan galvanointiin, uhraten itsensä suojatakseen terästä ruosteelta.","Se on välttämätöntä ihmisen immuunijärjestelmälle, ja sinkkitabletteja käytetään apuna vilustumisen torjunnassa.","Sinkki palaa kirkkaalla sinivihreällä liekillä, ja sitä kutsuttiin kerran \"filosofin villaksi\", kun sen valkoinen oksidi kerättiin.","Instrumenteissa ja varusteissa käytetty messinki on kuparin ja sinkin seos.","Useimmat nykyaikaiset yhden sentin kolikot ja monet muut kolikot on valmistettu suurelta osin sinkistä, jossa on ohut kuparipinnoite.","Sinkkioksidi on aktiivinen ainesosa monissa aurinkovoiteissa ja vaippaihottumavoiteissa."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirkonium","summary":"Zirkonium on korroosionkestävä metalli, jota käytetään ydinreaktoreissa, kirurgisissa instrumenteissa ja keraamisissa materiaaleissa.","appearance":"Hopean valkoinen","naming_origin_explanation":"Arabian sanasta \"zarqun\" (vermilion tai kullanvärinen), joka on johdettu persialaisesta \"zargunista\" (kultainen), koska jalokivizirkonissa on kultaisia ​​sävyjä; nimen antoi Martin Heinrich Klaproth vuonna 1789.","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium kestää hyvin korroosiota ja imee tuskin neutroneja, mikä tekee siitä ihanteellisen ydinpolttoainesauvojen päällystämiseen.","Kuutiozirkonia, zirkoniumyhdiste, on suosittu timantin korvike koruissa.","Jalokivizirkoni, zirkoniumsilikaatti, sisältää joitain maan vanhimmista tunnetuista mineraaleista, yli 4 miljardia vuotta vanhoja.","Zirkoniumjauhe on erittäin syttyvää ja sitä käytettiin kerran salamalampuissa.","Se on bioyhteensopiva ja sitä käytetään hammaskruunuissa ja nivelimplanteissa.","Zirkoniumdioksidikeramiikka on tarpeeksi sitkeää tehdäkseen veitsen teriä, jotka tarvitsevat harvoin teroitusta."]}},"fr-CA":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"L'actinium est un métal radioactif argenté et mou, principalement utilisé en recherche et comme source de neutrons.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'actinium brille d'une étrange lueur bleu pâle dans l'obscurité en raison de son intense radioactivité.","Son nom vient du grec « aktis », signifiant rayon ou faisceau.","Il donne son nom à la série des actinides.","L'actinium-225 est étudié pour une thérapie ciblée par particules alpha contre le cancer.","Il est environ 150 fois plus radioactif que le radium.","L'actinium est extrêmement rare et n'est présent qu'à l'état de traces dans les minerais d'uranium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « aktis » (ἀκτίς), signifiant « rayon » ou « faisceau » ; André-Louis Debierne l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1899 à partir de minerai d'uranium et l'a nommé ainsi en raison de sa puissante radioactivité ; il donne son nom à la série des actinides, éléments lourds."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"L'aluminium est un métal argenté-blanc, léger et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans une grande variété d'applications.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'aluminium est le métal le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre, pourtant il fut autrefois si difficile à purifier qu'il valait plus que l'or.","Lors d'un banquet dans les années 1880, les invités les plus honorés de France auraient mangé avec des couverts en aluminium tandis que les autres utilisaient de l'or.","Il est entièrement recyclable, et le recyclage de l'aluminium ne consomme qu'environ 5 % de l'énergie nécessaire pour le produire à partir du minerai brut.","Une fine couche d'oxyde auto-régénératrice se forme instantanément sur l'aluminium, le protégeant de la corrosion.","Le procédé Hall-Héroult, inventé en 1886, a rendu l'aluminium bon marché en utilisant l'électricité pour l'extraire de l'alumine.","L'aluminium est léger, solide et non magnétique, ce qui le rend idéal pour les avions, les canettes et le papier aluminium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « alumen » (alun, un composé utilisé depuis l'Antiquité pour la teinture et le tannage) ; Humphry Davy a créé le terme « alumium » en 1807, puis l'a révisé en « aluminum », tandis qu'une grande partie du monde a adopté l'orthographe « aluminium »."},"Americium":{"name":"Américium","summary":"L'américium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les détecteurs de fumée et comme source de neutrons pour des applications industrielles.","appearance":"Blanc argenté, se ternit lentement à l'air","interesting_facts":["L'américium est utilisé en minuscules quantités dans la plupart des détecteurs de fumée domestiques.","Il est nommé d'après les Amériques, par analogie avec l'europium, nommé d'après l'Europe.","L'américium a été produit pour la première fois pendant le projet Manhattan en 1944.","Dans un détecteur de fumée, l'américium émet des particules alpha qui ionisent l'air ; la fumée perturbe le courant et déclenche l'alarme.","Il brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en raison de sa propre radioactivité intense.","L'américium est étudié comme source d'énergie potentielle durable pour de futures missions spatiales."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après les Amériques, les continents où il a été produit pour la première fois, par Glenn Seaborg en 1944 ; Seaborg l'a nommé par analogie délibérée avec l'europium (nommé d'après l'Europe), l'américium occupant la même position dans la série des actinides que l'europium dans la série des lanthanides."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimoine","summary":"L'antimoine est un métalloïde fragile, blanc bleuté, utilisé dans les retardateurs de flamme, les alliages et les semi-conducteurs.","appearance":"Argenté, blanc bleuté","interesting_facts":["L'antimoine est utilisé depuis l'Égypte antique comme kohl, un cosmétique pour les yeux noir.","C'est un métalloïde qui, de façon inhabituelle, se dilate lorsqu'il gèle, ce qui le rend utile pour les pièces moulées nettes et le métal d'imprimerie.","Les composés d'antimoine sont largement utilisés comme retardateurs de flamme dans les plastiques et les textiles.","Son symbole chimique Sb vient du latin « stibium ».","Les alchimistes médiévaux utilisaient des pilules d'antimoine comme laxatif réutilisable, récupérées et transmises comme « pilules éternelles ».","L'antimoine est allié au plomb pour le durcir, comme dans l'ancien métal d'imprimerie et les plaques de batteries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais provient du latin médiéval « antimonium », d'origine incertaine (peut-être de l'arabe « ithmid » ou d'une expression latine signifiant « pas seul », l'antimoine se trouvant rarement à l'état pur) ; le symbole Sb vient du latin « stibium », nom du sulfure noir utilisé comme cosmétique depuis l'Égypte antique."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"L'argon est un gaz noble incolore et inodore qui compose environ 1 % de l'atmosphère terrestre.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'argon compose près de 1 % de l'atmosphère terrestre, ce qui en fait le gaz noble le plus abondant dans l'air.","Son nom vient du mot grec signifiant « paresseux », car il est si peu réactif chimiquement.","L'argon sert à remplir les ampoules incandescentes car il ne réagit pas avec le filament chaud.","Les soudeurs utilisent l'argon comme gaz de protection pour empêcher le métal chaud de réagir avec l'oxygène de l'air.","La majeure partie de l'argon terrestre est l'argon-40, produit par la désintégration radioactive du potassium-40 dans les roches.","Les fenêtres à double vitrage sont souvent remplies d'argon car il isole mieux que l'air ordinaire."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « argon » (inactif ou oisif, neutre de « argos »), nommé par William Ramsay et Lord Rayleigh en 1894 parce que le gaz est chimiquement inerte et extrêmement peu enclin à réagir avec quoi que ce soit."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"L'arsenic est un métalloïde toxique, autrefois utilisé dans les pesticides et aujourd'hui dans les semi-conducteurs et la production de verre.","appearance":"Gris métallique","interesting_facts":["L'arsenic est célèbre comme le « poison des rois et roi des poisons », indétectable pendant des siècles et favori dans les meurtres historiques.","Malgré sa toxicité, d'infimes traces d'arsenic pourraient être un nutriment nécessaire pour certains animaux.","L'arséniure de gallium et d'autres composés d'arsenic sont essentiels aux semi-conducteurs et LED modernes.","La contamination de l'arsenic des eaux souterraines affecte l'eau potable de millions de personnes dans le monde.","Il sublime, passant directement de l'état solide à l'état gazeux lorsqu'il est chauffé, avec une odeur d'ail.","Des pigments verts contenant de l'arsenic étaient autrefois utilisés dans les papiers peints et auraient empoisonné lentement les foyers victoriens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « arsenikon » (l'orpiment jaune, un sulfure d'arsenic), lui-même peut-être du persan « zarnikh » (minerai d'arsenic) ; le mot pourrait aussi être lié au grec « arrhen » (mâle ou puissant), reflétant les propriétés puissantes des composés d'arsenic."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astate","summary":"L'astate est un élément radioactif rare, utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique et potentiellement dans les traitements contre le cancer.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["L'astate est l'élément naturel le plus rare ; moins d'un gramme existe dans la croûte terrestre à tout moment.","Son nom vient du grec « astatos », signifiant « instable ».","Personne n'a jamais vu un échantillon visible car il se vaporiserait sous l'effet de sa propre radioactivité intense.","C'est le plus lourd des halogènes et a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1940.","L'astate-211 est étudié pour une thérapie ciblée par particules alpha contre le cancer.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie d'environ 8 heures seulement."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « astatos » (ἄστατος), signifiant « instable » ; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie et Emilio Segrè l'ont synthétisé en 1940 à Berkeley et ont choisi ce nom parce que tous les isotopes de l'astate sont radioactifs et se désintègrent rapidement, rendant l'élément intrinsèquement instable."},"Barium":{"name":"Baryum","summary":"Le baryum est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les fluides de forage, les peintures et l'imagerie médicale.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les patients boivent un « repas au baryum » ou une « déglutition au baryum » car le baryum bloque les rayons X, révélant le tractus digestif.","Les composés de baryum donnent aux feux d'artifice leurs couleurs vertes éclatantes.","Son nom vient du grec « barys », signifiant lourd.","Bien que le métal soit toxique, le sulfate de baryum insoluble utilisé dans les examens médicaux traverse le corps en toute sécurité.","Le baryum est si réactif qu'il doit être stocké sous huile et n'est jamais trouvé à l'état libre dans la nature.","Le minéral barytine (sulfate de baryum) sert à alourdir les fluides de forage dans l'industrie pétrolière."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « barys » (lourd), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1808 parce que le sulfate de baryum (barytine, le minerai commun) est inhabituellement dense pour un minéral non métallique."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkélium","summary":"Le berkélium est un métal radioactif principalement utilisé en recherche scientifique et pour la production d'éléments plus lourds.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le berkélium est nommé d'après Berkeley, en Californie, où il a été créé pour la première fois en 1949.","C'est un élément synthétique extrêmement rare, dont seules d'infimes quantités ont jamais été produites.","Le berkélium a servi de matériau cible pour synthétiser l'élément superlourd tennesse.","Produire un petit échantillon de berkélium peut prendre plusieurs mois dans un réacteur à haut flux.","Il est hautement radioactif et n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","Le berkélium complète un ensemble avec le terbium, ces deux éléments étant nommés d'après des villes et placés en positions correspondantes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Berkeley, en Californie, où il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1949 au laboratoire de radiation de l'Université de Californie ; la dénomination reflète délibérément celle du terbium, nommé d'après la ville suédoise d'Ytterby — les deux éléments occupent des positions correspondantes dans les séries des lanthanides et des actinides respectivement."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Béryllium","summary":"Le béryllium est un métal dur et grisâtre, naturellement présent dans les roches minérales, le charbon, le sol et la poussière volcanique.","appearance":"Gris acier","interesting_facts":["Le béryllium est remarquablement transparent aux rayons X, si bien qu'il sert à fabriquer les fenêtres des tubes à rayons X et des détecteurs.","C'est l'un des métaux structuraux les plus légers, avec un rapport rigidité/poids supérieur à celui de l'acier.","Les pierres précieuses émeraude et aigue-marine sont toutes deux des formes du minéral béryl, un silicate de béryllium et d'aluminium.","La poussière de béryllium est hautement toxique et peut provoquer une maladie pulmonaire chronique appelée bérylliose.","Les miroirs du télescope spatial James Webb sont faits de béryllium recouvert d'or car il conserve sa forme à des températures extrêmement basses.","En 1932, James Chadwick a découvert le neutron en bombardant du béryllium avec des particules alpha."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le béryl, la pierre précieuse, du grec « beryllos », car Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin a isolé le béryllium pour la première fois à partir de minéraux de béryl et d'émeraude en 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Le bismuth est un métal fragile peu toxique, utilisé dans les cosmétiques, les procédures médicales et les alliages.","appearance":"Blanc argenté avec une teinte iridescente","interesting_facts":["Le bismuth forme de superbes cristaux iridescents arc-en-ciel en forme d'escalier ou d'entonnoir.","C'est l'élément le plus lourd qui soit, en pratique, stable, avec une demi-vie presque inimaginablement longue.","Le bismuth est l'ingrédient principal du Pepto-Bismol, utilisé pour apaiser les troubles digestifs.","Comme l'eau, le bismuth se dilate lorsqu'il gèle.","Il entre dans des alliages à faible point de fusion pour les sprinklers et dispositifs de sécurité.","Le bismuth est l'un des rares métaux moins denses dans certains alliages, et constitue un substitut non toxique au plomb dans de nombreux produits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérive de l'ancien allemand « Wismut » ou « Wismuth », peut-être de « weiße Masse » (masse blanche) ou d'un terme minier d'origine incertaine ; connu depuis le XVe siècle comme métal distinct, parfois confondu avec le plomb ou l'étain, latinisé en « bisemutum » avant de devenir « bismuth » dans l'usage moderne."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Le bohrium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le bohrium est nommé d'après Niels Bohr, le physicien qui a modélisé la structure de l'atome.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Le bohrium a été créé pour la première fois en 1981 en Allemagne.","Ses isotopes sont intensément radioactifs et se désintègrent en quelques secondes ou moins.","Les expériences indiquent que le bohrium ressemble chimiquement au rhénium, du groupe 7.","Il n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche fondamentale sur les éléments les plus lourds."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Niels Bohr, le physicien danois qui a développé le modèle quantique de l'atome et apporté des contributions fondamentales à la compréhension de la structure atomique ; le GSI de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, l'a synthétisé en 1981 et a proposé ce nom en son honneur, officiellement adopté par l'IUPAC en 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Bore","summary":"Le bore est un métalloïde essentiel à la croissance des plantes, mais toxique en excès.","appearance":"Noir-brun","interesting_facts":["Les composés de bore donnent une couleur verte éclatante distinctive aux flammes, ce qui le rend utile en pyrotechnie.","Le bore est essentiel à la croissance des plantes, bien qu'en infimes quantités seulement ; une dose excessive est toxique pour les cultures.","Le verre borosilicaté, fabriqué avec du bore, résiste au choc thermique et sert dans la batterie de cuisine et la verrerie de laboratoire.","L'isotope bore-10 absorbe facilement les neutrons, si bien que le bore est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle et le blindage des réacteurs nucléaires.","Le borax, un minéral de bore, est utilisé depuis des milliers d'années comme agent de nettoyage et flux pour le brasage des métaux.","Le bore est un métalloïde, partageant les propriétés des métaux et des non-métaux, et est un mauvais conducteur à température ambiante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le borax, le minéral dont il a été isolé pour la première fois, « borax » dérivant de l'arabe « buraq » ou du persan « burah », signifiant borax ou salpêtre."},"Bromine":{"name":"Brome","summary":"Le brome est un liquide brun rougeâtre à température ambiante, utilisé dans les retardateurs de flamme, le traitement de l'eau et les produits pharmaceutiques.","appearance":"Liquide brun-rouge","interesting_facts":["Le brome est l'un des deux seuls éléments liquides à température ambiante, avec le mercure.","C'est un liquide dense brun rougeâtre qui dégage des vapeurs étouffantes et toxiques.","Son nom vient du grec « bromos », signifiant « puanteur ».","Les peuples anciens extrayaient une précieuse teinture violette, la pourpre tyrienne, des escargots de mer à l'aide de composés de brome.","Les composés de brome étaient largement utilisés comme retardateurs de flamme dans l'électronique et les meubles.","La majeure partie du brome est extraite de l'eau de mer et des dépôts de saumure riches en sel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « bromos » (puanteur ou odeur fétide), nommé par Antoine Jérôme Balard en 1826 parce que le brome liquide produit une odeur profondément désagréable et suffocante."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Le cadmium est un métal mou, blanc bleuté, principalement utilisé dans les batteries, les pigments et la galvanoplastie.","appearance":"Métallique gris bleuté argenté","interesting_facts":["Le cadmium produit des pigments jaunes, orange et rouges vifs longtemps prisés par des artistes comme Monet et Van Gogh.","Il est toxique et s'accumule dans l'organisme, provoquant la douloureuse maladie osseuse « itai-itai » observée au Japon au XXe siècle.","Les batteries rechargeables nickel-cadmium (NiCd) étaient autrefois extrêmement courantes.","Les revêtements de cadmium protègent l'acier de la corrosion, notamment dans les pièces d'avion.","Il a été découvert en 1817 comme impureté dans les minerais de zinc.","Le cadmium absorbe facilement les neutrons, si bien qu'il est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « cadmia » (calamine, un minerai de carbonate de zinc), ultimement du grec « kadmeia » (terre thébaine, nommée d'après Cadmos, le fondateur mythique de Thèbes), le cadmium ayant été découvert en 1817 comme impureté dans les minerais de zinc."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Le calcium est un métal gris mou, essentiel aux organismes vivants, notamment pour la physiologie cellulaire et la formation osseuse.","appearance":"Gris terne, argenté","interesting_facts":["Le calcium est le métal le plus abondant dans le corps humain, avec environ 99 % stocké dans les os et les dents.","Le calcaire, la craie et le marbre sont toutes des formes de carbonate de calcium.","C'est le cinquième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre.","Les ions calcium agissent comme un signal universel à l'intérieur des cellules, déclenchant des processus allant de la contraction musculaire à la fécondation.","La chaux vive (oxyde de calcium) brillait intensément lorsqu'on la chauffait et servait à éclairer les scènes, d'où l'expression anglaise « in the limelight ».","Les récifs coralliens et les coquillages sont largement construits à partir de carbonate de calcium extrait de l'eau de mer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « calx » ou « calcis » (chaux ou calcaire), car Humphry Davy l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1808 par électrolyse de l'oxyde de calcium (chaux vive), matériau que les Romains utilisaient depuis longtemps dans la construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Le californium est un métal radioactif utilisé comme source de neutrons, dans le traitement du cancer et l'analyse des matériaux.","appearance":"Métallique argenté, brille dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité","interesting_facts":["Le californium est l'une des substances les plus chères sur Terre, coûtant des millions de dollars le gramme.","Il est nommé d'après l'État américain de Californie, où il a été découvert en 1950.","Le californium-252 est un puissant émetteur de neutrons utilisé pour démarrer les réacteurs nucléaires et dans les scanners industriels.","Il sert à détecter l'or et le pétrole par analyse neutronique des roches.","Un seul microgramme libère un nombre énorme de neutrons chaque seconde.","Le californium sert aussi à identifier la fatigue des métaux et à repérer les points faibles dans les avions et les machines."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'État américain de Californie et l'Université de Californie, où il a été synthétisé en 1950 ; Thompson, Seaborg, Street et Ghiorso ont choisi ce nom, notant qu'ils avaient épuisé les corps célestes proches et décidé d'honorer le lieu de la découverte à la place."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbone","summary":"Le carbone est un élément fondamental de la vie, présent dans tous les composés organiques connus.","appearance":"Variable (le graphite est noir, le diamant est transparent)","interesting_facts":["Le carbone forme plus de composés que tous les autres éléments réunis, et constitue la base chimique de toute vie connue.","Le diamant et le graphite sont tous deux du carbone pur, pourtant le diamant est le matériau naturel le plus dur tandis que le graphite est assez mou pour écrire.","Le graphène, une couche unique d'atomes de carbone, est environ 200 fois plus résistant que l'acier et conduit l'électricité mieux que le cuivre.","La datation au carbone-14 utilise la désintégration régulière d'un isotope radioactif du carbone pour déterminer l'âge de matière autrefois vivante jusqu'à environ 50 000 ans.","Les atomes de carbone forgés à l'intérieur des étoiles se répandent dans l'univers lorsque ces étoiles explosent, faisant de nous littéralement de la poussière d'étoiles.","Le buckminsterfullerène, une molécule en forme de ballon de football de 60 atomes de carbone, a été découverte en 1985 et nommée d'après l'architecte Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « carbo » (charbon ou charbon de bois), reflétant que le carbone est connu depuis l'Antiquité sous forme de charbon de bois, de graphite et de diamant."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cérium","summary":"Le cérium est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, le polissage du verre et les alliages.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le cérium est le plus abondant de tous les éléments des terres rares, plus commun que le cuivre.","Il est nommé d'après la planète naine Cérès, découverte deux ans plus tôt.","Le cérium est l'ingrédient clé produisant des étincelles dans les alliages de « pierre à feu » des briquets et allume-feux.","L'oxyde de cérium est la fine poudre de polissage utilisée pour donner au verre et aux pierres précieuses une finition lisse.","Il est ajouté aux pots catalytiques pour aider à stocker et libérer l'oxygène.","Le cérium fraîchement coupé peut s'enflammer spontanément à l'air, ce qui le rend pyrophorique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète naine Cérès, découverte en 1801 et elle-même nommée d'après la déesse romaine de l'agriculture ; Martin Heinrich Klaproth et Jöns Jacob Berzelius l'ont nommé en 1803, suivant la mode de nommer les nouveaux éléments d'après des corps célestes."},"Cesium":{"name":"Césium","summary":"Le césium est un métal mou de couleur dorée, connu pour son utilisation dans les horloges atomiques et diverses applications électroniques.","appearance":"Métallique argenté-doré","interesting_facts":["La seconde est officiellement définie par les vibrations des atomes de césium, base des horloges atomiques.","Le césium est l'un des métaux les plus réactifs, explosant violemment au contact de l'eau.","Il fond à environ 28 °C, si bien qu'il est liquide par une journée chaude.","Il a une couleur dorée-argentée, l'un des rares métaux qui ne sont ni argentés ni gris.","Le césium a été le premier élément découvert par spectroscopie, par Bunsen et Kirchhoff en 1860.","Le césium-137 radioactif est un produit notable de la fission nucléaire et une préoccupation lors d'accidents nucléaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « caesius » (bleu ciel ou bleu grisâtre), nommé par Robert Bunsen et Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860 d'après les deux lignes spectrales bleu vif distinctives qu'ils ont utilisées pour identifier l'élément."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlore","summary":"Le chlore est un gaz jaune verdâtre très réactif, utilisé comme désinfectant et dans diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Gaz jaune verdâtre","interesting_facts":["Le chlore est un gaz jaune verdâtre qui a été utilisé comme arme chimique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.","De petites quantités ajoutées à l'eau potable et aux piscines tuent les bactéries et ont sauvé d'innombrables vies des maladies d'origine hydrique.","Combiné au sodium, le chlore forme le sel de table ordinaire, essentiel à la vie.","Il est si réactif qu'il décolore facilement les colorants et désinfecte, c'est pourquoi il est utilisé dans l'eau de Javel domestique.","Le chlore a été isolé pour la première fois en 1774 par Carl Wilhelm Scheele, qui ne s'est pas rendu compte qu'il s'agissait d'un nouvel élément.","Bien que toxique sous forme de gaz, les ions chlorure dans votre corps sont vitaux pour la digestion et le fonctionnement nerveux."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « chloros » (vert pâle ou jaune verdâtre), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1810 pour refléter la couleur jaune-vert distinctive du gaz."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chrome","summary":"Le chrome est un métal dur, brillant et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans l'acier inoxydable et le chromage.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le chrome donne à l'acier inoxydable son éclat et sa résistance à la rouille, en formant une couche d'oxyde protectrice invisible.","Son nom vient du mot grec « chroma » signifiant couleur, car ses composés sont aux couleurs vives.","Le chrome est ce qui rend les rubis rouges et les émeraudes vertes en tant qu'impureté trace dans les cristaux.","Le chromage donne une finition brillante, dure et semblable à un miroir aux garnitures de voiture et aux outils.","Le chrome est l'un des métaux les plus durs et est hautement résistant à la corrosion.","Certains composés du chrome sont des nutriments essentiels en traces, tandis que d'autres (chrome-6) sont toxiques et cancérigènes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « chroma » (couleur), nommé par Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin en 1798 parce que les composés du chrome affichent une large gamme de couleurs vives — rouge dans les rubis, vert dans les émeraudes, orange dans la crocoïte."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Le cobalt est un métal dur, brillant et gris argenté, utilisé dans les alliages et les batteries et essentiel pour la vitamine B12.","appearance":"Métal gris brillant","interesting_facts":["Le cobalt est utilisé depuis plus de 2 000 ans pour donner aux verres et aux céramiques une couleur bleue profonde et brillante.","Son nom vient de « kobold », un gobelin espiègle que les mineurs allemands tenaient responsable des minerais récalcitrants.","Le cobalt est un ingrédient clé des batteries rechargeables lithium-ion qui alimentent les téléphones et les voitures électriques.","C'est l'un des trois seuls éléments naturellement magnétiques à température ambiante, avec le fer et le nickel.","L'isotope radioactif cobalt-60 est utilisé pour traiter le cancer et stériliser le matériel médical.","Le cobalt est essentiel à la vie en tant qu'atome métallique au cœur de la vitamine B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De l'allemand « Kobold » (gobelin ou lutin), car les mineurs allemands tenaient un esprit souterrain espiègle responsable du minerai de cobalt récalcitrant qui dégageait des vapeurs d'arsenic toxiques et ne produisait pas de cuivre malgré sa ressemblance avec le minerai de cuivre."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Le copernicium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le copernicium porte le nom de l'astronome Nicolaus Copernicus, qui a placé le Soleil au centre du système solaire.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 1996 en Allemagne.","Le copernicium devrait être un liquide ou un gaz volatil à température ambiante, se comportant un peu comme le mercure.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué atome par atome.","Ses isotopes sont hautement radioactifs et de courte durée de vie.","Il se situe sous le mercure dans le groupe 12 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Nicolaus Copernicus, l'astronome polono-allemand qui a proposé que la Terre orbite autour du Soleil ; le GSI Darmstadt l'a synthétisé en 1996 et a proposé le nom pour honorer Copernicus, l'IUPAC l'adoptant officiellement en 2010 à l'occasion du 537e anniversaire de sa naissance."},"Copper":{"name":"Cuivre","summary":"Le cuivre est un métal rouge doré connu pour sa haute conductivité thermique et électrique, largement utilisé dans le câblage électrique et la plomberie.","appearance":"Métal rougeâtre","interesting_facts":["Le cuivre fut l'un des premiers métaux utilisés par l'homme, travaillé depuis plus de 10 000 ans.","C'est un excellent conducteur d'électricité, juste derrière l'argent, c'est pourquoi il remplit nos fils et câbles.","Les surfaces en cuivre tuent naturellement de nombreuses bactéries et virus, ce qui le rend utile pour les poignées de porte et les équipements hospitaliers.","La Statue de la Liberté est recouverte de cuivre qui est devenu vert au fil du temps en formant une patine protectrice.","Mélanger le cuivre avec l'étain donne le bronze, et avec le zinc le laiton, deux alliages qui ont façonné l'histoire humaine.","Le cuivre est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant votre corps à former les globules rouges et à maintenir les nerfs."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « cuprum », dérivé du grec « Kypros » (Chypre), l'île qui fut la principale source de cuivre du monde antique ; le symbole Cu remonte également à ce nom latin."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Le curium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans l'exploration spatiale comme source d'énergie et dans la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Métal argenté, se ternit à l'air","interesting_facts":["Le curium porte le nom de Marie et Pierre Curie, pionniers de la recherche sur la radioactivité.","Il brille d'une douce lumière violette ou rouge dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité intense.","Le curium est si radioactif qu'il génère une chaleur significative et a été envisagé comme source d'énergie pour les engins spatiaux.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1944, avant l'américium plus léger.","Des instruments à base de curium ont analysé la composition chimique de Mars et d'autres surfaces planétaires.","Tout le curium est fabriqué artificiellement ; aucun n'est trouvé dans la nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Marie et Pierre Curie, les pionniers de la recherche sur la radioactivité ; Glenn Seaborg l'a nommé en 1944 pour honorer le couple dont les découvertes ont rendu la chimie nucléaire possible, notant que la position du curium dans la série des actinides reflète celle du gadolinium dans les lanthanides — lui-même nommé d'après un chimiste, suivant un schéma parallèle."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Le darmstadtium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le darmstadtium porte le nom de la ville de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, où il a été découvert en 1994.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique créé dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Seuls quelques atomes de darmstadtium ont jamais été fabriqués.","Ses atomes survivent moins d'une seconde avant de se désintégrer.","Il devrait chimiquement ressembler au platine, dans le groupe 10.","Le darmstadtium n'a aucune utilisation pratique en dehors de la recherche scientifique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la ville de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, où il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1994 au GSI Darmstadt ; il suit la tradition de nommer les éléments nouvellement créés d'après les lieux de leur découverte, et l'IUPAC a officiellement adopté le nom en 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Le dubnium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour explorer les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le dubnium porte le nom de Doubna, en Russie, foyer d'un célèbre institut de recherche nucléaire.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Sa découverte faisait partie des « guerres du transfermium », un conflit de dénomination pendant la Guerre froide.","Les atomes de dubnium n'existent que quelques secondes ou moins avant de se désintégrer.","Seul un petit nombre d'atomes de dubnium ont jamais été créés.","Il devrait chimiquement ressembler au tantale dans le groupe 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Doubna, en Russie, foyer de l'Institut commun de recherche nucléaire ; le nom a résolu un conflit de la Guerre froide dans lequel les scientifiques américains l'appelaient « hahnium » et les scientifiques soviétiques « nielsbohrium », avant que l'IUPAC n'adopte le nom neutre basé sur la ville en 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Le dysprosium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les lasers et les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom du dysprosium vient du grec « dysprositos », signifiant « difficile à obtenir », car il était si difficile à isoler.","Il est ajouté aux aimants au néodyme pour qu'ils conservent leur force à haute température dans les moteurs et les éoliennes.","Le dysprosium possède l'une des plus fortes magnétisations de tous les éléments à basse température.","Il absorbe bien les neutrons et est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","Les alliages à base de dysprosium changent de forme dans les champs magnétiques, utiles dans les actionneurs et les transducteurs.","Il est considéré comme une matière critique pour les technologies d'énergie propre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « dysprositos » (δυσπρόσιτος), signifiant « difficile à atteindre » ; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran a inventé le nom en 1886, reflétant l'extrême difficulté de l'isoler de son minerai — un processus nécessitant dix-neuf précipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"L'einsteinium est un métal hautement radioactif, principalement utilisé pour la recherche scientifique et la production d'éléments plus lourds.","appearance":"Métal argenté, brille en raison de sa radioactivité","interesting_facts":["L'einsteinium a été découvert en 1952 dans les débris du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène.","Il porte le nom d'Albert Einstein.","L'einsteinium brille en bleu dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité intense.","Il est si rare que des quantités pesables n'ont été produites qu'occasionnellement.","L'étude de l'einsteinium est extrêmement difficile car il endommage son propre conteneur et ses instruments.","Il n'a aucune utilisation pratique en dehors de la recherche scientifique fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Albert Einstein, qui a formulé la théorie spéciale de la relativité et l'équation E=mc² sous-jacente à l'énergie nucléaire ; Albert Ghiorso et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1955 après l'avoir découvert dans les débris du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène en 1952, gardé secret pendant plusieurs années."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"L'erbium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les fibres optiques, les lasers et la technologie nucléaire.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les fibres dopées à l'erbium amplifient les signaux lumineux, rendant possible l'internet par fibre optique longue distance.","Il donne aux verres et aux glaçures une douce couleur rose et est utilisé dans les lunettes de soleil et le verre décoratif.","Les lasers à erbium sont utilisés en dentisterie et en resurfacing cosmétique de la peau.","Il porte le nom d'Ytterby, en Suède, partageant cette origine avec plusieurs autres terres rares.","L'erbium est ajouté à certains alliages métalliques, dont le vanadium, pour les rendre plus malléables.","Il absorbe efficacement la lumière infrarouge, ce qui sous-tend nombre de ses utilisations en laser."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village sur l'île de Resarö en Suède, où le minéral gadolinite le contenant a été extrait pour la première fois ; Carl Gustaf Mosander l'a séparé de l'yttria en 1843, et « erbium » est l'un des quatre noms d'éléments dérivés du seul toponyme « Ytterby »."},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"L'europium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les matériaux phosphorescents, les barres de contrôle et les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'europium fournit les phosphores rouges et bleus qui produisaient la couleur dans les anciens écrans de télévision et d'ordinateur.","Il est utilisé comme marqueur anti-contrefaçon dans les billets en euros, brillant sous la lumière ultraviolette.","L'europium est le plus réactif des terres rares, se ternissant rapidement à l'air.","Il porte le nom du continent européen.","Les phosphores dopés à l'europium font briller intensément les lampes fluorescentes et LED économes en énergie.","C'est l'une des terres rares les moins abondantes dans la croûte."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'Europe, le continent, par Eugène-Anatole Demarçay en 1901, qui l'a isolé par spectroscopie ; il faisait partie des éléments nommés d'après des régions géographiques au cours de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Le fermium est un métal synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique et l'étude des éléments transuraniens.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le fermium a également été découvert dans les retombées du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène en 1952.","Il porte le nom du physicien Enrico Fermi, pionnier des réactions nucléaires.","Le fermium est l'élément le plus lourd pouvant être fabriqué en quantités pesables par bombardement neutronique.","Au-delà du fermium, les éléments doivent être fabriqués atome par atome à l'aide d'accélérateurs de particules.","Seules de minuscules quantités invisibles de fermium ont jamais été produites.","Il n'existe que comme élément synthétique et n'a aucune utilisation commerciale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Enrico Fermi, le physicien italo-américain qui a construit le premier réacteur nucléaire artificiel en 1942 et a apporté des contributions fondamentales à la physique nucléaire et des particules ; Albert Ghiorso et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1953 après l'avoir découvert dans les mêmes débris d'essai de bombe à hydrogène qui ont produit l'einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flérovium","summary":"Le flérovium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour explorer les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le flérovium porte le nom du Laboratoire Flerov des réactions nucléaires en Russie.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 1998 par une équipe à Doubna, en Russie.","Certaines prédictions suggéraient que le flérovium pourrait être inhabituellement stable ou même gazeux, bien qu'il reste radioactif.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué atome par atome.","Le flérovium se situe sous le plomb dans le groupe 14 du tableau périodique.","Ses isotopes se désintègrent en quelques secondes, mais sont plus longévifs que nombre de ses voisins, laissant entrevoir l'« île de stabilité »."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le Laboratoire Flerov des réactions nucléaires à Doubna, en Russie, lui-même nommé d'après le physicien soviétique Georgy Flyorov ; Flyorov a cofondé le laboratoire et a apporté d'importantes contributions à la physique nucléaire, et son équipe a synthétisé l'élément pour la première fois en 1998, l'IUPAC adoptant officiellement le nom en 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Le fluor est un gaz jaune pâle très réactif et constitue l'élément le plus électronégatif.","appearance":"Gaz jaune pâle","interesting_facts":["Le fluor est l'élément le plus réactif et le plus électronégatif de tous, réagissant avec presque toutes les autres substances, parfois de manière explosive.","Il est si agressif qu'il peut faire prendre feu à des matériaux comme l'amiante et même l'eau.","De petites quantités de fluorure ajoutées à l'eau potable et au dentifrice aident à prévenir les caries.","Le Teflon, le revêtement antiadhésif des ustensiles de cuisine, est un polymère contenant du fluor (PTFE).","De nombreux chimistes ont été empoisonnés ou tués en tentant d'isoler le fluor, ce qui leur a valu le surnom de « martyrs du fluor » avant qu'Henri Moissan n'y parvienne en 1886.","Le fluor est un gaz jaune pâle à température ambiante et est le plus léger des halogènes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « fluere » (couler), car le minéral fluorite était largement utilisé comme fondant métallurgique ; le nom de l'élément a été proposé par André-Marie Ampère en 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Le francium est un métal extrêmement rare et radioactif, sans applications significatives en raison de son instabilité.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le francium est le deuxième élément le plus rare d'origine naturelle, après l'astate.","C'est le dernier élément découvert dans la nature, par Marguerite Perey en France en 1939.","Il porte le nom de la France, son pays d'origine.","Le francium est si radioactif qu'une quantité visible s'évaporerait instantanément sous l'effet de sa propre chaleur.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie d'environ 22 minutes seulement.","C'est le métal alcalin le plus réactif, mais si rare que ses propriétés en masse n'ont jamais été observées."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la France, le pays où Marguerite Perey l'a découvert en 1939 à l'Institut Curie à Paris ; elle a nommé l'élément en l'honneur de sa patrie, suivant la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après des lieux et devenant la première femme élue à l'Académie des sciences française."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Le gadolinium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les agents de contraste IRM, les phosphores et la thérapie par capture neutronique.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les composés de gadolinium sont injectés comme agents de contraste pour rendre les IRM beaucoup plus nettes.","Il possède une capacité extraordinaire d'absorption des neutrons, la plus élevée de tout élément stable, utile dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","Le gadolinium est magnétique juste en dessous de la température ambiante et est étudié pour la réfrigération magnétique.","Il porte le nom du chimiste finlandais Johan Gadolin, pionnier de la recherche sur les terres rares.","Le gadolinium se réchauffe lorsqu'il est placé dans un champ magnétique et se refroidit lorsqu'on le retire, l'effet magnétocalorique.","Il est utilisé dans certains types de détecteurs d'imagerie médicale et de sécurité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la gadolinite, le minéral dans lequel son oxyde a été identifié pour la première fois ; la gadolinite a été nommée d'après Johan Gadolin, un chimiste finlandais qui l'a analysée en premier ; Jean Charles de Marignac a isolé le nouvel élément terre en 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Le gallium est un métal mou et argenté qui fond juste au-dessus de la température ambiante et est utilisé dans l'électronique et les semi-conducteurs.","appearance":"Bleu argenté","interesting_facts":["Le gallium fond à environ 30 °C, de sorte qu'un morceau solide fond dans votre main.","Son existence a été prédite par Mendeleev sous le nom d'« eka-aluminium » avant sa découverte en 1875.","L'arséniure de gallium est utilisé dans l'électronique haute vitesse, les LED et les cellules solaires pour engins spatiaux.","Bien qu'il fonde facilement, le gallium bout à plus de 2 400 °C, l'une des plus grandes plages de température liquide de tous les éléments.","Le gallium peut rendre l'aluminium fragile en s'infiltrant dans ses joints de grains, affaiblissant considérablement le métal.","Contrairement à la plupart des substances, le gallium se dilate lorsqu'il gèle, comme l'eau."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Gallia, le nom latin de la France, par le découvreur Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1875 ; le nom peut également être un jeu de mots sur « gallus » (latin pour coq), une allusion au nom de famille Lecoq signifiant « le coq » en français."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Le germanium est un métalloïde dur et gris blanc utilisé dans les semi-conducteurs, les fibres optiques et l'optique infrarouge.","appearance":"Gris blanc","interesting_facts":["Le germanium a été prédit par Mendeleev sous le nom d'« eka-silicon » et sa découverte en 1886 a contribué à confirmer le tableau périodique.","Les premiers transistors des années 1940 et 1950 étaient en germanium avant que le silicium ne prenne le relais.","Il est transparent à la lumière infrarouge, il est donc utilisé dans les lentilles des lunettes de vision nocturne et des caméras thermiques.","Le germanium est un semi-conducteur métalloïde à l'apparence gris blanc brillante.","Les fibres optiques utilisent des composés de germanium pour contrôler la propagation de la lumière dans le verre.","Comme l'eau et le silicium, le germanium se dilate lorsqu'il se solidifie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Germania, le nom latin de l'Allemagne, par Clemens Winkler, qui l'a découvert en 1886 ; la découverte a confirmé la prédiction de Mendeleev d'un élément manquant qu'il avait appelé « eka-silicon »."},"Gold":{"name":"Or","summary":"L'or est un métal dense et mou, très apprécié pour son utilisation dans la joaillerie, l'électronique et la monnaie.","appearance":"Jaune métallique brillant","interesting_facts":["L'or est si peu réactif qu'il peut rester brillant pendant des milliers d'années, c'est pourquoi les artefacts d'or anciens brillent encore.","Il est incroyablement malléable ; un seul gramme peut être martelé en une feuille couvrant environ un mètre carré.","On pense que presque tout l'or sur Terre est arrivé via des impacts d'astéroïdes après la formation de la planète.","L'or conduit bien l'électricité et ne se corrode jamais, il est donc utilisé pour plaquer les contacts électroniques critiques.","Son symbole chimique Au vient du latin « aurum », signifiant « aurore brillante ».","Les visières des astronautes sont recouvertes d'une couche ultra-fine d'or pour réfléchir les radiations solaires nocives."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais « gold » vient du proto-germanique « gulþą », lié à « jaune » ; le symbole Au dérive du latin « aurum », que l'on croit signifier « aurore brillante » ou « éclat du lever du soleil » ; l'or est connu et apprécié depuis la préhistoire dans pratiquement toutes les cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"L'hafnium est un métal argenté et brillant utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les barres de contrôle et les alliages à haute température.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'existence de l'hafnium a été prédite par la théorie atomique, et il a été trouvé en 1923 dans du minerai de zirconium.","Il doit son nom à Hafnia, le nom latin de Copenhague.","L'hafnium absorbe les neutrons extrêmement bien et est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des sous-marins nucléaires.","Les composés à base d'hafnium ont remplacé le dioxyde de silicium comme isolants dans les puces informatiques modernes.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les éléments et est utilisé dans les superalliages pour les moteurs d'avion.","L'hafnium est chimiquement presque identique au zirconium, ce qui rend les deux très difficiles à séparer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Hafnia, le nom latin de Copenhague, au Danemark, où Dirk Coster et George de Hevesy l'ont découvert en 1923 par spectroscopie aux rayons X ; ils ont choisi ce nom pour honorer la ville où leurs recherches ont été menées."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"L'hassium est un élément synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["L'hassium doit son nom à l'État allemand de Hesse, qui abrite le laboratoire où il a été découvert.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1984 en bombardant du plomb avec des ions de fer.","L'hassium est un élément superlourd synthétique produit uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Malgré sa rareté, les scientifiques ont confirmé qu'il se comporte comme l'osmium, dans le groupe 8.","Ses atomes n'existent que quelques fractions de seconde avant de se désintégrer.","Seul un minuscule nombre d'atomes d'hassium a jamais été produit."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de l'État allemand de Hesse (latin : Hassia), où se trouve le GSI Darmstadt — le laboratoire qui l'a synthétisé pour la première fois en 1984 ; le nom suit la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après leurs lieux de découverte et a été officiellement reconnu par l'IUPAC en 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Hélium","summary":"L'hélium est un gaz inerte, monoatomique, incolore, inodore, insipide et non toxique qui ouvre le groupe des gaz nobles dans le tableau périodique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'hélium a été détecté pour la première fois dans le spectre solaire en 1868, avant d'être trouvé sur Terre, et doit son nom au dieu grec du soleil, Hélios.","C'est le seul élément qui ne peut pas être solidifié par refroidissement à la pression atmosphérique normale, quelle que soit la température.","En dessous de 2,17 K, l'hélium liquide devient un superfluide qui peut s'écouler sans friction et même grimper le long des parois de son récipient.","Respirer de l'hélium élève temporairement la tonalité de la voix parce que le son se propage près de trois fois plus vite à travers lui que dans l'air.","La majeure partie de l'hélium terrestre provient de la désintégration radioactive de l'uranium et du thorium en profondeur, et est extraite du gaz naturel.","L'hélium est le deuxième élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, pourtant il est relativement rare et non renouvelable sur Terre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « helios » (soleil), parce que l'hélium a été détecté pour la première fois dans le spectre solaire lors de l'éclipse solaire totale de 1868, avant d'être confirmé sur Terre."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"L'holmium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les barres de contrôle nucléaires et les lasers.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'holmium possède les propriétés magnétiques les plus fortes de tous les éléments naturellement présents.","Les lasers à holmium sont utilisés en médecine pour fragmenter les calculs rénaux et traiter l'hypertrophie de la prostate.","Il doit son nom à Holmia, le nom latin de Stockholm.","L'holmium donne aux verres et au zirconia cubique des teintes jaunes et rouges.","Il est utilisé pour créer les champs magnétiques artificiels les plus intenses connus, comme pièces polaires.","Les solutions d'oxyde d'holmium servent d'étalon de calibration pour les spectrophotomètres."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Holmia, le nom latin de Stockholm, en Suède, où Per Teodor Cleve — qui a identifié l'élément en 1878 — exerçait ; cela suit la tradition de nommer les terres rares d'après les lieux associés à leur découverte."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogène","summary":"L'hydrogène est l'élément le plus léger et la substance chimique la plus abondante dans l'univers.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'hydrogène est l'élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, représentant environ 75 % de toute la matière normale en masse.","C'est le seul élément dont les trois isotopes (protium, deutérium et tritium) ont chacun un nom distinct.","L'hydrogène liquide sert de carburant pour fusées depuis les années 1960, alimentant les étages supérieurs de la Saturn V qui a transporté les astronautes sur la Lune.","Sous une pression extrême, comme à l'intérieur de Jupiter, l'hydrogène se comporte comme un métal liquide et peut conduire l'électricité.","Henry Cavendish a identifié l'hydrogène comme une substance distincte en 1766, l'appelant « air inflammable ».","Un atome d'hydrogène est l'atome le plus simple qui existe : un seul proton entouré d'un seul électron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « hydro » (eau) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur d'eau ». Nommé par Antoine Lavoisier en 1783 parce que la combustion de l'hydrogène produit de l'eau."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"L'indium est un métal mou et malléable utilisé dans les semiconducteurs, les écrans tactiles et comme revêtement protecteur pour les roulements.","appearance":"Éclat métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'indium est si mou qu'on peut l'entamer avec un ongle, et il émet un « cri » audible lorsqu'on le plie, comme l'étain.","L'oxyde d'indium et d'étain forme le revêtement transparent et électriquement conducteur des écrans tactiles et des affichages à panneau plat.","Il doit son nom à la ligne indigo vive de son spectre d'émission.","L'indium reste mou et malléable même à des températures extrêmement basses, utile pour les joints sous vide.","Il a un point de fusion très bas et est utilisé dans des brasures et alliages spéciaux à basse température.","La demande d'indium a explosé avec la diffusion des smartphones et des écrans LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « indicum » (indigo), nommé par Ferdinand Reich et Hieronymous Richter en 1863 d'après la ligne spectrale indigo bleu brillant qu'ils ont observée en analysant des résidus de minerai de zinc à l'aide de la technique alors nouvelle de la spectroscopie."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iode","summary":"L'iode est un non-métal sombre, brillant, violet-noir, essentiel au fonctionnement de la thyroïde et utilisé comme désinfectant.","appearance":"Gris métallique brillant (solide), violet (gaz)","interesting_facts":["L'iode est essentiel pour votre glande thyroïde, c'est pourquoi le sel de table est souvent enrichi en iode.","Lorsqu'il est chauffé, l'iode solide se sublime en une vapeur d'un violet saisissant.","Son nom vient du grec « iodes », signifiant violet.","La teinture d'iode est longtemps utilisée comme antiseptique pour désinfecter les plaies.","L'iode colore l'amidon en bleu-noir profond, une réaction utilisée comme test chimique.","L'iode-131 radioactif est utilisé pour diagnostiquer et traiter les affections thyroïdiennes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du français « iode », dérivé du grec « ioeides » (semblable au violet), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1813 d'après la couleur violet saisissante de la vapeur d'iode."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"L'iridium est un métal dense et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans les bougies d'allumage, les creusets et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Une couche mondiale d'argile riche en iridium constitue une preuve clé qu'un impact d'astéroïde a tué les dinosaures, l'iridium étant rare sur Terre mais courant dans les astéroïdes.","L'iridium est le métal le plus résistant à la corrosion connu, résistant aux acides qui dissolvent presque tout le reste.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus denses, presque à égalité avec l'osmium.","Le kilogramme étalon était autrefois un cylindre en platine-iridium conservé près de Paris.","Les bougies d'allumage à pointes d'iridium le supportent parce qu'il résiste à une chaleur extrême sans s'éroder.","Son nom vient d'Iris, la déesse grecque de l'arc-en-ciel, pour ses sels colorés."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom d'Iris, la déesse grecque de l'arc-en-ciel (latin : iris), par Smithson Tennant en 1803 ; le nom reflète la variété saisissante de couleurs affichées par les sels et composés de l'iridium, qui rappelaient à Tennant les couleurs de l'arc-en-ciel."},"Iron":{"name":"Fer","summary":"Le fer est un métal solide et malléable, essentiel à la production de l'acier et composant vital de l'hémoglobine.","appearance":"Métallique brillant teinté de gris","interesting_facts":["Le fer est l'élément le plus abondant sur Terre en masse, constituant une grande partie du noyau en fusion de la planète.","Le noyau de fer liquide en rotation de la Terre génère le champ magnétique qui nous protège du rayonnement solaire.","Le fer se trouve au centre de l'hémoglobine, la molécule qui transporte l'oxygène dans votre sang et lui donne sa couleur rouge.","Le fer est l'élément le plus lourd que les étoiles peuvent produire par fusion normale ; les éléments plus lourds nécessitent des explosions de supernova.","L'Âge du fer, commençant vers 1200 av. J.-C., a transformé la civilisation humaine avec des outils et des armes plus résistants.","La rouille est de l'oxyde de fer, formé lorsque le fer réagit lentement avec l'oxygène et l'eau."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « iron » vient du vieil anglais « iren », lié au proto-germanique « isarno », peut-être d'une racine celtique pour « métal sacré » ; le symbole Fe dérive du latin « ferrum » (fer), utilisé et fondu depuis au moins 1200 av. J.-C."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Le krypton est un gaz noble incolore et inodore, utilisé dans les lampes fluorescentes, la photographie et comme gaz de remplissage pour les fenêtres à haute efficacité énergétique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le nom du krypton vient du mot grec « kryptos », signifiant « caché », parce qu'il était si difficile à trouver dans l'air.","De 1960 à 1983, le mètre était officiellement défini par la longueur d'onde de la lumière émise par le krypton-86.","Le krypton produit une lumière blanche brillante et est utilisé dans certaines lampes et flashes photographiques haute performance.","C'est un gaz noble et il est presque totalement inerte, bien que quelques composés de krypton puissent être forcés à se former.","Le krypton est utilisé dans certaines fenêtres à haute efficacité énergétique et lampes fluorescentes.","Malgré la « kryptonite » des bandes dessinées, le vrai krypton est un gaz inoffensif, incolore et inodore."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « kryptos » (caché), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 parce que le krypton était extrêmement difficile à détecter et à isoler — il restait « caché » dans les résidus d'air liquide."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthane","summary":"Le lanthane est un métal mou et blanc argenté, utilisé dans les objectifs d'appareils photo, les catalyseurs et les batteries rechargeables.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom du lanthane vient du grec « lanthanein », signifiant « rester caché », parce qu'il se cachait dans le minerai de cérium.","Il donne son nom à la première série des lanthanides, les éléments des « terres rares ».","Le lanthane est utilisé dans le verre des objectifs d'appareils photo et de télescopes de haute qualité pour courber fortement la lumière.","Les alliages nickel-lanthane stockent l'hydrogène et ont été utilisés dans les batteries de nombreuses voitures hybrides.","Les composés de lanthane aident à raffiner le pétrole en essence comme catalyseurs.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau et se ternit rapidement à l'air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « lanthanein » (rester caché ou échapper à l'attention), nommé par Carl Gustaf Mosander en 1839 parce que le lanthane était resté indétecté comme impureté dans l'oxyde de cérium pendant des années avant qu'il ne l'identifie comme un élément distinct."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Le lawrencium est un élément synthétique et radioactif sans applications pratiques en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lawrencium doit son nom à Ernest Lawrence, inventeur de l'accélérateur de particules cyclotron.","C'est le dernier élément de la série des actinides.","Le lawrencium ne peut être créé que quelques atomes à la fois dans des accélérateurs.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie de seulement quelques heures.","Mesurer les propriétés du lawrencium est extraordinairement difficile parce que si peu d'atomes existent si brièvement.","Il n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche scientifique fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom d'Ernest Orlando Lawrence, le physicien américain qui a inventé l'accélérateur de particules cyclotron en 1930, rendant possible la création d'éléments transuraniens ; le Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory a synthétisé cet élément en 1961 et l'a nommé pour honorer les contributions fondatrices de Lawrence."},"Lead":{"name":"Plomb","summary":"Le plomb est un métal mou et lourd, utilisé dans les batteries, la protection contre les radiations et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Métallique gris bleuâtre","interesting_facts":["Le plomb est dense et bloque les radiations, c'est pourquoi il recouvre les tabliers de radiographie et les écrans de protection.","Les Romains utilisaient des tuyaux de plomb pour la plomberie, et le mot « plomberie » vient du latin pour le plomb, « plumbum » (symbole Pb).","Le plomb est toxique pour le système nerveux, c'est pourquoi il a été retiré de l'essence et de la peinture.","Il est mou, lourd et facile à façonner, des qualités prisées depuis l'Antiquité.","La majeure partie du plomb d'aujourd'hui est recyclée, principalement à partir de batteries de voiture.","Le plomb est l'élément le plus lourd possédant un isotope complètement stable ; tout ce qui est plus lourd est radioactif."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « lead » vient du proto-germanique « lauda » ; le symbole Pb vient du latin « plumbum », probablement dérivé d'une langue méditerranéenne pré-latine, qui a donné au français le mot « plomberie » parce que les Romains utilisaient abondamment le plomb pour les conduites d'eau."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Le lithium est un métal alcalin mou et blanc argenté. C'est le métal le plus léger et l'élément solide le moins dense.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lithium est le métal le plus léger et l'élément solide le moins dense, si léger qu'il peut flotter sur l'eau tout en réagissant avec elle.","Les batteries rechargeables lithium-ion alimentent la plupart des téléphones, ordinateurs portables et véhicules électriques modernes.","Les sels de lithium sont utilisés depuis les années 1940 comme stabilisateur de l'humeur pour traiter le trouble bipolaire.","Il a été l'un des trois premiers éléments (avec l'hydrogène et l'hélium) créés lors de la nucléosynthèse primordiale du Big Bang.","Le lithium brûle avec une flamme cramoisi-rouge éclatante, une propriété utilisée dans les feux d'artifice et les fusées éclairantes.","Une grande partie du lithium mondial est extraite de salines des hauts plateaux andins d'Amérique du Sud."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « lithos » (pierre), parce que Johan August Arfwedson l'a découvert en 1817 dans des minéraux solides (pétalite), contrairement au sodium et au potassium qui ont été trouvés dans les cendres végétales."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Le livermorium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le livermorium doit son nom au Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory en Californie.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 2000 par une équipe russo-américaine.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de livermorium n'existent que quelques millisecondes avant de se désintégrer.","On prédit qu'il se situe sous le polonium dans le groupe 16.","Sa production nécessite de fusionner des ions de calcium avec des cibles de curium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom du Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory à Livermore, en Californie, qui a collaboré avec le Joint Institute for Nuclear Research pour le synthétiser en 2000 ; l'IUPAC a officiellement reconnu le nom en 2012, le nom du laboratoire honorant lui-même Robert Livermore, un pionnier de la colonisation de la Californie."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutétium","summary":"Le lutétium est un métal dense et argenté, utilisé dans les détecteurs de TEP, les catalyseurs et les alliages spécialisés.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lutétium est le dernier de la série des lanthanides et l'une des terres rares les plus dures et les plus denses.","Il doit son nom à Lutetia, l'ancien nom romain de Paris.","Les cristaux à base de lutétium servent de détecteurs dans les scanners TEP pour l'imagerie médicale.","C'est l'une des terres rares les plus rares et les plus coûteuses à obtenir sous forme pure.","Le lutétium est utilisé comme catalyseur dans le raffinage du pétrole.","Un composé radioactif de lutétium est utilisé en thérapie ciblée pour certains cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Lutetia, l'ancien nom romain de Paris, en France ; Georges Urbain, qui l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1907, a choisi ce nom pour honorer sa ville natale, suivant la pratique établie de nommer les terres rares d'après des lieux."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnésium","summary":"Le magnésium est un métal gris brillant et constitue un élément essentiel pour toutes les cellules vivantes.","appearance":"Solide gris brillant","interesting_facts":["Le magnésium brûle avec une lumière blanche éblouissante et a été largement utilisé dans la poudre éclair des premières photographies et les fusées éclairantes.","C'est le métal structural le plus léger et il est allié à l'aluminium pour fabriquer des pièces solides et légères pour l'autocellulaire et l'aéronautique.","Le magnésium se trouve au centre de chaque molécule de chlorophylle, le rendant essentiel à la photosynthèse chez les plantes.","Le corps humain a besoin de magnésium pour des centaines de réactions enzymatiques, y compris celles qui maintiennent le fonctionnement des muscles et des nerfs.","Le magnésium est le huitième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre et le troisième le plus abondant dissous dans l'eau de mer.","Le sel d'Epsom, utilisé pour apaiser les muscles endoloris, est du sulfate de magnésium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Magnesia, une région de Thessalie, en Grèce, où l'on trouvait des minéraux apparentés contenant du magnésium ; ce même toponyme a aussi donné naissance aux mots « manganèse » et « aimant »."},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganèse","summary":"Le manganèse est un métal dur et cassant, principalement utilisé dans la production d'acier pour améliorer la résistance et la dureté.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le manganèse est essentiel à la fabrication de l'acier, éliminant l'oxygène et le soufre et ajoutant de la résistance ; presque tout l'acier en contient.","C'est un ingrédient clé des piles alcalines jetables.","Le dioxyde de manganèse a été utilisé par les peintres préhistoriques il y a des dizaines de milliers d'années pour produire un pigment noir.","Le violet profond du permanganate de potassium en fait un désinfectant et un réactif chimique utile.","D'immenses champs de nodules de manganèse couvrent certaines parties du fond océanique profond.","Le manganèse est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant les enzymes qui protègent les cellules des dommages."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérivé de la région de Magnesia en Thessalie, en Grèce — la même région qui a donné son nom au magnésium — via le latin médiéval « manganese » ; le nom a peut-être été renforcé par le latin « magnes » (aimant), le minerai de manganèse ayant historiquement été confondu avec le minerai de fer magnétique."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Le meitnerium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé exclusivement dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le meitnerium doit son nom à Lise Meitner, pionnière de la fission nucléaire dont les contributions ont longtemps été négligées.","C'est l'un des rares éléments nommés d'après une femme.","Le meitnerium a été créé pour la première fois en 1982 en Allemagne.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit un atome à la fois.","Ses isotopes se désintègrent extrêmement rapidement, en quelques millisecondes à secondes.","On prédit qu'il se comportera comme l'iridium, dans le groupe 9 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Lise Meitner, la physicienne austro-suédoise qui a co-découvert la fission nucléaire et le protactinium, mais qui a été exclue de manière controversée du prix Nobel de 1944 ; le GSI Darmstadt a proposé le nom en 1992 en reconnaissance tardive mais méritée de ses contributions majeures à la science nucléaire."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendélévium","summary":"Le mendélévium est un métal synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le mendélévium doit son nom à Dmitri Mendeleev, créateur du tableau périodique.","Il a été produit pour la première fois en 1955, quelques atomes à la fois.","Le mendélévium ne peut être produit que dans des accélérateurs de particules en bombardant de l'einsteinium.","Les expériences de sa découverte n'ont détecté initialement qu'environ 17 atomes.","Il est intensément radioactif avec des isotopes de courte durée de vie.","Le mendélévium n'a aucune utilisation au-delà de la recherche fondamentale sur les éléments lourds."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, le chimiste russe qui a créé le tableau périodique en 1869 ; Glenn Seaborg et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1955 en hommage au scientifique dont l'organisation visionnaire des éléments a rendu conceptuellement possible la découverte des éléments transuraniens."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercure","summary":"Le mercure est un métal liquide dense et argenté, utilisé dans les thermomètres, les baromètres et les lampes fluorescentes.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le mercure est le seul métal liquide à température ambiante.","Il porte le nom du dieu romain messager pour sa nature fluide et rapide, et son symbole Hg vient de « hydrargyrum », signifiant « eau-argent ».","Le mercure a longtemps été utilisé dans les thermomètres et les baromètres parce qu'il se dilate uniformément avec la température.","Les chapeliers exposés au mercure développaient des tremblements et de la confusion, inspirant l'expression « fou comme un chapelier ».","Il est toxique et bioaccumule, s'accumulant dans les poissons et les personnes qui les consomment.","La vapeur de mercure brille bleu-vert lorsqu'elle est électrifiée, ce qui est à la base des lampes fluorescentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Mercure, le dieu romain messager rapide, reflétant la nature fluide et cellulaire de l'élément ; le symbole Hg vient de « hydrargyrum », une latinisation du grec « hydrargyros » (ὑδράργυρος), signifiant « eau-argent », en référence à son aspect liquide et argenté."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdène","summary":"Le molybdène est un métal dur et argenté, utilisé dans les alliages d'acier pour augmenter la résistance, la ténacité et la résistance à la corrosion.","appearance":"Métal gris","interesting_facts":["Le molybdène possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les éléments, à environ 2 623 °C.","Son nom vient du grec « molybdos » (plomb), car son minerai a longtemps été confondu avec le plomb et le graphite.","L'ajout de molybdène à l'acier produit des alliages à haute résistance utilisés dans l'aéronautique, les outils et les blindages.","Il est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant les enzymes chez les plantes, les animaux et les humains.","Les bactéries fixatrices d'azote utilisent le molybdène pour convertir l'azote atmosphérique en une forme utilisable.","Le disulfure de molybdène est un solide glissant utilisé comme lubrifiant sec à haute température."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « molybdos » (plomb), car le minerai molybdénite a longtemps été confondu avec les minerais de plomb ; Carl Wilhelm Scheele a montré qu'il était distinct en 1778, et Peter Jacob Hjelm a isolé le métal en 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Le moscovium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le moscovium porte le nom de la région de Moscou en Russie, où se trouve le laboratoire de Doubna.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2003 par une collaboration russo-américaine.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de moscovium se désintègrent en une fraction de seconde.","Il devrait se situer sous le bismuth dans le groupe 15.","Il a été officiellement nommé en 2016 aux côtés de trois autres nouveaux éléments."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'oblast de Moscou (région de Moscou) en Russie, où se trouve l'Institut conjoint de recherche nucléaire à Doubna ; il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2003 dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le JINR et le Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, et officiellement nommé par l'IUPAC en 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Néodyme","summary":"Le néodyme est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les aimants puissants, les lasers et la coloration du verre.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Les aimants en néodyme sont les aimants permanents les plus puissants couramment disponibles, capables de soulever plusieurs fois leur propre poids.","Ces aimants se trouvent dans tout, des écouteurs et disques durs aux éoliennes et moteurs de voitures électriques.","Son nom signifie « nouveau jumeau », car il a été séparé du « didymium » aux côtés du praseodyme en 1885.","Le néodyme donne au verre une couleur saisissante qui oscille entre le violet et le bleu selon la lumière.","Les cristaux dopés au néodyme alimentent certains des lasers à haute énergie les plus courants.","C'est l'un des éléments des terres rares les plus abondants malgré ses usages spécialisés."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « neos » (nouveau) et « didymos » (jumeau), nommé par Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 lorsqu'il sépara le didymium en praseodyme et néodyme — le « nouveau jumeau » du couple."},"Neon":{"name":"Néon","summary":"Le néon est un gaz noble incolore et inodore qui émet une lueur rouge-orange distincte lorsqu'il est électrifié.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le néon brille d'un orange-rouge éclatant lorsqu'un courant électrique le traverse, ce qui est à la base des enseignes « néon » classiques.","Il est presque totalement inerte, ne formant aucun composé chimique ordinaire stable dans des conditions normales.","Le néon a été découvert en 1898 par Ramsay et Travers, qui l'ont nommé d'après le mot grec « neos », signifiant « nouveau ».","Bien qu'il soit le cinquième élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, le néon est rare sur Terre, ne représentant qu'une infime fraction de l'atmosphère.","Le néon liquide est un excellent réfrigérant cryogénique, avec plus de 40 fois la capacité de réfrigération par volume que l'hélium liquide.","Les différentes couleurs des enseignes « néon » proviennent en réalité d'autres gaz nobles ; le néon pur produit toujours une lumière rouge-orange."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « neos » (nouveau), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 pour refléter qu'il s'agissait d'un gaz noble nouvellement découvert."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Le neptunium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les instruments de détection des neutrons et étudié pour son rôle dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le neptunium fut le premier élément transuranien à être synthétisé, en 1940.","Il porte le nom de la planète Neptune, poursuivant la séquence après l'uranium (Uranus).","Le neptunium est un sous-produit des réacteurs nucléaires et est considéré comme une préoccupation de déchets nucléaires à longue durée de vie.","Il est argenté, radioactif, et l'un des métaux actinides les plus denses.","Le neptunium-237 peut être utilisé pour produire du plutonium-238 destiné aux sources d'énergie des engins spatiaux.","Des traces de neptunium se trouvent naturellement dans les minerais d'uranium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète Neptune, qui se trouve au-delà d'Uranus dans le système solaire, tout comme le neptunium se situe au-delà de l'uranium dans le tableau périodique ; Edwin McMillan et Philip Abelson l'ont synthétisé en 1940, poursuivant la séquence de nommage planétaire commencée avec l'uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Le nickel est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans l'acier inoxydable, les batteries et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nickel porte le nom d'un terme minier allemand signifiant « cuivre du Vieux Nick », car son minerai ressemblait au cuivre mais n'en produisait aucun.","Il est hautement résistant à la corrosion et sert à électroplater d'autres métaux pour les protéger.","L'acier inoxydable contient généralement du nickel, qui améliore sa résistance et sa protection contre la rouille.","Malgré le nom, les pièces de « nickel » modernes aux États-Unis sont principalement en cuivre, avec seulement 25 % de nickel.","Le noyau terrestre serait largement un alliage fer-nickel, et de nombreuses météorites sont riches en nickel.","Le nickel est l'un des rares éléments magnétiques à température ambiante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Abréviation de l'allemand « Kupfernickel » (cuivre du diable ou cuivre du Vieux Nick), malédiction des mineurs pour un minerai qui ressemblait au cuivre mais n'en produisait aucun ; « Nickel » est un surnom allemand pour le diable, dérivé du prénom Nicolas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Le nihonium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le nihonium porte le nom du Japon (« Nihon »), premier élément découvert dans un pays asiatique.","Il a été synthétisé au laboratoire RIKEN au Japon, confirmé vers 2004.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de nihonium se désintègrent en quelques secondes après leur création.","Il devrait se situer sous le thallium dans le groupe 13.","Sa découverte a donné au Japon l'honneur de nommer un nouvel élément pour la première fois."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après « Nihon » (日本), le mot japonais pour le Japon, signifiant « pays du soleil levant » ; des scientifiques du RIKEN au Japon ont confirmé sa synthèse en 2004 et ont choisi ce nom pour honorer le premier élément découvert en Asie, l'IUPAC le reconnaissant officiellement en 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Le niobium est un métal mou et ductile principalement utilisé dans les alliages, notamment dans la production d'acier pour améliorer la résistance.","appearance":"Métal gris","interesting_facts":["Le niobium porte le nom de Niobé, fille de Tantalos dans la mythologie grecque, reflétant son lien étroit avec le tantale.","Il devient supraconducteur lorsqu'il est froid et est utilisé dans les aimants des IRM et des accélérateurs de particules.","Les alliages de niobium peuvent être anodisés pour produire un arc-en-ciel de couleurs, populaires en bijouterie.","De minuscules quantités de niobium rendent l'acier beaucoup plus résistant, utilisé dans les pipelines et les châssis de voitures.","Il a longtemps été appelé columbium aux États-Unis, et ce nom a persisté jusqu'au XXe siècle.","Le niobium est hypoallergénique, il est donc utilisé pour les piercings corporels et les implants médicaux."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Niobé, la fille de Tantalos dans la mythologie grecque, par Heinrich Rose en 1844, car le niobium se trouve presque toujours aux côtés du tantale et les deux éléments étaient initialement si difficiles à distinguer que l'association mythologique parent-enfant semblait appropriée."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Azote","summary":"L'azote est un gaz incolore et inodore qui constitue environ 78 % de l'atmosphère terrestre.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'azote constitue environ 78 % de l'air que vous respirez, pourtant il est si peu réactif que nous le rejetons presque entièrement inutilisé.","L'azote liquide bout à −196 °C et sert à congeler rapidement les aliments, préserver les échantillons biologiques et créer des effets de brouillard spectaculaires.","La triple liaison entre deux atomes d'azote est l'une des liaisons chimiques les plus fortes connues, rendant le diazote très stable.","Le procédé Haber-Bosch, qui convertit l'azote atmosphérique en ammoniac pour les engrais, contribue à nourrir environ la moitié de la population mondiale.","L'azote est un ingrédient clé des explosifs comme le TNT et la nitroglycérine, car ses liaisons libèrent une énergie énorme lorsqu'elles se rompent.","Les bactéries dans les racines des légumineuses « fixent » l'azote de l'air en une forme utilisable par les plantes, enrichissant naturellement le sol."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « nitron » (salpêtre) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur de salpêtre », terme inventé par Jean-Antoine Chaptal en 1790 parce que le salpêtre et l'acide nitrique contiennent tous deux de l'azote."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobélium","summary":"Le nobélium est un élément synthétique et radioactif sans applications significatives en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nobélium porte le nom d'Alfred Nobel, fondateur des prix Nobel.","Il ne peut être produit qu'atome par atome dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Contrairement à la plupart des actinides, le nobélium est le plus stable dans l'état d'oxydation +2.","Sa découverte à la fin des années 1950 a été disputée entre des laboratoires concurrents pendant des années.","Tous les isotopes du nobélium sont radioactifs et de courte durée de vie.","Il n'existe que dans un contexte de recherche et n'a aucune application pratique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Alfred Nobel, le chimiste suédois qui inventa la dynamite et fonda les prix Nobel ; le nom fut proposé en 1957 lorsqu'une équipe de Stockholm revendiqua initialement la découverte, et fut conservé lorsque la découverte confirmée fut attribuée aux laboratoires de Doubna et de Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"L'oganesson est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement gazeux ou métallique","interesting_facts":["L'oganesson est l'élément le plus lourd connu, avec le numéro atomique 118.","Il porte le nom du physicien Yuri Oganessian, l'un des rares éléments nommés d'après une personne vivante.","Bien qu'il se trouve dans la colonne des gaz nobles, l'oganesson devrait être un solide et possiblement réactif, contrairement aux autres gaz nobles.","Seuls quelques atomes ont jamais été créés, chacun survivant moins d'une milliseconde.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2002 par une collaboration russo-américaine à Doubna.","L'oganesson complète la septième rangée du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Yuri Oganessian, le physicien nucléaire russo-arménien qui a pionné la synthèse des éléments superlourds et dirigé l'équipe du JINR de Doubna qui a créé l'oganesson en 2002 ; c'est l'un des deux seuls éléments nommés d'après une personne vivante, reflétant l'ampleur extraordinaire de ses contributions au domaine."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"L'osmium est un métal dense blanc bleuté connu pour sa dureté, utilisé dans les plumes de stylo, les contacts électriques et les pivots d'instruments.","appearance":"Blanc bleuté, métallique","interesting_facts":["L'osmium est l'élément naturellement présent le plus dense, presque deux fois plus dense que le plomb.","Son nom vient du grec « osme », signifiant odeur, car son oxyde a une odeur âcre et toxique.","L'osmium est extrêmement dur et a été utilisé dans les aiguilles de phonographe et les pointes de stylos-plume.","Il fait partie des métaux du groupe du platine et présente un aspect argenté bleuté.","Le téroxyde d'osmium sert à colorer les tissus biologiques pour la microscopie électronique.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus rares de la croûte terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « osmē » (ὀσμή), signifiant « odeur » ; Smithson Tennant a inventé le nom en 1803 parce que le téroxyde d'osmium, formé lorsque le métal est exposé à l'air, a une odeur âcre et toxique distinctive."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygène","summary":"L'oxygène est un gaz incolore et inodore essentiel à la respiration de la plupart des organismes vivants.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'oxygène constitue environ 21 % de l'atmosphère terrestre et est l'élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre en masse.","La majeure partie de l'oxygène que nous respirons est produite par la photosynthèse, une grande part provenant du phytoplancton océanique.","L'oxygène liquide et solide est bleu pâle et magnétique, étant attiré par un aimant.","L'ozone, une molécule de trois atomes d'oxygène, forme une couche protectrice dans la stratosphère qui absorbe les rayons ultraviolets nocifs.","L'oxygène a été découvert indépendamment dans les années 1770 par Carl Wilhelm Scheele et Joseph Priestley, et nommé par Antoine Lavoisier.","Bien que vital pour la vie, l'oxygène est aussi très réactif et provoque la rouille du fer et la combustion des combustibles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « oxys » (aigre ou acide) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur d'acide », nommé par Lavoisier en 1777 sur la base de la croyance alors répandue que l'oxygène est une partie essentielle de tous les acides."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Le palladium est un métal précieux blanc argenté, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, l'électronique et le stockage de l'hydrogène.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le palladium porte le nom de l'astéroïde Pallas, découvert juste avant le métal en 1803.","Son principal usage est dans les pots catalytiques, où il aide à transformer les gaz d'échappement toxiques en gaz inoffensifs.","Le palladium peut absorber jusqu'à 900 fois son propre volume de gaz hydrogène, comme une éponge métallique.","C'est un métal précieux du groupe du platine, utilisé dans l'or blanc, la bijouterie fine et les alliages dentaires.","Le palladium est essentiel à de nombreux appareils électroniques, y compris les minuscules condensateurs à l'intérieur des téléphones et ordinateurs.","Il a joué un rôle central dans les célèbres expériences de « fusion froide », ultérieurement discréditées, de 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'astéroïde Pallas, découvert en 1802 et lui-même nommé d'après Pallas Athéna ; William Hyde Wollaston a inventé le nom en 1803, suivant la mode de l'époque de nommer les nouveaux éléments d'après des corps célestes récemment découverts."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphore","summary":"Le phosphore est un élément très réactif et essentiel dans les molécules biologiques comme l'ADN et l'ATP.","appearance":"La couleur varie (formes blanche, rouge ou noire)","interesting_facts":["Le phosphore blanc brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en réagissant avec l'oxygène, phénomène qui a donné son nom à la « phosphorescence ».","Ce fut le premier élément découvert avec un découvreur connu, isolé par Hennig Brand en 1669 à partir d'urine bouillie.","Le phosphore existe sous des formes remarquablement différentes : le phosphore blanc est dangereusement inflammable, tandis que le phosphore rouge est stable et utilisé sur les bandes des boîtes d'allumettes.","Chaque cellule utilise le phosphore dans l'ADN, l'ARN et l'ATP, la molécule qui stocke et transfère l'énergie dans les organismes vivants.","Environ 85 % du phosphate minier extrait est transformé en engrais, rendant le phosphore crucial pour la production alimentaire mondiale.","Vos os et dents sont renforcés par le phosphate de calcium, si bien qu'une grande partie du phosphore de votre corps est stockée dans votre squelette."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « phosphoros » (porteur de lumière, de « phos » = lumière et « phoros » = porteur), parce que le phosphore blanc brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en s'oxydant ; le nom fut appliqué par Hennig Brand lorsqu'il le découvrit en 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platine","summary":"Le platine est un métal dense, malléable et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, la bijouterie et l'électronique.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le platine est si résistant à la corrosion qu'il ne se ternit jamais, même à haute température.","C'est un catalyseur clé dans les pots catalytiques, aidant à purifier les gaz d'échappement des véhicules.","Le platine est plus dense que l'or et est prisé pour la bijouterie fine et les alliances.","Certains composés du platine, comme le cisplatine, sont de puissants médicaments de chimiothérapie.","L'Afrique du Sud produit la majorité du platine mondial.","Son nom vient de l'espagnol « platina », signifiant « petit argent », nom que les mineurs lui donnèrent avec mépris."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérivé de l'espagnol « platina », diminutif de « plata » (argent), signifiant « petit argent » ; les explorateurs espagnols en Amérique du Sud au XVIe siècle utilisaient ce terme méprisant pour le métal pâle ressemblant à l'argent qu'ils trouvaient mélangé dans les gisements d'or mais qu'ils ne pouvaient pas facilement travailler."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Le plutonium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les armes nucléaires et comme source d'énergie pour les engins spatiaux.","appearance":"Blanc argenté, se ternit à l'air","interesting_facts":["Le plutonium est célèbre pour son utilisation dans les armes et réacteurs nucléaires.","Il porte le nom de la planète naine Pluton, suivant le neptunium et l'uranium.","Le plutonium-238 alimente des engins spatiaux comme les sondes Voyager et le rover Curiosity grâce à sa chaleur constante.","Un morceau de plutonium est chaud au toucher en raison de la chaleur produite par sa propre désintégration radioactive.","Il possède une chimie inhabituelle, existant dans de nombreux états d'oxydation colorés en solution.","Le plutonium se dilate et se contracte de manière spectaculaire entre ses différentes formes solides, ce qui le rend difficile à usiner."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Pluton (alors considéré comme la neuvième planète), qui se trouve au-delà de Neptune tout comme le plutonium se situe au-delà du neptunium ; Glenn Seaborg l'a nommé en 1942, notant que la forme alternative « plutium » fut envisagée mais rejetée en faveur de la terminaison plus classique « -onium »."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Le polonium est un métal hautement radioactif utilisé dans les dispositifs antistatiques et comme source de chaleur dans les applications spatiales.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le polonium a été découvert par Marie et Pierre Curie en 1898 et nommé d'après la patrie de Marie, la Pologne.","Il est intensément radioactif, au point qu'un gramme brille en bleu et dégage assez de chaleur pour rester chaud.","Le polonium-210 a été utilisé dans l'empoisonnement notoire d'Alexander Litvinenko en 2006.","Il a servi de source de chaleur légère dans les sondes spatiales et comme dispositif antistatique.","Le polonium est extrêmement rare, se trouvant en traces infimes dans les minerais d'uranium.","Une pincée de polonium peut administrer une dose létale, ce qui en fait l'une des substances les plus toxiques connues."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la Pologne (latin : Polonia), la patrie de Marie Curie, qui l'a co-découvert avec Pierre Curie en 1898 ; Curie choisit ce nom en hommage à sa patrie alors occupée, divisée entre la Russie, la Prusse et l'Autriche, espérant attirer l'attention internationale sur sa cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Le potassium est un métal mou blanc argenté, essentiel à la croissance des plantes et crucial dans les processus biologiques.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le potassium est si réactif qu'il s'enflamme d'une flamme lilas lorsqu'il entre en contact avec l'eau.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau et assez léger pour flotter sur l'eau pendant qu'il réagit.","Les ions potassium sont essentiels aux signaux nerveux et au battement cardiaque, et les bananes en sont une source alimentaire bien connue.","Son symbole chimique K vient de « kalium », la forme latinisée du mot arabe pour les cendres végétales.","Le potassium fut le premier métal isolé par électrolyse, par Humphry Davy en 1807.","L'isotope radioactif potassium-40 dans votre corps vous rend très légèrement radioactif toute votre vie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais dérive de « potash » (cendres de bois lessivées dans des pots, une source primitive de l'élément), tandis que le symbole K vient du latin « kalium », lui-même issu de l'arabe « al-qali » (les cendres alcalines de plantes utilisées dans la fabrication du savon)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praséodyme","summary":"Le praséodyme est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les aimants, la coloration du verre et les alliages.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom praséodyme signifie « jumeau vert », en référence à la couleur verte de ses sels.","Il est utilisé dans des lunettes spéciales qui protègent les soudeurs et les souffleurs de verre de l'éblouissement intense et de la lumière infrarouge.","Mélangé au néodyme, il forme des aimants puissants utilisés dans les moteurs et les écouteurs.","Le praséodyme donne une couleur jaune pure au verre et aux glaçures céramiques.","Il a été séparé d'une substance appelée « didymium » en 1885, qui s'est avérée être deux éléments.","Les fibres dopées au praséodyme peuvent amplifier les signaux lumineux dans certains systèmes optiques."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « prasios » (vert poireau) et « didymos » (jumeau), nommé par Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 lorsqu'il sépara le didymium en deux éléments : le praséodyme, le jumeau aux sels verts, et le néodyme, le nouveau jumeau."},"Promethium":{"name":"Prométhium","summary":"Le prométhium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes, les piles atomiques et la recherche.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le prométhium est le seul élément des terres rares sans isotopes stables ; il est radioactif et pratiquement absent de la nature.","Il est nommé d'après Prométhée, le Titan grec qui vola le feu aux dieux.","Le prométhium a été utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes et dans de minuscules piles atomiques pour les stimulateurs cardiaques et les engins spatiaux.","Son existence combla une lacune de longue date à l'élément 61 du tableau périodique, confirmée en 1945.","Le prométhium luminescent peut produire une faible lumière bleu-vert par sa propre radioactivité.","On estime qu'environ 500 grammes de prométhium existent à tout moment dans l'ensemble de la croûte terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Prométhée, le Titan de la mythologie grecque qui vola le feu aux dieux et le donna à l'humanité ; à juste titre, le prométhium fut obtenu pour la première fois en 1945 à partir de produits de fission de l'uranium dans un réacteur nucléaire."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Le protactinium est un métal dense, gris argenté, utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique en raison de sa rareté et de sa radioactivité.","appearance":"Métallique argenté brillant","interesting_facts":["Le protactinium est l'un des éléments naturels les plus rares et les plus coûteux.","Son nom signifie « parent de l'actinium », car il se désintègre en actinium.","Il est hautement radioactif et toxique, nécessitant une manipulation soigneuse.","Le protactinium fut identifié pour la première fois en 1913 et isolé en 1934.","Le rapport protactinium/thorium dans les sédiments océaniques aide les scientifiques à étudier le climat passé et la circulation océanique.","Il a peu d'utilisations en dehors de la recherche scientifique en raison de sa rareté et de sa radioactivité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé du grec « protos » (πρῶτος), signifiant « premier », combiné avec « actinium », donnant « parent de l'actinium » ; le nom reflète que le protactinium-231 se désintègre en actinium-227 ; Kasper Fajans l'appela d'abord « brevium » en 1913, mais « protactinium » fut adopté lorsque l'isotope à vie plus longue fut identifié."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Le radium est un métal hautement radioactif autrefois utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes, aujourd'hui principalement étudié pour ses propriétés radioactives.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le radium fut découvert par Marie et Pierre Curie en 1898 et brille d'une faible lumière bleue dans l'obscurité.","Il fut autrefois ajouté aux cadrans de montres phosphorescentes, empoisonnant tragiquement les « Radium Girls » qui les peignaient.","Au début du XXe siècle, des produits commercialisaient le radium dans le dentifrice, l'eau et les cosmétiques avant que ses dangers ne soient compris.","Le radium est environ un million de fois plus radioactif qu'une même quantité d'uranium.","Il fut historiquement utilisé en radiothérapie contre le cancer avant que des sources plus sûres ne le remplacent.","Les carnets de notes de Marie Curie sont encore si radioactifs qu'ils sont conservés dans des boîtes recouvertes de plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé du latin « radius », signifiant « rayon » ou « faisceau », par Marie et Pierre Curie qui le découvrirent en 1898 ; le nom fait référence à l'intense radiation que l'élément émet, qu'ils observèrent comme un phénomène remarquable lors de son isolement à partir de la pechblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Le radon est un gaz noble radioactif utilisé en radiothérapie et comme traceur en recherche géologique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le radon est un gaz noble radioactif produit par la désintégration de l'uranium dans les sols et les roches.","C'est la principale cause de cancer du poumon chez les non-fumeurs, s'infiltrant invisiblement dans les sous-sols.","Le radon est incolore, inodore et insipide, il ne peut donc être détecté qu'avec des instruments spéciaux.","C'est le gaz le plus dense dans des conditions normales et l'un des gaz les plus lourds connus.","Le radon fut autrefois utilisé dans certains traitements médicaux par radiation.","Des kits de test domestiques sont largement disponibles car les niveaux de radon peuvent être réduits par une ventilation adéquate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après « radium » — l'élément dont il est produit par désintégration radioactive — combiné au suffixe « -on » utilisé pour les gaz nobles ; Friedrich Dorn le détecta pour la première fois en 1900 comme un gaz émanant du radium, et on l'appela « émanation de radium » avant que le nom « radon » ne soit standardisé."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhénium","summary":"Le rhénium est un métal dense, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les moteurs d'avion, les filaments et les catalyseurs.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rhénium fut l'un des derniers éléments stables à être découvert, en 1925.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion et d'ébullition les plus élevés de tous les éléments.","Les superalliages de rhénium permettent aux aubes de turbines de moteurs d'avion et de fusées de fonctionner à des températures plus élevées et plus efficacement.","Il est nommé d'après le fleuve Rhin en Allemagne.","Le rhénium est extrêmement rare et est récupéré principalement comme sous-produit de l'extraction du cuivre et du molybdène.","Il est utilisé comme catalyseur pour produire de l'essence à indice d'octane élevé sans plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le fleuve Rhin (latin : Rhenus), qui traverse l'Allemagne ; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke et Otto Berg choisirent ce nom en 1925 lorsqu'ils découvrirent l'élément, suivant la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après des caractéristiques géographiques de la patrie des découvreurs."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Le rhodium est un métal rare, blanc argenté, connu pour sa haute réflectance et son utilisation dans les pots catalytiques et la joaillerie.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rhodium est l'un des métaux précieux les plus rares et les plus précieux, coûtant souvent bien plus que l'or.","Son nom vient du grec « rhodon » (rose), d'après la couleur rose-rouge de ses sels.","La majeure partie du rhodium est utilisée dans les pots catalytiques pour éliminer les gaz nocifs des gaz d'échappement autocellulaires.","Il donne une finition brillante, dure et réfléchissante et est utilisé pour plaquer les bijoux en or blanc et les miroirs.","Le rhodium est hautement résistant à la corrosion et ne se ternit pas à l'air.","C'est l'un des métaux du groupe du platine et est récupéré principalement comme sous-produit de l'extraction du platine et du nickel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « rhodon » (rose), nommé par William Hyde Wollaston en 1804 parce que les solutions de sels de rhodium sont caractéristiquement rose-rouge."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Le roentgenium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le roentgenium est nommé d'après Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, le découvreur des rayons X.","Il fut créé pour la première fois en 1994 en Allemagne en fusionnant des noyaux de nickel et de bismuth.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Le roentgenium devrait se situer sous l'or dans le tableau périodique et pourrait partager une partie de sa chimie.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en quelques secondes après leur formation.","Il n'a aucune application en dehors de la recherche fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, le physicien allemand qui découvrit les rayons X en 1895 et reçut le tout premier prix Nobel de physique en 1901 ; le GSI Darmstadt le synthétisa en 1994, proposa le nom en 2004, et l'IUPAC l'adopta officiellement la même année."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Le rubidium est un élément métallique mou, blanc argenté, utilisé en électronique, en recherche et dans les horloges atomiques.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rubidium s'enflamme spontanément à l'air et réagit violemment avec l'eau.","Il est nommé du latin « rubidus » (rouge profond) pour les lignes rouges de son spectre d'émission.","Le rubidium fut découvert en 1861 par Bunsen et Kirchhoff en utilisant la nouvelle technique de la spectroscopie.","Il fond juste au-dessus de la température corporelle, à environ 39 °C.","Les atomes de rubidium sont utilisés dans certaines des horloges atomiques les plus précises au monde.","Les scientifiques ont utilisé le rubidium pour créer le premier condensat de Bose-Einstein, un étrange nouvel état de la matière, en 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « rubidus » (rouge profond ou rouge foncé), nommé par Robert Bunsen et Gustav Kirchhoff en 1861 d'après les deux lignes spectrales rouge profond distinctives qu'ils utilisèrent pour l'identifier via la technique alors nouvelle de la spectroscopie."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthénium","summary":"Le ruthénium est un métal de transition rare utilisé dans les contacts électriques, les résistances à couche épaisse et comme catalyseur.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le ruthénium est nommé d'après Ruthenia, le nom latin de la Russie, où il fut découvert en 1844.","C'est l'un des métaux du groupe du platine et est extrêmement dur et cassant.","L'ajout d'une infime quantité de ruthénium améliore considérablement la dureté et la résistance à l'usure des alliages de platine et de palladium.","Le ruthénium est utilisé dans les contacts électriques et les résistances à puce à l'intérieur de l'électronique.","Il agit comme un catalyseur polyvalent, notamment dans les procédés de production d'ammoniac et de dépollution.","Les composés de ruthénium font l'objet de recherches comme colorants absorbant la lumière pour les cellules solaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ruthenia, le nom latin de la Russie (la terre des Rus), par Karl Ernst Claus en 1844, qui fit la découverte en travaillant à Kazan dans l'Empire russe."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Le rutherfordium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rutherfordium est nommé d'après le physicien Ernest Rutherford, le père de la physique nucléaire.","C'est le premier des éléments transactinides (superlourds).","Le rutherfordium est produit en faisant s'écraser des noyaux atomiques plus légers dans des accélérateurs.","Sa découverte fut l'objet d'un différend de dénomination de la Guerre froide entre des scientifiques américains et soviétiques.","Seuls quelques atomes peuvent être créés à la fois, et ils se désintègrent en quelques secondes.","On s'attend à ce qu'il se comporte chimiquement comme le hafnium, dans le groupe 4 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ernest Rutherford, le physicien néo-zélandais qui découvrit le noyau atomique et est considéré comme le père de la physique nucléaire ; le nom fut proposé par des chercheurs américains de Lawrence Berkeley et officiellement adopté par l'IUPAC en 1997 à la suite d'un différend de dénomination de la Guerre froide avec des scientifiques soviétiques."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Le samarium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les lasers et comme absorbeur de neutrons dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Les aimants samarium-cobalt conservent leur force à haute température, utilisés dans l'aéronautique et le matériel militaire.","Ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne, via le minéral samarskite (d'après l'officiel minier Samarsky).","Le samarium absorbe facilement les neutrons, il est donc utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","Un composé radioactif de samarium est utilisé pour soulager la douleur du cancer qui s'est propagé aux os.","Le samarium est utilisé comme catalyseur en chimie et pour fabriquer certains types de verre et de lasers.","Il est modérément dur et s'oxyde lentement à l'air, formant un revêtement jaunâtre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la samarskite, le minéral dans lequel il fut identifié pour la première fois par Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1879 ; la samarskite fut nommée d'après le colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un officier minier russe — faisant du samarium le premier élément nommé (indirectement) d'après une personne réelle."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Le scandium est un métal mou, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les composants aérospatiaux et les alliages haute performance.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'existence et les propriétés du scandium furent prédites par Mendeleïev en 1869 sous le nom d'« eka-bore » avant sa découverte en 1879.","L'ajout d'une petite quantité de scandium à l'aluminium crée un alliage léger et résistant utilisé dans les cadres de vélos haut de gamme et les pièces aérospatiales.","Il est nommé d'après la Scandinavie, où le minéral dans lequel il fut trouvé pour la première fois était extrait.","Les alliages scandium-aluminium furent utilisés dans certains chasseurs MiG soviétiques.","Bien qu'assez commun dans la croûte, le scandium est difficile à extraire et rarement concentré dans les minerais, ce qui le rend coûteux.","L'iodure de scandium est ajouté à certaines lampes aux halogénures métalliques pour produire une lumière imitant la lumière naturelle du soleil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la Scandinavie (latin « Scandia »), la région où Lars Fredrik Nilson le découvrit en 1879 dans les minéraux euxénite et gadolinite de Scandinavie."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Le seaborgium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le seaborgium est nommé d'après le chimiste Glenn T. Seaborg, qui contribua à la découverte de nombreux éléments transuraniens.","Ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne encore vivante à l'époque.","Le seaborgium est un élément superlourd synthétique produit uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en quelques secondes, si bien que seule une poignée ait jamais été étudiée.","Des expériences chimiques suggèrent qu'il se comporte comme le tungstène, dans le groupe 6 du tableau périodique.","Il fut créé pour la première fois en 1974 en faisant s'écraser des ions oxygène sur du californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Glenn T. Seaborg, le chimiste américain qui co-découvrit dix éléments transuraniens ; ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne vivante, proposé par Lawrence Berkeley en 1994, bien que l'IUPAC s'y opposa initialement avant d'approuver officiellement le nom en 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Sélénium","summary":"Le sélénium est un non-métal aux propriétés similaires au soufre et au tellure, utilisé en électronique, en verrerie et comme complément nutritionnel.","appearance":"Formes noire, rouge et grise","interesting_facts":["Le sélénium est nommé d'après Séléné, la déesse grecque de la Lune.","Sa conductivité électrique varie avec la lumière, une propriété utilisée dans les premiers photocopieurs et posemètres.","Le sélénium est un oligo-élément essentiel, soutenant les enzymes antioxydantes, mais est toxique à doses plus élevées.","Il donne une couleur rouge au verre et sert aussi à éliminer la teinte verte du verre.","Les noix du Brésil sont exceptionnellement riches en sélénium.","Le sélénium existe sous plusieurs formes, dont une poudre rouge et une forme métallique grise qui conduit l'électricité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « selene » (lune), nommé par Jöns Jacob Berzelius en 1817 comme compagnon du tellure (du latin « tellus », la Terre), puisque les deux éléments sont chimiquement similaires et furent trouvés ensemble dans les mêmes gisements de minerai."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicium","summary":"Le silicium est un solide cristallin dur et cassant, composant clé des semi-conducteurs et des puces informatiques.","appearance":"Solide cristallin gris","interesting_facts":["Le silicium est le deuxième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre après l'oxygène, principalement emprisonné dans le sable et la roche sous forme de silice.","Les cristaux de silicium ultra-purs sont le fondement des puces informatiques, donnant son nom à la Silicon Valley.","Le silicium est un semi-conducteur métalloïde, conduisant l'électricité mieux que les isolants mais moins bien que les métaux.","Le quartz, l'opale et la plupart des sables sont des composés de silicium, et le verre est fabriqué principalement en faisant fondre la silice.","Les panneaux solaires reposent sur le silicium pour convertir directement la lumière du soleil en électricité.","Malgré la similarité de leurs noms, le silicium (l'élément) est différent du silicone, le polymère souple et caoutchouteux qui le contient."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « silex » ou « silicis » (silex ou pierre dure), car le silicium se trouve abondamment dans le silex et les roches silicatées ; le nom « silicium » fut proposé par Thomas Thomson en 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Argent","summary":"L'argent est un métal mou, blanc et lustré, possédant la plus haute conductivité électrique et thermique de tous les éléments, utilisé en joaillerie, électronique et miroirs.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'argent est le meilleur conducteur électrique et thermique de tous les éléments.","Il possède des propriétés antibactériennes naturelles et fut utilisé pour garder les plaies et l'eau propres bien avant la médecine moderne.","L'argent est le métal le plus réfléchissant, c'est pourquoi il fut traditionnellement utilisé pour recouvrir les miroirs.","Le film photographique reposait sur des composés d'argent sensibles à la lumière pour capturer les images.","Son symbole chimique Ag vient du mot latin « argentum », et le pays Argentine tire son nom de celui-ci.","L'argent se ternit en noir lorsqu'il réagit avec de minuscules quantités de composés soufrés dans l'air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « silver » vient du vieil anglais « seolfor », lié au proto-germanique « silubra », d'origine incertaine ; le symbole Ag et le nom du pays Argentine proviennent tous deux du latin « argentum » (argent), lié à l'éclat blanc brillant de l'élément."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Le sodium est un métal mou, blanc argenté, hautement réactif et un élément essentiel à la vie.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le sodium est si réactif qu'il doit être conservé sous huile, et il grésille et peut s'enflammer lorsqu'on le plonge dans l'eau.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau, révélant une surface argentée brillante qui s'assombrit rapidement à l'air.","Les lampes à vapeur de sodium produisent la lueur jaune-orange distinctive autrefois courante dans l'éclairage public.","Le sel de table courant est le chlorure de sodium, et le sodium est essentiel aux impulsions nerveuses et à l'équilibre hydrique dans votre corps.","Le sodium brûle avec une flamme jaune vive, propriété utilisée dans les tests à la flamme pour l'identifier.","Le symbole chimique Na vient du mot latin « natrium », faisant référence à un composé de soude naturel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais vient de « soda » (latin médiéval « sodanum », remède contre les maux de tête), tandis que le symbole Na dérive du latin « natrium », lui-même issu de l'arabe/égyptien « natrun », le mot pour le natron, un minéral de carbonate de sodium naturel."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Le strontium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les feux d'artifice, la céramique et les applications radiologiques.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Les sels de strontium produisent la couleur rouge brillante des feux d'artifice et des fusées de détresse.","Il est nommé d'après le village écossais de Strontian, où son minerai fut trouvé pour la première fois.","L'isotope radioactif strontium-90 des retombées nucléaires peut se loger dans les os car il imite le calcium.","Le strontium est utilisé dans certains dentifrices pour réduire la sensibilité dentaire.","L'aluminate de strontium brille dans le noir pendant des heures et est utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes modernes.","Comme le calcium, le strontium réagit avec l'eau et n'est jamais trouvé libre dans la nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Strontian, un village d'Argyllshire, en Écosse, où le minéral strontianite (carbonate de strontium) fut découvert pour la première fois dans les mines de plomb locales vers 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Soufre","summary":"Le soufre est un élément non métallique jaune couramment trouvé dans les zones volcaniques et essentiel à la vie.","appearance":"Cristaux jaune vif","interesting_facts":["Le soufre est connu depuis l'Antiquité et est appelé « brimstone » dans la Bible, signifiant « pierre brûlante ».","Il est célèbre pour l'odeur d'œuf pourri du sulfure d'hydrogène, bien que le soufre pur lui-même soit inodore.","Le soufre brûle avec une flamme bleue et produit du dioxyde de soufre étouffant.","La majeure partie du soufre extrait sert à fabriquer de l'acide sulfurique, l'un des produits chimiques industriels les plus produits au monde.","Des dépôts de soufre jaune vif se forment autour des évents volcaniques et des sources chaudes.","Le soufre est un élément essentiel de la vie, présent dans les acides aminés cystéine et méthionine qui aident les protéines à se replier."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « sulphur » (soufre), mot d'origine incertaine possiblement lié au sanskrit « sulvere » ; le soufre est connu depuis l'Antiquité comme la pierre jaune piquante trouvée autour des volcans, appelée « brimstone » dans les textes bibliques."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantale","summary":"Le tantale est un métal dense et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans l'électronique, les implants chirurgicaux et les alliages à haute température.","appearance":"Gris bleu","interesting_facts":["Les condensateurs au tantale sont minuscules mais stockent beaucoup de charge ; on les trouve dans presque tous les téléphones et ordinateurs portables.","Il doit son nom à Tantale de la mythologie grecque, en référence à sa résistance « tentante » à se dissoudre dans l'acide.","Le tantale est biocompatible et est utilisé dans les implants chirurgicaux, les plaques et les broches.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les métaux, supérieur à 3 000 °C.","Le tantale est hautement résistant à la corrosion grâce à une couche d'oxyde robuste.","Une grande partie du tantale mondial provient du minerai coltan, ce qui soulève des préoccupations en matière d'approvisionnement éthique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Tantale, le roi de la mythologie grecque condamné à se tenir dans une mare d'eau sous des arbres fruitiers qui s'éloignaient chaque fois qu'il tentait d'en saisir les fruits ; Anders Ekeberg choisit ce nom en 1802 parce que l'élément refusait de manière « tentante » d'absorber l'acide, tout comme Tantale ne pouvait jamais étancher sa soif."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technétium","summary":"Le technétium est un métal radioactif gris argenté principalement utilisé en imagerie médicale et en radiographie industrielle.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le technétium fut le premier élément créé artificiellement, et son nom vient du grec signifiant « artificiel ».","Il n'a aucun isotope stable, de sorte qu'il n'existe pratiquement pas naturellement sur Terre.","Le technétium-99m est le traceur radioactif le plus largement utilisé en imagerie médicale, employé dans des dizaines de millions d'examens par an.","Son absence dans le tableau périodique avait été prédite par Mendeleïev sous le nom d'« eka-manganèse ».","Le technétium a été détecté dans les spectres de certaines étoiles lointaines, prouvant que des éléments continuent d'y être forgés.","De minuscules quantités de technétium peuvent rendre l'acier remarquablement résistant à la corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « technetos » (artificiel ou fabriqué par l'homme), nommé par Carlo Perrier et Emilio Segrè en 1937 parce qu'il fut le premier élément produit artificiellement, créé en bombardant du molybdène avec des deutérons dans un cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellure","summary":"Le tellure est un métalloïde cassant, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les alliages, les semi-conducteurs et les dispositifs thermoélectriques.","appearance":"Gris argenté lustré","interesting_facts":["Le tellure doit son nom au mot latin pour la Terre, « tellus ».","Les personnes exposées à de minuscules quantités développent une « haleine au tellure », une odeur puissante d'ail pouvant durer des semaines.","C'est un métalloïde rare, environ aussi peu abondant dans la croûte terrestre que le platine.","Le tellurure de cadmium sert à fabriquer des panneaux solaires à couche mince.","Le tellure améliore l'usinabilité de l'acier et des alliages de cuivre.","Il est utilisé dans les disques optiques réinscriptibles parce qu'il peut passer d'un état vitreux à un état cristallin."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « tellus » (la Terre), nommé par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1798 ; le nom formait délibérément un couple avec le sélénium (nommé d'après la Lune), les deux éléments étant chimiquement similaires et souvent trouvés ensemble."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennesse","summary":"Le tennesse est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique ou métalloïde","interesting_facts":["Le tennesse doit son nom à l'État américain du Tennessee, où se trouve le Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","C'est le deuxième élément le plus lourd connu et il fut confirmé en 2010.","Son nom se termine par « -ine » parce qu'il se trouve dans la colonne des halogènes, groupe 17.","Sa création a nécessité du berkélium rare produit à Oak Ridge, bombardé par des ions de calcium.","Seuls quelques atomes de tennesse ont jamais été fabriqués.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en une fraction de seconde."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'État américain du Tennessee, où se trouvent le Oak Ridge National Laboratory (qui a produit la cible essentielle en berkélium), la Vanderbilt University et l'University of Tennessee ; il fut synthétisé en 2010 et officiellement nommé par l'IUPAC en 2016, le suffixe « -ine » reflétant sa position dans le groupe 17 des halogènes."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Le terbium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les phosphores pour l'éclairage vert, les lasers et les dispositifs magnéto-optiques.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le terbium fournit la couleur verte de nombreux phosphores utilisés dans l'éclairage et les anciens écrans.","Il doit son nom au village suédois d'Ytterby, l'un des quatre éléments honorant cette seule localité.","Les alliages de terbium changent de forme dans un champ magnétique et sont utilisés dans les capteurs et les systèmes sonar.","Il brille d'un vert éclatant sous la lumière ultraviolette et est utilisé dans les encres de sécurité.","Le terbium est un métal des terres rares mou et argenté que l'on peut couper au couteau.","Il est utilisé dans les dispositifs à l'état solide et les lampes fluorescentes économes en énergie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village de l'île suédoise de Resarö, où le minerai de gadolinite fut initialement recueilli ; Carl Gustaf Mosander le sépara de l'yttria en 1843, et « terbium » est une réorganisation syllabique de « Ytterby »."},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Le thallium est un métal mou et gris utilisé dans l'électronique, les systèmes optiques et certaines applications médicales.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le thallium fut autrefois un poison prisé, inodore et insipide, ce qui lui valut le surnom de « poison des empoisonneurs ».","Son nom vient du grec « thallos », une pousse verte, en référence à la raie verte brillante de son spectre.","L'intoxication au thallium provoque une perte de cheveux, ce qui aide parfois les médecins à poser le diagnostic.","Un isotope radioactif du thallium est utilisé dans les tests d'effort à imagerie cardiaque.","Les composés de thallium sont utilisés dans l'optique infrarouge spécialisée et l'électronique.","Il fut découvert en 1861 grâce à la nouvelle méthode de spectroscopie à la flamme."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « thallos » (θαλλός), signifiant « pousse verte » ou « rameau vert » ; William Crookes le nomma en 1861 après la raie spectrale verte distinctive qu'il observa en analysant des résidus d'acide sélénieux par la technique nouvellement développée de spectroscopie à la flamme."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Le thorium est un métal faiblement radioactif utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les alliages et les manchons à incandescence.","appearance":"Argenté, souvent avec un ternissement noir","interesting_facts":["Le thorium doit son nom à Thor, le dieu nordique du tonnerre.","Il fait l'objet de recherches comme combustible nucléaire plus sûr et plus abondant que l'uranium.","Le thorium est environ trois à quatre fois plus abondant dans la croûte que l'uranium.","Les manchons à gaz au thorium brillaient intensément et furent utilisés dans les lanternes pendant plus d'un siècle.","Il fut autrefois ajouté aux objectifs d'appareils photo de haute qualité, qui peuvent jaunir légèrement avec le temps sous l'effet des radiations.","Presque tout le thorium est l'isotope à longue durée de vie thorium-232, dont la demi-vie dépasse l'âge de l'univers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Thor, le dieu nordique du tonnerre, par le chimiste suédois Jöns Jacob Berzelius qui le découvrit en 1828 ; Berzelius le trouva dans un minéral norvégien qu'il appela thorite et nomma le nouvel élément d'après la divinité, suivant une tradition d'hommage aux figures mythologiques."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Le thulium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les appareils de radiographie portables, les lasers et certaines applications nucléaires.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le thulium est le plus rare des éléments des terres rares stables et l'un des plus coûteux.","Il doit son nom à Thulé, une terre mythique de l'extrême nord.","Le thulium-170 radioactif est utilisé dans les appareils de radiographie portables ne nécessitant pas d'électricité.","Le thulium brille en bleu sous la lumière ultraviolette et est utilisé dans les marquages anti-contrefaçon sur les billets de banque.","Les lasers au thulium sont utilisés dans certaines interventions chirurgicales.","Malgré sa rareté, le thulium est encore plus abondant dans la croûte que l'or."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Thulé, l'ancien nom grec et romain d'une terre mythique à l'extrême nord du monde connu, souvent identifiée à la Scandinavie ou à l'Islande ; Per Teodor Cleve choisit ce nom en 1879 pour honorer les origines scandinaves de l'élément."},"Tin":{"name":"Étain","summary":"L'étain est un métal malléable, blanc argenté, utilisé dans la soudure, les revêtements et les alliages tels que le bronze.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Mélanger l'étain avec le cuivre produit le bronze, l'alliage qui a défini toute une ère de l'histoire humaine.","Lorsqu'on le plie, une barre d'étain émet un craquement appelé le « cri de l'étain » lorsque ses cristaux se réorganisent.","Par grand froid, l'étain ordinaire peut se désagréger en une poudre grise, un phénomène appelé « peste de l'étain ».","Les boîtes de conserve tirent leur résistance à la corrosion d'un mince revêtement d'étain sur l'acier.","L'étain possède plus d'isotopes stables (dix) que tout autre élément.","Le pewter et la soudure sont des alliages courants à base d'étain utilisés depuis des siècles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « tin » vient du vieil anglais « tin », apparenté au proto-germanique « tinam », d'origine ultérieure incertaine ; le symbole Sn vient du latin « stannum », qui désignait à l'origine un alliage argent-plomb avant d'être appliqué à l'étain."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titane","summary":"Le titane est un métal résistant et léger largement utilisé dans l'aérospatiale, les dispositifs médicaux et les alliages.","appearance":"Gris blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le titane possède le rapport résistance-densité le plus élevé de tous les éléments métalliques, étant aussi résistant que l'acier mais environ 45 % plus léger.","Il est biocompatible, de sorte que le corps ne le rejette pas, ce qui le rend idéal pour les prothèses de hanche et les implants dentaires.","Le dioxyde de titane est un pigment blanc éclatant utilisé dans la peinture, les crèmes solaires et même le dentifrice.","Il résiste si bien à la corrosion par l'eau de mer qu'il est utilisé dans les pièces de navires et les coques de sous-marins.","Le titane doit son nom aux Titans de la mythologie grecque en raison de sa grande résistance.","Bien qu'il soit le neuvième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte, le titane est coûteux car il est difficile à extraire de ses minerais."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après les Titans de la mythologie grecque — de puissantes divinités primordiales — par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1795, qui souhaitait un nom sans association géographique ni personnelle."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungstène","summary":"Le tungstène est un métal dur et dense possédant le point de fusion le plus élevé de tous les éléments, utilisé dans les filaments, les outils de coupe et les projectiles perforants.","appearance":"Blanc grisâtre, lustré","interesting_facts":["Le tungstène possède le point de fusion le plus élevé de tous les métaux, à environ 3 422 °C.","Il fut utilisé pour les filaments incandescents des ampoules électriques.","Son nom vient du suédois signifiant « pierre lourde », tandis que son symbole W vient de « wolfram ».","Le carbure de tungstène est presque aussi dur que le diamant et est utilisé dans les forets, les scies et les munitions perforantes.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus denses, à peu près de la même densité que l'or.","Le tungstène est essentiel à certaines enzymes chez des microbes thermophiles, le plus lourd des éléments connus pour être utilisé par la vie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"« Tungsten » vient des mots suédois « tung » (lourd) et « sten » (pierre), en référence au minéral scheelite ; le symbole W vient de « wolfram », dérivé du minéral wolframite — nommé parce qu'il « dévorait » l'étain lors de la fusion, évoquant un loup (allemand : Wolf Rahm, crème ou écume de loup)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"L'uranium est un métal dense et radioactif utilisé comme combustible dans les réacteurs nucléaires et dans les armes nucléaires.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'uranium est l'élément le plus lourd présent en quantités significatives dans la nature.","Il fut nommé d'après la planète Uranus, découverte seulement huit ans auparavant.","Un seul kilogramme d'uranium-235 peut libérer autant d'énergie que plusieurs milliers de tonnes de charbon.","La radioactivité de l'uranium fut découverte par Henri Becquerel en 1896 lorsqu'il voilait des plaques photographiques dans l'obscurité.","L'uranium appauvri est extrêmement dense et est utilisé dans les blindages et les munitions perforantes.","Le verre d'uranium, populaire au XIXe siècle, brille d'un vert vif sous la lumière ultraviolette."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète Uranus, découverte seulement huit ans auparavant, par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789 ; il suivit la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après les corps célestes, tout comme le tellure (l'élément qui le précède) avait été nommé d'après la Terre."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Le vanadium est un métal dur, gris argenté, principalement utilisé pour renforcer les alliages d'acier et d'autres matériaux.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le vanadium doit son nom à Vanadis, un nom de la déesse nordique Freyja, en raison de ses composés aux couleurs magnifiques.","Ses composés apparaissent dans un arc-en-ciel de couleurs selon l'état d'oxydation : violet, bleu, vert et jaune.","L'ajout de petites quantités de vanadium à l'acier le rend beaucoup plus dur et plus résistant, utilisé dans les outils et les pièces autocellulaires.","Henry Ford utilisa de l'acier au vanadium dans la Model T pour la rendre plus légère et plus résistante.","Les batteries redox au vanadium peuvent stocker de grandes quantités d'énergie pour le réseau électrique.","Certains organismes marins appelés ascidies concentrent le vanadium dans leur sang à des niveaux bien supérieurs à ceux de l'eau de mer environnante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Vanadis, un épithète vieux norrois de la déesse Freyja, choisi par Nils Gabriel Sefström en 1830 parce que les composés du vanadium forment des solutions remarquablement belles et multicolores."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xénon","summary":"Le xénon est un gaz noble incolore, dense et inodore, utilisé dans l'éclairage, l'imagerie médicale et la propulsion spatiale.","appearance":"Gaz incolore, émet une lueur bleue lorsqu'il est excité","interesting_facts":["Le nom du xénon vient du mot grec pour « étranger », car il était une trouvaille si rare dans l'air.","Il produit une lumière blanche éclatante et est utilisé dans les phares de voiture, les flashs d'appareils photo et les lampes de projecteurs de cinéma.","Le xénon peut servir d'anesthésique sûr et puissant, bien qu'il soit coûteux.","Bien qu'étant un gaz noble, le xénon fut le premier à former un véritable composé chimique, en 1962.","Les propulseurs à ions des engins spatiaux utilisent le xénon comme propulseur, poussant doucement les sondes à travers le système solaire.","Le xénon est assez dense pour qu'un objet léger puisse flotter sur ce gaz invisible."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « xenos » (étranger ou étrange), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 parce que le xénon apparut comme un élément totalement inconnu caché dans les résidus après l'évaporation du krypton liquide."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"L'ytterbium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les lasers, les horloges atomiques et les jauges de contrainte dans les matériaux.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'ytterbium est l'un des quatre éléments nommés d'après le minuscule village suédois d'Ytterby.","Les horloges atomiques à ytterbium comptent parmi les chronomètres les plus précis jamais construits.","Sa résistance électrique augmente fortement sous haute pression, ce qui le rend utile comme jauge de contrainte.","Les fibres dopées à l'ytterbium alimentent des lasers industriels à haute énergie pour la découpe et le soudage des métaux.","C'est un métal des terres rares mou, malléable et argenté.","De manière inhabituelle pour un lanthanide, l'ytterbium peut adopter un état d'oxydation stable +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village de l'île de Resarö près de Stockholm, en Suède ; Jean Charles de Marignac en isola d'abord l'oxyde en 1878 à partir du minéral erbia, et l'ytterbium est l'un des quatre éléments nommés d'après ce seul village suédois."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"L'yttrium est un élément métallique argenté utilisé dans les phosphores, les supraconducteurs et la technologie LED.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'yttrium doit son nom au village suédois d'Ytterby, qui a donné son nom à quatre éléments différents.","Les cristaux de grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium (YAG) servent à fabriquer des lasers puissants pour la médecine et l'industrie.","Il a contribué à la création des premiers supraconducteurs à haute température fonctionnant au-dessus du point d'ébullition de l'azote.","Les composés d'yttrium produisaient les phosphores rouges des anciens écrans de télévision couleur.","Il est utilisé pour renforcer les alliages d'aluminium et de magnésium.","Bien qu'appelé terre rare, l'yttrium est plus abondant dans la croûte que l'argent ou le plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un petit village de l'île de Resarö en Suède, où le minerai de gadolinite fut d'abord recueilli en 1787 ; le même nom de village inspira également les noms de l'ytterbium, de l'erbium et du terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Le zinc est un métal bleu argenté couramment utilisé dans la galvanisation, les alliages et comme minéral essentiel aux processus biologiques.","appearance":"Métal bleu argenté","interesting_facts":["Le zinc recouvre l'acier dans un processus appelé galvanisation, se sacrifiant pour protéger l'acier de la rouille.","Il est essentiel au système immunitaire humain, et les pastilles de zinc servent à combattre les rhumes.","Le zinc brûle avec une flamme bleu-vert vive et fut autrefois appelé « laine du philosophe » lorsque son oxyde blanc était recueilli.","Le laiton, utilisé dans les instruments et les raccords, est un alliage de cuivre et de zinc.","La plupart des pièces d'un cent moderne et de nombreuses autres pièces de monnaie sont fabriquées principalement en zinc avec un mince revêtement de cuivre.","L'oxyde de zinc est l'ingrédient actif de nombreuses crèmes solaires et crèmes pour érythème fessier."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du germanique « Zink » (zinc), employé pour la première fois par Paracelsus au XVIe siècle ; l'origine pourrait être liée à « Zinke » (dent ou pointe), décrivant les cristaux pointus qui se forment lors de la fusion, ou éventuellement au persan « sing » (pierre)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Le zirconium est un métal résistant à la corrosion utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les instruments chirurgicaux et les matériaux céramiques.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le zirconium est hautement résistant à la corrosion et absorbe à peine les neutrons, ce qui le rend idéal pour le gainage des barres de combustible nucléaire.","La zircone cubique, un composé de zirconium, est un substitut populaire du diamant en joaillerie.","La pierre précieuse zircon, un silicate de zirconium, contient certains des minéraux les plus anciens connus sur Terre, âgés de plus de 4 milliards d'années.","La poudre de zirconium est hautement inflammable et fut autrefois utilisée dans les flashs photographiques.","Il est biocompatible et est utilisé dans les couronnes dentaires et les implants articulaires.","Les céramiques de dioxyde de zirconium sont assez résistantes pour fabriquer des lames de couteau qui ont rarement besoin d'être affûtées."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De l'arabe « zarqun » (vermillon ou couleur dorée), dérivé du persan « zargun » (semblable à l'or), parce que la pierre précieuse zircon présente des teintes dorées ; le nom fut donné par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789."}},"fr":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"L'actinium est un métal radioactif argenté et mou, principalement utilisé en recherche et comme source de neutrons.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'actinium brille d'une étrange lueur bleu pâle dans l'obscurité en raison de son intense radioactivité.","Son nom vient du grec « aktis », signifiant rayon ou faisceau.","Il donne son nom à la série des actinides.","L'actinium-225 est étudié pour une thérapie ciblée par particules alpha contre le cancer.","Il est environ 150 fois plus radioactif que le radium.","L'actinium est extrêmement rare et n'est présent qu'à l'état de traces dans les minerais d'uranium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « aktis » (ἀκτίς), signifiant « rayon » ou « faisceau » ; André-Louis Debierne l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1899 à partir de minerai d'uranium et l'a nommé ainsi en raison de sa puissante radioactivité ; il donne son nom à la série des actinides, éléments lourds."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"L'aluminium est un métal argenté-blanc, léger et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans une grande variété d'applications.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'aluminium est le métal le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre, pourtant il fut autrefois si difficile à purifier qu'il valait plus que l'or.","Lors d'un banquet dans les années 1880, les invités les plus honorés de France auraient mangé avec des couverts en aluminium tandis que les autres utilisaient de l'or.","Il est entièrement recyclable, et le recyclage de l'aluminium ne consomme qu'environ 5 % de l'énergie nécessaire pour le produire à partir du minerai brut.","Une fine couche d'oxyde auto-régénératrice se forme instantanément sur l'aluminium, le protégeant de la corrosion.","Le procédé Hall-Héroult, inventé en 1886, a rendu l'aluminium bon marché en utilisant l'électricité pour l'extraire de l'alumine.","L'aluminium est léger, solide et non magnétique, ce qui le rend idéal pour les avions, les canettes et le papier aluminium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « alumen » (alun, un composé utilisé depuis l'Antiquité pour la teinture et le tannage) ; Humphry Davy a créé le terme « alumium » en 1807, puis l'a révisé en « aluminum », tandis qu'une grande partie du monde a adopté l'orthographe « aluminium »."},"Americium":{"name":"Américium","summary":"L'américium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les détecteurs de fumée et comme source de neutrons pour des applications industrielles.","appearance":"Blanc argenté, se ternit lentement à l'air","interesting_facts":["L'américium est utilisé en minuscules quantités dans la plupart des détecteurs de fumée domestiques.","Il est nommé d'après les Amériques, par analogie avec l'europium, nommé d'après l'Europe.","L'américium a été produit pour la première fois pendant le projet Manhattan en 1944.","Dans un détecteur de fumée, l'américium émet des particules alpha qui ionisent l'air ; la fumée perturbe le courant et déclenche l'alarme.","Il brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en raison de sa propre radioactivité intense.","L'américium est étudié comme source d'énergie potentielle durable pour de futures missions spatiales."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après les Amériques, les continents où il a été produit pour la première fois, par Glenn Seaborg en 1944 ; Seaborg l'a nommé par analogie délibérée avec l'europium (nommé d'après l'Europe), l'américium occupant la même position dans la série des actinides que l'europium dans la série des lanthanides."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimoine","summary":"L'antimoine est un métalloïde fragile, blanc bleuté, utilisé dans les retardateurs de flamme, les alliages et les semi-conducteurs.","appearance":"Argenté, blanc bleuté","interesting_facts":["L'antimoine est utilisé depuis l'Égypte antique comme kohl, un cosmétique pour les yeux noir.","C'est un métalloïde qui, de façon inhabituelle, se dilate lorsqu'il gèle, ce qui le rend utile pour les pièces moulées nettes et le métal d'imprimerie.","Les composés d'antimoine sont largement utilisés comme retardateurs de flamme dans les plastiques et les textiles.","Son symbole chimique Sb vient du latin « stibium ».","Les alchimistes médiévaux utilisaient des pilules d'antimoine comme laxatif réutilisable, récupérées et transmises comme « pilules éternelles ».","L'antimoine est allié au plomb pour le durcir, comme dans l'ancien métal d'imprimerie et les plaques de batteries."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais provient du latin médiéval « antimonium », d'origine incertaine (peut-être de l'arabe « ithmid » ou d'une expression latine signifiant « pas seul », l'antimoine se trouvant rarement à l'état pur) ; le symbole Sb vient du latin « stibium », nom du sulfure noir utilisé comme cosmétique depuis l'Égypte antique."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"L'argon est un gaz noble incolore et inodore qui compose environ 1 % de l'atmosphère terrestre.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'argon compose près de 1 % de l'atmosphère terrestre, ce qui en fait le gaz noble le plus abondant dans l'air.","Son nom vient du mot grec signifiant « paresseux », car il est si peu réactif chimiquement.","L'argon sert à remplir les ampoules incandescentes car il ne réagit pas avec le filament chaud.","Les soudeurs utilisent l'argon comme gaz de protection pour empêcher le métal chaud de réagir avec l'oxygène de l'air.","La majeure partie de l'argon terrestre est l'argon-40, produit par la désintégration radioactive du potassium-40 dans les roches.","Les fenêtres à double vitrage sont souvent remplies d'argon car il isole mieux que l'air ordinaire."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « argon » (inactif ou oisif, neutre de « argos »), nommé par William Ramsay et Lord Rayleigh en 1894 parce que le gaz est chimiquement inerte et extrêmement peu enclin à réagir avec quoi que ce soit."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenic","summary":"L'arsenic est un métalloïde toxique, autrefois utilisé dans les pesticides et aujourd'hui dans les semi-conducteurs et la production de verre.","appearance":"Gris métallique","interesting_facts":["L'arsenic est célèbre comme le « poison des rois et roi des poisons », indétectable pendant des siècles et favori dans les meurtres historiques.","Malgré sa toxicité, d'infimes traces d'arsenic pourraient être un nutriment nécessaire pour certains animaux.","L'arséniure de gallium et d'autres composés d'arsenic sont essentiels aux semi-conducteurs et LED modernes.","La contamination de l'arsenic des eaux souterraines affecte l'eau potable de millions de personnes dans le monde.","Il sublime, passant directement de l'état solide à l'état gazeux lorsqu'il est chauffé, avec une odeur d'ail.","Des pigments verts contenant de l'arsenic étaient autrefois utilisés dans les papiers peints et auraient empoisonné lentement les foyers victoriens."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « arsenikon » (l'orpiment jaune, un sulfure d'arsenic), lui-même peut-être du persan « zarnikh » (minerai d'arsenic) ; le mot pourrait aussi être lié au grec « arrhen » (mâle ou puissant), reflétant les propriétés puissantes des composés d'arsenic."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astate","summary":"L'astate est un élément radioactif rare, utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique et potentiellement dans les traitements contre le cancer.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["L'astate est l'élément naturel le plus rare ; moins d'un gramme existe dans la croûte terrestre à tout moment.","Son nom vient du grec « astatos », signifiant « instable ».","Personne n'a jamais vu un échantillon visible car il se vaporiserait sous l'effet de sa propre radioactivité intense.","C'est le plus lourd des halogènes et a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1940.","L'astate-211 est étudié pour une thérapie ciblée par particules alpha contre le cancer.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie d'environ 8 heures seulement."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « astatos » (ἄστατος), signifiant « instable » ; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie et Emilio Segrè l'ont synthétisé en 1940 à Berkeley et ont choisi ce nom parce que tous les isotopes de l'astate sont radioactifs et se désintègrent rapidement, rendant l'élément intrinsèquement instable."},"Barium":{"name":"Baryum","summary":"Le baryum est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les fluides de forage, les peintures et l'imagerie médicale.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les patients boivent un « repas au baryum » ou une « déglutition au baryum » car le baryum bloque les rayons X, révélant le tractus digestif.","Les composés de baryum donnent aux feux d'artifice leurs couleurs vertes éclatantes.","Son nom vient du grec « barys », signifiant lourd.","Bien que le métal soit toxique, le sulfate de baryum insoluble utilisé dans les examens médicaux traverse le corps en toute sécurité.","Le baryum est si réactif qu'il doit être stocké sous huile et n'est jamais trouvé à l'état libre dans la nature.","Le minéral barytine (sulfate de baryum) sert à alourdir les fluides de forage dans l'industrie pétrolière."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « barys » (lourd), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1808 parce que le sulfate de baryum (barytine, le minerai commun) est inhabituellement dense pour un minéral non métallique."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkélium","summary":"Le berkélium est un métal radioactif principalement utilisé en recherche scientifique et pour la production d'éléments plus lourds.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le berkélium est nommé d'après Berkeley, en Californie, où il a été créé pour la première fois en 1949.","C'est un élément synthétique extrêmement rare, dont seules d'infimes quantités ont jamais été produites.","Le berkélium a servi de matériau cible pour synthétiser l'élément superlourd tennesse.","Produire un petit échantillon de berkélium peut prendre plusieurs mois dans un réacteur à haut flux.","Il est hautement radioactif et n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","Le berkélium complète un ensemble avec le terbium, ces deux éléments étant nommés d'après des villes et placés en positions correspondantes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Berkeley, en Californie, où il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1949 au laboratoire de radiation de l'Université de Californie ; la dénomination reflète délibérément celle du terbium, nommé d'après la ville suédoise d'Ytterby — les deux éléments occupent des positions correspondantes dans les séries des lanthanides et des actinides respectivement."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Béryllium","summary":"Le béryllium est un métal dur et grisâtre, naturellement présent dans les roches minérales, le charbon, le sol et la poussière volcanique.","appearance":"Gris acier","interesting_facts":["Le béryllium est remarquablement transparent aux rayons X, si bien qu'il sert à fabriquer les fenêtres des tubes à rayons X et des détecteurs.","C'est l'un des métaux structuraux les plus légers, avec un rapport rigidité/poids supérieur à celui de l'acier.","Les pierres précieuses émeraude et aigue-marine sont toutes deux des formes du minéral béryl, un silicate de béryllium et d'aluminium.","La poussière de béryllium est hautement toxique et peut provoquer une maladie pulmonaire chronique appelée bérylliose.","Les miroirs du télescope spatial James Webb sont faits de béryllium recouvert d'or car il conserve sa forme à des températures extrêmement basses.","En 1932, James Chadwick a découvert le neutron en bombardant du béryllium avec des particules alpha."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le béryl, la pierre précieuse, du grec « beryllos », car Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin a isolé le béryllium pour la première fois à partir de minéraux de béryl et d'émeraude en 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuth","summary":"Le bismuth est un métal fragile peu toxique, utilisé dans les cosmétiques, les procédures médicales et les alliages.","appearance":"Blanc argenté avec une teinte iridescente","interesting_facts":["Le bismuth forme de superbes cristaux iridescents arc-en-ciel en forme d'escalier ou d'entonnoir.","C'est l'élément le plus lourd qui soit, en pratique, stable, avec une demi-vie presque inimaginablement longue.","Le bismuth est l'ingrédient principal du Pepto-Bismol, utilisé pour apaiser les troubles digestifs.","Comme l'eau, le bismuth se dilate lorsqu'il gèle.","Il entre dans des alliages à faible point de fusion pour les sprinklers et dispositifs de sécurité.","Le bismuth est l'un des rares métaux moins denses dans certains alliages, et constitue un substitut non toxique au plomb dans de nombreux produits."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérive de l'ancien allemand « Wismut » ou « Wismuth », peut-être de « weiße Masse » (masse blanche) ou d'un terme minier d'origine incertaine ; connu depuis le XVe siècle comme métal distinct, parfois confondu avec le plomb ou l'étain, latinisé en « bisemutum » avant de devenir « bismuth » dans l'usage moderne."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Le bohrium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le bohrium est nommé d'après Niels Bohr, le physicien qui a modélisé la structure de l'atome.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Le bohrium a été créé pour la première fois en 1981 en Allemagne.","Ses isotopes sont intensément radioactifs et se désintègrent en quelques secondes ou moins.","Les expériences indiquent que le bohrium ressemble chimiquement au rhénium, du groupe 7.","Il n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche fondamentale sur les éléments les plus lourds."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Niels Bohr, le physicien danois qui a développé le modèle quantique de l'atome et apporté des contributions fondamentales à la compréhension de la structure atomique ; le GSI de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, l'a synthétisé en 1981 et a proposé ce nom en son honneur, officiellement adopté par l'IUPAC en 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Bore","summary":"Le bore est un métalloïde essentiel à la croissance des plantes, mais toxique en excès.","appearance":"Noir-brun","interesting_facts":["Les composés de bore donnent une couleur verte éclatante distinctive aux flammes, ce qui le rend utile en pyrotechnie.","Le bore est essentiel à la croissance des plantes, bien qu'en infimes quantités seulement ; une dose excessive est toxique pour les cultures.","Le verre borosilicaté, fabriqué avec du bore, résiste au choc thermique et sert dans la batterie de cuisine et la verrerie de laboratoire.","L'isotope bore-10 absorbe facilement les neutrons, si bien que le bore est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle et le blindage des réacteurs nucléaires.","Le borax, un minéral de bore, est utilisé depuis des milliers d'années comme agent de nettoyage et flux pour le brasage des métaux.","Le bore est un métalloïde, partageant les propriétés des métaux et des non-métaux, et est un mauvais conducteur à température ambiante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le borax, le minéral dont il a été isolé pour la première fois, « borax » dérivant de l'arabe « buraq » ou du persan « burah », signifiant borax ou salpêtre."},"Bromine":{"name":"Brome","summary":"Le brome est un liquide brun rougeâtre à température ambiante, utilisé dans les retardateurs de flamme, le traitement de l'eau et les produits pharmaceutiques.","appearance":"Liquide brun-rouge","interesting_facts":["Le brome est l'un des deux seuls éléments liquides à température ambiante, avec le mercure.","C'est un liquide dense brun rougeâtre qui dégage des vapeurs étouffantes et toxiques.","Son nom vient du grec « bromos », signifiant « puanteur ».","Les peuples anciens extrayaient une précieuse teinture violette, la pourpre tyrienne, des escargots de mer à l'aide de composés de brome.","Les composés de brome étaient largement utilisés comme retardateurs de flamme dans l'électronique et les meubles.","La majeure partie du brome est extraite de l'eau de mer et des dépôts de saumure riches en sel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « bromos » (puanteur ou odeur fétide), nommé par Antoine Jérôme Balard en 1826 parce que le brome liquide produit une odeur profondément désagréable et suffocante."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Le cadmium est un métal mou, blanc bleuté, principalement utilisé dans les batteries, les pigments et la galvanoplastie.","appearance":"Métallique gris bleuté argenté","interesting_facts":["Le cadmium produit des pigments jaunes, orange et rouges vifs longtemps prisés par des artistes comme Monet et Van Gogh.","Il est toxique et s'accumule dans l'organisme, provoquant la douloureuse maladie osseuse « itai-itai » observée au Japon au XXe siècle.","Les batteries rechargeables nickel-cadmium (NiCd) étaient autrefois extrêmement courantes.","Les revêtements de cadmium protègent l'acier de la corrosion, notamment dans les pièces d'avion.","Il a été découvert en 1817 comme impureté dans les minerais de zinc.","Le cadmium absorbe facilement les neutrons, si bien qu'il est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « cadmia » (calamine, un minerai de carbonate de zinc), ultimement du grec « kadmeia » (terre thébaine, nommée d'après Cadmos, le fondateur mythique de Thèbes), le cadmium ayant été découvert en 1817 comme impureté dans les minerais de zinc."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Le calcium est un métal gris mou, essentiel aux organismes vivants, notamment pour la physiologie cellulaire et la formation osseuse.","appearance":"Gris terne, argenté","interesting_facts":["Le calcium est le métal le plus abondant dans le corps humain, avec environ 99 % stocké dans les os et les dents.","Le calcaire, la craie et le marbre sont toutes des formes de carbonate de calcium.","C'est le cinquième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre.","Les ions calcium agissent comme un signal universel à l'intérieur des cellules, déclenchant des processus allant de la contraction musculaire à la fécondation.","La chaux vive (oxyde de calcium) brillait intensément lorsqu'on la chauffait et servait à éclairer les scènes, d'où l'expression anglaise « in the limelight ».","Les récifs coralliens et les coquillages sont largement construits à partir de carbonate de calcium extrait de l'eau de mer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « calx » ou « calcis » (chaux ou calcaire), car Humphry Davy l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1808 par électrolyse de l'oxyde de calcium (chaux vive), matériau que les Romains utilisaient depuis longtemps dans la construction."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Le californium est un métal radioactif utilisé comme source de neutrons, dans le traitement du cancer et l'analyse des matériaux.","appearance":"Métallique argenté, brille dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité","interesting_facts":["Le californium est l'une des substances les plus chères sur Terre, coûtant des millions de dollars le gramme.","Il est nommé d'après l'État américain de Californie, où il a été découvert en 1950.","Le californium-252 est un puissant émetteur de neutrons utilisé pour démarrer les réacteurs nucléaires et dans les scanners industriels.","Il sert à détecter l'or et le pétrole par analyse neutronique des roches.","Un seul microgramme libère un nombre énorme de neutrons chaque seconde.","Le californium sert aussi à identifier la fatigue des métaux et à repérer les points faibles dans les avions et les machines."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'État américain de Californie et l'Université de Californie, où il a été synthétisé en 1950 ; Thompson, Seaborg, Street et Ghiorso ont choisi ce nom, notant qu'ils avaient épuisé les corps célestes proches et décidé d'honorer le lieu de la découverte à la place."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbone","summary":"Le carbone est un élément fondamental de la vie, présent dans tous les composés organiques connus.","appearance":"Variable (le graphite est noir, le diamant est transparent)","interesting_facts":["Le carbone forme plus de composés que tous les autres éléments réunis, et constitue la base chimique de toute vie connue.","Le diamant et le graphite sont tous deux du carbone pur, pourtant le diamant est le matériau naturel le plus dur tandis que le graphite est assez mou pour écrire.","Le graphène, une couche unique d'atomes de carbone, est environ 200 fois plus résistant que l'acier et conduit l'électricité mieux que le cuivre.","La datation au carbone-14 utilise la désintégration régulière d'un isotope radioactif du carbone pour déterminer l'âge de matière autrefois vivante jusqu'à environ 50 000 ans.","Les atomes de carbone forgés à l'intérieur des étoiles se répandent dans l'univers lorsque ces étoiles explosent, faisant de nous littéralement de la poussière d'étoiles.","Le buckminsterfullerène, une molécule en forme de ballon de football de 60 atomes de carbone, a été découverte en 1985 et nommée d'après l'architecte Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « carbo » (charbon ou charbon de bois), reflétant que le carbone est connu depuis l'Antiquité sous forme de charbon de bois, de graphite et de diamant."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cérium","summary":"Le cérium est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, le polissage du verre et les alliages.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le cérium est le plus abondant de tous les éléments des terres rares, plus commun que le cuivre.","Il est nommé d'après la planète naine Cérès, découverte deux ans plus tôt.","Le cérium est l'ingrédient clé produisant des étincelles dans les alliages de « pierre à feu » des briquets et allume-feux.","L'oxyde de cérium est la fine poudre de polissage utilisée pour donner au verre et aux pierres précieuses une finition lisse.","Il est ajouté aux pots catalytiques pour aider à stocker et libérer l'oxygène.","Le cérium fraîchement coupé peut s'enflammer spontanément à l'air, ce qui le rend pyrophorique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète naine Cérès, découverte en 1801 et elle-même nommée d'après la déesse romaine de l'agriculture ; Martin Heinrich Klaproth et Jöns Jacob Berzelius l'ont nommé en 1803, suivant la mode de nommer les nouveaux éléments d'après des corps célestes."},"Cesium":{"name":"Césium","summary":"Le césium est un métal mou de couleur dorée, connu pour son utilisation dans les horloges atomiques et diverses applications électroniques.","appearance":"Métallique argenté-doré","interesting_facts":["La seconde est officiellement définie par les vibrations des atomes de césium, base des horloges atomiques.","Le césium est l'un des métaux les plus réactifs, explosant violemment au contact de l'eau.","Il fond à environ 28 °C, si bien qu'il est liquide par une journée chaude.","Il a une couleur dorée-argentée, l'un des rares métaux qui ne sont ni argentés ni gris.","Le césium a été le premier élément découvert par spectroscopie, par Bunsen et Kirchhoff en 1860.","Le césium-137 radioactif est un produit notable de la fission nucléaire et une préoccupation lors d'accidents nucléaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « caesius » (bleu ciel ou bleu grisâtre), nommé par Robert Bunsen et Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860 d'après les deux lignes spectrales bleu vif distinctives qu'ils ont utilisées pour identifier l'élément."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlore","summary":"Le chlore est un gaz jaune verdâtre très réactif, utilisé comme désinfectant et dans diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Gaz jaune verdâtre","interesting_facts":["Le chlore est un gaz jaune verdâtre qui a été utilisé comme arme chimique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.","De petites quantités ajoutées à l'eau potable et aux piscines tuent les bactéries et ont sauvé d'innombrables vies des maladies d'origine hydrique.","Combiné au sodium, le chlore forme le sel de table ordinaire, essentiel à la vie.","Il est si réactif qu'il décolore facilement les colorants et désinfecte, c'est pourquoi il est utilisé dans l'eau de Javel domestique.","Le chlore a été isolé pour la première fois en 1774 par Carl Wilhelm Scheele, qui ne s'est pas rendu compte qu'il s'agissait d'un nouvel élément.","Bien que toxique sous forme de gaz, les ions chlorure dans votre corps sont vitaux pour la digestion et le fonctionnement nerveux."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « chloros » (vert pâle ou jaune verdâtre), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1810 pour refléter la couleur jaune-vert distinctive du gaz."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chrome","summary":"Le chrome est un métal dur, brillant et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans l'acier inoxydable et le chromage.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le chrome donne à l'acier inoxydable son éclat et sa résistance à la rouille, en formant une couche d'oxyde protectrice invisible.","Son nom vient du mot grec « chroma » signifiant couleur, car ses composés sont aux couleurs vives.","Le chrome est ce qui rend les rubis rouges et les émeraudes vertes en tant qu'impureté trace dans les cristaux.","Le chromage donne une finition brillante, dure et semblable à un miroir aux garnitures de voiture et aux outils.","Le chrome est l'un des métaux les plus durs et est hautement résistant à la corrosion.","Certains composés du chrome sont des nutriments essentiels en traces, tandis que d'autres (chrome-6) sont toxiques et cancérigènes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « chroma » (couleur), nommé par Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin en 1798 parce que les composés du chrome affichent une large gamme de couleurs vives — rouge dans les rubis, vert dans les émeraudes, orange dans la crocoïte."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalt","summary":"Le cobalt est un métal dur, brillant et gris argenté, utilisé dans les alliages et les batteries et essentiel pour la vitamine B12.","appearance":"Métal gris brillant","interesting_facts":["Le cobalt est utilisé depuis plus de 2 000 ans pour donner aux verres et aux céramiques une couleur bleue profonde et brillante.","Son nom vient de « kobold », un gobelin espiègle que les mineurs allemands tenaient responsable des minerais récalcitrants.","Le cobalt est un ingrédient clé des batteries rechargeables lithium-ion qui alimentent les téléphones et les voitures électriques.","C'est l'un des trois seuls éléments naturellement magnétiques à température ambiante, avec le fer et le nickel.","L'isotope radioactif cobalt-60 est utilisé pour traiter le cancer et stériliser le matériel médical.","Le cobalt est essentiel à la vie en tant qu'atome métallique au cœur de la vitamine B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De l'allemand « Kobold » (gobelin ou lutin), car les mineurs allemands tenaient un esprit souterrain espiègle responsable du minerai de cobalt récalcitrant qui dégageait des vapeurs d'arsenic toxiques et ne produisait pas de cuivre malgré sa ressemblance avec le minerai de cuivre."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Le copernicium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le copernicium porte le nom de l'astronome Nicolaus Copernicus, qui a placé le Soleil au centre du système solaire.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 1996 en Allemagne.","Le copernicium devrait être un liquide ou un gaz volatil à température ambiante, se comportant un peu comme le mercure.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué atome par atome.","Ses isotopes sont hautement radioactifs et de courte durée de vie.","Il se situe sous le mercure dans le groupe 12 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Nicolaus Copernicus, l'astronome polono-allemand qui a proposé que la Terre orbite autour du Soleil ; le GSI Darmstadt l'a synthétisé en 1996 et a proposé le nom pour honorer Copernicus, l'IUPAC l'adoptant officiellement en 2010 à l'occasion du 537e anniversaire de sa naissance."},"Copper":{"name":"Cuivre","summary":"Le cuivre est un métal rouge doré connu pour sa haute conductivité thermique et électrique, largement utilisé dans le câblage électrique et la plomberie.","appearance":"Métal rougeâtre","interesting_facts":["Le cuivre fut l'un des premiers métaux utilisés par l'homme, travaillé depuis plus de 10 000 ans.","C'est un excellent conducteur d'électricité, juste derrière l'argent, c'est pourquoi il remplit nos fils et câbles.","Les surfaces en cuivre tuent naturellement de nombreuses bactéries et virus, ce qui le rend utile pour les poignées de porte et les équipements hospitaliers.","La Statue de la Liberté est recouverte de cuivre qui est devenu vert au fil du temps en formant une patine protectrice.","Mélanger le cuivre avec l'étain donne le bronze, et avec le zinc le laiton, deux alliages qui ont façonné l'histoire humaine.","Le cuivre est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant votre corps à former les globules rouges et à maintenir les nerfs."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « cuprum », dérivé du grec « Kypros » (Chypre), l'île qui fut la principale source de cuivre du monde antique ; le symbole Cu remonte également à ce nom latin."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Le curium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans l'exploration spatiale comme source d'énergie et dans la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Métal argenté, se ternit à l'air","interesting_facts":["Le curium porte le nom de Marie et Pierre Curie, pionniers de la recherche sur la radioactivité.","Il brille d'une douce lumière violette ou rouge dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité intense.","Le curium est si radioactif qu'il génère une chaleur significative et a été envisagé comme source d'énergie pour les engins spatiaux.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1944, avant l'américium plus léger.","Des instruments à base de curium ont analysé la composition chimique de Mars et d'autres surfaces planétaires.","Tout le curium est fabriqué artificiellement ; aucun n'est trouvé dans la nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Marie et Pierre Curie, les pionniers de la recherche sur la radioactivité ; Glenn Seaborg l'a nommé en 1944 pour honorer le couple dont les découvertes ont rendu la chimie nucléaire possible, notant que la position du curium dans la série des actinides reflète celle du gadolinium dans les lanthanides — lui-même nommé d'après un chimiste, suivant un schéma parallèle."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Le darmstadtium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le darmstadtium porte le nom de la ville de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, où il a été découvert en 1994.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique créé dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Seuls quelques atomes de darmstadtium ont jamais été fabriqués.","Ses atomes survivent moins d'une seconde avant de se désintégrer.","Il devrait chimiquement ressembler au platine, dans le groupe 10.","Le darmstadtium n'a aucune utilisation pratique en dehors de la recherche scientifique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la ville de Darmstadt, en Allemagne, où il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1994 au GSI Darmstadt ; il suit la tradition de nommer les éléments nouvellement créés d'après les lieux de leur découverte, et l'IUPAC a officiellement adopté le nom en 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Le dubnium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour explorer les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le dubnium porte le nom de Doubna, en Russie, foyer d'un célèbre institut de recherche nucléaire.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Sa découverte faisait partie des « guerres du transfermium », un conflit de dénomination pendant la Guerre froide.","Les atomes de dubnium n'existent que quelques secondes ou moins avant de se désintégrer.","Seul un petit nombre d'atomes de dubnium ont jamais été créés.","Il devrait chimiquement ressembler au tantale dans le groupe 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Doubna, en Russie, foyer de l'Institut commun de recherche nucléaire ; le nom a résolu un conflit de la Guerre froide dans lequel les scientifiques américains l'appelaient « hahnium » et les scientifiques soviétiques « nielsbohrium », avant que l'IUPAC n'adopte le nom neutre basé sur la ville en 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Le dysprosium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les lasers et les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom du dysprosium vient du grec « dysprositos », signifiant « difficile à obtenir », car il était si difficile à isoler.","Il est ajouté aux aimants au néodyme pour qu'ils conservent leur force à haute température dans les moteurs et les éoliennes.","Le dysprosium possède l'une des plus fortes magnétisations de tous les éléments à basse température.","Il absorbe bien les neutrons et est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","Les alliages à base de dysprosium changent de forme dans les champs magnétiques, utiles dans les actionneurs et les transducteurs.","Il est considéré comme une matière critique pour les technologies d'énergie propre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « dysprositos » (δυσπρόσιτος), signifiant « difficile à atteindre » ; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran a inventé le nom en 1886, reflétant l'extrême difficulté de l'isoler de son minerai — un processus nécessitant dix-neuf précipitations."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"L'einsteinium est un métal hautement radioactif, principalement utilisé pour la recherche scientifique et la production d'éléments plus lourds.","appearance":"Métal argenté, brille en raison de sa radioactivité","interesting_facts":["L'einsteinium a été découvert en 1952 dans les débris du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène.","Il porte le nom d'Albert Einstein.","L'einsteinium brille en bleu dans l'obscurité en raison de sa radioactivité intense.","Il est si rare que des quantités pesables n'ont été produites qu'occasionnellement.","L'étude de l'einsteinium est extrêmement difficile car il endommage son propre conteneur et ses instruments.","Il n'a aucune utilisation pratique en dehors de la recherche scientifique fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Albert Einstein, qui a formulé la théorie spéciale de la relativité et l'équation E=mc² sous-jacente à l'énergie nucléaire ; Albert Ghiorso et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1955 après l'avoir découvert dans les débris du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène en 1952, gardé secret pendant plusieurs années."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"L'erbium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les fibres optiques, les lasers et la technologie nucléaire.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les fibres dopées à l'erbium amplifient les signaux lumineux, rendant possible l'internet par fibre optique longue distance.","Il donne aux verres et aux glaçures une douce couleur rose et est utilisé dans les lunettes de soleil et le verre décoratif.","Les lasers à erbium sont utilisés en dentisterie et en resurfacing cosmétique de la peau.","Il porte le nom d'Ytterby, en Suède, partageant cette origine avec plusieurs autres terres rares.","L'erbium est ajouté à certains alliages métalliques, dont le vanadium, pour les rendre plus malléables.","Il absorbe efficacement la lumière infrarouge, ce qui sous-tend nombre de ses utilisations en laser."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village sur l'île de Resarö en Suède, où le minéral gadolinite le contenant a été extrait pour la première fois ; Carl Gustaf Mosander l'a séparé de l'yttria en 1843, et « erbium » est l'un des quatre noms d'éléments dérivés du seul toponyme « Ytterby »."},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"L'europium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les matériaux phosphorescents, les barres de contrôle et les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'europium fournit les phosphores rouges et bleus qui produisaient la couleur dans les anciens écrans de télévision et d'ordinateur.","Il est utilisé comme marqueur anti-contrefaçon dans les billets en euros, brillant sous la lumière ultraviolette.","L'europium est le plus réactif des terres rares, se ternissant rapidement à l'air.","Il porte le nom du continent européen.","Les phosphores dopés à l'europium font briller intensément les lampes fluorescentes et LED économes en énergie.","C'est l'une des terres rares les moins abondantes dans la croûte."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'Europe, le continent, par Eugène-Anatole Demarçay en 1901, qui l'a isolé par spectroscopie ; il faisait partie des éléments nommés d'après des régions géographiques au cours de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Le fermium est un métal synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique et l'étude des éléments transuraniens.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le fermium a également été découvert dans les retombées du premier essai de bombe à hydrogène en 1952.","Il porte le nom du physicien Enrico Fermi, pionnier des réactions nucléaires.","Le fermium est l'élément le plus lourd pouvant être fabriqué en quantités pesables par bombardement neutronique.","Au-delà du fermium, les éléments doivent être fabriqués atome par atome à l'aide d'accélérateurs de particules.","Seules de minuscules quantités invisibles de fermium ont jamais été produites.","Il n'existe que comme élément synthétique et n'a aucune utilisation commerciale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Enrico Fermi, le physicien italo-américain qui a construit le premier réacteur nucléaire artificiel en 1942 et a apporté des contributions fondamentales à la physique nucléaire et des particules ; Albert Ghiorso et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1953 après l'avoir découvert dans les mêmes débris d'essai de bombe à hydrogène qui ont produit l'einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flérovium","summary":"Le flérovium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour explorer les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le flérovium porte le nom du Laboratoire Flerov des réactions nucléaires en Russie.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 1998 par une équipe à Doubna, en Russie.","Certaines prédictions suggéraient que le flérovium pourrait être inhabituellement stable ou même gazeux, bien qu'il reste radioactif.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué atome par atome.","Le flérovium se situe sous le plomb dans le groupe 14 du tableau périodique.","Ses isotopes se désintègrent en quelques secondes, mais sont plus longévifs que nombre de ses voisins, laissant entrevoir l'« île de stabilité »."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le Laboratoire Flerov des réactions nucléaires à Doubna, en Russie, lui-même nommé d'après le physicien soviétique Georgy Flyorov ; Flyorov a cofondé le laboratoire et a apporté d'importantes contributions à la physique nucléaire, et son équipe a synthétisé l'élément pour la première fois en 1998, l'IUPAC adoptant officiellement le nom en 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Le fluor est un gaz jaune pâle très réactif et constitue l'élément le plus électronégatif.","appearance":"Gaz jaune pâle","interesting_facts":["Le fluor est l'élément le plus réactif et le plus électronégatif de tous, réagissant avec presque toutes les autres substances, parfois de manière explosive.","Il est si agressif qu'il peut faire prendre feu à des matériaux comme l'amiante et même l'eau.","De petites quantités de fluorure ajoutées à l'eau potable et au dentifrice aident à prévenir les caries.","Le Teflon, le revêtement antiadhésif des ustensiles de cuisine, est un polymère contenant du fluor (PTFE).","De nombreux chimistes ont été empoisonnés ou tués en tentant d'isoler le fluor, ce qui leur a valu le surnom de « martyrs du fluor » avant qu'Henri Moissan n'y parvienne en 1886.","Le fluor est un gaz jaune pâle à température ambiante et est le plus léger des halogènes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « fluere » (couler), car le minéral fluorite était largement utilisé comme fondant métallurgique ; le nom de l'élément a été proposé par André-Marie Ampère en 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Le francium est un métal extrêmement rare et radioactif, sans applications significatives en raison de son instabilité.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le francium est le deuxième élément le plus rare d'origine naturelle, après l'astate.","C'est le dernier élément découvert dans la nature, par Marguerite Perey en France en 1939.","Il porte le nom de la France, son pays d'origine.","Le francium est si radioactif qu'une quantité visible s'évaporerait instantanément sous l'effet de sa propre chaleur.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie d'environ 22 minutes seulement.","C'est le métal alcalin le plus réactif, mais si rare que ses propriétés en masse n'ont jamais été observées."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la France, le pays où Marguerite Perey l'a découvert en 1939 à l'Institut Curie à Paris ; elle a nommé l'élément en l'honneur de sa patrie, suivant la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après des lieux et devenant la première femme élue à l'Académie des sciences française."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Le gadolinium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les agents de contraste IRM, les phosphores et la thérapie par capture neutronique.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Les composés de gadolinium sont injectés comme agents de contraste pour rendre les IRM beaucoup plus nettes.","Il possède une capacité extraordinaire d'absorption des neutrons, la plus élevée de tout élément stable, utile dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","Le gadolinium est magnétique juste en dessous de la température ambiante et est étudié pour la réfrigération magnétique.","Il porte le nom du chimiste finlandais Johan Gadolin, pionnier de la recherche sur les terres rares.","Le gadolinium se réchauffe lorsqu'il est placé dans un champ magnétique et se refroidit lorsqu'on le retire, l'effet magnétocalorique.","Il est utilisé dans certains types de détecteurs d'imagerie médicale et de sécurité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la gadolinite, le minéral dans lequel son oxyde a été identifié pour la première fois ; la gadolinite a été nommée d'après Johan Gadolin, un chimiste finlandais qui l'a analysée en premier ; Jean Charles de Marignac a isolé le nouvel élément terre en 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Le gallium est un métal mou et argenté qui fond juste au-dessus de la température ambiante et est utilisé dans l'électronique et les semi-conducteurs.","appearance":"Bleu argenté","interesting_facts":["Le gallium fond à environ 30 °C, de sorte qu'un morceau solide fond dans votre main.","Son existence a été prédite par Mendeleev sous le nom d'« eka-aluminium » avant sa découverte en 1875.","L'arséniure de gallium est utilisé dans l'électronique haute vitesse, les LED et les cellules solaires pour engins spatiaux.","Bien qu'il fonde facilement, le gallium bout à plus de 2 400 °C, l'une des plus grandes plages de température liquide de tous les éléments.","Le gallium peut rendre l'aluminium fragile en s'infiltrant dans ses joints de grains, affaiblissant considérablement le métal.","Contrairement à la plupart des substances, le gallium se dilate lorsqu'il gèle, comme l'eau."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Gallia, le nom latin de la France, par le découvreur Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1875 ; le nom peut également être un jeu de mots sur « gallus » (latin pour coq), une allusion au nom de famille Lecoq signifiant « le coq » en français."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Le germanium est un métalloïde dur et gris blanc utilisé dans les semi-conducteurs, les fibres optiques et l'optique infrarouge.","appearance":"Gris blanc","interesting_facts":["Le germanium a été prédit par Mendeleev sous le nom d'« eka-silicon » et sa découverte en 1886 a contribué à confirmer le tableau périodique.","Les premiers transistors des années 1940 et 1950 étaient en germanium avant que le silicium ne prenne le relais.","Il est transparent à la lumière infrarouge, il est donc utilisé dans les lentilles des lunettes de vision nocturne et des caméras thermiques.","Le germanium est un semi-conducteur métalloïde à l'apparence gris blanc brillante.","Les fibres optiques utilisent des composés de germanium pour contrôler la propagation de la lumière dans le verre.","Comme l'eau et le silicium, le germanium se dilate lorsqu'il se solidifie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Germania, le nom latin de l'Allemagne, par Clemens Winkler, qui l'a découvert en 1886 ; la découverte a confirmé la prédiction de Mendeleev d'un élément manquant qu'il avait appelé « eka-silicon »."},"Gold":{"name":"Or","summary":"L'or est un métal dense et mou, très apprécié pour son utilisation dans la joaillerie, l'électronique et la monnaie.","appearance":"Jaune métallique brillant","interesting_facts":["L'or est si peu réactif qu'il peut rester brillant pendant des milliers d'années, c'est pourquoi les artefacts d'or anciens brillent encore.","Il est incroyablement malléable ; un seul gramme peut être martelé en une feuille couvrant environ un mètre carré.","On pense que presque tout l'or sur Terre est arrivé via des impacts d'astéroïdes après la formation de la planète.","L'or conduit bien l'électricité et ne se corrode jamais, il est donc utilisé pour plaquer les contacts électroniques critiques.","Son symbole chimique Au vient du latin « aurum », signifiant « aurore brillante ».","Les visières des astronautes sont recouvertes d'une couche ultra-fine d'or pour réfléchir les radiations solaires nocives."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais « gold » vient du proto-germanique « gulþą », lié à « jaune » ; le symbole Au dérive du latin « aurum », que l'on croit signifier « aurore brillante » ou « éclat du lever du soleil » ; l'or est connu et apprécié depuis la préhistoire dans pratiquement toutes les cultures."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"L'hafnium est un métal argenté et brillant utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les barres de contrôle et les alliages à haute température.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'existence de l'hafnium a été prédite par la théorie atomique, et il a été trouvé en 1923 dans du minerai de zirconium.","Il doit son nom à Hafnia, le nom latin de Copenhague.","L'hafnium absorbe les neutrons extrêmement bien et est utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des sous-marins nucléaires.","Les composés à base d'hafnium ont remplacé le dioxyde de silicium comme isolants dans les puces informatiques modernes.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les éléments et est utilisé dans les superalliages pour les moteurs d'avion.","L'hafnium est chimiquement presque identique au zirconium, ce qui rend les deux très difficiles à séparer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Hafnia, le nom latin de Copenhague, au Danemark, où Dirk Coster et George de Hevesy l'ont découvert en 1923 par spectroscopie aux rayons X ; ils ont choisi ce nom pour honorer la ville où leurs recherches ont été menées."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"L'hassium est un élément synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["L'hassium doit son nom à l'État allemand de Hesse, qui abrite le laboratoire où il a été découvert.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 1984 en bombardant du plomb avec des ions de fer.","L'hassium est un élément superlourd synthétique produit uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Malgré sa rareté, les scientifiques ont confirmé qu'il se comporte comme l'osmium, dans le groupe 8.","Ses atomes n'existent que quelques fractions de seconde avant de se désintégrer.","Seul un minuscule nombre d'atomes d'hassium a jamais été produit."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de l'État allemand de Hesse (latin : Hassia), où se trouve le GSI Darmstadt — le laboratoire qui l'a synthétisé pour la première fois en 1984 ; le nom suit la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après leurs lieux de découverte et a été officiellement reconnu par l'IUPAC en 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Hélium","summary":"L'hélium est un gaz inerte, monoatomique, incolore, inodore, insipide et non toxique qui ouvre le groupe des gaz nobles dans le tableau périodique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'hélium a été détecté pour la première fois dans le spectre solaire en 1868, avant d'être trouvé sur Terre, et doit son nom au dieu grec du soleil, Hélios.","C'est le seul élément qui ne peut pas être solidifié par refroidissement à la pression atmosphérique normale, quelle que soit la température.","En dessous de 2,17 K, l'hélium liquide devient un superfluide qui peut s'écouler sans friction et même grimper le long des parois de son récipient.","Respirer de l'hélium élève temporairement la tonalité de la voix parce que le son se propage près de trois fois plus vite à travers lui que dans l'air.","La majeure partie de l'hélium terrestre provient de la désintégration radioactive de l'uranium et du thorium en profondeur, et est extraite du gaz naturel.","L'hélium est le deuxième élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, pourtant il est relativement rare et non renouvelable sur Terre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « helios » (soleil), parce que l'hélium a été détecté pour la première fois dans le spectre solaire lors de l'éclipse solaire totale de 1868, avant d'être confirmé sur Terre."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"L'holmium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les barres de contrôle nucléaires et les lasers.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'holmium possède les propriétés magnétiques les plus fortes de tous les éléments naturellement présents.","Les lasers à holmium sont utilisés en médecine pour fragmenter les calculs rénaux et traiter l'hypertrophie de la prostate.","Il doit son nom à Holmia, le nom latin de Stockholm.","L'holmium donne aux verres et au zirconia cubique des teintes jaunes et rouges.","Il est utilisé pour créer les champs magnétiques artificiels les plus intenses connus, comme pièces polaires.","Les solutions d'oxyde d'holmium servent d'étalon de calibration pour les spectrophotomètres."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Holmia, le nom latin de Stockholm, en Suède, où Per Teodor Cleve — qui a identifié l'élément en 1878 — exerçait ; cela suit la tradition de nommer les terres rares d'après les lieux associés à leur découverte."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogène","summary":"L'hydrogène est l'élément le plus léger et la substance chimique la plus abondante dans l'univers.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'hydrogène est l'élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, représentant environ 75 % de toute la matière normale en masse.","C'est le seul élément dont les trois isotopes (protium, deutérium et tritium) ont chacun un nom distinct.","L'hydrogène liquide sert de carburant pour fusées depuis les années 1960, alimentant les étages supérieurs de la Saturn V qui a transporté les astronautes sur la Lune.","Sous une pression extrême, comme à l'intérieur de Jupiter, l'hydrogène se comporte comme un métal liquide et peut conduire l'électricité.","Henry Cavendish a identifié l'hydrogène comme une substance distincte en 1766, l'appelant « air inflammable ».","Un atome d'hydrogène est l'atome le plus simple qui existe : un seul proton entouré d'un seul électron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « hydro » (eau) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur d'eau ». Nommé par Antoine Lavoisier en 1783 parce que la combustion de l'hydrogène produit de l'eau."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"L'indium est un métal mou et malléable utilisé dans les semiconducteurs, les écrans tactiles et comme revêtement protecteur pour les roulements.","appearance":"Éclat métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'indium est si mou qu'on peut l'entamer avec un ongle, et il émet un « cri » audible lorsqu'on le plie, comme l'étain.","L'oxyde d'indium et d'étain forme le revêtement transparent et électriquement conducteur des écrans tactiles et des affichages à panneau plat.","Il doit son nom à la ligne indigo vive de son spectre d'émission.","L'indium reste mou et malléable même à des températures extrêmement basses, utile pour les joints sous vide.","Il a un point de fusion très bas et est utilisé dans des brasures et alliages spéciaux à basse température.","La demande d'indium a explosé avec la diffusion des smartphones et des écrans LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « indicum » (indigo), nommé par Ferdinand Reich et Hieronymous Richter en 1863 d'après la ligne spectrale indigo bleu brillant qu'ils ont observée en analysant des résidus de minerai de zinc à l'aide de la technique alors nouvelle de la spectroscopie."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iode","summary":"L'iode est un non-métal sombre, brillant, violet-noir, essentiel au fonctionnement de la thyroïde et utilisé comme désinfectant.","appearance":"Gris métallique brillant (solide), violet (gaz)","interesting_facts":["L'iode est essentiel pour votre glande thyroïde, c'est pourquoi le sel de table est souvent enrichi en iode.","Lorsqu'il est chauffé, l'iode solide se sublime en une vapeur d'un violet saisissant.","Son nom vient du grec « iodes », signifiant violet.","La teinture d'iode est longtemps utilisée comme antiseptique pour désinfecter les plaies.","L'iode colore l'amidon en bleu-noir profond, une réaction utilisée comme test chimique.","L'iode-131 radioactif est utilisé pour diagnostiquer et traiter les affections thyroïdiennes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du français « iode », dérivé du grec « ioeides » (semblable au violet), nommé par Humphry Davy en 1813 d'après la couleur violet saisissante de la vapeur d'iode."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"L'iridium est un métal dense et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans les bougies d'allumage, les creusets et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Une couche mondiale d'argile riche en iridium constitue une preuve clé qu'un impact d'astéroïde a tué les dinosaures, l'iridium étant rare sur Terre mais courant dans les astéroïdes.","L'iridium est le métal le plus résistant à la corrosion connu, résistant aux acides qui dissolvent presque tout le reste.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus denses, presque à égalité avec l'osmium.","Le kilogramme étalon était autrefois un cylindre en platine-iridium conservé près de Paris.","Les bougies d'allumage à pointes d'iridium le supportent parce qu'il résiste à une chaleur extrême sans s'éroder.","Son nom vient d'Iris, la déesse grecque de l'arc-en-ciel, pour ses sels colorés."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom d'Iris, la déesse grecque de l'arc-en-ciel (latin : iris), par Smithson Tennant en 1803 ; le nom reflète la variété saisissante de couleurs affichées par les sels et composés de l'iridium, qui rappelaient à Tennant les couleurs de l'arc-en-ciel."},"Iron":{"name":"Fer","summary":"Le fer est un métal solide et malléable, essentiel à la production de l'acier et composant vital de l'hémoglobine.","appearance":"Métallique brillant teinté de gris","interesting_facts":["Le fer est l'élément le plus abondant sur Terre en masse, constituant une grande partie du noyau en fusion de la planète.","Le noyau de fer liquide en rotation de la Terre génère le champ magnétique qui nous protège du rayonnement solaire.","Le fer se trouve au centre de l'hémoglobine, la molécule qui transporte l'oxygène dans votre sang et lui donne sa couleur rouge.","Le fer est l'élément le plus lourd que les étoiles peuvent produire par fusion normale ; les éléments plus lourds nécessitent des explosions de supernova.","L'Âge du fer, commençant vers 1200 av. J.-C., a transformé la civilisation humaine avec des outils et des armes plus résistants.","La rouille est de l'oxyde de fer, formé lorsque le fer réagit lentement avec l'oxygène et l'eau."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « iron » vient du vieil anglais « iren », lié au proto-germanique « isarno », peut-être d'une racine celtique pour « métal sacré » ; le symbole Fe dérive du latin « ferrum » (fer), utilisé et fondu depuis au moins 1200 av. J.-C."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Le krypton est un gaz noble incolore et inodore, utilisé dans les lampes fluorescentes, la photographie et comme gaz de remplissage pour les fenêtres à haute efficacité énergétique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le nom du krypton vient du mot grec « kryptos », signifiant « caché », parce qu'il était si difficile à trouver dans l'air.","De 1960 à 1983, le mètre était officiellement défini par la longueur d'onde de la lumière émise par le krypton-86.","Le krypton produit une lumière blanche brillante et est utilisé dans certaines lampes et flashes photographiques haute performance.","C'est un gaz noble et il est presque totalement inerte, bien que quelques composés de krypton puissent être forcés à se former.","Le krypton est utilisé dans certaines fenêtres à haute efficacité énergétique et lampes fluorescentes.","Malgré la « kryptonite » des bandes dessinées, le vrai krypton est un gaz inoffensif, incolore et inodore."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « kryptos » (caché), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 parce que le krypton était extrêmement difficile à détecter et à isoler — il restait « caché » dans les résidus d'air liquide."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthane","summary":"Le lanthane est un métal mou et blanc argenté, utilisé dans les objectifs d'appareils photo, les catalyseurs et les batteries rechargeables.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom du lanthane vient du grec « lanthanein », signifiant « rester caché », parce qu'il se cachait dans le minerai de cérium.","Il donne son nom à la première série des lanthanides, les éléments des « terres rares ».","Le lanthane est utilisé dans le verre des objectifs d'appareils photo et de télescopes de haute qualité pour courber fortement la lumière.","Les alliages nickel-lanthane stockent l'hydrogène et ont été utilisés dans les batteries de nombreuses voitures hybrides.","Les composés de lanthane aident à raffiner le pétrole en essence comme catalyseurs.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau et se ternit rapidement à l'air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « lanthanein » (rester caché ou échapper à l'attention), nommé par Carl Gustaf Mosander en 1839 parce que le lanthane était resté indétecté comme impureté dans l'oxyde de cérium pendant des années avant qu'il ne l'identifie comme un élément distinct."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Le lawrencium est un élément synthétique et radioactif sans applications pratiques en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lawrencium doit son nom à Ernest Lawrence, inventeur de l'accélérateur de particules cyclotron.","C'est le dernier élément de la série des actinides.","Le lawrencium ne peut être créé que quelques atomes à la fois dans des accélérateurs.","Son isotope le plus stable a une demi-vie de seulement quelques heures.","Mesurer les propriétés du lawrencium est extraordinairement difficile parce que si peu d'atomes existent si brièvement.","Il n'a aucune utilisation en dehors de la recherche scientifique fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom d'Ernest Orlando Lawrence, le physicien américain qui a inventé l'accélérateur de particules cyclotron en 1930, rendant possible la création d'éléments transuraniens ; le Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory a synthétisé cet élément en 1961 et l'a nommé pour honorer les contributions fondatrices de Lawrence."},"Lead":{"name":"Plomb","summary":"Le plomb est un métal mou et lourd, utilisé dans les batteries, la protection contre les radiations et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Métallique gris bleuâtre","interesting_facts":["Le plomb est dense et bloque les radiations, c'est pourquoi il recouvre les tabliers de radiographie et les écrans de protection.","Les Romains utilisaient des tuyaux de plomb pour la plomberie, et le mot « plomberie » vient du latin pour le plomb, « plumbum » (symbole Pb).","Le plomb est toxique pour le système nerveux, c'est pourquoi il a été retiré de l'essence et de la peinture.","Il est mou, lourd et facile à façonner, des qualités prisées depuis l'Antiquité.","La majeure partie du plomb d'aujourd'hui est recyclée, principalement à partir de batteries de voiture.","Le plomb est l'élément le plus lourd possédant un isotope complètement stable ; tout ce qui est plus lourd est radioactif."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « lead » vient du proto-germanique « lauda » ; le symbole Pb vient du latin « plumbum », probablement dérivé d'une langue méditerranéenne pré-latine, qui a donné au français le mot « plomberie » parce que les Romains utilisaient abondamment le plomb pour les conduites d'eau."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Le lithium est un métal alcalin mou et blanc argenté. C'est le métal le plus léger et l'élément solide le moins dense.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lithium est le métal le plus léger et l'élément solide le moins dense, si léger qu'il peut flotter sur l'eau tout en réagissant avec elle.","Les batteries rechargeables lithium-ion alimentent la plupart des téléphones, ordinateurs portables et véhicules électriques modernes.","Les sels de lithium sont utilisés depuis les années 1940 comme stabilisateur de l'humeur pour traiter le trouble bipolaire.","Il a été l'un des trois premiers éléments (avec l'hydrogène et l'hélium) créés lors de la nucléosynthèse primordiale du Big Bang.","Le lithium brûle avec une flamme cramoisi-rouge éclatante, une propriété utilisée dans les feux d'artifice et les fusées éclairantes.","Une grande partie du lithium mondial est extraite de salines des hauts plateaux andins d'Amérique du Sud."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « lithos » (pierre), parce que Johan August Arfwedson l'a découvert en 1817 dans des minéraux solides (pétalite), contrairement au sodium et au potassium qui ont été trouvés dans les cendres végétales."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Le livermorium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le livermorium doit son nom au Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory en Californie.","Il a été créé pour la première fois en 2000 par une équipe russo-américaine.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de livermorium n'existent que quelques millisecondes avant de se désintégrer.","On prédit qu'il se situe sous le polonium dans le groupe 16.","Sa production nécessite de fusionner des ions de calcium avec des cibles de curium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom du Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory à Livermore, en Californie, qui a collaboré avec le Joint Institute for Nuclear Research pour le synthétiser en 2000 ; l'IUPAC a officiellement reconnu le nom en 2012, le nom du laboratoire honorant lui-même Robert Livermore, un pionnier de la colonisation de la Californie."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutétium","summary":"Le lutétium est un métal dense et argenté, utilisé dans les détecteurs de TEP, les catalyseurs et les alliages spécialisés.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le lutétium est le dernier de la série des lanthanides et l'une des terres rares les plus dures et les plus denses.","Il doit son nom à Lutetia, l'ancien nom romain de Paris.","Les cristaux à base de lutétium servent de détecteurs dans les scanners TEP pour l'imagerie médicale.","C'est l'une des terres rares les plus rares et les plus coûteuses à obtenir sous forme pure.","Le lutétium est utilisé comme catalyseur dans le raffinage du pétrole.","Un composé radioactif de lutétium est utilisé en thérapie ciblée pour certains cancers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Lutetia, l'ancien nom romain de Paris, en France ; Georges Urbain, qui l'a isolé pour la première fois en 1907, a choisi ce nom pour honorer sa ville natale, suivant la pratique établie de nommer les terres rares d'après des lieux."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnésium","summary":"Le magnésium est un métal gris brillant et constitue un élément essentiel pour toutes les cellules vivantes.","appearance":"Solide gris brillant","interesting_facts":["Le magnésium brûle avec une lumière blanche éblouissante et a été largement utilisé dans la poudre éclair des premières photographies et les fusées éclairantes.","C'est le métal structural le plus léger et il est allié à l'aluminium pour fabriquer des pièces solides et légères pour l'automobile et l'aéronautique.","Le magnésium se trouve au centre de chaque molécule de chlorophylle, le rendant essentiel à la photosynthèse chez les plantes.","Le corps humain a besoin de magnésium pour des centaines de réactions enzymatiques, y compris celles qui maintiennent le fonctionnement des muscles et des nerfs.","Le magnésium est le huitième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre et le troisième le plus abondant dissous dans l'eau de mer.","Le sel d'Epsom, utilisé pour apaiser les muscles endoloris, est du sulfate de magnésium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Magnesia, une région de Thessalie, en Grèce, où l'on trouvait des minéraux apparentés contenant du magnésium ; ce même toponyme a aussi donné naissance aux mots « manganèse » et « aimant »."},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganèse","summary":"Le manganèse est un métal dur et cassant, principalement utilisé dans la production d'acier pour améliorer la résistance et la dureté.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le manganèse est essentiel à la fabrication de l'acier, éliminant l'oxygène et le soufre et ajoutant de la résistance ; presque tout l'acier en contient.","C'est un ingrédient clé des piles alcalines jetables.","Le dioxyde de manganèse a été utilisé par les peintres préhistoriques il y a des dizaines de milliers d'années pour produire un pigment noir.","Le violet profond du permanganate de potassium en fait un désinfectant et un réactif chimique utile.","D'immenses champs de nodules de manganèse couvrent certaines parties du fond océanique profond.","Le manganèse est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant les enzymes qui protègent les cellules des dommages."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérivé de la région de Magnesia en Thessalie, en Grèce — la même région qui a donné son nom au magnésium — via le latin médiéval « manganese » ; le nom a peut-être été renforcé par le latin « magnes » (aimant), le minerai de manganèse ayant historiquement été confondu avec le minerai de fer magnétique."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Le meitnerium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé exclusivement dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le meitnerium doit son nom à Lise Meitner, pionnière de la fission nucléaire dont les contributions ont longtemps été négligées.","C'est l'un des rares éléments nommés d'après une femme.","Le meitnerium a été créé pour la première fois en 1982 en Allemagne.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit un atome à la fois.","Ses isotopes se désintègrent extrêmement rapidement, en quelques millisecondes à secondes.","On prédit qu'il se comportera comme l'iridium, dans le groupe 9 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Lise Meitner, la physicienne austro-suédoise qui a co-découvert la fission nucléaire et le protactinium, mais qui a été exclue de manière controversée du prix Nobel de 1944 ; le GSI Darmstadt a proposé le nom en 1992 en reconnaissance tardive mais méritée de ses contributions majeures à la science nucléaire."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendélévium","summary":"Le mendélévium est un métal synthétique et radioactif principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le mendélévium doit son nom à Dmitri Mendeleev, créateur du tableau périodique.","Il a été produit pour la première fois en 1955, quelques atomes à la fois.","Le mendélévium ne peut être produit que dans des accélérateurs de particules en bombardant de l'einsteinium.","Les expériences de sa découverte n'ont détecté initialement qu'environ 17 atomes.","Il est intensément radioactif avec des isotopes de courte durée de vie.","Le mendélévium n'a aucune utilisation au-delà de la recherche fondamentale sur les éléments lourds."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du nom de Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, le chimiste russe qui a créé le tableau périodique en 1869 ; Glenn Seaborg et ses collègues l'ont nommé en 1955 en hommage au scientifique dont l'organisation visionnaire des éléments a rendu conceptuellement possible la découverte des éléments transuraniens."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercure","summary":"Le mercure est un métal liquide dense et argenté, utilisé dans les thermomètres, les baromètres et les lampes fluorescentes.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le mercure est le seul métal liquide à température ambiante.","Il porte le nom du dieu romain messager pour sa nature fluide et rapide, et son symbole Hg vient de « hydrargyrum », signifiant « eau-argent ».","Le mercure a longtemps été utilisé dans les thermomètres et les baromètres parce qu'il se dilate uniformément avec la température.","Les chapeliers exposés au mercure développaient des tremblements et de la confusion, inspirant l'expression « fou comme un chapelier ».","Il est toxique et bioaccumule, s'accumulant dans les poissons et les personnes qui les consomment.","La vapeur de mercure brille bleu-vert lorsqu'elle est électrifiée, ce qui est à la base des lampes fluorescentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Mercure, le dieu romain messager rapide, reflétant la nature fluide et mobile de l'élément ; le symbole Hg vient de « hydrargyrum », une latinisation du grec « hydrargyros » (ὑδράργυρος), signifiant « eau-argent », en référence à son aspect liquide et argenté."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdène","summary":"Le molybdène est un métal dur et argenté, utilisé dans les alliages d'acier pour augmenter la résistance, la ténacité et la résistance à la corrosion.","appearance":"Métal gris","interesting_facts":["Le molybdène possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les éléments, à environ 2 623 °C.","Son nom vient du grec « molybdos » (plomb), car son minerai a longtemps été confondu avec le plomb et le graphite.","L'ajout de molybdène à l'acier produit des alliages à haute résistance utilisés dans l'aéronautique, les outils et les blindages.","Il est un oligo-élément essentiel, aidant les enzymes chez les plantes, les animaux et les humains.","Les bactéries fixatrices d'azote utilisent le molybdène pour convertir l'azote atmosphérique en une forme utilisable.","Le disulfure de molybdène est un solide glissant utilisé comme lubrifiant sec à haute température."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « molybdos » (plomb), car le minerai molybdénite a longtemps été confondu avec les minerais de plomb ; Carl Wilhelm Scheele a montré qu'il était distinct en 1778, et Peter Jacob Hjelm a isolé le métal en 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Le moscovium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le moscovium porte le nom de la région de Moscou en Russie, où se trouve le laboratoire de Doubna.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2003 par une collaboration russo-américaine.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de moscovium se désintègrent en une fraction de seconde.","Il devrait se situer sous le bismuth dans le groupe 15.","Il a été officiellement nommé en 2016 aux côtés de trois autres nouveaux éléments."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'oblast de Moscou (région de Moscou) en Russie, où se trouve l'Institut conjoint de recherche nucléaire à Doubna ; il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2003 dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le JINR et le Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, et officiellement nommé par l'IUPAC en 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Néodyme","summary":"Le néodyme est un métal mou et argenté, utilisé dans les aimants puissants, les lasers et la coloration du verre.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Les aimants en néodyme sont les aimants permanents les plus puissants couramment disponibles, capables de soulever plusieurs fois leur propre poids.","Ces aimants se trouvent dans tout, des écouteurs et disques durs aux éoliennes et moteurs de voitures électriques.","Son nom signifie « nouveau jumeau », car il a été séparé du « didymium » aux côtés du praseodyme en 1885.","Le néodyme donne au verre une couleur saisissante qui oscille entre le violet et le bleu selon la lumière.","Les cristaux dopés au néodyme alimentent certains des lasers à haute énergie les plus courants.","C'est l'un des éléments des terres rares les plus abondants malgré ses usages spécialisés."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « neos » (nouveau) et « didymos » (jumeau), nommé par Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 lorsqu'il sépara le didymium en praseodyme et néodyme — le « nouveau jumeau » du couple."},"Neon":{"name":"Néon","summary":"Le néon est un gaz noble incolore et inodore qui émet une lueur rouge-orange distincte lorsqu'il est électrifié.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le néon brille d'un orange-rouge éclatant lorsqu'un courant électrique le traverse, ce qui est à la base des enseignes « néon » classiques.","Il est presque totalement inerte, ne formant aucun composé chimique ordinaire stable dans des conditions normales.","Le néon a été découvert en 1898 par Ramsay et Travers, qui l'ont nommé d'après le mot grec « neos », signifiant « nouveau ».","Bien qu'il soit le cinquième élément le plus abondant dans l'univers, le néon est rare sur Terre, ne représentant qu'une infime fraction de l'atmosphère.","Le néon liquide est un excellent réfrigérant cryogénique, avec plus de 40 fois la capacité de réfrigération par volume que l'hélium liquide.","Les différentes couleurs des enseignes « néon » proviennent en réalité d'autres gaz nobles ; le néon pur produit toujours une lumière rouge-orange."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « neos » (nouveau), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 pour refléter qu'il s'agissait d'un gaz noble nouvellement découvert."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Le neptunium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les instruments de détection des neutrons et étudié pour son rôle dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Métal argenté","interesting_facts":["Le neptunium fut le premier élément transuranien à être synthétisé, en 1940.","Il porte le nom de la planète Neptune, poursuivant la séquence après l'uranium (Uranus).","Le neptunium est un sous-produit des réacteurs nucléaires et est considéré comme une préoccupation de déchets nucléaires à longue durée de vie.","Il est argenté, radioactif, et l'un des métaux actinides les plus denses.","Le neptunium-237 peut être utilisé pour produire du plutonium-238 destiné aux sources d'énergie des engins spatiaux.","Des traces de neptunium se trouvent naturellement dans les minerais d'uranium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète Neptune, qui se trouve au-delà d'Uranus dans le système solaire, tout comme le neptunium se situe au-delà de l'uranium dans le tableau périodique ; Edwin McMillan et Philip Abelson l'ont synthétisé en 1940, poursuivant la séquence de nommage planétaire commencée avec l'uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Le nickel est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans l'acier inoxydable, les batteries et diverses applications industrielles.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nickel porte le nom d'un terme minier allemand signifiant « cuivre du Vieux Nick », car son minerai ressemblait au cuivre mais n'en produisait aucun.","Il est hautement résistant à la corrosion et sert à électroplater d'autres métaux pour les protéger.","L'acier inoxydable contient généralement du nickel, qui améliore sa résistance et sa protection contre la rouille.","Malgré le nom, les pièces de « nickel » modernes aux États-Unis sont principalement en cuivre, avec seulement 25 % de nickel.","Le noyau terrestre serait largement un alliage fer-nickel, et de nombreuses météorites sont riches en nickel.","Le nickel est l'un des rares éléments magnétiques à température ambiante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Abréviation de l'allemand « Kupfernickel » (cuivre du diable ou cuivre du Vieux Nick), malédiction des mineurs pour un minerai qui ressemblait au cuivre mais n'en produisait aucun ; « Nickel » est un surnom allemand pour le diable, dérivé du prénom Nicolas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Le nihonium est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le nihonium porte le nom du Japon (« Nihon »), premier élément découvert dans un pays asiatique.","Il a été synthétisé au laboratoire RIKEN au Japon, confirmé vers 2004.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique fabriqué seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Les atomes de nihonium se désintègrent en quelques secondes après leur création.","Il devrait se situer sous le thallium dans le groupe 13.","Sa découverte a donné au Japon l'honneur de nommer un nouvel élément pour la première fois."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après « Nihon » (日本), le mot japonais pour le Japon, signifiant « pays du soleil levant » ; des scientifiques du RIKEN au Japon ont confirmé sa synthèse en 2004 et ont choisi ce nom pour honorer le premier élément découvert en Asie, l'IUPAC le reconnaissant officiellement en 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Le niobium est un métal mou et ductile principalement utilisé dans les alliages, notamment dans la production d'acier pour améliorer la résistance.","appearance":"Métal gris","interesting_facts":["Le niobium porte le nom de Niobé, fille de Tantalos dans la mythologie grecque, reflétant son lien étroit avec le tantale.","Il devient supraconducteur lorsqu'il est froid et est utilisé dans les aimants des IRM et des accélérateurs de particules.","Les alliages de niobium peuvent être anodisés pour produire un arc-en-ciel de couleurs, populaires en bijouterie.","De minuscules quantités de niobium rendent l'acier beaucoup plus résistant, utilisé dans les pipelines et les châssis de voitures.","Il a longtemps été appelé columbium aux États-Unis, et ce nom a persisté jusqu'au XXe siècle.","Le niobium est hypoallergénique, il est donc utilisé pour les piercings corporels et les implants médicaux."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Niobé, la fille de Tantalos dans la mythologie grecque, par Heinrich Rose en 1844, car le niobium se trouve presque toujours aux côtés du tantale et les deux éléments étaient initialement si difficiles à distinguer que l'association mythologique parent-enfant semblait appropriée."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Azote","summary":"L'azote est un gaz incolore et inodore qui constitue environ 78 % de l'atmosphère terrestre.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'azote constitue environ 78 % de l'air que vous respirez, pourtant il est si peu réactif que nous le rejetons presque entièrement inutilisé.","L'azote liquide bout à −196 °C et sert à congeler rapidement les aliments, préserver les échantillons biologiques et créer des effets de brouillard spectaculaires.","La triple liaison entre deux atomes d'azote est l'une des liaisons chimiques les plus fortes connues, rendant le diazote très stable.","Le procédé Haber-Bosch, qui convertit l'azote atmosphérique en ammoniac pour les engrais, contribue à nourrir environ la moitié de la population mondiale.","L'azote est un ingrédient clé des explosifs comme le TNT et la nitroglycérine, car ses liaisons libèrent une énergie énorme lorsqu'elles se rompent.","Les bactéries dans les racines des légumineuses « fixent » l'azote de l'air en une forme utilisable par les plantes, enrichissant naturellement le sol."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « nitron » (salpêtre) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur de salpêtre », terme inventé par Jean-Antoine Chaptal en 1790 parce que le salpêtre et l'acide nitrique contiennent tous deux de l'azote."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobélium","summary":"Le nobélium est un élément synthétique et radioactif sans applications significatives en dehors de la recherche scientifique.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nobélium porte le nom d'Alfred Nobel, fondateur des prix Nobel.","Il ne peut être produit qu'atome par atome dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Contrairement à la plupart des actinides, le nobélium est le plus stable dans l'état d'oxydation +2.","Sa découverte à la fin des années 1950 a été disputée entre des laboratoires concurrents pendant des années.","Tous les isotopes du nobélium sont radioactifs et de courte durée de vie.","Il n'existe que dans un contexte de recherche et n'a aucune application pratique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Alfred Nobel, le chimiste suédois qui inventa la dynamite et fonda les prix Nobel ; le nom fut proposé en 1957 lorsqu'une équipe de Stockholm revendiqua initialement la découverte, et fut conservé lorsque la découverte confirmée fut attribuée aux laboratoires de Doubna et de Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"L'oganesson est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement gazeux ou métallique","interesting_facts":["L'oganesson est l'élément le plus lourd connu, avec le numéro atomique 118.","Il porte le nom du physicien Yuri Oganessian, l'un des rares éléments nommés d'après une personne vivante.","Bien qu'il se trouve dans la colonne des gaz nobles, l'oganesson devrait être un solide et possiblement réactif, contrairement aux autres gaz nobles.","Seuls quelques atomes ont jamais été créés, chacun survivant moins d'une milliseconde.","Il a été synthétisé pour la première fois en 2002 par une collaboration russo-américaine à Doubna.","L'oganesson complète la septième rangée du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Yuri Oganessian, le physicien nucléaire russo-arménien qui a pionné la synthèse des éléments superlourds et dirigé l'équipe du JINR de Doubna qui a créé l'oganesson en 2002 ; c'est l'un des deux seuls éléments nommés d'après une personne vivante, reflétant l'ampleur extraordinaire de ses contributions au domaine."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"L'osmium est un métal dense blanc bleuté connu pour sa dureté, utilisé dans les plumes de stylo, les contacts électriques et les pivots d'instruments.","appearance":"Blanc bleuté, métallique","interesting_facts":["L'osmium est l'élément naturellement présent le plus dense, presque deux fois plus dense que le plomb.","Son nom vient du grec « osme », signifiant odeur, car son oxyde a une odeur âcre et toxique.","L'osmium est extrêmement dur et a été utilisé dans les aiguilles de phonographe et les pointes de stylos-plume.","Il fait partie des métaux du groupe du platine et présente un aspect argenté bleuté.","Le téroxyde d'osmium sert à colorer les tissus biologiques pour la microscopie électronique.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus rares de la croûte terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « osmē » (ὀσμή), signifiant « odeur » ; Smithson Tennant a inventé le nom en 1803 parce que le téroxyde d'osmium, formé lorsque le métal est exposé à l'air, a une odeur âcre et toxique distinctive."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxygène","summary":"L'oxygène est un gaz incolore et inodore essentiel à la respiration de la plupart des organismes vivants.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["L'oxygène constitue environ 21 % de l'atmosphère terrestre et est l'élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre en masse.","La majeure partie de l'oxygène que nous respirons est produite par la photosynthèse, une grande part provenant du phytoplancton océanique.","L'oxygène liquide et solide est bleu pâle et magnétique, étant attiré par un aimant.","L'ozone, une molécule de trois atomes d'oxygène, forme une couche protectrice dans la stratosphère qui absorbe les rayons ultraviolets nocifs.","L'oxygène a été découvert indépendamment dans les années 1770 par Carl Wilhelm Scheele et Joseph Priestley, et nommé par Antoine Lavoisier.","Bien que vital pour la vie, l'oxygène est aussi très réactif et provoque la rouille du fer et la combustion des combustibles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « oxys » (aigre ou acide) et « genes » (formant), signifiant « formateur d'acide », nommé par Lavoisier en 1777 sur la base de la croyance alors répandue que l'oxygène est une partie essentielle de tous les acides."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Le palladium est un métal précieux blanc argenté, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, l'électronique et le stockage de l'hydrogène.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le palladium porte le nom de l'astéroïde Pallas, découvert juste avant le métal en 1803.","Son principal usage est dans les pots catalytiques, où il aide à transformer les gaz d'échappement toxiques en gaz inoffensifs.","Le palladium peut absorber jusqu'à 900 fois son propre volume de gaz hydrogène, comme une éponge métallique.","C'est un métal précieux du groupe du platine, utilisé dans l'or blanc, la bijouterie fine et les alliages dentaires.","Le palladium est essentiel à de nombreux appareils électroniques, y compris les minuscules condensateurs à l'intérieur des téléphones et ordinateurs.","Il a joué un rôle central dans les célèbres expériences de « fusion froide », ultérieurement discréditées, de 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'astéroïde Pallas, découvert en 1802 et lui-même nommé d'après Pallas Athéna ; William Hyde Wollaston a inventé le nom en 1803, suivant la mode de l'époque de nommer les nouveaux éléments d'après des corps célestes récemment découverts."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Phosphore","summary":"Le phosphore est un élément très réactif et essentiel dans les molécules biologiques comme l'ADN et l'ATP.","appearance":"La couleur varie (formes blanche, rouge ou noire)","interesting_facts":["Le phosphore blanc brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en réagissant avec l'oxygène, phénomène qui a donné son nom à la « phosphorescence ».","Ce fut le premier élément découvert avec un découvreur connu, isolé par Hennig Brand en 1669 à partir d'urine bouillie.","Le phosphore existe sous des formes remarquablement différentes : le phosphore blanc est dangereusement inflammable, tandis que le phosphore rouge est stable et utilisé sur les bandes des boîtes d'allumettes.","Chaque cellule utilise le phosphore dans l'ADN, l'ARN et l'ATP, la molécule qui stocke et transfère l'énergie dans les organismes vivants.","Environ 85 % du phosphate minier extrait est transformé en engrais, rendant le phosphore crucial pour la production alimentaire mondiale.","Vos os et dents sont renforcés par le phosphate de calcium, si bien qu'une grande partie du phosphore de votre corps est stockée dans votre squelette."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « phosphoros » (porteur de lumière, de « phos » = lumière et « phoros » = porteur), parce que le phosphore blanc brille faiblement dans l'obscurité en s'oxydant ; le nom fut appliqué par Hennig Brand lorsqu'il le découvrit en 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platine","summary":"Le platine est un métal dense, malléable et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans les pots catalytiques, la bijouterie et l'électronique.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le platine est si résistant à la corrosion qu'il ne se ternit jamais, même à haute température.","C'est un catalyseur clé dans les pots catalytiques, aidant à purifier les gaz d'échappement des véhicules.","Le platine est plus dense que l'or et est prisé pour la bijouterie fine et les alliances.","Certains composés du platine, comme le cisplatine, sont de puissants médicaments de chimiothérapie.","L'Afrique du Sud produit la majorité du platine mondial.","Son nom vient de l'espagnol « platina », signifiant « petit argent », nom que les mineurs lui donnèrent avec mépris."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dérivé de l'espagnol « platina », diminutif de « plata » (argent), signifiant « petit argent » ; les explorateurs espagnols en Amérique du Sud au XVIe siècle utilisaient ce terme méprisant pour le métal pâle ressemblant à l'argent qu'ils trouvaient mélangé dans les gisements d'or mais qu'ils ne pouvaient pas facilement travailler."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Le plutonium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les armes nucléaires et comme source d'énergie pour les engins spatiaux.","appearance":"Blanc argenté, se ternit à l'air","interesting_facts":["Le plutonium est célèbre pour son utilisation dans les armes et réacteurs nucléaires.","Il porte le nom de la planète naine Pluton, suivant le neptunium et l'uranium.","Le plutonium-238 alimente des engins spatiaux comme les sondes Voyager et le rover Curiosity grâce à sa chaleur constante.","Un morceau de plutonium est chaud au toucher en raison de la chaleur produite par sa propre désintégration radioactive.","Il possède une chimie inhabituelle, existant dans de nombreux états d'oxydation colorés en solution.","Le plutonium se dilate et se contracte de manière spectaculaire entre ses différentes formes solides, ce qui le rend difficile à usiner."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Pluton (alors considéré comme la neuvième planète), qui se trouve au-delà de Neptune tout comme le plutonium se situe au-delà du neptunium ; Glenn Seaborg l'a nommé en 1942, notant que la forme alternative « plutium » fut envisagée mais rejetée en faveur de la terminaison plus classique « -onium »."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Le polonium est un métal hautement radioactif utilisé dans les dispositifs antistatiques et comme source de chaleur dans les applications spatiales.","appearance":"Argenté","interesting_facts":["Le polonium a été découvert par Marie et Pierre Curie en 1898 et nommé d'après la patrie de Marie, la Pologne.","Il est intensément radioactif, au point qu'un gramme brille en bleu et dégage assez de chaleur pour rester chaud.","Le polonium-210 a été utilisé dans l'empoisonnement notoire d'Alexander Litvinenko en 2006.","Il a servi de source de chaleur légère dans les sondes spatiales et comme dispositif antistatique.","Le polonium est extrêmement rare, se trouvant en traces infimes dans les minerais d'uranium.","Une pincée de polonium peut administrer une dose létale, ce qui en fait l'une des substances les plus toxiques connues."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la Pologne (latin : Polonia), la patrie de Marie Curie, qui l'a co-découvert avec Pierre Curie en 1898 ; Curie choisit ce nom en hommage à sa patrie alors occupée, divisée entre la Russie, la Prusse et l'Autriche, espérant attirer l'attention internationale sur sa cause."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassium","summary":"Le potassium est un métal mou blanc argenté, essentiel à la croissance des plantes et crucial dans les processus biologiques.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le potassium est si réactif qu'il s'enflamme d'une flamme lilas lorsqu'il entre en contact avec l'eau.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau et assez léger pour flotter sur l'eau pendant qu'il réagit.","Les ions potassium sont essentiels aux signaux nerveux et au battement cardiaque, et les bananes en sont une source alimentaire bien connue.","Son symbole chimique K vient de « kalium », la forme latinisée du mot arabe pour les cendres végétales.","Le potassium fut le premier métal isolé par électrolyse, par Humphry Davy en 1807.","L'isotope radioactif potassium-40 dans votre corps vous rend très légèrement radioactif toute votre vie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais dérive de « potash » (cendres de bois lessivées dans des pots, une source primitive de l'élément), tandis que le symbole K vient du latin « kalium », lui-même issu de l'arabe « al-qali » (les cendres alcalines de plantes utilisées dans la fabrication du savon)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praséodyme","summary":"Le praséodyme est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les aimants, la coloration du verre et les alliages.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le nom praséodyme signifie « jumeau vert », en référence à la couleur verte de ses sels.","Il est utilisé dans des lunettes spéciales qui protègent les soudeurs et les souffleurs de verre de l'éblouissement intense et de la lumière infrarouge.","Mélangé au néodyme, il forme des aimants puissants utilisés dans les moteurs et les écouteurs.","Le praséodyme donne une couleur jaune pure au verre et aux glaçures céramiques.","Il a été séparé d'une substance appelée « didymium » en 1885, qui s'est avérée être deux éléments.","Les fibres dopées au praséodyme peuvent amplifier les signaux lumineux dans certains systèmes optiques."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « prasios » (vert poireau) et « didymos » (jumeau), nommé par Carl Auer von Welsbach en 1885 lorsqu'il sépara le didymium en deux éléments : le praséodyme, le jumeau aux sels verts, et le néodyme, le nouveau jumeau."},"Promethium":{"name":"Prométhium","summary":"Le prométhium est un métal radioactif utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes, les piles atomiques et la recherche.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le prométhium est le seul élément des terres rares sans isotopes stables ; il est radioactif et pratiquement absent de la nature.","Il est nommé d'après Prométhée, le Titan grec qui vola le feu aux dieux.","Le prométhium a été utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes et dans de minuscules piles atomiques pour les stimulateurs cardiaques et les engins spatiaux.","Son existence combla une lacune de longue date à l'élément 61 du tableau périodique, confirmée en 1945.","Le prométhium luminescent peut produire une faible lumière bleu-vert par sa propre radioactivité.","On estime qu'environ 500 grammes de prométhium existent à tout moment dans l'ensemble de la croûte terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Prométhée, le Titan de la mythologie grecque qui vola le feu aux dieux et le donna à l'humanité ; à juste titre, le prométhium fut obtenu pour la première fois en 1945 à partir de produits de fission de l'uranium dans un réacteur nucléaire."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Le protactinium est un métal dense, gris argenté, utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique en raison de sa rareté et de sa radioactivité.","appearance":"Métallique argenté brillant","interesting_facts":["Le protactinium est l'un des éléments naturels les plus rares et les plus coûteux.","Son nom signifie « parent de l'actinium », car il se désintègre en actinium.","Il est hautement radioactif et toxique, nécessitant une manipulation soigneuse.","Le protactinium fut identifié pour la première fois en 1913 et isolé en 1934.","Le rapport protactinium/thorium dans les sédiments océaniques aide les scientifiques à étudier le climat passé et la circulation océanique.","Il a peu d'utilisations en dehors de la recherche scientifique en raison de sa rareté et de sa radioactivité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé du grec « protos » (πρῶτος), signifiant « premier », combiné avec « actinium », donnant « parent de l'actinium » ; le nom reflète que le protactinium-231 se désintègre en actinium-227 ; Kasper Fajans l'appela d'abord « brevium » en 1913, mais « protactinium » fut adopté lorsque l'isotope à vie plus longue fut identifié."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Le radium est un métal hautement radioactif autrefois utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes, aujourd'hui principalement étudié pour ses propriétés radioactives.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le radium fut découvert par Marie et Pierre Curie en 1898 et brille d'une faible lumière bleue dans l'obscurité.","Il fut autrefois ajouté aux cadrans de montres phosphorescentes, empoisonnant tragiquement les « Radium Girls » qui les peignaient.","Au début du XXe siècle, des produits commercialisaient le radium dans le dentifrice, l'eau et les cosmétiques avant que ses dangers ne soient compris.","Le radium est environ un million de fois plus radioactif qu'une même quantité d'uranium.","Il fut historiquement utilisé en radiothérapie contre le cancer avant que des sources plus sûres ne le remplacent.","Les carnets de notes de Marie Curie sont encore si radioactifs qu'ils sont conservés dans des boîtes recouvertes de plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé du latin « radius », signifiant « rayon » ou « faisceau », par Marie et Pierre Curie qui le découvrirent en 1898 ; le nom fait référence à l'intense radiation que l'élément émet, qu'ils observèrent comme un phénomène remarquable lors de son isolement à partir de la pechblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Le radon est un gaz noble radioactif utilisé en radiothérapie et comme traceur en recherche géologique.","appearance":"Gaz incolore","interesting_facts":["Le radon est un gaz noble radioactif produit par la désintégration de l'uranium dans les sols et les roches.","C'est la principale cause de cancer du poumon chez les non-fumeurs, s'infiltrant invisiblement dans les sous-sols.","Le radon est incolore, inodore et insipide, il ne peut donc être détecté qu'avec des instruments spéciaux.","C'est le gaz le plus dense dans des conditions normales et l'un des gaz les plus lourds connus.","Le radon fut autrefois utilisé dans certains traitements médicaux par radiation.","Des kits de test domestiques sont largement disponibles car les niveaux de radon peuvent être réduits par une ventilation adéquate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après « radium » — l'élément dont il est produit par désintégration radioactive — combiné au suffixe « -on » utilisé pour les gaz nobles ; Friedrich Dorn le détecta pour la première fois en 1900 comme un gaz émanant du radium, et on l'appela « émanation de radium » avant que le nom « radon » ne soit standardisé."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhénium","summary":"Le rhénium est un métal dense, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les moteurs d'avion, les filaments et les catalyseurs.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rhénium fut l'un des derniers éléments stables à être découvert, en 1925.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion et d'ébullition les plus élevés de tous les éléments.","Les superalliages de rhénium permettent aux aubes de turbines de moteurs d'avion et de fusées de fonctionner à des températures plus élevées et plus efficacement.","Il est nommé d'après le fleuve Rhin en Allemagne.","Le rhénium est extrêmement rare et est récupéré principalement comme sous-produit de l'extraction du cuivre et du molybdène.","Il est utilisé comme catalyseur pour produire de l'essence à indice d'octane élevé sans plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le fleuve Rhin (latin : Rhenus), qui traverse l'Allemagne ; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke et Otto Berg choisirent ce nom en 1925 lorsqu'ils découvrirent l'élément, suivant la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après des caractéristiques géographiques de la patrie des découvreurs."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Le rhodium est un métal rare, blanc argenté, connu pour sa haute réflectance et son utilisation dans les pots catalytiques et la joaillerie.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rhodium est l'un des métaux précieux les plus rares et les plus précieux, coûtant souvent bien plus que l'or.","Son nom vient du grec « rhodon » (rose), d'après la couleur rose-rouge de ses sels.","La majeure partie du rhodium est utilisée dans les pots catalytiques pour éliminer les gaz nocifs des gaz d'échappement automobiles.","Il donne une finition brillante, dure et réfléchissante et est utilisé pour plaquer les bijoux en or blanc et les miroirs.","Le rhodium est hautement résistant à la corrosion et ne se ternit pas à l'air.","C'est l'un des métaux du groupe du platine et est récupéré principalement comme sous-produit de l'extraction du platine et du nickel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « rhodon » (rose), nommé par William Hyde Wollaston en 1804 parce que les solutions de sels de rhodium sont caractéristiquement rose-rouge."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Le roentgenium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé principalement en recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le roentgenium est nommé d'après Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, le découvreur des rayons X.","Il fut créé pour la première fois en 1994 en Allemagne en fusionnant des noyaux de nickel et de bismuth.","C'est un élément superlourd synthétique produit seulement quelques atomes à la fois.","Le roentgenium devrait se situer sous l'or dans le tableau périodique et pourrait partager une partie de sa chimie.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en quelques secondes après leur formation.","Il n'a aucune application en dehors de la recherche fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, le physicien allemand qui découvrit les rayons X en 1895 et reçut le tout premier prix Nobel de physique en 1901 ; le GSI Darmstadt le synthétisa en 1994, proposa le nom en 2004, et l'IUPAC l'adopta officiellement la même année."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Le rubidium est un élément métallique mou, blanc argenté, utilisé en électronique, en recherche et dans les horloges atomiques.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rubidium s'enflamme spontanément à l'air et réagit violemment avec l'eau.","Il est nommé du latin « rubidus » (rouge profond) pour les lignes rouges de son spectre d'émission.","Le rubidium fut découvert en 1861 par Bunsen et Kirchhoff en utilisant la nouvelle technique de la spectroscopie.","Il fond juste au-dessus de la température corporelle, à environ 39 °C.","Les atomes de rubidium sont utilisés dans certaines des horloges atomiques les plus précises au monde.","Les scientifiques ont utilisé le rubidium pour créer le premier condensat de Bose-Einstein, un étrange nouvel état de la matière, en 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « rubidus » (rouge profond ou rouge foncé), nommé par Robert Bunsen et Gustav Kirchhoff en 1861 d'après les deux lignes spectrales rouge profond distinctives qu'ils utilisèrent pour l'identifier via la technique alors nouvelle de la spectroscopie."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthénium","summary":"Le ruthénium est un métal de transition rare utilisé dans les contacts électriques, les résistances à couche épaisse et comme catalyseur.","appearance":"Métallique blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le ruthénium est nommé d'après Ruthenia, le nom latin de la Russie, où il fut découvert en 1844.","C'est l'un des métaux du groupe du platine et est extrêmement dur et cassant.","L'ajout d'une infime quantité de ruthénium améliore considérablement la dureté et la résistance à l'usure des alliages de platine et de palladium.","Le ruthénium est utilisé dans les contacts électriques et les résistances à puce à l'intérieur de l'électronique.","Il agit comme un catalyseur polyvalent, notamment dans les procédés de production d'ammoniac et de dépollution.","Les composés de ruthénium font l'objet de recherches comme colorants absorbant la lumière pour les cellules solaires."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ruthenia, le nom latin de la Russie (la terre des Rus), par Karl Ernst Claus en 1844, qui fit la découverte en travaillant à Kazan dans l'Empire russe."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Le rutherfordium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments lourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Le rutherfordium est nommé d'après le physicien Ernest Rutherford, le père de la physique nucléaire.","C'est le premier des éléments transactinides (superlourds).","Le rutherfordium est produit en faisant s'écraser des noyaux atomiques plus légers dans des accélérateurs.","Sa découverte fut l'objet d'un différend de dénomination de la Guerre froide entre des scientifiques américains et soviétiques.","Seuls quelques atomes peuvent être créés à la fois, et ils se désintègrent en quelques secondes.","On s'attend à ce qu'il se comporte chimiquement comme le hafnium, dans le groupe 4 du tableau périodique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ernest Rutherford, le physicien néo-zélandais qui découvrit le noyau atomique et est considéré comme le père de la physique nucléaire ; le nom fut proposé par des chercheurs américains de Lawrence Berkeley et officiellement adopté par l'IUPAC en 1997 à la suite d'un différend de dénomination de la Guerre froide avec des scientifiques soviétiques."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Le samarium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les aimants, les lasers et comme absorbeur de neutrons dans les réacteurs nucléaires.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Les aimants samarium-cobalt conservent leur force à haute température, utilisés dans l'aéronautique et le matériel militaire.","Ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne, via le minéral samarskite (d'après l'officiel minier Samarsky).","Le samarium absorbe facilement les neutrons, il est donc utilisé dans les barres de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires.","Un composé radioactif de samarium est utilisé pour soulager la douleur du cancer qui s'est propagé aux os.","Le samarium est utilisé comme catalyseur en chimie et pour fabriquer certains types de verre et de lasers.","Il est modérément dur et s'oxyde lentement à l'air, formant un revêtement jaunâtre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la samarskite, le minéral dans lequel il fut identifié pour la première fois par Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran en 1879 ; la samarskite fut nommée d'après le colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un officier minier russe — faisant du samarium le premier élément nommé (indirectement) d'après une personne réelle."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Le scandium est un métal mou, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les composants aérospatiaux et les alliages haute performance.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'existence et les propriétés du scandium furent prédites par Mendeleïev en 1869 sous le nom d'« eka-bore » avant sa découverte en 1879.","L'ajout d'une petite quantité de scandium à l'aluminium crée un alliage léger et résistant utilisé dans les cadres de vélos haut de gamme et les pièces aérospatiales.","Il est nommé d'après la Scandinavie, où le minéral dans lequel il fut trouvé pour la première fois était extrait.","Les alliages scandium-aluminium furent utilisés dans certains chasseurs MiG soviétiques.","Bien qu'assez commun dans la croûte, le scandium est difficile à extraire et rarement concentré dans les minerais, ce qui le rend coûteux.","L'iodure de scandium est ajouté à certaines lampes aux halogénures métalliques pour produire une lumière imitant la lumière naturelle du soleil."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la Scandinavie (latin « Scandia »), la région où Lars Fredrik Nilson le découvrit en 1879 dans les minéraux euxénite et gadolinite de Scandinavie."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Le seaborgium est un élément synthétique radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les propriétés des éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnu, probablement métallique","interesting_facts":["Le seaborgium est nommé d'après le chimiste Glenn T. Seaborg, qui contribua à la découverte de nombreux éléments transuraniens.","Ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne encore vivante à l'époque.","Le seaborgium est un élément superlourd synthétique produit uniquement dans des accélérateurs de particules.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en quelques secondes, si bien que seule une poignée ait jamais été étudiée.","Des expériences chimiques suggèrent qu'il se comporte comme le tungstène, dans le groupe 6 du tableau périodique.","Il fut créé pour la première fois en 1974 en faisant s'écraser des ions oxygène sur du californium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Glenn T. Seaborg, le chimiste américain qui co-découvrit dix éléments transuraniens ; ce fut le premier élément nommé d'après une personne vivante, proposé par Lawrence Berkeley en 1994, bien que l'IUPAC s'y opposa initialement avant d'approuver officiellement le nom en 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Sélénium","summary":"Le sélénium est un non-métal aux propriétés similaires au soufre et au tellure, utilisé en électronique, en verrerie et comme complément nutritionnel.","appearance":"Formes noire, rouge et grise","interesting_facts":["Le sélénium est nommé d'après Séléné, la déesse grecque de la Lune.","Sa conductivité électrique varie avec la lumière, une propriété utilisée dans les premiers photocopieurs et posemètres.","Le sélénium est un oligo-élément essentiel, soutenant les enzymes antioxydantes, mais est toxique à doses plus élevées.","Il donne une couleur rouge au verre et sert aussi à éliminer la teinte verte du verre.","Les noix du Brésil sont exceptionnellement riches en sélénium.","Le sélénium existe sous plusieurs formes, dont une poudre rouge et une forme métallique grise qui conduit l'électricité."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « selene » (lune), nommé par Jöns Jacob Berzelius en 1817 comme compagnon du tellure (du latin « tellus », la Terre), puisque les deux éléments sont chimiquement similaires et furent trouvés ensemble dans les mêmes gisements de minerai."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicium","summary":"Le silicium est un solide cristallin dur et cassant, composant clé des semi-conducteurs et des puces informatiques.","appearance":"Solide cristallin gris","interesting_facts":["Le silicium est le deuxième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre après l'oxygène, principalement emprisonné dans le sable et la roche sous forme de silice.","Les cristaux de silicium ultra-purs sont le fondement des puces informatiques, donnant son nom à la Silicon Valley.","Le silicium est un semi-conducteur métalloïde, conduisant l'électricité mieux que les isolants mais moins bien que les métaux.","Le quartz, l'opale et la plupart des sables sont des composés de silicium, et le verre est fabriqué principalement en faisant fondre la silice.","Les panneaux solaires reposent sur le silicium pour convertir directement la lumière du soleil en électricité.","Malgré la similarité de leurs noms, le silicium (l'élément) est différent du silicone, le polymère souple et caoutchouteux qui le contient."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « silex » ou « silicis » (silex ou pierre dure), car le silicium se trouve abondamment dans le silex et les roches silicatées ; le nom « silicium » fut proposé par Thomas Thomson en 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Argent","summary":"L'argent est un métal mou, blanc et lustré, possédant la plus haute conductivité électrique et thermique de tous les éléments, utilisé en joaillerie, électronique et miroirs.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["L'argent est le meilleur conducteur électrique et thermique de tous les éléments.","Il possède des propriétés antibactériennes naturelles et fut utilisé pour garder les plaies et l'eau propres bien avant la médecine moderne.","L'argent est le métal le plus réfléchissant, c'est pourquoi il fut traditionnellement utilisé pour recouvrir les miroirs.","Le film photographique reposait sur des composés d'argent sensibles à la lumière pour capturer les images.","Son symbole chimique Ag vient du mot latin « argentum », et le pays Argentine tire son nom de celui-ci.","L'argent se ternit en noir lorsqu'il réagit avec de minuscules quantités de composés soufrés dans l'air."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « silver » vient du vieil anglais « seolfor », lié au proto-germanique « silubra », d'origine incertaine ; le symbole Ag et le nom du pays Argentine proviennent tous deux du latin « argentum » (argent), lié à l'éclat blanc brillant de l'élément."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodium","summary":"Le sodium est un métal mou, blanc argenté, hautement réactif et un élément essentiel à la vie.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le sodium est si réactif qu'il doit être conservé sous huile, et il grésille et peut s'enflammer lorsqu'on le plonge dans l'eau.","Il est assez mou pour être coupé au couteau, révélant une surface argentée brillante qui s'assombrit rapidement à l'air.","Les lampes à vapeur de sodium produisent la lueur jaune-orange distinctive autrefois courante dans l'éclairage public.","Le sel de table courant est le chlorure de sodium, et le sodium est essentiel aux impulsions nerveuses et à l'équilibre hydrique dans votre corps.","Le sodium brûle avec une flamme jaune vive, propriété utilisée dans les tests à la flamme pour l'identifier.","Le symbole chimique Na vient du mot latin « natrium », faisant référence à un composé de soude naturel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le nom anglais vient de « soda » (latin médiéval « sodanum », remède contre les maux de tête), tandis que le symbole Na dérive du latin « natrium », lui-même issu de l'arabe/égyptien « natrun », le mot pour le natron, un minéral de carbonate de sodium naturel."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Le strontium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les feux d'artifice, la céramique et les applications radiologiques.","appearance":"Métallique argenté","interesting_facts":["Les sels de strontium produisent la couleur rouge brillante des feux d'artifice et des fusées de détresse.","Il est nommé d'après le village écossais de Strontian, où son minerai fut trouvé pour la première fois.","L'isotope radioactif strontium-90 des retombées nucléaires peut se loger dans les os car il imite le calcium.","Le strontium est utilisé dans certains dentifrices pour réduire la sensibilité dentaire.","L'aluminate de strontium brille dans le noir pendant des heures et est utilisé dans les peintures luminescentes modernes.","Comme le calcium, le strontium réagit avec l'eau et n'est jamais trouvé libre dans la nature."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Strontian, un village d'Argyllshire, en Écosse, où le minéral strontianite (carbonate de strontium) fut découvert pour la première fois dans les mines de plomb locales vers 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Soufre","summary":"Le soufre est un élément non métallique jaune couramment trouvé dans les zones volcaniques et essentiel à la vie.","appearance":"Cristaux jaune vif","interesting_facts":["Le soufre est connu depuis l'Antiquité et est appelé « brimstone » dans la Bible, signifiant « pierre brûlante ».","Il est célèbre pour l'odeur d'œuf pourri du sulfure d'hydrogène, bien que le soufre pur lui-même soit inodore.","Le soufre brûle avec une flamme bleue et produit du dioxyde de soufre étouffant.","La majeure partie du soufre extrait sert à fabriquer de l'acide sulfurique, l'un des produits chimiques industriels les plus produits au monde.","Des dépôts de soufre jaune vif se forment autour des évents volcaniques et des sources chaudes.","Le soufre est un élément essentiel de la vie, présent dans les acides aminés cystéine et méthionine qui aident les protéines à se replier."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « sulphur » (soufre), mot d'origine incertaine possiblement lié au sanskrit « sulvere » ; le soufre est connu depuis l'Antiquité comme la pierre jaune piquante trouvée autour des volcans, appelée « brimstone » dans les textes bibliques."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantale","summary":"Le tantale est un métal dense et résistant à la corrosion, utilisé dans l'électronique, les implants chirurgicaux et les alliages à haute température.","appearance":"Gris bleu","interesting_facts":["Les condensateurs au tantale sont minuscules mais stockent beaucoup de charge ; on les trouve dans presque tous les téléphones et ordinateurs portables.","Il doit son nom à Tantale de la mythologie grecque, en référence à sa résistance « tentante » à se dissoudre dans l'acide.","Le tantale est biocompatible et est utilisé dans les implants chirurgicaux, les plaques et les broches.","Il possède l'un des points de fusion les plus élevés de tous les métaux, supérieur à 3 000 °C.","Le tantale est hautement résistant à la corrosion grâce à une couche d'oxyde robuste.","Une grande partie du tantale mondial provient du minerai coltan, ce qui soulève des préoccupations en matière d'approvisionnement éthique."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Tantale, le roi de la mythologie grecque condamné à se tenir dans une mare d'eau sous des arbres fruitiers qui s'éloignaient chaque fois qu'il tentait d'en saisir les fruits ; Anders Ekeberg choisit ce nom en 1802 parce que l'élément refusait de manière « tentante » d'absorber l'acide, tout comme Tantale ne pouvait jamais étancher sa soif."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technétium","summary":"Le technétium est un métal radioactif gris argenté principalement utilisé en imagerie médicale et en radiographie industrielle.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le technétium fut le premier élément créé artificiellement, et son nom vient du grec signifiant « artificiel ».","Il n'a aucun isotope stable, de sorte qu'il n'existe pratiquement pas naturellement sur Terre.","Le technétium-99m est le traceur radioactif le plus largement utilisé en imagerie médicale, employé dans des dizaines de millions d'examens par an.","Son absence dans le tableau périodique avait été prédite par Mendeleïev sous le nom d'« eka-manganèse ».","Le technétium a été détecté dans les spectres de certaines étoiles lointaines, prouvant que des éléments continuent d'y être forgés.","De minuscules quantités de technétium peuvent rendre l'acier remarquablement résistant à la corrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « technetos » (artificiel ou fabriqué par l'homme), nommé par Carlo Perrier et Emilio Segrè en 1937 parce qu'il fut le premier élément produit artificiellement, créé en bombardant du molybdène avec des deutérons dans un cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellure","summary":"Le tellure est un métalloïde cassant, blanc argenté, utilisé dans les alliages, les semi-conducteurs et les dispositifs thermoélectriques.","appearance":"Gris argenté lustré","interesting_facts":["Le tellure doit son nom au mot latin pour la Terre, « tellus ».","Les personnes exposées à de minuscules quantités développent une « haleine au tellure », une odeur puissante d'ail pouvant durer des semaines.","C'est un métalloïde rare, environ aussi peu abondant dans la croûte terrestre que le platine.","Le tellurure de cadmium sert à fabriquer des panneaux solaires à couche mince.","Le tellure améliore l'usinabilité de l'acier et des alliages de cuivre.","Il est utilisé dans les disques optiques réinscriptibles parce qu'il peut passer d'un état vitreux à un état cristallin."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du latin « tellus » (la Terre), nommé par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1798 ; le nom formait délibérément un couple avec le sélénium (nommé d'après la Lune), les deux éléments étant chimiquement similaires et souvent trouvés ensemble."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennesse","summary":"Le tennesse est un élément synthétique et radioactif utilisé en recherche scientifique pour étudier les éléments superlourds.","appearance":"Inconnue, probablement métallique ou métalloïde","interesting_facts":["Le tennesse doit son nom à l'État américain du Tennessee, où se trouve le Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","C'est le deuxième élément le plus lourd connu et il fut confirmé en 2010.","Son nom se termine par « -ine » parce qu'il se trouve dans la colonne des halogènes, groupe 17.","Sa création a nécessité du berkélium rare produit à Oak Ridge, bombardé par des ions de calcium.","Seuls quelques atomes de tennesse ont jamais été fabriqués.","Ses atomes se désintègrent en une fraction de seconde."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après l'État américain du Tennessee, où se trouvent le Oak Ridge National Laboratory (qui a produit la cible essentielle en berkélium), la Vanderbilt University et l'University of Tennessee ; il fut synthétisé en 2010 et officiellement nommé par l'IUPAC en 2016, le suffixe « -ine » reflétant sa position dans le groupe 17 des halogènes."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Le terbium est un métal blanc argenté utilisé dans les phosphores pour l'éclairage vert, les lasers et les dispositifs magnéto-optiques.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le terbium fournit la couleur verte de nombreux phosphores utilisés dans l'éclairage et les anciens écrans.","Il doit son nom au village suédois d'Ytterby, l'un des quatre éléments honorant cette seule localité.","Les alliages de terbium changent de forme dans un champ magnétique et sont utilisés dans les capteurs et les systèmes sonar.","Il brille d'un vert éclatant sous la lumière ultraviolette et est utilisé dans les encres de sécurité.","Le terbium est un métal des terres rares mou et argenté que l'on peut couper au couteau.","Il est utilisé dans les dispositifs à l'état solide et les lampes fluorescentes économes en énergie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village de l'île suédoise de Resarö, où le minerai de gadolinite fut initialement recueilli ; Carl Gustaf Mosander le sépara de l'yttria en 1843, et « terbium » est une réorganisation syllabique de « Ytterby »."},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Le thallium est un métal mou et gris utilisé dans l'électronique, les systèmes optiques et certaines applications médicales.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le thallium fut autrefois un poison prisé, inodore et insipide, ce qui lui valut le surnom de « poison des empoisonneurs ».","Son nom vient du grec « thallos », une pousse verte, en référence à la raie verte brillante de son spectre.","L'intoxication au thallium provoque une perte de cheveux, ce qui aide parfois les médecins à poser le diagnostic.","Un isotope radioactif du thallium est utilisé dans les tests d'effort à imagerie cardiaque.","Les composés de thallium sont utilisés dans l'optique infrarouge spécialisée et l'électronique.","Il fut découvert en 1861 grâce à la nouvelle méthode de spectroscopie à la flamme."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après le grec « thallos » (θαλλός), signifiant « pousse verte » ou « rameau vert » ; William Crookes le nomma en 1861 après la raie spectrale verte distinctive qu'il observa en analysant des résidus d'acide sélénieux par la technique nouvellement développée de spectroscopie à la flamme."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Le thorium est un métal faiblement radioactif utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les alliages et les manchons à incandescence.","appearance":"Argenté, souvent avec un ternissement noir","interesting_facts":["Le thorium doit son nom à Thor, le dieu nordique du tonnerre.","Il fait l'objet de recherches comme combustible nucléaire plus sûr et plus abondant que l'uranium.","Le thorium est environ trois à quatre fois plus abondant dans la croûte que l'uranium.","Les manchons à gaz au thorium brillaient intensément et furent utilisés dans les lanternes pendant plus d'un siècle.","Il fut autrefois ajouté aux objectifs d'appareils photo de haute qualité, qui peuvent jaunir légèrement avec le temps sous l'effet des radiations.","Presque tout le thorium est l'isotope à longue durée de vie thorium-232, dont la demi-vie dépasse l'âge de l'univers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Thor, le dieu nordique du tonnerre, par le chimiste suédois Jöns Jacob Berzelius qui le découvrit en 1828 ; Berzelius le trouva dans un minéral norvégien qu'il appela thorite et nomma le nouvel élément d'après la divinité, suivant une tradition d'hommage aux figures mythologiques."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Le thulium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les appareils de radiographie portables, les lasers et certaines applications nucléaires.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le thulium est le plus rare des éléments des terres rares stables et l'un des plus coûteux.","Il doit son nom à Thulé, une terre mythique de l'extrême nord.","Le thulium-170 radioactif est utilisé dans les appareils de radiographie portables ne nécessitant pas d'électricité.","Le thulium brille en bleu sous la lumière ultraviolette et est utilisé dans les marquages anti-contrefaçon sur les billets de banque.","Les lasers au thulium sont utilisés dans certaines interventions chirurgicales.","Malgré sa rareté, le thulium est encore plus abondant dans la croûte que l'or."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Thulé, l'ancien nom grec et romain d'une terre mythique à l'extrême nord du monde connu, souvent identifiée à la Scandinavie ou à l'Islande ; Per Teodor Cleve choisit ce nom en 1879 pour honorer les origines scandinaves de l'élément."},"Tin":{"name":"Étain","summary":"L'étain est un métal malléable, blanc argenté, utilisé dans la soudure, les revêtements et les alliages tels que le bronze.","appearance":"Métal blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Mélanger l'étain avec le cuivre produit le bronze, l'alliage qui a défini toute une ère de l'histoire humaine.","Lorsqu'on le plie, une barre d'étain émet un craquement appelé le « cri de l'étain » lorsque ses cristaux se réorganisent.","Par grand froid, l'étain ordinaire peut se désagréger en une poudre grise, un phénomène appelé « peste de l'étain ».","Les boîtes de conserve tirent leur résistance à la corrosion d'un mince revêtement d'étain sur l'acier.","L'étain possède plus d'isotopes stables (dix) que tout autre élément.","Le pewter et la soudure sont des alliages courants à base d'étain utilisés depuis des siècles."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Le mot anglais « tin » vient du vieil anglais « tin », apparenté au proto-germanique « tinam », d'origine ultérieure incertaine ; le symbole Sn vient du latin « stannum », qui désignait à l'origine un alliage argent-plomb avant d'être appliqué à l'étain."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titane","summary":"Le titane est un métal résistant et léger largement utilisé dans l'aérospatiale, les dispositifs médicaux et les alliages.","appearance":"Gris blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le titane possède le rapport résistance-densité le plus élevé de tous les éléments métalliques, étant aussi résistant que l'acier mais environ 45 % plus léger.","Il est biocompatible, de sorte que le corps ne le rejette pas, ce qui le rend idéal pour les prothèses de hanche et les implants dentaires.","Le dioxyde de titane est un pigment blanc éclatant utilisé dans la peinture, les crèmes solaires et même le dentifrice.","Il résiste si bien à la corrosion par l'eau de mer qu'il est utilisé dans les pièces de navires et les coques de sous-marins.","Le titane doit son nom aux Titans de la mythologie grecque en raison de sa grande résistance.","Bien qu'il soit le neuvième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte, le titane est coûteux car il est difficile à extraire de ses minerais."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après les Titans de la mythologie grecque — de puissantes divinités primordiales — par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1795, qui souhaitait un nom sans association géographique ni personnelle."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungstène","summary":"Le tungstène est un métal dur et dense possédant le point de fusion le plus élevé de tous les éléments, utilisé dans les filaments, les outils de coupe et les projectiles perforants.","appearance":"Blanc grisâtre, lustré","interesting_facts":["Le tungstène possède le point de fusion le plus élevé de tous les métaux, à environ 3 422 °C.","Il fut utilisé pour les filaments incandescents des ampoules électriques.","Son nom vient du suédois signifiant « pierre lourde », tandis que son symbole W vient de « wolfram ».","Le carbure de tungstène est presque aussi dur que le diamant et est utilisé dans les forets, les scies et les munitions perforantes.","C'est l'un des éléments les plus denses, à peu près de la même densité que l'or.","Le tungstène est essentiel à certaines enzymes chez des microbes thermophiles, le plus lourd des éléments connus pour être utilisé par la vie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"« Tungsten » vient des mots suédois « tung » (lourd) et « sten » (pierre), en référence au minéral scheelite ; le symbole W vient de « wolfram », dérivé du minéral wolframite — nommé parce qu'il « dévorait » l'étain lors de la fusion, évoquant un loup (allemand : Wolf Rahm, crème ou écume de loup)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"L'uranium est un métal dense et radioactif utilisé comme combustible dans les réacteurs nucléaires et dans les armes nucléaires.","appearance":"Métal gris argenté","interesting_facts":["L'uranium est l'élément le plus lourd présent en quantités significatives dans la nature.","Il fut nommé d'après la planète Uranus, découverte seulement huit ans auparavant.","Un seul kilogramme d'uranium-235 peut libérer autant d'énergie que plusieurs milliers de tonnes de charbon.","La radioactivité de l'uranium fut découverte par Henri Becquerel en 1896 lorsqu'il voilait des plaques photographiques dans l'obscurité.","L'uranium appauvri est extrêmement dense et est utilisé dans les blindages et les munitions perforantes.","Le verre d'uranium, populaire au XIXe siècle, brille d'un vert vif sous la lumière ultraviolette."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après la planète Uranus, découverte seulement huit ans auparavant, par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789 ; il suivit la tradition de nommer les éléments d'après les corps célestes, tout comme le tellure (l'élément qui le précède) avait été nommé d'après la Terre."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Le vanadium est un métal dur, gris argenté, principalement utilisé pour renforcer les alliages d'acier et d'autres matériaux.","appearance":"Gris argenté","interesting_facts":["Le vanadium doit son nom à Vanadis, un nom de la déesse nordique Freyja, en raison de ses composés aux couleurs magnifiques.","Ses composés apparaissent dans un arc-en-ciel de couleurs selon l'état d'oxydation : violet, bleu, vert et jaune.","L'ajout de petites quantités de vanadium à l'acier le rend beaucoup plus dur et plus résistant, utilisé dans les outils et les pièces automobiles.","Henry Ford utilisa de l'acier au vanadium dans la Model T pour la rendre plus légère et plus résistante.","Les batteries redox au vanadium peuvent stocker de grandes quantités d'énergie pour le réseau électrique.","Certains organismes marins appelés ascidies concentrent le vanadium dans leur sang à des niveaux bien supérieurs à ceux de l'eau de mer environnante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Vanadis, un épithète vieux norrois de la déesse Freyja, choisi par Nils Gabriel Sefström en 1830 parce que les composés du vanadium forment des solutions remarquablement belles et multicolores."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xénon","summary":"Le xénon est un gaz noble incolore, dense et inodore, utilisé dans l'éclairage, l'imagerie médicale et la propulsion spatiale.","appearance":"Gaz incolore, émet une lueur bleue lorsqu'il est excité","interesting_facts":["Le nom du xénon vient du mot grec pour « étranger », car il était une trouvaille si rare dans l'air.","Il produit une lumière blanche éclatante et est utilisé dans les phares de voiture, les flashs d'appareils photo et les lampes de projecteurs de cinéma.","Le xénon peut servir d'anesthésique sûr et puissant, bien qu'il soit coûteux.","Bien qu'étant un gaz noble, le xénon fut le premier à former un véritable composé chimique, en 1962.","Les propulseurs à ions des engins spatiaux utilisent le xénon comme propulseur, poussant doucement les sondes à travers le système solaire.","Le xénon est assez dense pour qu'un objet léger puisse flotter sur ce gaz invisible."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du grec « xenos » (étranger ou étrange), nommé par William Ramsay et Morris Travers en 1898 parce que le xénon apparut comme un élément totalement inconnu caché dans les résidus après l'évaporation du krypton liquide."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"L'ytterbium est un métal mou et argenté utilisé dans les lasers, les horloges atomiques et les jauges de contrainte dans les matériaux.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'ytterbium est l'un des quatre éléments nommés d'après le minuscule village suédois d'Ytterby.","Les horloges atomiques à ytterbium comptent parmi les chronomètres les plus précis jamais construits.","Sa résistance électrique augmente fortement sous haute pression, ce qui le rend utile comme jauge de contrainte.","Les fibres dopées à l'ytterbium alimentent des lasers industriels à haute énergie pour la découpe et le soudage des métaux.","C'est un métal des terres rares mou, malléable et argenté.","De manière inhabituelle pour un lanthanide, l'ytterbium peut adopter un état d'oxydation stable +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un village de l'île de Resarö près de Stockholm, en Suède ; Jean Charles de Marignac en isola d'abord l'oxyde en 1878 à partir du minéral erbia, et l'ytterbium est l'un des quatre éléments nommés d'après ce seul village suédois."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"L'yttrium est un élément métallique argenté utilisé dans les phosphores, les supraconducteurs et la technologie LED.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["L'yttrium doit son nom au village suédois d'Ytterby, qui a donné son nom à quatre éléments différents.","Les cristaux de grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium (YAG) servent à fabriquer des lasers puissants pour la médecine et l'industrie.","Il a contribué à la création des premiers supraconducteurs à haute température fonctionnant au-dessus du point d'ébullition de l'azote.","Les composés d'yttrium produisaient les phosphores rouges des anciens écrans de télévision couleur.","Il est utilisé pour renforcer les alliages d'aluminium et de magnésium.","Bien qu'appelé terre rare, l'yttrium est plus abondant dans la croûte que l'argent ou le plomb."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nommé d'après Ytterby, un petit village de l'île de Resarö en Suède, où le minerai de gadolinite fut d'abord recueilli en 1787 ; le même nom de village inspira également les noms de l'ytterbium, de l'erbium et du terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinc","summary":"Le zinc est un métal bleu argenté couramment utilisé dans la galvanisation, les alliages et comme minéral essentiel aux processus biologiques.","appearance":"Métal bleu argenté","interesting_facts":["Le zinc recouvre l'acier dans un processus appelé galvanisation, se sacrifiant pour protéger l'acier de la rouille.","Il est essentiel au système immunitaire humain, et les pastilles de zinc servent à combattre les rhumes.","Le zinc brûle avec une flamme bleu-vert vive et fut autrefois appelé « laine du philosophe » lorsque son oxyde blanc était recueilli.","Le laiton, utilisé dans les instruments et les raccords, est un alliage de cuivre et de zinc.","La plupart des pièces d'un cent moderne et de nombreuses autres pièces de monnaie sont fabriquées principalement en zinc avec un mince revêtement de cuivre.","L'oxyde de zinc est l'ingrédient actif de nombreuses crèmes solaires et crèmes pour érythème fessier."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Du germanique « Zink » (zinc), employé pour la première fois par Paracelsus au XVIe siècle ; l'origine pourrait être liée à « Zinke » (dent ou pointe), décrivant les cristaux pointus qui se forment lors de la fusion, ou éventuellement au persan « sing » (pierre)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Le zirconium est un métal résistant à la corrosion utilisé dans les réacteurs nucléaires, les instruments chirurgicaux et les matériaux céramiques.","appearance":"Blanc argenté","interesting_facts":["Le zirconium est hautement résistant à la corrosion et absorbe à peine les neutrons, ce qui le rend idéal pour le gainage des barres de combustible nucléaire.","La zircone cubique, un composé de zirconium, est un substitut populaire du diamant en joaillerie.","La pierre précieuse zircon, un silicate de zirconium, contient certains des minéraux les plus anciens connus sur Terre, âgés de plus de 4 milliards d'années.","La poudre de zirconium est hautement inflammable et fut autrefois utilisée dans les flashs photographiques.","Il est biocompatible et est utilisé dans les couronnes dentaires et les implants articulaires.","Les céramiques de dioxyde de zirconium sont assez résistantes pour fabriquer des lames de couteau qui ont rarement besoin d'être affûtées."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De l'arabe « zarqun » (vermillon ou couleur dorée), dérivé du persan « zargun » (semblable à l'or), parce que la pierre précieuse zircon présente des teintes dorées ; le nom fut donné par Martin Heinrich Klaproth en 1789."}},"it":{"Actinium":{"name":"Attinio","summary":"L'attinio è un metallo radioattivo morbido e argenteo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca e come fonte di neutroni.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["L'attinio brilla di una inquietante luce blu pallida nell'oscurità a causa della sua intensa radioattività.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'aktis', che significa raggio o trave.","Dà il nome alla serie di elementi attinidi.","L'attinio-225 è in fase di studio per la terapia mirata con particelle alfa contro il cancro.","È circa 150 volte più radioattivo del radio.","L'attinio è estremamente raro e si trova solo in tracce nei minerali di uranio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco \"aktis\" (ἀκτίς), che significa \"raggio\" o \"raggio\"; André-Louis Debierne lo isolò per la prima volta nel 1899 dal minerale di uranio e gli diede il nome per la sua potente radioattività; dà il nome alla serie degli attinidi degli elementi pesanti."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Alluminio","summary":"L'alluminio è un metallo bianco-argenteo, leggero e resistente alla corrosione, utilizzato in un'ampia varietà di applicazioni.","appearance":"Metallo grigio-argentato","interesting_facts":["L'alluminio è il metallo più abbondante nella crosta terrestre, ma un tempo era così difficile da purificare da risultare più prezioso dell'oro.","In un banchetto del 1880, gli ospiti più onorati della Francia, secondo quanto riferito, mangiavano con posate di alluminio mentre altri usavano posate d'oro.","È completamente riciclabile e il riciclaggio dell’alluminio utilizza solo circa il 5% dell’energia necessaria per ricavarlo dal minerale grezzo.","Un sottile strato di ossido autoriparante si forma istantaneamente sull'alluminio, proteggendolo dalla corrosione.","Il processo Hall-Heroult, inventato nel 1886, rese l’alluminio economico utilizzando l’elettricità per estrarlo dall’allumina.","L'alluminio è leggero, resistente e non magnetico, il che lo rende ideale per aerei, lattine e fogli di alluminio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'alumen' (allume, composto utilizzato fin dall'antichità nella tintura e nella concia); Humphry Davy coniò il termine \"alumium\" nel 1807 e successivamente lo modificò in \"alluminio\", mentre gran parte del mondo adottò l'ortografia \"alluminio\"."},"Americium":{"name":"Americio","summary":"L'americio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato nei rilevatori di fumo e come sorgente di neutroni per applicazioni industriali.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo, si ossida lentamente all'aria","interesting_facts":["L'americio è utilizzato in piccole quantità nella maggior parte dei rilevatori di fumo domestici.","Prende il nome dalle Americhe, rispecchiando l'europio che prende il nome dall'Europa.","L'americio fu prodotto per la prima volta durante il Progetto Manhattan nel 1944.","In un rilevatore di fumo, l'americio emette particelle alfa che ionizzano l'aria; il fumo interrompe la corrente e fa scattare l'allarme.","Brilla debolmente nell'oscurità a causa della sua stessa intensa radioattività.","L'americio è allo studio come possibile fonte di energia a lunga durata per le future missioni spaziali."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalle Americhe, i continenti in cui fu prodotto per la prima volta, da Glenn Seaborg nel 1944; Seaborg lo chiamò per analogia deliberata con europio (dal nome dell'Europa), poiché l'americio occupa la stessa posizione nella serie degli attinidi dell'europio nella serie dei lantanidi."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimonio","summary":"L'antimonio è un metalloide fragile, bianco-bluastro utilizzato nei ritardanti di fiamma, nelle leghe e nei semiconduttori.","appearance":"Argenteo, bianco-bluastro","interesting_facts":["L'antimonio è stato utilizzato fin dall'antico Egitto come kohl, un cosmetico per gli occhi neri.","È un metalloide che, insolitamente, si espande quando si congela, rendendolo utile per fusioni affilate e tipo di metallo.","I composti di antimonio sono ampiamente utilizzati come ritardanti di fiamma nella plastica e nei tessili.","Il suo simbolo chimico Sb deriva dal latino 'stibium'.","Gli alchimisti medievali usavano le pillole di antimonio come lassativo riutilizzabile, recuperate e tramandate come \"pillole eterne\".","L'antimonio è legato al piombo per renderlo più duro, come nei vecchi caratteri di stampa e nelle piastre delle batterie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Il nome inglese deriva dal latino medievale \"antimonium\", di origine incerta (forse dall'arabo \"ithmid\" o da una frase latina che significa \"non solo\", poiché l'antimonio raramente si presenta in forma pura); il simbolo Sb deriva dal latino \"stibium\", il nome del minerale di solfuro nero utilizzato come cosmetico fin dall'antico Egitto."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"L'argon è un gas nobile incolore e inodore che costituisce circa l'1% dell'atmosfera terrestre.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["L'argon costituisce quasi l'1% dell'atmosfera terrestre, rendendolo il gas nobile più abbondante nell'aria.","Il suo nome deriva dalla parola greca \"pigro\" perché è chimicamente non reattivo.","L'argon viene utilizzato per riempire le lampadine a incandescenza perché non reagisce con il filamento caldo.","I saldatori utilizzano l'argon come gas di protezione per proteggere il metallo caldo dalla reazione con l'ossigeno nell'aria.","La maggior parte dell'argon terrestre è argon-40, prodotto dal decadimento radioattivo del potassio-40 nelle rocce.","Le finestre con doppi vetri sono spesso riempite di argon perché isola meglio dell'aria normale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"argon\" (inattivo o inattivo, neutro di \"argos\"), così chiamato da William Ramsay e Lord Rayleigh nel 1894 perché il gas è chimicamente inerte ed estremamente riluttante a reagire con qualsiasi cosa."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenico","summary":"L'arsenico è un metalloide tossico storicamente utilizzato nei pesticidi e ora nei semiconduttori e nella produzione del vetro.","appearance":"Grigio metallizzato","interesting_facts":["L'arsenico è famoso come il \"veleno dei re e re dei veleni\", non rilevabile per secoli e uno dei preferiti negli omicidi storici.","Nonostante la sua tossicità, piccole tracce di arsenico possono essere un nutriente necessario per alcuni animali.","L'arseniuro di gallio e altri composti dell'arsenico sono vitali per i moderni semiconduttori e LED.","La contaminazione da arsenico delle acque sotterranee colpisce l’acqua potabile di milioni di persone in tutto il mondo.","Sublima, passando direttamente dallo stato solido allo stato gassoso quando riscaldato, con odore simile all'aglio.","I pigmenti verdi contenenti arsenico un tempo venivano usati nella carta da parati e potrebbero aver lentamente avvelenato le famiglie vittoriane."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"arsenikon\" (orpimento giallo, un minerale solforato di arsenico), a sua volta forse dal persiano \"zarnikh\" (minerale di arsenico); la parola può anche collegarsi al greco \"arrhen\" (maschio o potente), riflettendo le potenti proprietà dei composti dell'arsenico."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astato","summary":"L'astato è un elemento raro e radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica e potenzialmente nei trattamenti contro il cancro.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["L'astato è l'elemento naturale più raro; nella crosta terrestre esiste meno di un grammo in qualsiasi momento.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'astatos', che significa 'instabile'.","Nessuno ha mai visto un campione visibile perché vaporizzerebbe a causa della sua stessa intensa radioattività.","È il più pesante degli alogeni ed è stato sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 1940.","L'astato-211 è in fase di studio per la terapia mirata del cancro con particelle alfa.","Il suo isotopo più stabile ha un'emivita di sole 8 ore circa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco \"astatos\" (ἄστατος), che significa \"instabile\"; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie ed Emilio Segrè lo sintetizzarono nel 1940 a Berkeley e scelsero il nome perché tutti gli isotopi dell'astato sono radioattivi e decadono rapidamente, rendendo l'elemento intrinsecamente instabile."},"Barium":{"name":"Bario","summary":"Il bario è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei fluidi di perforazione, nelle vernici e nell'imaging medico.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["I pazienti bevono un \"pasto di bario\" o una \"rondine di bario\" perché il bario blocca i raggi X, rivelando il tratto digestivo.","I composti del bario conferiscono ai fuochi d'artificio i loro colori verde brillante.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'barys', che significa pesante.","Sebbene il metallo sia tossico, il solfato di bario insolubile utilizzato nelle scansioni mediche attraversa il corpo in modo sicuro.","Il bario è così reattivo che deve essere conservato sott'olio e non si trova mai libero in natura.","Il minerale barite (solfato di bario) viene utilizzato per pesare i fluidi di perforazione nell'industria petrolifera."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"barys\" (pesante), così chiamato da Humphry Davy nel 1808 perché il solfato di bario (barite, il minerale comune) è insolitamente denso per un minerale non metallico."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelio","summary":"Il berkelio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica e nella produzione di elementi più pesanti.","appearance":"Argenteo","interesting_facts":["Berkelium prende il nome da Berkeley, in California, dove fu prodotto per la prima volta nel 1949.","È un elemento sintetico estremamente raro, prodotto solo in piccole quantità.","Il berkelio è stato utilizzato come materiale bersaglio per sintetizzare l'elemento superpesante tennessine.","La produzione di un piccolo campione di berkelio può richiedere molti mesi in un reattore ad alto flusso.","È altamente radioattivo e non ha usi al di fuori della ricerca scientifica.","Berkelium completa un set con terbio, entrambi gli elementi prendono il nome da città e sono posizionati in posizioni corrispondenti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Berkeley, California, dove fu sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 1949 presso il Radiation Laboratory dell'Università della California; la denominazione rispecchia deliberatamente il terbio, dal nome della città svedese di Ytterby: entrambi gli elementi occupano rispettivamente posizioni corrispondenti nelle serie dei lantanidi e degli attinidi."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berillio","summary":"Il berillio è un metallo duro e grigiastro che si trova naturalmente nelle rocce minerali, nel carbone, nel suolo e nella polvere vulcanica.","appearance":"Grigio acciaio","interesting_facts":["Il berillio è notevolmente trasparente ai raggi X, quindi viene utilizzato per realizzare finestre per tubi e rilevatori a raggi X.","È uno dei metalli strutturali più leggeri ma ha un rapporto rigidità-peso più elevato rispetto all'acciaio.","Le pietre preziose smeraldo e acquamarina sono entrambe forme del minerale berillo, un silicato di berillio e alluminio.","La polvere di berillio è altamente tossica e può causare una malattia polmonare cronica chiamata berilliosi.","Gli specchi del telescopio spaziale James Webb sono realizzati in berillio rivestito d'oro perché mantiene la sua forma a temperature estremamente fredde.","Nel 1932, James Chadwick scoprì il neutrone bombardando il berillio con particelle alfa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal berillo, la pietra preziosa, dal greco \"beryllos\", perché Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin isolò per primo il berillio dai minerali berillo e smeraldo nel 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"Il bismuto è un metallo fragile con bassa tossicità, utilizzato in cosmetici, procedure mediche e leghe.","appearance":"Bianco argentato con tonalità cangiante","interesting_facts":["Il bismuto forma splendidi cristalli arcobaleno iridescenti a forma di tramoggia a gradino.","È l'elemento più pesante che, ai fini pratici, è stabile, con un tempo di dimezzamento quasi inimmaginabile.","Il bismuto è l'ingrediente principale del Pepto-Bismol, usato per lenire i disturbi di stomaco.","Come l'acqua, il bismuto si espande quando si congela.","Viene utilizzato nelle leghe a basso punto di fusione per sprinkler antincendio e dispositivi di sicurezza.","Il bismuto è uno dei pochi metalli meno densi in alcune leghe ed è un sostituto non tossico del piombo in molti prodotti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva dall'antico tedesco 'Wismuth' o 'Wismuth', forse da 'weiße Masse' (massa bianca) o termine minerario di origine incerta; conosciuto fin dal XV secolo come metallo distinto, a volte confuso con piombo o stagno, e latinizzato in \"bisemutum\" prima di diventare \"bismuto\" nell'uso moderno."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrio","summary":"Il bohrio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Bohrium prende il nome da Niels Bohr, il fisico che modellizzò la struttura dell'atomo.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo pochi atomi alla volta.","Bohrium è stato creato per la prima volta nel 1981 in Germania.","I suoi isotopi sono intensamente radioattivi e decadono in pochi secondi o meno.","Gli esperimenti indicano che il bohrio somiglia chimicamente al renio, nel gruppo 7.","Non ha usi al di fuori della ricerca fondamentale sugli elementi più pesanti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Niels Bohr, il fisico danese che sviluppò il modello quantistico dell'atomo e diede contributi fondamentali alla comprensione della struttura atomica; GSI Darmstadt, Germania, lo sintetizzò nel 1981 e propose il nome in suo onore, adottato ufficialmente dalla IUPAC nel 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"Il boro è un elemento metalloide essenziale per la crescita delle piante ma può essere tossico in eccesso.","appearance":"Nero-marrone","interesting_facts":["I composti del boro conferiscono alle fiamme un caratteristico colore verde brillante, rendendolo utile in pirotecnica.","Il boro è essenziale per la crescita delle piante, anche se solo in piccole quantità; troppo è tossico per i raccolti.","Il vetro borosilicato, a base di boro, resiste agli shock termici e viene utilizzato nelle pentole e nella vetreria da laboratorio.","L'isotopo boro-10 assorbe facilmente i neutroni, quindi il boro viene utilizzato nelle barre di controllo e nella schermatura dei reattori nucleari.","Il borace, un minerale di boro, è stato utilizzato per migliaia di anni come detergente e flusso per la saldatura dei metalli.","Il boro è un metalloide, condivide le proprietà sia dei metalli che dei non metalli ed è un cattivo conduttore a temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal borace, il minerale da cui fu isolato per la prima volta, con \"borace\" che deriva dall'arabo \"buraq\" o dal persiano \"burah\", che significa borace o salnitro."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"Il bromo è un liquido bruno-rossastro a temperatura ambiente e viene utilizzato nei ritardanti di fiamma, nel trattamento delle acque e nei prodotti farmaceutici.","appearance":"Liquido rosso-marrone","interesting_facts":["Il bromo è uno degli unici due elementi liquidi a temperatura ambiente, insieme al mercurio.","È un liquido denso, bruno-rossastro che emana fumi soffocanti e tossici.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'bromos', che significa 'puzza'.","I popoli antichi estraevano dalle lumache di mare un prezioso colorante viola, la porpora di Tiro, utilizzando composti del bromo.","I composti del bromo erano ampiamente utilizzati come ritardanti di fiamma nell'elettronica e nei mobili.","La maggior parte del bromo viene estratta dall'acqua di mare e da depositi di salamoia ricchi di sale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"bromos\" (puzza o cattivo odore), così chiamato da Antoine Jérôme Balard nel 1826 perché il bromo liquido produce un odore profondamente sgradevole e soffocante."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmio","summary":"Il cadmio è un metallo morbido, bianco-bluastro utilizzato principalmente nelle batterie, nei pigmenti e nella galvanica.","appearance":"Argenteo-grigio-bluastro metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il cadmio fornisce vividi pigmenti gialli, arancioni e rossi a lungo apprezzati da artisti come Monet e Van Gogh.","È tossico e si accumula nel corpo, causando la dolorosa malattia ossea \"itai-itai\" osservata in Giappone nel XX secolo.","Le batterie ricaricabili al nichel-cadmio (NiCd) un tempo erano estremamente comuni.","I rivestimenti di cadmio proteggono l'acciaio dalla corrosione, soprattutto nelle parti degli aerei.","Fu scoperto nel 1817 come impurità nei minerali di zinco.","Il cadmio assorbe facilmente i neutroni, quindi viene utilizzato nelle barre di controllo dei reattori nucleari."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino \"cadmia\" (calamina, un minerale di carbonato di zinco), infine dal greco \"kadmeia\" (terra tebana, dal nome Cadmo, il mitico fondatore di Tebe), poiché il cadmio fu scoperto nel 1817 come impurità nei minerali di zinco."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcio","summary":"Il calcio è un metallo grigio tenero essenziale per gli organismi viventi, in particolare nella fisiologia cellulare e nella formazione delle ossa.","appearance":"Grigio opaco, argento","interesting_facts":["Il calcio è il metallo più abbondante nel corpo umano, con circa il 99% immagazzinato nelle ossa e nei denti.","Calcare, gesso e marmo sono tutte forme di carbonato di calcio.","È il quinto elemento più abbondante nella crosta terrestre.","Gli ioni di calcio agiscono come un segnale universale all'interno delle cellule, innescando tutto, dalla contrazione muscolare alla fecondazione.","La calce viva (ossido di calcio) brillava intensamente quando riscaldata e veniva utilizzata per illuminare i palchi, dandoci la frase \"sotto i riflettori\".","Le barriere coralline e le conchiglie sono costituite in gran parte da carbonato di calcio estratto dall'acqua di mare."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino \"calx\" o \"calcis\" (calce o calcare), perché Humphry Davy lo isolò per primo nel 1808 mediante elettrolisi dell'ossido di calcio (calce viva), un materiale che i romani utilizzavano da tempo nelle costruzioni."},"Californium":{"name":"Californio","summary":"Il californio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato nelle fonti di neutroni, nel trattamento del cancro e nell'analisi dei materiali.","appearance":"Argentato metallico, si illumina al buio a causa della sua radioattività","interesting_facts":["Il californio è una delle sostanze più costose sulla Terra e costa milioni di dollari al grammo.","Prende il nome dallo stato americano della California, dove fu scoperto nel 1950.","Il californio-252 è un potente emettitore di neutroni utilizzato per avviare i reattori nucleari e negli scanner industriali.","Viene utilizzato per rilevare l'oro e il petrolio attraverso l'analisi neutronica della roccia.","Un singolo microgrammo rilascia un numero enorme di neutroni ogni secondo.","Il californio viene utilizzato anche per identificare la fatica dei metalli e individuare i punti deboli negli aerei e nei macchinari."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dallo stato americano della California e dall'Università della California, dove fu sintetizzato nel 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street e Ghiorso scelsero il nome notando che erano a corto di corpi celesti vicini e decisero invece di onorare il luogo della scoperta."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbonio","summary":"Il carbonio è un elemento fondamentale della vita, presente in tutti i composti organici conosciuti.","appearance":"Varia (la grafite è nera, il diamante è trasparente)","interesting_facts":["Il carbonio forma più composti di tutti gli altri elementi messi insieme ed è la base chimica di tutta la vita conosciuta.","Il diamante e la grafite sono entrambi carbonio puro, ma il diamante è il materiale naturale più duro mentre la grafite è abbastanza morbida per poter scrivere.","Il grafene, un singolo strato di atomi di carbonio, è circa 200 volte più resistente dell’acciaio e conduce l’elettricità meglio del rame.","La datazione al carbonio-14 utilizza il decadimento costante di un isotopo di carbonio radioattivo per determinare l'età del materiale un tempo vivente fino a circa 50.000 anni.","Gli atomi di carbonio forgiati all'interno delle stelle si diffondono nell'universo quando queste esplodono, rendendoci letteralmente fatti di polvere di stelle.","Il Buckminsterfullerene, una molecola a forma di pallone da calcio di 60 atomi di carbonio, fu scoperta nel 1985 e prese il nome dall'architetto Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino \"carbo\" (carbone o carbone), a testimonianza del fatto che il carbonio era conosciuto fin dall'antichità sotto forma di carbone, grafite e diamante."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerio","summary":"Il cerio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei convertitori catalitici, nella lucidatura del vetro e nelle leghe.","appearance":"Grigio argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il cerio è il più abbondante tra tutti gli elementi delle terre rare, più comune del rame.","Prende il nome dal pianeta nano Cerere, scoperto due anni prima.","Il cerio è l'ingrediente chiave che produce scintille negli accendini \"selce\" e nelle leghe accendifuoco.","L'ossido di cerio è la polvere lucidante fine utilizzata per conferire al vetro e alle pietre preziose una finitura liscia.","Viene aggiunto ai convertitori catalitici per aiutare a immagazzinare e rilasciare ossigeno.","Il cerio appena tagliato può accendersi spontaneamente nell'aria, rendendolo piroforico."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal pianeta nano Cerere, scoperto nel 1801 e a sua volta prende il nome dalla dea romana dell'agricoltura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth e Jöns Jacob Berzelius lo battezzarono nel 1803, seguendo la moda di denominare i nuovi elementi con i nomi dei corpi celesti."},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesio","summary":"Il cesio è un metallo morbido color oro noto per il suo utilizzo negli orologi atomici e in varie applicazioni elettroniche.","appearance":"Argento-oro metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il secondo è ufficialmente definito dalle vibrazioni degli atomi di cesio, base degli orologi atomici.","Il cesio è uno dei metalli più reattivi, esplode violentemente a contatto con l'acqua.","Si scioglie a circa 28 °C, quindi è liquido in una giornata calda.","Ha un colore dorato-argenteo, uno dei pochi metalli che non sono argento o grigio.","Il cesio fu il primo elemento scoperto mediante spettroscopia, da Bunsen e Kirchhoff nel 1860.","Il cesio-137 radioattivo è un prodotto notevole della fissione nucleare e una preoccupazione per gli incidenti nucleari."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'caesius' (azzurro cielo o blu-grigiastro), così chiamato da Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff nel 1860 per le due distintive linee spettrali blu brillante che usarono per identificare l'elemento."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"Il cloro è un gas giallo-verdastro altamente reattivo utilizzato come disinfettante e in varie applicazioni industriali.","appearance":"Gas giallo-verdastro","interesting_facts":["Il cloro è un gas giallo-verdastro utilizzato come arma chimica durante la prima guerra mondiale.","Piccole quantità aggiunte all’acqua potabile e alle piscine uccidono i batteri e hanno salvato innumerevoli vite da malattie trasmesse dall’acqua.","Combinato con il sodio, il cloro forma il normale sale da cucina, essenziale per la vita.","È così reattivo che sbianca facilmente i coloranti e disinfetta, motivo per cui viene utilizzato nella candeggina domestica.","Il cloro fu isolato per la prima volta nel 1774 da Carl Wilhelm Scheele, che non si rendeva conto che si trattava di un elemento nuovo.","Sebbene siano tossici come gas, gli ioni cloruro nel corpo sono vitali per la digestione e la funzione nervosa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"cloros\" (verde pallido o giallo-verdastro), così chiamato da Humphry Davy nel 1810 per riflettere il caratteristico colore giallo-verde del gas."},"Chromium":{"name":"Cromo","summary":"Il cromo è un metallo duro, brillante e resistente alla corrosione, utilizzato nell'acciaio inossidabile e nella cromatura.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il cromo conferisce all'acciaio inossidabile lucentezza e resistenza alla ruggine, formando uno strato protettivo invisibile di ossido.","Il suo nome deriva dalla parola greca \"chroma\" che significa colore, perché i suoi composti sono dai colori vivaci.","Il cromo è ciò che rende i rubini rossi e gli smeraldi verdi come traccia di impurità nei cristalli.","La cromatura conferisce una finitura brillante, dura e a specchio alle finiture e agli strumenti dell'auto.","Il cromo è uno dei metalli più duri ed è altamente resistente alla corrosione.","Alcuni composti del cromo sono nutrienti essenziali in tracce, mentre altri (cromo-6) sono tossici e cancerogeni."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"chroma\" (colore), così chiamato da Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin nel 1798 perché i composti del cromo mostrano un'ampia gamma di colori vivaci: rosso nei rubini, verde negli smeraldi, arancione nella crocoite."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"Il cobalto è un metallo duro, lucente, grigio-argento, utilizzato nelle leghe e nelle batterie ed essenziale per la vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metallo grigio brillante","interesting_facts":["Il cobalto è stato utilizzato per oltre 2.000 anni per conferire al vetro e alla ceramica un colore blu intenso e brillante.","Il suo nome deriva da \"coboldo\", un dispettoso goblin dei minatori tedeschi accusato dei minerali fastidiosi.","Il cobalto è un ingrediente chiave nelle batterie ricaricabili agli ioni di litio che alimentano i telefoni e le auto elettriche.","È uno dei soli tre elementi naturalmente magnetici a temperatura ambiente, insieme al ferro e al nichel.","L'isotopo radioattivo cobalto-60 viene utilizzato per curare il cancro e per sterilizzare le apparecchiature mediche.","Il cobalto è essenziale per la vita come atomo di metallo nel cuore della vitamina B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal tedesco \"Kobold\" (folletto o diavoletto), perché i minatori tedeschi incolpavano uno spirito sotterraneo dispettoso per il fastidioso minerale di cobalto che rilasciava fumi di arsenico velenosi e non produceva rame nonostante somigliasse al minerale di rame."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicio","summary":"Il copernicio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Copernicium prende il nome dall'astronomo Nicolaus Copernicus, che pose il Sole al centro del sistema solare.","È stato creato per la prima volta nel 1996 in Germania.","Si prevede che il copernicio sia un liquido o gas volatile a temperatura ambiente, che si comporta in qualche modo come il mercurio.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante formato da un atomo alla volta.","I suoi isotopi sono altamente radioattivi e di breve durata.","Si trova sotto il mercurio nel gruppo 12 della tavola periodica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Nicolaus Copernicus, l'astronomo polacco-tedesco che propose che la Terra orbita attorno al Sole; GSI Darmstadt lo ha sintetizzato nel 1996 e ha proposto il nome in onore di Copernico, mentre la IUPAC lo ha adottato ufficialmente nel 2010 in occasione del 537° anniversario della sua nascita."},"Copper":{"name":"Rame","summary":"Il rame è un metallo rosso-oro noto per la sua elevata conduttività termica ed elettrica, ampiamente utilizzato nei cablaggi elettrici e idraulici.","appearance":"Rossastro metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il rame è stato uno dei primi metalli utilizzati dall'uomo, lavorato per oltre 10.000 anni.","È un ottimo conduttore di elettricità, secondo solo all'argento, motivo per cui riempie i nostri fili e cavi.","Le superfici in rame uccidono naturalmente molti batteri e virus, rendendolo utile per le maniglie delle porte e gli accessori ospedalieri.","La Statua della Libertà è ricoperta di rame che nel tempo è diventato verde formando una patina protettiva.","Mescolando il rame con lo stagno si ottiene il bronzo, e con lo zinco si ottiene l'ottone, due leghe che hanno plasmato la storia umana.","Il rame è un oligonutriente essenziale, che aiuta il corpo a formare globuli rossi e a mantenere i nervi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino \"cuprum\", derivato dal greco \"Kypros\" (Cipro), l'isola che era la principale fonte di rame del mondo antico; a questo nome latino risale anche il simbolo Cu."},"Curium":{"name":"Curio","summary":"Il curio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato nell'esplorazione spaziale come fonte di energia e nella ricerca scientifica.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato, si ossida all'aria","interesting_facts":["Curium prende il nome da Marie e Pierre Curie, pionieri della ricerca sulla radioattività.","Si illumina di una morbida luce viola o rossa al buio a causa della sua intensa radioattività.","Il curio è così radioattivo da generare calore significativo ed è stato considerato per l'energia dei veicoli spaziali.","Fu sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 1944, prima dell'americio più leggero.","Strumenti basati sul curio hanno analizzato la composizione chimica di Marte e di altre superfici planetarie.","Tutto il curio è prodotto artificialmente; nessuno si trova in natura."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Marie e Pierre Curie, i pionieri della ricerca sulla radioattività; Glenn Seaborg lo chiamò nel 1944 per onorare la coppia le cui scoperte resero possibile la chimica nucleare, sottolineando che la posizione del curio nella serie degli attinidi rispecchia il gadolinio nei lantanidi, a sua volta chiamato in onore di un chimico, seguendo uno schema parallelo."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtio","summary":"Il darmstadio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium prende il nome dalla città di Darmstadt, in Germania, dove fu scoperto nel 1994.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante creato negli acceleratori di particelle.","Sono stati prodotti solo pochi atomi di darmstadio.","I suoi atomi sopravvivono per meno di un secondo prima di decadere.","Si prevede che assomigli chimicamente al platino, nel gruppo 10.","Il Darmstadio non ha usi pratici al di fuori della ricerca scientifica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla città di Darmstadt, in Germania, dove fu sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 1994 al GSI Darmstadt; segue la tradizione di nominare gli elementi di nuova creazione in base ai luoghi di scoperta e la IUPAC ha adottato ufficialmente il nome nel 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnio","summary":"Il dubnio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per esplorare le proprietà degli elementi pesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Dubnium prende il nome da Dubna, in Russia, sede di un famoso istituto di ricerca nucleare.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo negli acceleratori di particelle.","La sua scoperta faceva parte delle \"Guerre del Transfermium\", una disputa sui nomi durante la Guerra Fredda.","Gli atomi di dubnio esistono solo per pochi secondi o meno prima di decadere.","È stato creato solo un piccolo numero di atomi di dubnio.","Si prevede che assomigli chimicamente al tantalio del gruppo 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Dubna, Russia, sede dell'Istituto congiunto per la ricerca nucleare; il nome risolse una disputa della Guerra Fredda in cui gli scienziati americani lo chiamavano \"hahnium\" e gli scienziati sovietici lo chiamavano \"nielsbohrium\", prima che la IUPAC adottasse il nome di città neutrale nel 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprosio","summary":"Il disprosio è un metallo bianco-argenteo utilizzato nei magneti, nei laser e nelle barre di controllo dei reattori nucleari.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Il nome del disprosio deriva dal greco \"dysprositos\", che significa \"difficile da ottenere\", perché era molto difficile da isolare.","Viene aggiunto ai magneti al neodimio in modo che mantengano la loro forza alle alte temperature nei motori e nelle turbine eoliche.","Il disprosio ha una delle forze magnetiche più elevate di qualsiasi elemento alle basse temperature.","Assorbe bene i neutroni e viene utilizzato nelle barre di controllo dei reattori nucleari.","Le leghe a base di disprosio cambiano forma nei campi magnetici, utili in attuatori e trasduttori.","È considerato un materiale fondamentale per la tecnologia dell’energia pulita."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco \"dysprositos\" (δυσπρόσιτος), che significa \"difficile da raggiungere\"; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran coniò il nome nel 1886, riflettendo l'estrema difficoltà di isolarlo dal suo minerale, un processo che richiedeva diciannove precipitazioni."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinio","summary":"L'einsteinio è un metallo altamente radioattivo, utilizzato principalmente per la ricerca scientifica e nella produzione di elementi più pesanti.","appearance":"Argenteo metallico, brilla grazie alla sua radioattività","interesting_facts":["L'einsteinio fu scoperto nel 1952 tra i detriti del primo test della bomba all'idrogeno.","Prende il nome da Albert Einstein.","L'einsteinio brilla di blu al buio a causa della sua intensa radioattività.","È così raro che solo occasionalmente sono state prodotte quantità pesabili.","Studiare l'einsteinio è estremamente difficile perché danneggia il proprio contenitore e gli strumenti.","Non ha usi pratici al di fuori della ricerca scientifica di base."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Albert Einstein, che formulò la teoria della relatività speciale e l'equazione E=mc² alla base dell'energia nucleare; Albert Ghiorso e colleghi gli diedero il nome nel 1955 dopo averlo scoperto tra i detriti del primo test della bomba all'idrogeno nel 1952, tenuto segreto per diversi anni."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbio","summary":"L'erbio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nelle fibre ottiche, nei laser e nella tecnologia nucleare.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Le fibre drogate con erbio amplificano i segnali luminosi, rendendo possibile la connessione Internet in fibra ottica a lunga distanza.","Conferisce al vetro e agli smalti un colore rosa tenue e viene utilizzato negli occhiali da sole e nel vetro decorativo.","I laser ad erbio sono utilizzati in odontoiatria e nel resurfacing cosmetico della pelle.","Prende il nome da Ytterby, in Svezia, condividendo quell'origine con molte altre terre rare.","L'erbio viene aggiunto ad alcune leghe metalliche, compreso il vanadio, per renderle più lavorabili.","Assorbe la luce infrarossa in modo efficiente, che è alla base di molti dei suoi usi laser."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ytterby, un villaggio sull'isola di Resarö in Svezia, dove fu estratto per la prima volta il minerale gadolinite che lo contiene; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separò dall'ittria nel 1843 e \"erbio\" è uno dei quattro nomi di elementi derivati ​​dal toponimo unico \"Ytterby\"."},"Europium":{"name":"Europio","summary":"L'europio è un metallo morbido e argenteo utilizzato nei materiali fosforescenti, nelle barre di controllo e nei reattori nucleari.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["L'europio fornisce i fosfori rossi e blu che producevano il colore nei vecchi schermi televisivi e di computer.","È utilizzato come indicatore anticontraffazione nelle banconote in euro e brilla alla luce ultravioletta.","L'europio è il più reattivo degli elementi delle terre rare e si ossida rapidamente nell'aria.","Prende il nome dal continente europeo.","I fosfori drogati con europio fanno sì che le luci fluorescenti e LED ad alta efficienza energetica si illuminino intensamente.","È una delle terre rare meno abbondanti nella crosta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dall'Europa, il continente, da Eugène-Anatole Demarçay nel 1901, che lo isolò spettroscopicamente; era tra i numerosi elementi che prendono il nome da regioni geografiche durante la fine del XIX e l'inizio del XX secolo."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermio","summary":"Il fermio è un metallo sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica e nello studio degli elementi transuranici.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il fermio fu scoperto anche nel fallout del primo test della bomba all’idrogeno nel 1952.","Prende il nome dal fisico Enrico Fermi, pioniere delle reazioni nucleari.","Il fermio è l'elemento più pesante che può essere prodotto in quantità pesabili mediante il bombardamento di neutroni.","Oltre al fermio, gli elementi devono essere formati un atomo alla volta utilizzando acceleratori di particelle.","Sono state prodotte solo piccole e invisibili quantità di fermio.","Esiste solo come elemento sintetico e non ha usi commerciali."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Enrico Fermi, il fisico italo-americano che costruì il primo reattore nucleare artificiale nel 1942 e diede contributi fondamentali alla fisica nucleare e delle particelle; Albert Ghiorso e colleghi gli diedero il nome nel 1953 dopo averlo scoperto negli stessi detriti del test della bomba all'idrogeno che produssero einsteinio."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovio","summary":"Il flerovio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per esplorare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il Flerovium prende il nome dal Laboratorio Flerov di Reazioni Nucleari in Russia.","È stato creato per la prima volta nel 1998 da un team a Dubna, in Russia.","Alcune previsioni suggeriscono che il flerovio potrebbe essere insolitamente stabile o addirittura simile al gas, sebbene sia ancora radioattivo.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante formato da un atomo alla volta.","Il Flerovium si trova sotto il piombo nel gruppo 14 della tavola periodica.","I suoi isotopi decadono in pochi secondi, ma vivono più a lungo di molti vicini, suggerendo l'\"isola della stabilità\"."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal Laboratorio Flerov di Reazioni Nucleari a Dubna, in Russia, a sua volta intitolato al fisico sovietico Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov ha co-fondato il laboratorio e ha dato importanti contributi alla fisica nucleare, e il suo team ha sintetizzato per la prima volta l'elemento nel 1998, con la IUPAC che ha adottato ufficialmente il nome nel 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluoro","summary":"Il fluoro è un gas altamente reattivo, di colore giallo pallido ed è l'elemento più elettronegativo.","appearance":"Gas giallo pallido","interesting_facts":["Il fluoro è il più reattivo ed elettronegativo di tutti gli elementi, reagendo con quasi ogni altra sostanza, a volte in modo esplosivo.","È così aggressivo che può far prendere fuoco materiali come l'amianto e persino l'acqua.","Tracce di fluoro aggiunte all'acqua potabile e al dentifricio aiutano a prevenire la carie.","Il Teflon, il rivestimento antiaderente delle pentole, è un polimero contenente fluoro (PTFE).","Molti chimici furono avvelenati o uccisi nel tentativo di isolare il fluoro, guadagnandosi il soprannome di \"martiri del fluoro\" prima che Henri Moissan riuscisse nel 1886.","Il fluoro è un gas giallo pallido a temperatura ambiente ed è il più leggero degli alogeni."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'fluere' (scorrere), perché il minerale fluorite era largamente utilizzato come fondente metallurgico; il nome dell'elemento fu proposto da André-Marie Ampère nel 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francio","summary":"Il francio è un metallo estremamente raro e radioattivo, senza applicazioni significative a causa della sua instabilità.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il Francio è il secondo elemento naturale più raro, dopo l’astato.","Fu l'ultimo elemento scoperto in natura, da Marguerite Perey in Francia nel 1939.","Prende il nome dalla Francia, il suo paese d'origine.","Il Francio è così radioattivo che qualsiasi quantità visibile vaporizzerebbe istantaneamente a causa del suo stesso calore.","Il suo isotopo più stabile ha un'emivita di soli 22 minuti circa.","È il più reattivo dei metalli alcalini, ma le sue proprietà di massa non sono mai state osservate."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla Francia, paese in cui Marguerite Perey lo scoprì nel 1939 all'Istituto Curie di Parigi; chiamò l'elemento in onore della sua terra natale, seguendo la tradizione di nominare gli elementi in base ai luoghi e diventando la prima donna eletta all'Accademia francese delle scienze."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinio","summary":"Il gadolinio è un metallo bianco-argenteo utilizzato negli agenti di contrasto per la risonanza magnetica, nei fosfori e nella terapia con cattura di neutroni.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["I composti del gadolinio vengono iniettati come agenti di contrasto per rendere le scansioni MRI molto più chiare.","Ha una straordinaria capacità di assorbire i neutroni, la più alta di qualsiasi elemento stabile, utile nei reattori nucleari.","Il gadolinio è magnetico appena al di sotto della temperatura ambiente ed è studiato per la refrigerazione magnetica.","Prende il nome dal chimico finlandese Johan Gadolin, un pioniere della ricerca sulle terre rare.","Il gadolinio si riscalda quando posto in un campo magnetico e si raffredda quando viene rimosso, effetto magnetocalorico.","Viene utilizzato in alcuni tipi di rilevatori di immagini mediche e di sicurezza."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla gadolinite, il minerale in cui fu identificato per la prima volta il suo ossido; la gadolinite prende il nome da Johan Gadolin, un chimico finlandese che per primo la analizzò; Jean Charles de Marignac isolò il nuovo elemento terra nel 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallio","summary":"Il gallio è un metallo morbido e argentato che fonde appena al di sopra della temperatura ambiente e viene utilizzato nell'elettronica e nei semiconduttori.","appearance":"Blu argentato","interesting_facts":["Il gallio si scioglie a circa 30 °C, quindi un pezzo solido si scioglierà nella tua mano.","La sua esistenza fu predetta da Mendeleev come \"eka-alluminio\" prima che fosse scoperta nel 1875.","L'arseniuro di gallio viene utilizzato nell'elettronica ad alta velocità, nei LED e nelle celle solari per i veicoli spaziali.","Sebbene si sciolga facilmente, il gallio bolle a oltre 2.400 °C, uno degli intervalli di temperatura liquidi più ampi tra tutti gli altri elementi.","Il gallio può rendere fragile l’alluminio penetrando nei suoi bordi di grano, indebolendo drasticamente il metallo.","A differenza della maggior parte delle sostanze, il gallio si espande quando si congela, come l'acqua."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Gallia, il nome latino della Francia, dallo scopritore Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran nel 1875; il nome potrebbe anche essere un gioco di parole su \"gallus\" (latino per gallo), un gioco di parole sul cognome di Lecoq che significa \"il gallo\" in francese."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanio","summary":"Il germanio è un metalloide duro, bianco-grigiastro utilizzato nei semiconduttori, nelle fibre ottiche e nell'ottica a infrarossi.","appearance":"Bianco-grigiastro","interesting_facts":["Il germanio fu predetto da Mendeleev come \"eka-silicio\" e la sua scoperta nel 1886 contribuì a confermare la tavola periodica.","I primi transistor negli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta erano realizzati in germanio prima che prendesse il sopravvento il silicio.","È trasparente alla luce infrarossa, quindi viene utilizzato nelle lenti degli occhiali per la visione notturna e delle termocamere.","Il germanio è un semiconduttore metalloide dall'aspetto lucido, bianco-grigiastro.","Le fibre ottiche utilizzano composti di germanio per controllare il modo in cui la luce viaggia attraverso il vetro.","Come l'acqua e il silicio, il germanio si espande quando solidifica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Germania, il nome latino della Germania, da Clemens Winkler, che la scoprì nel 1886; la scoperta confermò la previsione di Mendeleev di un elemento mancante che aveva chiamato \"eka-silicio\"."},"Gold":{"name":"Oro","summary":"L'oro è un metallo denso e morbido molto apprezzato per il suo utilizzo in gioielleria, elettronica e valuta.","appearance":"Giallo metallizzato brillante","interesting_facts":["L'oro è così poco reattivo che può rimanere brillante per migliaia di anni, motivo per cui gli antichi manufatti d'oro brillano ancora.","È incredibilmente malleabile; con un solo grammo si riesce a martellare un foglio di circa un metro quadrato.","Si ritiene che quasi tutto l’oro sulla Terra sia arrivato tramite l’impatto di asteroidi dopo la formazione del pianeta.","L'oro conduce bene l'elettricità e non si corrode mai, quindi viene utilizzato per placcare contatti elettronici critici.","Il suo simbolo chimico Au deriva dal latino 'aurum', che significa 'alba splendente'.","Le visiere degli astronauti sono rivestite con uno strato ultrasottile d'oro per riflettere le radiazioni solari dannose."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Il nome inglese 'oro' deriva dal protogermanico 'gulþą', imparentato con 'giallo'; il simbolo Au deriva dal latino 'aurum', che si ritiene significhi 'alba splendente' o 'bagliore dell'alba'; l'oro è conosciuto e apprezzato fin dalla preistoria praticamente in tutte le culture."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Afnio","summary":"L'afnio è un metallo lucente e argentato utilizzato nei reattori nucleari, nelle barre di controllo e nelle leghe ad alta temperatura.","appearance":"Grigio argenteo","interesting_facts":["L'esistenza dell'afnio fu prevista dalla teoria atomica e fu trovato nel 1923 nel minerale di zirconio.","Prende il nome da Hafnia, il nome latino di Copenaghen.","L'afnio assorbe molto bene i neutroni e viene utilizzato nelle barre di controllo dei sottomarini nucleari.","I composti a base di afnio hanno sostituito il biossido di silicio come isolanti nei moderni chip dei computer.","Ha uno dei punti di fusione più alti di tutti gli elementi e viene utilizzato nelle superleghe per i motori a reazione.","L'afnio è chimicamente quasi identico allo zirconio, il che rende i due molto difficili da separare."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Hafnia, il nome latino di Copenhagen, Danimarca, dove Dirk Coster e George de Hevesy lo scoprirono nel 1923 mediante spettroscopia a raggi X; hanno scelto il nome per onorare la città in cui è stata condotta la loro ricerca."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassio","summary":"L'hassium è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Hassium prende il nome dallo stato tedesco dell'Assia, sede del laboratorio in cui è stato scoperto.","È stato sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 1984 bombardando il piombo con ioni ferro.","L'assio è un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo negli acceleratori di particelle.","Nonostante la sua scarsità, gli scienziati hanno confermato che si comporta come l’osmio, nel gruppo 8.","I suoi atomi esistono solo per frazioni di secondo prima di decadere.","Sono stati prodotti solo piccoli numeri di atomi di hassio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dallo stato tedesco dell'Assia (latino: Hassia), dove si trova GSI Darmstadt, il laboratorio che lo sintetizzò per primo nel 1984; il nome segue la tradizione di nominare gli elementi in base ai luoghi di scoperta ed è stato ufficialmente riconosciuto dalla IUPAC nel 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Elio","summary":"L'elio è un gas incolore, inodore, insapore, non tossico, inerte e monoatomico che è a capo del gruppo dei gas nobili nella tavola periodica.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["L'elio fu rilevato per la prima volta nello spettro del Sole nel 1868, prima che fosse mai trovato sulla Terra, e prende il nome dal dio greco del sole Helios.","È l'unico elemento che non può essere solidificato raffreddandosi alla normale pressione atmosferica, non importa quanto freddo faccia.","Al di sotto di 2,17 K, l'elio liquido diventa un superfluido che può scorrere senza attrito e persino strisciare lungo le pareti del suo contenitore.","Respirare l'elio aumenta temporaneamente il tono della voce perché il suono viaggia attraverso di essa quasi tre volte più velocemente che attraverso l'aria.","La maggior parte dell'elio terrestre proviene dal decadimento radioattivo dell'uranio e del torio nelle profondità sotterranee e viene estratto dal gas naturale.","L’elio è il secondo elemento più abbondante nell’universo, ma è relativamente raro e non rinnovabile sulla Terra."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"helios\" (sole), perché l'elio fu rilevato per la prima volta nello spettro solare durante l'eclissi solare totale del 1868 prima che fosse confermato sulla Terra."},"Holmium":{"name":"Olmio","summary":"L'olmio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei magneti, nelle barre di controllo nucleare e nei laser.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["L'olmio ha le proprietà magnetiche più forti di qualsiasi elemento naturale.","I laser ad olmio vengono utilizzati in medicina per frantumare i calcoli renali e trattare l’ingrossamento della prostata.","Prende il nome da Holmia, il nome latino di Stoccolma.","L'olmio conferisce colorazioni gialle e rosse al vetro e agli zirconi.","Viene utilizzato per creare i campi magnetici artificiali più forti conosciuti come espansioni polari.","Le soluzioni di ossido di olmio vengono utilizzate come standard di calibrazione per gli spettrofotometri."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Holmia, il nome latino di Stoccolma, Svezia, dove aveva sede Per Teodor Cleve, che identificò l'elemento nel 1878; segue la tradizione di nominare gli elementi delle terre rare in base ai luoghi associati alla loro scoperta."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Idrogeno","summary":"L'idrogeno è l'elemento più leggero e la sostanza chimica più abbondante nell'universo.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["L’idrogeno è l’elemento più abbondante nell’universo, costituendo circa il 75% in massa di tutta la materia normale.","È l'unico elemento i cui tre isotopi (protio, deuterio e trizio) hanno nomi distinti.","L’idrogeno liquido è stato utilizzato come carburante per missili sin dagli anni ’60, alimentando gli stadi superiori del Saturn V che trasportava gli astronauti sulla Luna.","Sotto pressioni estreme, come all’interno di Giove, l’idrogeno si comporta come un metallo liquido e può condurre elettricità.","Henry Cavendish identificò l'idrogeno come una sostanza distinta nel 1766, chiamandolo \"aria infiammabile\".","Un atomo di idrogeno è l'atomo più semplice che esista: un singolo protone attorno al quale orbita un singolo elettrone."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"idro\" (acqua) e \"geni\" (formazione), che significa \"che forma l'acqua\". Chiamato così da Antoine Lavoisier nel 1783 perché bruciando l'idrogeno si produce acqua."},"Indium":{"name":"Indio","summary":"L'indio è un metallo morbido e malleabile utilizzato nei semiconduttori, nei touchscreen e come rivestimento protettivo per i cuscinetti.","appearance":"Lucentezza metallica argentata","interesting_facts":["L'indio è così morbido che puoi ammaccarlo con un'unghia ed emette un \"grido\" udibile quando viene piegato, come lo stagno.","L'ossido di indio-stagno forma il rivestimento trasparente ed elettricamente conduttivo su touchscreen e display a schermo piatto.","Prende il nome dalla brillante linea indaco nel suo spettro di emissione.","L'indio rimane morbido e lavorabile anche a temperature estremamente basse, utile per le sigillature sottovuoto.","Ha un punto di fusione molto basso e viene utilizzato in leghe e saldature speciali a bassa temperatura.","La domanda di indio è aumentata vertiginosamente con la diffusione di smartphone e schermi LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino \"indicum\" (indaco), così chiamato da Ferdinand Reich e Hieronymous Richter nel 1863 per la brillante linea spettrale blu indaco osservata analizzando i residui di minerale di zinco utilizzando l'allora nuova tecnica della spettroscopia."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodio","summary":"Lo iodio è un non metallo scuro, brillante, viola-nero, essenziale per la funzione tiroidea e utilizzato come disinfettante.","appearance":"Grigio metallizzato brillante (solido), viola (gas)","interesting_facts":["Lo iodio è essenziale per la ghiandola tiroidea, motivo per cui il sale da cucina viene spesso arricchito con esso.","Quando riscaldato, lo iodio solido sublima in un sorprendente vapore di colore viola.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'iodes' che significa viola.","La tintura di iodio è stata a lungo utilizzata come antisettico per disinfettare le ferite.","Lo iodio trasforma l'amido in un blu-nero intenso, una reazione utilizzata come test chimico.","Lo iodio radioattivo-131 viene utilizzato per diagnosticare e trattare le condizioni della tiroide."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal francese \"iode\", derivato dal greco \"ioeides\" (simile al viola), così chiamato da Humphry Davy nel 1813 per il sorprendente colore viola dei vapori di iodio."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridio","summary":"L'iridio è un metallo denso e resistente alla corrosione utilizzato nelle candele, nei crogioli e in varie applicazioni industriali.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Uno strato mondiale di argilla ricca di iridio è la prova chiave che l’impatto di un asteroide ha ucciso i dinosauri, poiché l’iridio è raro sulla Terra ma comune negli asteroidi.","L'iridio è il metallo più resistente alla corrosione conosciuto, resistendo agli acidi che dissolvono quasi qualsiasi altra cosa.","È uno degli elementi più densi, quasi legato all'osmio.","Il chilogrammo standard una volta era un cilindro di platino-iridio conservato vicino a Parigi.","Candele con punte all'iridio perché sopportano il calore estremo senza erodersi.","Il suo nome deriva da Iris, la dea greca dell'arcobaleno, per i suoi sali colorati."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Iris, la dea greca dell'arcobaleno (latino: iris), da Smithson Tennant nel 1803; il nome riflette la sorprendente varietà di colori mostrati dai sali e dai composti dell'iridio, che ricordavano a Tennant i colori di un arcobaleno."},"Iron":{"name":"Ferro","summary":"Il ferro è un metallo forte e malleabile, essenziale per la produzione dell'acciaio e un componente vitale dell'emoglobina.","appearance":"Metallizzato brillante con una sfumatura grigiastra","interesting_facts":["Il ferro è l'elemento più abbondante sulla Terra in termini di massa e costituisce gran parte del nucleo fuso del pianeta.","Il nucleo rotante di ferro liquido della Terra genera il campo magnetico che ci protegge dalle radiazioni solari.","Il ferro è al centro dell'emoglobina, la molecola che trasporta l'ossigeno nel sangue e lo rende rosso.","Il ferro è l'elemento più pesante che le stelle possono produrre mediante la normale fusione; gli elementi più pesanti richiedono esplosioni di supernova.","L'età del ferro, iniziata intorno al 1200 a.C., trasformò la civiltà umana con strumenti e armi più potenti.","La ruggine è ossido di ferro, formato quando il ferro reagisce lentamente con l'ossigeno e l'acqua."],"naming_origin_explanation":"La parola inglese \"iron\" deriva dall'inglese antico \"iren\", imparentato con il proto-germanico \"isarno\", forse da una radice celtica per \"metallo sacro\"; il simbolo Fe deriva dal latino \"ferrum\" (ferro), che veniva fuso e utilizzato almeno dal 1200 a.C."},"Krypton":{"name":"Cripto","summary":"Il krypton è un gas nobile incolore e inodore utilizzato nelle lampade fluorescenti, nella fotografia e come gas di riempimento per finestre ad alta efficienza energetica.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["Il nome Krypton deriva dalla parola greca \"kryptos\", che significa \"nascosto\", perché era molto difficile da trovare nell'aria.","Dal 1960 al 1983 il metro è stato ufficialmente definito dalla lunghezza d'onda della luce emessa dal krypton-86.","Krypton produce una luce bianca brillante e viene utilizzato in alcuni flash e lampade fotografiche ad alte prestazioni.","È un gas nobile ed è quasi completamente non reattivo, sebbene alcuni composti di kripton possano essere costretti a formarsi.","Il cripton è utilizzato in alcune finestre a risparmio energetico e in lampade fluorescenti.","Nonostante la \"kriptonite\" dei fumetti, il vero krypton è un gas innocuo, incolore e inodore."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"kryptos\" (nascosto), così chiamato da William Ramsay e Morris Travers nel 1898 perché il krypton era estremamente difficile da rilevare e isolare: rimaneva \"nascosto\" tra i residui dell'aria liquida."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantanio","summary":"Il lantanio è un metallo morbido, bianco-argenteo utilizzato negli obiettivi delle fotocamere, nei catalizzatori e nelle batterie ricaricabili.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Il nome Lantanio deriva dal greco 'lanthanein', che significa 'giacere nascosto', perché si nascondeva nel minerale di cerio.","Dà il nome al primo della serie dei lantanidi, gli elementi delle \"terre rare\".","Il lantanio viene utilizzato nel vetro degli obiettivi di fotocamere e telescopi di alta qualità per deviare nettamente la luce.","Le leghe di nichel-lantanio immagazzinano idrogeno e sono state utilizzate nelle batterie di molte auto ibride.","I composti del lantanio aiutano a raffinare il petrolio in benzina come catalizzatori.","È abbastanza morbido da poter essere tagliato con un coltello e si ossida rapidamente all'aria."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"lanthanein\" (giacere nascosto o sfuggire all'attenzione), così chiamato da Carl Gustaf Mosander nel 1839 perché il lantanio rimase inosservato come impurità nell'ossido di cerio per anni prima che lui lo identificasse come elemento distinto."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Laurenzio","summary":"Il lawrencium è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo senza applicazioni pratiche al di fuori della ricerca scientifica.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium prende il nome da Ernest Lawrence, inventore dell'acceleratore di particelle ciclotrone.","È l'elemento finale della serie degli attinidi.","Il lawrencium può essere creato solo pochi atomi alla volta negli acceleratori.","Il suo isotopo più stabile ha un'emivita di poche ore.","Misurare le proprietà del lawrencium è straordinariamente difficile perché esistono così pochi atomi per così breve tempo.","Non ha usi al di fuori della ricerca scientifica fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ernest Orlando Lawrence, il fisico americano che inventò l'acceleratore di particelle ciclotrone nel 1930, rendendo possibile la creazione di elementi transuranici; Il Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory sintetizzò questo elemento nel 1961 e lo chiamò per onorare i contributi fondamentali di Lawrence."},"Lead":{"name":"Piombo","summary":"Il piombo è un metallo morbido e pesante utilizzato nelle batterie, nella schermatura contro le radiazioni e in varie applicazioni industriali.","appearance":"Grigio-bluastro metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il piombo è denso e blocca le radiazioni, motivo per cui riveste grembiuli e schermi anti-X.","I romani usavano tubi di piombo per gli impianti idraulici e la parola \"impianto idraulico\" deriva dal latino \"piombo\", \"plumbum\" (simbolo Pb).","Il piombo è tossico per il sistema nervoso, motivo per cui è stato rimosso dalla benzina e dalla vernice.","È morbido, pesante e facilmente modellabile, qualità apprezzate fin dall'antichità.","La maggior parte del piombo oggi viene riciclata, in gran parte dalle batterie delle automobili.","Il piombo è l'elemento più pesante con un isotopo completamente stabile; tutto ciò che è più pesante è radioattivo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"La parola inglese \"lead\" deriva dal protogermanico \"lauda\"; il simbolo Pb deriva dal latino \"plumbum\", probabilmente derivato da una lingua mediterranea pre-latina, che diede all'inglese la parola \"impianto idraulico\" perché i romani usavano ampiamente il piombo per le condutture dell'acqua."},"Lithium":{"name":"Litio","summary":"Il litio è un metallo alcalino morbido, bianco-argenteo. È il metallo più leggero e l'elemento solido meno denso.","appearance":"Bianco-argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il litio è il metallo più leggero e l'elemento solido meno denso, così leggero da poter galleggiare sull'acqua mentre reagisce con essa.","Le batterie ricaricabili agli ioni di litio alimentano la maggior parte dei telefoni, laptop e veicoli elettrici moderni.","I sali di litio sono stati utilizzati sin dagli anni ’40 come stabilizzatore dell’umore per trattare il disturbo bipolare.","È stato uno dei primi tre elementi (con idrogeno ed elio) creati nella nucleosintesi del Big Bang.","Il litio brucia con una sorprendente fiamma rosso cremisi, una proprietà utilizzata nei fuochi d'artificio e nei razzi.","Gran parte del litio mondiale viene estratto dalle saline salmastre sulle Ande del Sud America."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'lithos' (pietra), perché Johan August Arfwedson la scoprì nel 1817 all'interno di minerali litici solidi (petalite), a differenza del sodio e del potassio che si trovavano nelle ceneri delle piante."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorio","summary":"Il livermorio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare gli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il Livermorium prende il nome dal Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.","È stato creato per la prima volta nel 2000 da un team russo-americano.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante composto solo da pochi atomi alla volta.","Gli atomi di fegato esistono per pochi millisecondi prima di decadere.","Si prevede che si trovi sotto il polonio nel gruppo 16.","Per produrlo è necessario fondere gli ioni di calcio con bersagli di curio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory di Livermore, California, che ha collaborato con il Joint Institute for Nuclear Research per sintetizzarlo nel 2000; La IUPAC ha riconosciuto ufficialmente il nome nel 2012, il nome stesso del laboratorio in onore di Robert Livermore, uno dei primi coloni della California."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutezio","summary":"Il lutezio è un metallo denso e argentato utilizzato nei rilevatori di scansione PET, nei catalizzatori e nelle leghe specializzate.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Il lutezio è l'ultimo della serie dei lantanidi e una delle terre rare più dure e dense.","Prende il nome da Lutetia, l'antico nome romano di Parigi.","I cristalli a base di lutezio sono utilizzati come rilevatori negli scanner PET per l'imaging medico.","È uno dei metalli delle terre rare più rari e costosi da ottenere in forma pura.","Il lutezio è utilizzato come catalizzatore nella raffinazione del petrolio.","Un composto di lutezio radioattivo viene utilizzato nella terapia mirata per alcuni tumori."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Lutetia, l'antico nome romano di Parigi, Francia; Georges Urbain, che per primo lo isolò nel 1907, scelse il nome per onorare la sua città natale, seguendo la pratica consolidata di nominare gli elementi delle terre rare in base ai luoghi."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesio","summary":"Il magnesio è un metallo grigio lucido ed è un elemento essenziale per tutte le cellule viventi.","appearance":"Solido grigio lucido","interesting_facts":["Il magnesio brucia con una luce bianca abbagliante e un tempo era ampiamente utilizzato nelle prime polveri e flash fotografici.","È il metallo strutturale più leggero ed è legato con l'alluminio per realizzare parti resistenti e leggere per automobili e aerei.","Il magnesio si trova al centro di ogni molecola di clorofilla, rendendolo essenziale per la fotosintesi nelle piante.","Il corpo umano ha bisogno del magnesio per centinaia di reazioni enzimatiche, comprese quelle che mantengono in funzione muscoli e nervi.","Il magnesio è l'ottavo elemento più abbondante nella crosta terrestre ed è il terzo più abbondante disciolto nell'acqua di mare.","Il sale Epsom, usato per lenire i muscoli doloranti, è solfato di magnesio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Magnesia, un distretto della Tessaglia, in Grecia, dove sono stati trovati minerali contenenti magnesio; lo stesso toponimo ha dato origine anche alle parole 'manganese' e 'magnete'."},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganese","summary":"Il manganese è un metallo duro e fragile utilizzato principalmente nella produzione dell'acciaio per migliorare resistenza e durezza.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il manganese è essenziale per produrre l'acciaio, rimuovere ossigeno e zolfo e aggiungere forza; quasi tutto l'acciaio lo contiene.","È un ingrediente chiave nelle batterie alcaline usa e getta.","Il biossido di manganese veniva utilizzato dai pittori rupestri decine di migliaia di anni fa per produrre il pigmento nero.","Il viola intenso del permanganato di potassio lo rende un utile disinfettante e reagente chimico.","Vasti campi di noduli di manganese coprono parti del profondo fondale oceanico.","Il manganese è un oligonutriente essenziale, che aiuta gli enzimi che proteggono le cellule dai danni."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derivato dal distretto di Magnesia in Tessaglia, Grecia - la stessa regione che ha dato il nome al magnesio - attraverso il latino medievale \"manganese\"; il nome fu forse rafforzato dal latino \"magnes\" (magnete), poiché il minerale di manganese veniva storicamente confuso con il minerale di ferro magnetico."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerio","summary":"Il meitnerio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato esclusivamente nella ricerca scientifica per studiare gli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il meitnerio prende il nome da Lise Meitner, una pioniera della fissione nucleare i cui contributi furono a lungo trascurati.","È uno dei pochi elementi che prendono il nome da una donna.","Il meitnerium è stato creato per la prima volta nel 1982 in Germania.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante formato da un atomo alla volta.","I suoi isotopi decadono estremamente rapidamente, nell'arco di pochi millisecondi o secondi.","Si prevede che si comporti come l'iridio, nel gruppo 9 della tavola periodica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Lise Meitner, la fisica austro-svedese che ha co-scoperto la fissione nucleare e il protoattinio, ma che è stata controversa esclusa dal Premio Nobel del 1944; GSI Darmstadt propose il nome nel 1992 in riconoscimento, atteso da tempo, dei suoi importanti contributi alla scienza nucleare."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevio","summary":"Il mendelevio è un metallo sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi pesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Mendelevio prende il nome da Dmitri Mendeleev, creatore della tavola periodica.","È stato realizzato per la prima volta nel 1955, solo pochi atomi alla volta.","Il mendelevio può essere prodotto solo negli acceleratori di particelle bombardando l'einsteinio.","I suoi esperimenti di scoperta inizialmente rilevarono solo circa 17 atomi.","È intensamente radioattivo con isotopi di breve durata.","Il mendelevio non ha usi oltre alla ricerca fondamentale sugli elementi pesanti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, il chimico russo che creò la tavola periodica nel 1869; Glenn Seaborg e colleghi lo battezzarono nel 1955 in omaggio allo scienziato la cui visionaria organizzazione degli elementi rese concettualmente possibile la scoperta degli elementi transuranici."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercurio","summary":"Il mercurio è un metallo liquido denso e argenteo utilizzato nei termometri, nei barometri e nelle lampade fluorescenti.","appearance":"Argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il mercurio è l'unico metallo liquido a temperatura ambiente.","Prende il nome dal dio messaggero romano per la sua natura fluida e veloce, e il suo simbolo Hg deriva da \"hydrargyrum\", che significa \"acqua-argento\".","Un tempo il mercurio veniva utilizzato nei termometri e nei barometri perché si espande uniformemente con la temperatura.","I fabbricanti di cappelli esposti al mercurio svilupparono tremori e confusione, ispirando la frase \"matto come un cappellaio\".","È tossico e si bioaccumula, accumulandosi nei pesci e nelle persone che li mangiano.","I vapori di mercurio emettono una luce blu-verde quando sono elettrizzati, la base delle lampade fluorescenti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Mercurio, il veloce dio messaggero romano, che riflette la natura fluida e in rapido movimento dell'elemento; il simbolo Hg deriva da 'hydrargyrum', una latinizzazione del greco 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), che significa 'acqua-argento', con riferimento al suo aspetto di argento liquido."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdeno","summary":"Il molibdeno è un metallo duro e argentato utilizzato nelle leghe di acciaio per aumentare la resistenza, la tenacità e la resistenza alla corrosione.","appearance":"Grigio metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il molibdeno ha uno dei punti di fusione più alti di tutti gli elementi, a circa 2.623 °C.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'molybdos' (piombo), perché il suo minerale è stato a lungo confuso con piombo e grafite.","L'aggiunta di molibdeno all'acciaio crea leghe ad alta resistenza utilizzate negli aerei, negli strumenti e nelle armature.","È un nutriente traccia essenziale, che aiuta gli enzimi nelle piante, negli animali e negli esseri umani.","I batteri che fissano l'azoto utilizzano il molibdeno per convertire l'azoto atmosferico in una forma utilizzabile.","Il bisolfuro di molibdeno è un solido scivoloso utilizzato come lubrificante secco ad alta temperatura."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'molybdos' (piombo), perché il minerale molibdenite è stato a lungo confuso con i minerali di piombo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele dimostrò che era distinto nel 1778 e Peter Jacob Hjelm isolò il metallo nel 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovio","summary":"Il moscovio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Moscovium prende il nome dalla regione russa di Mosca, dove si trova il laboratorio di Dubna.","È stato sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 2003 da una collaborazione russo-americana.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo pochi atomi alla volta.","Gli atomi di moscovio decadono in una frazione di secondo.","Si prevede che si trovi sotto il bismuto nel gruppo 15.","È stato ufficialmente nominato nel 2016 insieme ad altri tre nuovi elementi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dall'Oblast di Mosca (regione di Mosca) della Russia, dove si trova l'Istituto congiunto per la ricerca nucleare a Dubna; è stato sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 2003 in una collaborazione tra JINR e Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory e nominato ufficialmente dalla IUPAC nel 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodimio","summary":"Il neodimio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato in potenti magneti, laser e colorazione del vetro.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["I magneti al neodimio sono i magneti permanenti più potenti comunemente disponibili, in grado di sollevare molte volte il proprio peso.","Questi magneti si trovano ovunque, dagli auricolari ai dischi rigidi, alle turbine eoliche e ai motori delle auto elettriche.","Il suo nome significa \"nuovo gemello\", poiché fu separato da \"didimio\" insieme a praseodimio nel 1885.","Il neodimio conferisce al vetro un colore sorprendente che varia dal viola al blu a seconda della luce.","I cristalli drogati al neodimio alimentano alcuni dei laser ad alta energia più comuni.","È uno degli elementi delle terre rare più abbondanti nonostante i suoi usi specializzati."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"neos\" (nuovo) e \"didymos\" (gemello), così chiamato da Carl Auer von Welsbach nel 1885 quando separò il didimio in praseodimio e neodimio, il \"nuovo gemello\" della coppia."},"Neon":{"name":"Neo","summary":"Il neon è un gas nobile incolore e inodore che emette un distinto bagliore rossastro-arancione quando elettrificato.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["Il neon emette una luce rosso-arancio brillante quando viene attraversato dalla corrente elettrica, la base delle classiche insegne \"al neon\".","È quasi completamente inerte e non forma composti chimici ordinari stabili in condizioni normali.","Il neon fu scoperto nel 1898 da Ramsay e Travers, che lo chiamarono dalla parola greca \"neos\", che significa \"nuovo\".","Nonostante sia il quinto elemento più abbondante nell’universo, il neon è raro sulla Terra e costituisce solo una piccola frazione dell’atmosfera.","Il neon liquido è un eccellente refrigerante criogenico, con oltre 40 volte la capacità di refrigerazione per volume di elio liquido.","I diversi colori visti nelle insegne al \"neon\" provengono in realtà da altri gas nobili; il neon puro produce sempre una luce rosso-arancio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"neos\" (nuovo), così chiamato da William Ramsay e Morris Travers nel 1898 per riflettere che si trattava di un gas nobile scoperto di recente."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Nettunio","summary":"Il nettunio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato negli strumenti di rilevamento dei neutroni e studiato per il suo ruolo nei reattori nucleari.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il nettunio fu il primo elemento transuranico ad essere sintetizzato, nel 1940.","Prende il nome dal pianeta Nettuno, continuando la sequenza dopo l'uranio (Urano).","Il nettunio è un sottoprodotto dei reattori nucleari ed è considerato un problema di scorie nucleari di lunga durata.","È argenteo, radioattivo e uno dei metalli attinidi più densi.","Il nettunio-237 può essere utilizzato per produrre plutonio-238 per le fonti di energia dei veicoli spaziali.","Tracce di nettunio si trovano naturalmente nei minerali di uranio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal pianeta Nettuno, che si trova oltre Urano nel sistema solare, proprio come il nettunio si trova oltre l'uranio nella tavola periodica; Edwin McMillan e Philip Abelson lo sintetizzarono nel 1940, continuando la sequenza di denominazione planetaria iniziata con l'uranio."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nichel","summary":"Il nichel è un metallo bianco-argenteo utilizzato nell'acciaio inossidabile, nelle batterie e in varie applicazioni industriali.","appearance":"Bianco-argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il nichel prende il nome da un termine minerario tedesco che significa \"rame del vecchio Nick\", perché il suo minerale sembrava rame ma non ne produceva.","È altamente resistente alla corrosione e viene utilizzato per galvanizzare altri metalli come protezione.","L'acciaio inossidabile contiene tipicamente nichel, che ne migliora la robustezza e la resistenza alla ruggine.","Nonostante il nome, le moderne monete americane in \"nichel\" sono per lo più in rame, con solo il 25% di nichel.","Si ritiene che il nucleo della Terra sia in gran parte costituito da una lega di ferro-nichel e molti meteoriti sono ricchi di nichel.","Il nichel è uno dei pochi elementi magnetici a temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Abbreviato dal tedesco \"Kupfernickel\" (rame del diavolo o rame del vecchio Nick), una maledizione dei minatori per un minerale che sembrava rame ma non ne produceva; \"Nichel\" è un soprannome tedesco per il diavolo, derivato dal nome Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonio","summary":"Il nihonium è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il nihonium prende il nome dal Giappone (\"Nihon\"), il primo elemento scoperto in un paese asiatico.","È stato sintetizzato presso il laboratorio RIKEN in Giappone, confermato intorno al 2004.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante composto solo da pochi atomi alla volta.","Gli atomi di nihonium decadono entro pochi secondi dalla loro creazione.","Si prevede che si trovi sotto il tallio nel gruppo 13.","La sua scoperta ha dato al Giappone l'onore di nominare per la prima volta un nuovo elemento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da \"Nihon\" (日本), la parola giapponese per Giappone, che significa \"terra del sole nascente\"; gli scienziati del RIKEN in Giappone ne hanno confermato la sintesi nel 2004 e hanno scelto il nome per onorare il primo elemento scoperto in Asia, con la IUPAC che lo ha riconosciuto ufficialmente nel 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobio","summary":"Il niobio è un metallo morbido e duttile utilizzato principalmente nelle leghe, in particolare nella produzione di acciaio per migliorare la resistenza.","appearance":"Grigio metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il niobio prende il nome da Niobe, figlia di Tantalo nella mitologia greca, riflettendo il suo stretto legame con il tantalio.","Diventa un superconduttore quando fa freddo e viene utilizzato nei magneti delle macchine per la risonanza magnetica e negli acceleratori di particelle.","Le leghe di niobio possono essere anodizzate per produrre un arcobaleno di colori, popolare in gioielleria.","Piccole quantità di niobio rendono l'acciaio molto più resistente, utilizzato nelle tubazioni e nei telai delle automobili.","Un tempo era chiamato columbium negli Stati Uniti e il nome persistette fino al XX secolo.","Il niobio è ipoallergenico, quindi viene utilizzato per piercing e impianti medici."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Niobe, la figlia di Tantalo nella mitologia greca, da Heinrich Rose nel 1844, perché il niobio si trova quasi sempre insieme al tantalio e inizialmente i due elementi erano così difficili da distinguere che l'accoppiamento mitologico genitore-figlio sembrava appropriato."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Azoto","summary":"L'azoto è un gas incolore e inodore che costituisce circa il 78% dell'atmosfera terrestre.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["L’azoto costituisce circa il 78% dell’aria che respiriamo, ma è così poco reattivo che per lo più lo respiriamo inutilizzato.","L'azoto liquido bolle a -196 °C e viene utilizzato per congelare rapidamente gli alimenti, preservare campioni biologici e creare spettacolari effetti di nebbia.","Il triplo legame che tiene insieme due atomi di azoto è uno dei legami chimici più forti conosciuti, rendendo il gas di azoto molto stabile.","Il processo Haber-Bosch, che converte l'azoto atmosferico in ammoniaca per i fertilizzanti, aiuta a nutrire circa la metà della popolazione mondiale.","L'azoto è un ingrediente chiave negli esplosivi come il TNT e la nitroglicerina perché i suoi legami rilasciano un'enorme energia quando si rompono.","I batteri presenti nelle radici dei legumi “fissano” l'azoto presente nell'aria in una forma utilizzabile dalle piante, arricchendo naturalmente il terreno."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'nitron' (nitro/salnitro) e 'geni' (formazione), che significa 'formatore di nitro', coniato da Jean-Antoine Chaptal nel 1790 perché il salnitro e l'acido nitrico contengono entrambi azoto."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelio","summary":"Il Nobelium è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo senza applicazioni significative al di fuori della ricerca scientifica.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Nobelium prende il nome da Alfred Nobel, fondatore dei Premi Nobel.","Può essere prodotto solo atomo per atomo negli acceleratori di particelle.","Insolitamente per un attinide, il nobelio è più stabile nello stato di ossidazione +2.","La sua scoperta alla fine degli anni '50 fu contesa per anni tra laboratori concorrenti.","Tutti gli isotopi del nobelio sono radioattivi e di breve durata.","Esiste solo in contesti di ricerca e non ha applicazioni pratiche."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Alfred Nobel, il chimico svedese che inventò la dinamite e fondò i Premi Nobel; il nome fu proposto nel 1957 quando un team di Stoccolma rivendicò inizialmente la scoperta, e fu mantenuto quando la scoperta confermata fu accreditata ai laboratori di Dubna e Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"L'Oganesson è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente gassoso o metallico","interesting_facts":["Oganesson è l'elemento più pesante conosciuto, con numero atomico 118.","Prende il nome dal fisico Yuri Oganessian, uno dei pochi elementi che prendono il nome da una persona vivente.","Sebbene si trovi nella colonna dei gas nobili, si prevede che l'oganesson sia un solido e possibilmente reattivo, a differenza di altri gas nobili.","Sono stati creati solo pochi atomi, ciascuno dei quali è sopravvissuto meno di un millisecondo.","È stato sintetizzato per la prima volta nel 2002 da una collaborazione russo-americana a Dubna.","Oganesson completa la settima riga della tavola periodica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Yuri Oganessian, il fisico nucleare russo-armeno che ha aperto la strada alla sintesi di elementi superpesanti e ha guidato il team del JINR Dubna che ha creato oganesson nel 2002; è uno degli unici due elementi che prendono il nome da una persona vivente, riflettendo la straordinaria portata dei suoi contributi al campo."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmio","summary":"L'osmio è un metallo denso, bianco-bluastro noto per la sua durezza e utilizzato nei pennini delle penne stilografiche, nei contatti elettrici e nei perni degli strumenti.","appearance":"Bianco-bluastro, metallico","interesting_facts":["L'osmio è l'elemento naturale più denso, quasi due volte più denso del piombo.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'osme', che significa odore, perché il suo ossido ha un odore pungente e tossico.","L'osmio è estremamente duro e veniva utilizzato nei primi aghi del fonografo e nelle punte delle penne stilografiche.","È uno dei metalli del gruppo del platino e ha un aspetto argento-bluastro.","Il tetrossido di osmio viene utilizzato per colorare i tessuti biologici per la microscopia elettronica.","È uno degli elementi più rari nella crosta terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco 'osmē' (ὀσμή), che significa 'odore' o 'odore'; Smithson Tennant coniò il nome nel 1803 perché il tetrossido di osmio, formato quando il metallo è esposto all'aria, ha un odore tossico acuto e caratteristico."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Ossigeno","summary":"L'ossigeno è un gas incolore e inodore essenziale per la respirazione nella maggior parte degli organismi viventi.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["L'ossigeno costituisce circa il 21% dell'atmosfera terrestre ed è l'elemento più abbondante in massa nella crosta del pianeta.","La maggior parte dell’ossigeno che respiriamo è prodotto dalla fotosintesi, in gran parte proveniente dal fitoplancton oceanico.","L'ossigeno liquido e solido sono di colore blu pallido e sono magnetici, essendo attratti da un magnete.","L'ozono, una molecola composta da tre atomi di ossigeno, forma uno strato protettivo nella stratosfera che assorbe le radiazioni ultraviolette dannose.","L'ossigeno fu scoperto indipendentemente nel 1770 da Carl Wilhelm Scheele e Joseph Priestley e nominato da Antoine Lavoisier.","Sebbene sia vitale per la vita, l’ossigeno è anche altamente reattivo e provoca l’arrugginimento del ferro e la combustione dei combustibili."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"oxys\" (aspro o aspro) e \"genes\" (formatore), che significa \"formatore di acidi\", così chiamato da Lavoisier nel 1777 sulla base della convinzione allora diffusa che l'ossigeno fosse una parte essenziale di tutti gli acidi."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladio","summary":"Il palladio è un metallo prezioso, bianco-argenteo, utilizzato nei convertitori catalitici, nell'elettronica e nello stoccaggio dell'idrogeno.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il palladio prende il nome dall'asteroide Pallade, scoperto poco prima del metallo nel 1803.","Il suo utilizzo principale è nei convertitori catalitici, dove aiuta a trasformare i gas di scarico tossici in gas innocui.","Il palladio può assorbire fino a 900 volte il proprio volume di idrogeno gassoso, come una spugna metallica.","È un metallo prezioso del gruppo del platino e viene utilizzato nell'oro bianco, nella gioielleria e nelle leghe dentali.","Il palladio è essenziale per molti dispositivi elettronici, compresi i minuscoli condensatori all'interno di telefoni e computer.","Ha svolto un ruolo centrale nei famosi esperimenti di “fusione fredda” del 1989, poi screditati."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dall'asteroide Pallade, scoperto nel 1802 e a sua volta intitolato a Pallade Atena; William Hyde Wollaston coniò il nome nel 1803, seguendo la moda contemporanea di denominare nuovi elementi dopo corpi celesti scoperti di recente."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosforo","summary":"Il fosforo è un elemento altamente reattivo ed essenziale nelle molecole biologiche come il DNA e l'ATP.","appearance":"Il colore varia (forme bianche, rosse o nere)","interesting_facts":["Il fosforo bianco brilla debolmente nell'oscurità mentre reagisce con l'ossigeno, un fenomeno da cui il nome \"fosforescenza\".","Fu il primo elemento scoperto da uno scopritore noto, isolato da Hennig Brand nel 1669 dall'urina bollita.","Il fosforo esiste in forme sorprendentemente diverse: il fosforo bianco è pericolosamente infiammabile, mentre il fosforo rosso è stabile e viene utilizzato sulle strisce delle scatole di fiammiferi.","Ogni cellula utilizza il fosforo nel DNA, nell'RNA e nell'ATP, la molecola che immagazzina e trasferisce l'energia negli esseri viventi.","Circa l’85% della roccia fosfatica estratta viene trasformata in fertilizzante, rendendo il fosforo fondamentale per la produzione alimentare globale.","Le tue ossa e i tuoi denti sono rafforzati dal fosfato di calcio, quindi gran parte del fosforo del tuo corpo è immagazzinato nello scheletro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'fosforos' (portatore di luce, da 'phos' = luce e 'phoros' = portatore), perché il fosforo bianco brilla debolmente nell'oscurità quando si ossida; il nome fu applicato da Hennig Brand quando lo scoprì nel 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platino","summary":"Il platino è un metallo denso, malleabile e resistente alla corrosione utilizzato nei convertitori catalitici, nei gioielli e nell'elettronica.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Il platino è così resistente alla corrosione che non si ossida mai, nemmeno alle alte temperature.","È un catalizzatore chiave nei convertitori catalitici, poiché aiuta a ripulire gli scarichi dei veicoli.","Il platino è più denso dell'oro ed è apprezzato per la gioielleria e le fedi nuziali.","Alcuni composti del platino, come il cisplatino, sono potenti farmaci chemioterapici.","Il Sudafrica produce la maggior parte del platino mondiale.","Il suo nome deriva dallo spagnolo \"platina\", che significa \"piccolo argento\", un nome che i primi minatori gli davano con disprezzo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva dallo spagnolo 'platina', diminutivo di 'plata' (argento), che significa 'piccolo argento'; Gli esploratori spagnoli in Sud America nel XVI secolo usarono questo termine sprezzante per il metallo pallido, simile all'argento, che trovarono mescolato nei depositi d'oro ma che non potevano lavorare facilmente."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonio","summary":"Il plutonio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato nei reattori nucleari, nelle armi nucleari e come fonte di energia per i veicoli spaziali.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo, si ossida se esposto all'aria","interesting_facts":["Il plutonio è famoso per il suo utilizzo nelle armi nucleari e nei reattori.","Prende il nome dal pianeta nano Plutone, dopo il nettunio e l'uranio.","Il plutonio-238 alimenta veicoli spaziali come le sonde Voyager e il rover Curiosity con il suo calore costante.","Un pezzo di plutonio è caldo al tatto a causa del calore derivante dal suo stesso decadimento radioattivo.","Ha una chimica insolita, esistente in molti stati di ossidazione colorati in soluzione.","Il plutonio si espande e si contrae notevolmente tra le sue diverse forme solide, rendendolo difficile da lavorare."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Plutone (allora considerato il nono pianeta), che si trova oltre Nettuno proprio come il plutonio si trova oltre il nettunio; Glenn Seaborg lo chiamò nel 1942, notando che la forma alternativa \"plutium\" era stata presa in considerazione ma rifiutata a favore della desinenza più classica \"-onium\"."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonio","summary":"Il polonio è un metallo altamente radioattivo utilizzato nei dispositivi antistatici e come fonte di calore nelle applicazioni spaziali.","appearance":"Argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il polonio fu scoperto da Marie e Pierre Curie nel 1898 e prese il nome dalla terra natale di Marie, la Polonia.","È intensamente radioattivo, tanto che un grammo di esso si illumina di blu ed emette abbastanza calore per stare al caldo.","Il polonio-210 è stato utilizzato nel famigerato avvelenamento di Alexander Litvinenko nel 2006.","È stato utilizzato come fonte di calore leggera nelle sonde spaziali e come dispositivo antistatico.","Il polonio è estremamente raro e si trova nei minerali di uranio in piccole quantità.","Un granello di polonio può rilasciare una dose letale, rendendolo una delle sostanze più tossiche conosciute."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla Polonia (latino: Polonia), la patria di Marie Curie, che la scoprì insieme a Pierre Curie nel 1898; Curie scelse il nome come omaggio alla sua terra natale occupata, allora divisa tra Russia, Prussia e Austria, sperando di attirare l'attenzione internazionale sulla sua causa."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potassio","summary":"Il potassio è un metallo morbido, bianco-argenteo, essenziale per la crescita delle piante e cruciale nei processi biologici.","appearance":"Metallo grigio-argentato","interesting_facts":["Il potassio è così reattivo che esplode in una fiamma lilla quando tocca l'acqua.","È abbastanza morbido da poter essere tagliato con un coltello ed è abbastanza leggero da galleggiare sull'acqua mentre reagisce.","Gli ioni di potassio sono essenziali per i segnali nervosi e il battito cardiaco e le banane sono una fonte alimentare ben nota.","Il suo simbolo chimico K deriva da \"kalium\", la forma latinizzata della parola araba che indica le ceneri delle piante.","Il potassio fu il primo metallo isolato mediante elettrolisi, da Humphry Davy nel 1807.","L'isotopo radioattivo del potassio-40 nel tuo corpo ti rende leggermente radioattivo per tutta la vita."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Il nome inglese deriva da \"potassa\" (cenere di legno lisciviata in vasi, una delle prime fonti dell'elemento), mentre il simbolo K deriva dal latino \"kalium\", infine dall'arabo \"al-qali\" (le ceneri vegetali alcaline utilizzate nella produzione del sapone)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodimio","summary":"Il praseodimio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei magneti, nella colorazione del vetro e nelle leghe.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il nome Praseodimio significa \"gemello verde\", per il colore verde dei suoi sali.","Viene utilizzato in occhiali speciali che proteggono saldatori e soffiatori di vetro dall'abbagliamento intenso e dalla luce infrarossa.","Miscelato con il neodimio, forma potenti magneti utilizzati nei motori e nelle cuffie.","Il praseodimio conferisce un colore giallo puro al vetro e agli smalti ceramici.","Fu separato da una sostanza chiamata \"didimio\" nel 1885, che risultò essere composta da due elementi.","Le fibre drogate con praseodimio possono amplificare i segnali luminosi in alcuni sistemi ottici."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'prasios' (verde porro) e 'didymos' (gemello), così chiamato da Carl Auer von Welsbach nel 1885 quando divise il didimio in due elementi: praseodimio, il gemello verde-salato, e neodimio, il nuovo gemello."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promezio","summary":"Il promezio è un metallo radioattivo utilizzato nelle vernici luminose, nelle batterie atomiche e nella ricerca.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il promezio è l'unico elemento delle terre rare privo di isotopi stabili; è radioattivo e sostanzialmente assente dalla natura.","Prende il nome da Prometeo, il titano greco che rubò il fuoco agli dei.","Il promezio è stato utilizzato nella vernice luminescente e in minuscole batterie atomiche per pacemaker e veicoli spaziali.","La sua esistenza colmò una lacuna di lunga data nell'elemento 61 della tavola periodica, confermata nel 1945.","Il promezio luminoso può produrre una debole luce blu-verde dalla propria radiazione.","Si ritiene che in ogni momento esistano solo circa 500 grammi di promezio nell'intera crosta terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Prometeo, il Titano della mitologia greca che rubò il fuoco agli dei e lo donò all'umanità; opportunamente, il promezio fu ottenuto per la prima volta nel 1945 dai prodotti della fissione dell'uranio in un reattore nucleare."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protoattinio","summary":"Il protoattinio è un metallo denso, grigio-argenteo, utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica a causa della sua scarsità e radioattività.","appearance":"Metallizzato argentato brillante","interesting_facts":["Il protoattinio è uno degli elementi naturali più rari e costosi.","Il suo nome significa \"genitore dell'attinio\", perché decade in attinio.","È altamente radioattivo e tossico e richiede un'attenta manipolazione.","Il protoattinio fu identificato per la prima volta nel 1913 e isolato nel 1934.","Il rapporto tra protoattinio e torio nei sedimenti oceanici aiuta gli scienziati a studiare il clima passato e la circolazione oceanica.","Ha pochi usi al di fuori della ricerca scientifica a causa della sua scarsità e radioattività."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco \"protos\" (πρῶτος), che significa \"primo\", combinato con \"attinio\", produce \"genitore dell'attinio\"; il nome riflette che il protoattinio-231 decade in attinio-227; Kasper Fajans lo chiamò per la prima volta \"brevium\" nel 1913, ma il termine \"protoattinio\" fu adottato quando fu identificato l'isotopo dalla vita più lunga."},"Radium":{"name":"Radio","summary":"Il radio è un metallo altamente radioattivo un tempo utilizzato nelle vernici luminose, ora studiato principalmente per le sue proprietà radioattive.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il radio fu scoperto da Marie e Pierre Curie nel 1898 e si illumina al buio con una debole luce blu.","Una volta veniva aggiunto ai quadranti degli orologi che si illuminavano al buio, avvelenando tragicamente le \"Radium Girls\" che li dipingevano.","I prodotti dell'inizio del XX secolo commercializzavano il radio nel dentifricio, nell'acqua e nei cosmetici prima che se ne comprendessero i pericoli.","Il radio è circa un milione di volte più radioattivo della stessa quantità di uranio.","Storicamente è stato utilizzato nella radioterapia del cancro prima che fonti più sicure lo sostituissero.","I taccuini di Marie Curie sono ancora così radioattivi che sono conservati in scatole rivestite di piombo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal latino 'radius', che significa 'raggio' o 'raggio', da Marie e Pierre Curie che lo scoprirono nel 1898; il nome si riferisce all'intensa radiazione emessa dall'elemento, che hanno osservato come un fenomeno nuovo e notevole isolandolo dalla pechblenda."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Il radon è un gas nobile radioattivo utilizzato nella radioterapia e come tracciante nella ricerca geologica.","appearance":"Gas incolore","interesting_facts":["Il radon è un gas nobile radioattivo prodotto dal decadimento dell'uranio nel suolo e nelle rocce.","È la principale causa di cancro ai polmoni tra i non fumatori e si diffonde invisibilmente negli scantinati.","Il radon è incolore, inodore e insapore, quindi può essere rilevato solo con strumenti speciali.","È il gas più denso in condizioni normali e uno dei gas più pesanti conosciuti.","Una volta il radon veniva utilizzato in alcuni dei primi trattamenti radioterapici medici.","I kit di test domestici sono ampiamente disponibili perché i livelli di radon possono essere ridotti con una ventilazione adeguata."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da \"radium\" - l'elemento da cui è prodotto dal decadimento radioattivo - combinato con il suffisso \"-on\" utilizzato per i gas nobili; Friedrich Dorn lo rilevò per la prima volta nel 1900 come un gas emanato dal radio, e fu chiamato \"emanazione del radio\" prima che il nome \"radon\" fosse standardizzato."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renio","summary":"Il renio è un metallo denso, bianco-argenteo utilizzato nei motori a reazione, nei filamenti e nei catalizzatori.","appearance":"Grigio-argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il renio fu uno degli ultimi elementi stabili ad essere scoperto, nel 1925.","Ha uno dei punti di fusione e di ebollizione più alti di tutti gli elementi.","Le superleghe di renio consentono alle pale delle turbine dei motori a reazione e a razzo di funzionare più calde ed efficienti.","Prende il nome dal fiume Reno in Germania.","Il renio è estremamente raro e viene recuperato principalmente come sottoprodotto dell'estrazione di rame e molibdeno.","Viene utilizzato come catalizzatore per produrre benzina ad alto numero di ottano e senza piombo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal fiume Reno (latino: Rhenus), che scorre attraverso la Germania; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke e Otto Berg scelsero il nome nel 1925 quando scoprirono l'elemento, seguendo la tradizione di nominare gli elementi in base alle caratteristiche geografiche della patria degli scopritori."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodio","summary":"Il rodio è un metallo raro, bianco-argenteo, noto per la sua elevata riflettanza e utilizzato nei convertitori catalitici e nei gioielli.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il rodio è uno dei metalli preziosi più rari e preziosi, spesso costa molto più dell'oro.","Il suo nome deriva dal greco 'rhodon' (rosa), per il colore rosa-rosso dei suoi sali.","La maggior parte del rodio viene utilizzata nei convertitori catalitici per pulire i gas nocivi dagli scarichi delle auto.","Conferisce una finitura brillante, dura e riflettente e viene utilizzato per placcare gioielli e specchi in oro bianco.","Il rodio è altamente resistente alla corrosione e non si ossida all'aria.","È uno dei metalli del gruppo del platino e viene recuperato principalmente come sottoprodotto dell'estrazione di platino e nichel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'rhodon' (rosa), così chiamato da William Hyde Wollaston nel 1804 perché le soluzioni di sali di rodio sono caratteristicamente di colore rosa-rosso."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenio","summary":"Il Roentgenio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato principalmente nella ricerca scientifica per studiare gli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Il Roentgenium prende il nome da Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, lo scopritore dei raggi X.","È stato creato per la prima volta nel 1994 in Germania fondendo nuclei di nichel e bismuto.","È un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo pochi atomi alla volta.","Si prevede che il Roentgenio si collocherà al di sotto dell'oro nella tavola periodica e potrebbe condividerne parte della chimica.","I suoi atomi decadono entro pochi secondi dalla loro formazione.","Non ha applicazioni oltre la ricerca fondamentale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, il fisico tedesco che scoprì i raggi X nel 1895 e ricevette il primo Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1901; GSI Darmstadt lo ha sintetizzato nel 1994, ha proposto il nome nel 2004 e la IUPAC lo ha adottato ufficialmente lo stesso anno."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidio","summary":"Il rubidio è un elemento metallico morbido, bianco-argenteo utilizzato nell'elettronica, nella ricerca e negli orologi atomici.","appearance":"Bianco-argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il rubidio si accende spontaneamente nell'aria e reagisce violentemente con l'acqua.","Il suo nome deriva dal latino 'rubidus' (rosso intenso) per le linee rosse del suo spettro di emissione.","Il rubidio fu scoperto nel 1861 da Bunsen e Kirchhoff utilizzando la nuova tecnica della spettroscopia.","Si scioglie appena sopra la temperatura corporea, a circa 39 °C.","Gli atomi di rubidio sono utilizzati in alcuni degli orologi atomici più precisi al mondo.","Gli scienziati hanno utilizzato il rubidio per creare il primo condensato di Bose-Einstein, uno strano nuovo stato della materia, nel 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'rubidus' (rosso intenso o rosso scuro), così chiamato da Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff nel 1861 per le due distintive linee spettrali rosso intenso che usarono per identificarlo tramite l'allora nuova tecnica della spettroscopia."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenio","summary":"Il rutenio è un raro metallo di transizione utilizzato nei contatti elettrici, nei resistori a film spesso e come catalizzatore.","appearance":"Bianco argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il rutenio prende il nome da Ruthenia, il nome latino della Russia, dove fu scoperto nel 1844.","È uno dei metalli del gruppo del platino ed è estremamente duro e fragile.","L'aggiunta di una piccola quantità di rutenio migliora notevolmente la durezza e la resistenza all'usura delle leghe di platino e palladio.","Il rutenio viene utilizzato nei contatti elettrici e nei resistori dei chip all'interno dei componenti elettronici.","Agisce come un catalizzatore versatile, anche nei processi per produrre ammoniaca e ripulire gli inquinanti.","Si stanno studiando composti di rutenio come coloranti che assorbono la luce per le celle solari."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ruthenia, il nome latino della Russia (la terra del popolo russo), da Karl Ernst Claus nel 1844, che fece la scoperta mentre lavorava a Kazan nell'impero russo."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordio","summary":"Il rutherfordio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi pesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordio prende il nome dal fisico Ernest Rutherford, il padre della fisica nucleare.","È il primo degli elementi transattinidi (superpesanti).","Il rutherfordio viene prodotto facendo a pezzi nuclei atomici più leggeri negli acceleratori.","La sua scoperta fu oggetto di una disputa sulla denominazione della Guerra Fredda tra scienziati americani e sovietici.","È possibile creare solo pochi atomi alla volta e decadono in pochi secondi.","Si prevede che si comporti chimicamente come l'afnio, nel gruppo 4 della tavola periodica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ernest Rutherford, il fisico neozelandese che scoprì il nucleo atomico ed è considerato il padre della fisica nucleare; il nome è stato proposto dai ricercatori americani di Lawrence Berkeley e adottato ufficialmente dalla IUPAC nel 1997 a seguito di una disputa sulla denominazione della Guerra Fredda con gli scienziati sovietici."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samario","summary":"Il samario è un metallo bianco-argenteo utilizzato nei magneti, nei laser e come assorbitore di neutroni nei reattori nucleari.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["I magneti in samario-cobalto mantengono la loro forza alle alte temperature, utilizzati negli aerei e nell'hardware militare.","È stato il primo elemento a prendere il nome da una persona, tramite il minerale samarskite (dal nome del funzionario minerario Samarsky).","Il samario assorbe facilmente i neutroni, quindi viene utilizzato nelle barre di controllo dei reattori nucleari.","Un composto radioattivo del samario viene utilizzato per alleviare il dolore causato dal cancro che si è diffuso alle ossa.","Il samario è utilizzato come catalizzatore in chimica e per produrre alcuni tipi di vetro e laser.","È moderatamente duro e si ossida lentamente all'aria, formando un rivestimento giallastro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla samarskite, il minerale in cui fu identificato per la prima volta da Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran nel 1879; samarskite prende il nome dal colonnello Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, un funzionario minerario russo, rendendo il samario il primo elemento che prende il nome (indirettamente) da una persona reale."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandio","summary":"Lo scandio è un metallo morbido, bianco-argenteo utilizzato nei componenti aerospaziali e nelle leghe ad alte prestazioni.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["L'esistenza e le proprietà dello scandio furono predette da Mendeleev nel 1869 come \"eka-boro\" prima che fosse scoperto nel 1879.","L'aggiunta di una piccola quantità di scandio all'alluminio crea una lega resistente e leggera utilizzata nei telai di biciclette di fascia alta e nelle parti aerospaziali.","Prende il nome dalla Scandinavia, dove fu estratto il minerale in cui fu trovato per la prima volta.","Le leghe di scandio-alluminio furono utilizzate in alcuni aerei da combattimento MiG sovietici.","Nonostante sia abbastanza comune nella crosta, lo scandio è difficile da estrarre e raramente concentrato nei minerali, il che lo rende costoso.","Lo ioduro di scandio viene aggiunto ad alcune lampade ad alogenuri metallici per produrre una luce che imita la luce solare naturale."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dalla Scandinavia (dal latino \"Scandia\"), la regione in cui Lars Fredrik Nilson lo scoprì nel 1879 nei minerali euxenite e gadolinite provenienti dalla Scandinavia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgio","summary":"Il Seaborgio è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare le proprietà degli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico","interesting_facts":["Seaborgio prende il nome dal chimico Glenn T. Seaborg, che contribuì a scoprire molti elementi transuranici.","Fu il primo elemento che prese il nome da una persona che all'epoca era ancora viva.","Il Seaborgio è un elemento sintetico superpesante prodotto solo negli acceleratori di particelle.","I suoi atomi decadono in pochi secondi, quindi solo una manciata è stata studiata.","Esperimenti chimici suggeriscono che si comporti come il tungsteno, nel gruppo 6 della tavola periodica.","È stato creato per la prima volta nel 1974 frantumando gli ioni di ossigeno nel californio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Glenn T. Seaborg, il chimico americano che ha co-scoperto dieci elementi transuranici; è stato il primo elemento che prende il nome da una persona vivente, proposto da Lawrence Berkeley nel 1994, anche se la IUPAC inizialmente si oppose prima di approvare ufficialmente il nome nel 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenio","summary":"Il selenio è un non metallo con proprietà simili allo zolfo e al tellurio, utilizzato nell'elettronica, nella produzione del vetro e come integratore alimentare.","appearance":"Forme nere, rosse e grigie","interesting_facts":["Il selenio prende il nome da Selene, la dea greca della Luna.","La sua conduttività elettrica cambia con la luce, una proprietà utilizzata nelle prime fotocopiatrici e negli esposimetri.","Il selenio è un oligonutriente essenziale, che supporta gli enzimi antiossidanti, ma è tossico a dosi maggiori.","Dà al vetro un colore rosso e viene utilizzato anche per rimuovere la tinta verde dal vetro.","Le noci del Brasile sono eccezionalmente ricche di selenio.","Il selenio è disponibile in diverse forme, tra cui una polvere rossa e una forma metallica grigia che conduce l'elettricità."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"selene\" (luna), nominato da Jöns Jacob Berzelius nel 1817 come compagno del tellurio (dal latino \"tellus\", la Terra), poiché entrambi gli elementi sono chimicamente simili e sono stati trovati insieme negli stessi giacimenti minerari."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicio","summary":"Il silicio è un solido cristallino duro e fragile e un componente chiave nei semiconduttori e nei chip dei computer.","appearance":"Solido cristallino grigio","interesting_facts":["Il silicio è il secondo elemento più abbondante nella crosta terrestre dopo l'ossigeno, per lo più rinchiuso nella sabbia e nella roccia sotto forma di silice.","I cristalli di silicio ultrapuro sono la base dei chip dei computer, da cui la Silicon Valley prende il nome.","Il silicio è un semiconduttore metalloide, che conduce l'elettricità meglio degli isolanti ma peggio dei metalli.","Il quarzo, l'opale e la maggior parte della sabbia sono composti di silicio e il vetro viene prodotto principalmente fondendo la silice.","I pannelli solari fanno affidamento sul silicio per convertire la luce solare direttamente in elettricità.","Nonostante la somiglianza del nome, il silicio (l'elemento) è diverso dal silicone, il polimero gommoso flessibile che lo contiene."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'silex' o 'silicis' (selce o pietra dura), perché il silicio si trova in abbondanza nella selce e nelle rocce silicatiche; il nome \"silicio\" fu proposto da Thomas Thomson nel 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Argento","summary":"L'argento è un metallo morbido, bianco e brillante con la più alta conduttività elettrica e termica di qualsiasi altro elemento, utilizzato in gioielleria, elettronica e specchi.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["L'argento è il miglior conduttore elettrico e termico di tutti gli elementi.","Ha proprietà antibatteriche naturali e veniva utilizzato per mantenere pulite le ferite e l'acqua molto prima della medicina moderna.","L'argento è il metallo più riflettente, motivo per cui veniva tradizionalmente utilizzato per il retro degli specchi.","La pellicola fotografica si basava su composti d'argento sensibili alla luce per catturare le immagini.","Il suo simbolo chimico Ag deriva dalla parola latina \"argentum\", da cui prende il nome il paese Argentina.","L'argento diventa nero quando reagisce con piccole quantità di composti di zolfo nell'aria."],"naming_origin_explanation":"La parola inglese \"argento\" deriva dall'inglese antico \"seolfor\", correlato al proto-germanico \"silubra\", di ulteriore origine incerta; il simbolo Ag e il nome del paese Argentina derivano entrambi dal latino 'argentum' (argento), legato alla brillante lucentezza bianca dell'elemento."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodio","summary":"Il sodio è un metallo morbido, bianco-argenteo, altamente reattivo e un elemento essenziale per la vita.","appearance":"Metallo bianco-argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il sodio è così reattivo che deve essere conservato sott'olio e frigge e può accendersi se lasciato cadere nell'acqua.","È abbastanza morbido da poter essere tagliato con un coltello, rivelando una superficie argentata e lucida che si opacizza rapidamente all'aria.","Le lampade ai vapori di sodio producono il caratteristico bagliore giallo-arancione un tempo comune nell'illuminazione stradale.","Il sale da cucina comune è il cloruro di sodio e il sodio è essenziale per gli impulsi nervosi e l'equilibrio dei liquidi nel corpo.","Il sodio brucia con una fiamma gialla brillante, una proprietà utilizzata nei test alla fiamma per identificarlo.","Il simbolo chimico Na deriva dalla parola latina \"natrium\", che si riferisce a un composto naturale della soda."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Il nome inglese deriva da \"soda\" (latino medievale \"sodanum\", un rimedio per il mal di testa), mentre il simbolo Na deriva dal latino \"natrium\", a sua volta dall'arabo/egiziano \"natrun\", la parola per natron, un minerale di carbonato di sodio presente in natura."},"Strontium":{"name":"Stronzio","summary":"Lo stronzio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei fuochi d'artificio, nella ceramica e nelle applicazioni radiologiche.","appearance":"Argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["I sali di stronzio producono il colore rosso brillante nei fuochi d'artificio e nei razzi di emergenza.","Prende il nome dal villaggio scozzese di Strontian, dove fu trovato per la prima volta il suo minerale.","L’isotopo radioattivo dello stronzio-90 derivante dal fallout nucleare può depositarsi nelle ossa perché imita il calcio.","Lo stronzio è utilizzato in alcuni dentifrici per ridurre la sensibilità dei denti.","L'alluminato di stronzio si illumina al buio per ore e viene utilizzato nelle moderne vernici luminose.","Come il calcio, lo stronzio reagisce con l'acqua e non si trova mai libero in natura."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Strontian, un villaggio nell'Argyllshire, in Scozia, dove il minerale strontianite (carbonato di stronzio) fu scoperto per la prima volta nelle miniere di piombo locali intorno al 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Zolfo","summary":"Lo zolfo è un elemento giallo, non metallico, comunemente presente nelle aree vulcaniche ed è essenziale per la vita.","appearance":"Cristalli gialli luminosi","interesting_facts":["Lo zolfo è conosciuto fin dall'antichità e nella Bibbia viene chiamato \"zolfo\", che significa \"pietra ardente\".","È famoso per l'odore di uova marce dell'idrogeno solforato, sebbene lo zolfo puro sia inodore.","Lo zolfo brucia con una fiamma blu e produce gas soffocante di anidride solforosa.","La maggior parte dello zolfo estratto viene utilizzato per produrre acido solforico, uno dei prodotti chimici industriali più prodotti al mondo.","Depositi di zolfo giallo brillante si formano attorno alle bocche vulcaniche e alle sorgenti termali.","Lo zolfo è un elemento essenziale della vita, presente negli aminoacidi cisteina e metionina che aiutano le proteine ​​a ripiegarsi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'sulphur' (zolfo), parola di origine incerta forse legata al sanscrito 'sulvere'; lo zolfo è conosciuto fin dall'antichità come la pietra gialla e pungente che si trova intorno ai vulcani, chiamata \"zolfo\" nei testi biblici."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantalio","summary":"Il tantalio è un metallo denso e resistente alla corrosione utilizzato nell'elettronica, negli impianti chirurgici e nelle leghe ad alta temperatura.","appearance":"Blu grigio","interesting_facts":["I condensatori al tantalio sono piccoli ma immagazzinano molta carica, presente in quasi tutti i telefoni e laptop.","Prende il nome da Tantalo del mito greco, riflettendo la sua \"allettante\" resistenza alla dissoluzione nell'acido.","Il tantalio è biocompatibile e viene utilizzato negli impianti chirurgici, nelle placche e nei perni.","Ha uno dei punti di fusione più alti di qualsiasi metallo, oltre 3.000 °C.","Il tantalio è altamente resistente alla corrosione grazie a uno strato di ossido resistente.","Gran parte del tantalio mondiale proviene dal minerale coltan, il che solleva preoccupazioni etiche in materia di approvvigionamento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Tantalo, il re della mitologia greca condannato a stare in una pozza d'acqua sotto gli alberi da frutto che si ritiravano ogni volta che li raggiungeva; Anders Ekeberg scelse questo nome nel 1802 perché l'elemento si rifiutava in modo allettante di assorbire l'acido, proprio come Tantalo non avrebbe mai potuto soddisfare la sua sete."},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnezio","summary":"Il tecnezio è un metallo radioattivo grigio-argenteo utilizzato principalmente nell'imaging medico e nella radiografia industriale.","appearance":"Grigio argentato metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Il tecnezio è stato il primo elemento ad essere prodotto artificialmente e il suo nome deriva dal greco \"artificiale\".","Non ha isotopi stabili, quindi essenzialmente non ne esiste naturalmente sulla Terra.","Il tecnezio-99m è il tracciante radioattivo più utilizzato nell'imaging medico, utilizzato in decine di milioni di scansioni all'anno.","La sua lacuna nella tavola periodica fu prevista da Mendeleev come \"eka-manganese\".","Il tecnezio è stato rilevato negli spettri di alcune stelle lontane, dimostrando che in esse si stanno ancora forgiando elementi.","Piccole quantità di tecnezio possono rendere l'acciaio notevolmente resistente alla corrosione."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco 'technetos' (artificiale o artificiale), così chiamato da Carlo Perrier ed Emilio Segrè nel 1937 perché fu il primo elemento ad essere prodotto artificialmente, creato bombardando il molibdeno con deuteroni in un ciclotrone."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellurio","summary":"Il tellurio è un metalloide fragile, bianco-argenteo utilizzato in leghe, semiconduttori e dispositivi termoelettrici.","appearance":"Grigio argenteo brillante","interesting_facts":["Il tellurio prende il nome dalla parola latina per Terra, \"tellus\".","Le persone esposte anche a piccole quantità sviluppano il \"respiro al tellurio\", un potente odore simile all'aglio che può durare per settimane.","Si tratta di un metalloide raro, tanto raro nella crosta terrestre quanto il platino.","Il tellururo di cadmio viene utilizzato per realizzare pannelli solari a film sottile.","Il tellurio migliora la lavorabilità dell'acciaio e delle leghe di rame.","Viene utilizzato nei dischi ottici riscrivibili perché può passare dallo stato vetroso a quello cristallino."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal latino 'tellus' (la Terra), così chiamata da Martin Heinrich Klaproth nel 1798; il nome è stato volutamente abbinato al selenio (dal nome della luna) poiché i due elementi sono chimicamente simili e venivano spesso trovati insieme."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennesso","summary":"La tennessina è un elemento sintetico e radioattivo utilizzato nella ricerca scientifica per studiare gli elementi superpesanti.","appearance":"Sconosciuto, probabilmente metallico o metalloide","interesting_facts":["Il Tennessine prende il nome dallo stato americano del Tennessee, sede dell'Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","È il secondo elemento più pesante conosciuto ed è stato confermato nel 2010.","Il suo nome termina in \"-ine\" perché si trova nella colonna alogena, gruppo 17.","Per crearlo è stato necessario il raro berkelio prodotto a Oak Ridge, bombardato con ioni di calcio.","Sono stati prodotti solo pochi atomi di tennessina.","I suoi atomi decadono in una frazione di secondo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dallo stato americano del Tennessee, sede dell'Oak Ridge National Laboratory (che ha prodotto l'obiettivo essenziale del berkelio), della Vanderbilt University e dell'Università del Tennessee; è stato sintetizzato nel 2010 e ufficialmente nominato dalla IUPAC nel 2016, con il suffisso \"-ine\" che riflette la sua posizione nel gruppo alogeno 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbio","summary":"Il terbio è un metallo bianco-argenteo utilizzato nei fosfori per l'illuminazione verde, i laser e i dispositivi magneto-ottici.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Il terbio fornisce il colore verde in molti fosfori utilizzati nell'illuminazione e nei display più vecchi.","Prende il nome dal villaggio svedese di Ytterby, uno dei quattro elementi che onorano quella singola città.","Le leghe di terbio cambiano forma in un campo magnetico, utilizzate nei sensori e nei sistemi sonar.","Si illumina di un verde brillante sotto la luce ultravioletta e viene utilizzato negli inchiostri di sicurezza.","Il terbio è un metallo tenero e argenteo delle terre rare che può essere tagliato con un coltello.","Viene utilizzato nei dispositivi a stato solido e nelle lampade fluorescenti ad alta efficienza energetica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ytterby, un villaggio sull'isola svedese di Resarö, dove originariamente veniva raccolto il minerale gadolinite; Carl Gustaf Mosander lo separò dall'ittria nel 1843 e \"terbium\" è una riorganizzazione sillabica di \"Ytterby\"."},"Thallium":{"name":"Tallio","summary":"Il tallio è un metallo morbido e grigio utilizzato nell'elettronica, nei sistemi ottici e in alcune applicazioni mediche.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Un tempo il tallio era il veleno preferito, inodore e insapore, tanto da guadagnarsi il soprannome di \"veleno dell'avvelenatore\".","Il suo nome deriva dal greco \"thallos\", germoglio verde, dalla linea verde brillante del suo spettro.","L’avvelenamento da tallio provoca la caduta dei capelli, il che talvolta aiuta i medici a diagnosticarla.","Un isotopo radioattivo del tallio viene utilizzato negli stress test di imaging cardiaco.","I composti del tallio sono utilizzati nell'ottica e nell'elettronica a infrarossi specializzate.","Fu scoperto nel 1861 utilizzando il nuovo metodo della spettroscopia di fiamma."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nome dal greco \"thallos\" (θαλλός), che significa \"germoglio verde\" o \"ramoscello verde\"; William Crookes lo chiamò nel 1861 in onore della caratteristica linea spettrale verde brillante che vide analizzando i residui di acido selenio utilizzando la tecnica recentemente sviluppata della spettroscopia di fiamma."},"Thorium":{"name":"Torio","summary":"Il torio è un metallo debolmente radioattivo utilizzato nei reattori nucleari, nelle leghe e nei mantelli di gas.","appearance":"Argenteo, spesso con ossidazione nera","interesting_facts":["Il torio prende il nome da Thor, il dio nordico del tuono.","Si sta studiando come combustibile nucleare più sicuro e più abbondante dell’uranio.","Il torio è circa tre o quattro volte più abbondante nella crosta dell'uranio.","I mantelli a gas thoriato brillavano intensamente e furono usati nelle lanterne per oltre un secolo.","Una volta veniva aggiunto agli obiettivi delle fotocamere di alta qualità, che possono ingiallire leggermente nel tempo a causa delle radiazioni.","Quasi tutto il torio è l'isotopo longevo torio-232, con un'emivita più lunga dell'età dell'universo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Thor, il dio nordico del tuono, dal chimico svedese Jöns Jacob Berzelius che lo scoprì nel 1828; Berzelius lo trovò in un minerale norvegese che chiamò thorite e chiamò il nuovo elemento in onore della divinità, seguendo una tradizione di onoramento delle figure mitologiche."},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulio","summary":"Il tulio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei dispositivi portatili a raggi X, nei laser e in alcune applicazioni nucleari.","appearance":"Grigio argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il tulio è il più raro tra gli elementi stabili delle terre rare e uno dei più costosi.","Prende il nome da Thule, una terra mitica nell'estremo nord.","Il tulio-170 radioattivo viene utilizzato in dispositivi a raggi X portatili che non necessitano di elettricità.","Il tulio si illumina di blu sotto la luce ultravioletta e viene utilizzato nei contrassegni anticontraffazione sulle banconote.","I laser al tulio sono utilizzati in alcune procedure medico-chirurgiche.","Nonostante la sua rarità, il tulio è ancora più abbondante nella crosta dell’oro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Thule, l'antico nome greco e romano di una terra mitica all'estremità settentrionale del mondo conosciuto, spesso identificata con la Scandinavia o l'Islanda; Per Teodor Cleve scelse il nome nel 1879 per onorare le origini scandinave dell'elemento."},"Tin":{"name":"Stagno","summary":"Lo stagno è un metallo malleabile, bianco-argenteo, utilizzato nelle saldature, nei rivestimenti e nelle leghe come il bronzo.","appearance":"Bianco-argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["Mescolando lo stagno con il rame si ottiene il bronzo, la lega che ha definito un'intera epoca della storia umana.","Quando viene piegata, una barra di stagno emette un suono scoppiettante chiamato \"grido di stagno\" mentre i suoi cristalli si riorganizzano.","In condizioni di freddo estremo, lo stagno normale può sbriciolarsi in una polvere grigia, un processo chiamato \"parassita dello stagno\".","I barattoli di latta ottengono la loro resistenza alla corrosione da un sottile rivestimento di stagno sull'acciaio.","Lo stagno ha più isotopi stabili (dieci) di qualsiasi altro elemento.","Il peltro e la lega per saldatura sono comuni leghe a base di stagno utilizzate da secoli."],"naming_origin_explanation":"La parola inglese \"tin\" deriva dall'inglese antico \"tin\", correlato al proto-germanico \"tinam\", di ulteriore origine incerta; il simbolo Sn deriva dal latino 'stannum', che originariamente si riferiva a una lega argento-piombo prima di essere applicato allo stagno."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanio","summary":"Il titanio è un metallo resistente e leggero ampiamente utilizzato nel settore aerospaziale, nei dispositivi medici e nelle leghe.","appearance":"Bianco-grigio argentato","interesting_facts":["Il titanio ha il più alto rapporto resistenza/densità di qualsiasi altro elemento metallico, essendo resistente quanto l'acciaio ma circa il 45% più leggero.","È biocompatibile, quindi il corpo non lo rigetta, rendendolo ideale per le protesi d'anca e gli impianti dentali.","Il biossido di titanio è un pigmento bianco brillante utilizzato nella vernice, nella crema solare e persino nel dentifricio.","Resiste così bene alla corrosione dell'acqua di mare che viene utilizzato nelle parti delle navi e negli scafi dei sottomarini.","Il titanio prende il nome dai Titani della mitologia greca per la sua grande forza.","Sebbene sia il nono elemento più abbondante nella crosta, il titanio è costoso perché è difficile da estrarre dai suoi minerali."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dai Titani della mitologia greca - potenti divinità primordiali - da Martin Heinrich Klaproth nel 1795, che voleva un nome libero da associazioni geografiche o personali."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsteno","summary":"Il tungsteno è un metallo duro e denso con il punto di fusione più alto di tutti gli elementi, utilizzato in filamenti, utensili da taglio e proiettili perforanti.","appearance":"Bianco grigiastro, brillante","interesting_facts":["Il tungsteno ha il punto di fusione più alto di tutti i metalli, a circa 3.422 °C.","Veniva utilizzato per i filamenti luminosi delle lampadine a incandescenza.","Il suo nome deriva dallo svedese per \"pietra pesante\", mentre il suo simbolo W deriva da \"wolfram\".","Il carburo di tungsteno è duro quasi quanto il diamante e viene utilizzato nelle punte da trapano, nelle seghe e nei proiettili perforanti.","È uno degli elementi più densi, ha all'incirca la stessa densità dell'oro.","Il tungsteno è essenziale per alcuni enzimi di alcuni microbi amanti del calore, l'elemento più pesante noto per essere utilizzato dalla vita."],"naming_origin_explanation":"\"Tungsteno\" deriva dalle parole svedesi \"tung\" (pesante) e \"sten\" (pietra), in riferimento al minerale scheelite; il simbolo W deriva da \"wolfram\", derivato dal minerale wolframite, chiamato così perché \"divorava\" lo stagno durante la fusione, evocando un lupo (tedesco: Wolf Rahm, crema o schiuma di lupo)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranio","summary":"L'uranio è un metallo denso e radioattivo utilizzato come combustibile nei reattori nucleari e nelle armi nucleari.","appearance":"Grigio-argenteo metallizzato","interesting_facts":["L'uranio è l'elemento più pesante presente in quantità significative in natura.","Prende il nome dal pianeta Urano, scoperto appena otto anni prima.","Un singolo chilogrammo di uranio-235 può rilasciare tanta energia quanto diverse migliaia di tonnellate di carbone.","La radioattività dell'uranio fu scoperta da Henri Becquerel nel 1896 quando appannava le lastre fotografiche nell'oscurità.","L'uranio impoverito è estremamente denso e viene utilizzato nelle armature e nelle munizioni perforanti.","Il vetro all'uranio, popolare nel 1800, brilla di un verde brillante sotto la luce ultravioletta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome dal pianeta Urano, scoperto appena otto anni prima da Martin Heinrich Klaproth nel 1789; seguì la tradizione di denominare gli elementi con il nome dei corpi celesti, proprio come il tellurio (l'elemento che lo precede) aveva preso il nome dalla Terra."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadio","summary":"Il vanadio è un metallo duro, grigio-argenteo, utilizzato principalmente per rafforzare le leghe di acciaio e altri materiali.","appearance":"Grigio argenteo","interesting_facts":["Il vanadio prende il nome da Vanadis, un nome per la dea norrena Freyja, a causa dei suoi composti meravigliosamente colorati.","I suoi composti appaiono in un arcobaleno di colori a seconda dello stato di ossidazione: viola, blu, verde e giallo.","L'aggiunta di piccole quantità di vanadio all'acciaio lo rende molto più duro e resistente, utilizzato negli utensili e nelle parti di automobili.","Henry Ford utilizzò l'acciaio al vanadio nel Modello T per renderlo più leggero e resistente.","Le batterie a flusso redox al vanadio possono immagazzinare grandi quantità di energia per la rete elettrica.","Alcune creature marine chiamate ascidie concentrano il vanadio nel loro sangue a livelli molto più alti dell'acqua di mare circostante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Vanadis, un epiteto antico norvegese per la dea Freyja, scelto da Nils Gabriel Sefström nel 1830 perché i composti del vanadio formano soluzioni multicolori straordinariamente belle."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xeno","summary":"Lo xeno è un gas nobile incolore, denso e inodore utilizzato nell'illuminazione, nell'imaging medico e nella propulsione di veicoli spaziali.","appearance":"Gas incolore, emette un bagliore blu quando eccitato","interesting_facts":["Il nome Xenon deriva dalla parola greca che significa \"straniero\", perché era una rarità da trovare nell'aria.","Produce una luce bianca brillante e viene utilizzato nei fari delle automobili, nei flash delle fotocamere e nelle lampade dei proiettori cinematografici.","Lo xeno può essere utilizzato come anestetico sicuro e potente, sebbene sia costoso.","Pur essendo un gas nobile, lo xeno fu il primo a formare un vero e proprio composto chimico, nel 1962.","I propulsori ionici sui veicoli spaziali utilizzano lo xeno come propellente, spingendo delicatamente le sonde attraverso il sistema solare.","Lo xeno è abbastanza denso da poter far galleggiare un oggetto leggero sul gas invisibile."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal greco \"xenos\" (straniero o straniero), così chiamato da William Ramsay e Morris Travers nel 1898 perché lo xeno appariva come un elemento completamente sconosciuto nascosto nei residui dopo l'evaporazione del krypton liquido."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Itterbio","summary":"L'itterbio è un metallo morbido e argentato utilizzato nei laser, negli orologi atomici e negli misuratori di stress nei materiali.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["L'itterbio è uno dei quattro elementi che prendono il nome dal piccolo villaggio svedese di Ytterby.","Gli orologi atomici all'itterbio sono tra i cronometristi più precisi mai costruiti.","La sua resistenza elettrica aumenta notevolmente sotto alta pressione, utilizzata come misuratore di stress.","Le fibre drogate con itterbio alimentano laser industriali ad alta energia per il taglio e la saldatura dei metalli.","È un metallo delle terre rare morbido, malleabile e argenteo.","Insolitamente per un lantanide, l'itterbio può assumere uno stato di ossidazione stabile +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ytterby, un villaggio sull'isola di Resarö vicino a Stoccolma, in Svezia; Jean Charles de Marignac isolò per primo il suo ossido nel 1878 dal minerale erbia, e l'itterbio è uno dei quattro elementi che prendono il nome da quel singolo villaggio svedese."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Ittrio","summary":"L'ittrio è un elemento metallico-argenteo utilizzato nei fosfori, nei superconduttori e nella tecnologia LED.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["L'ittrio prende il nome dal villaggio svedese di Ytterby, che ha dato il nome a quattro diversi elementi.","I cristalli di ittrio-alluminio-granato (YAG) vengono utilizzati per realizzare potenti laser per la medicina e l'industria.","Ha contribuito a creare i primi superconduttori ad alta temperatura che funzionano al di sopra del punto di ebollizione dell'azoto.","I composti dell'ittrio producevano i fosfori rossi nei vecchi schermi televisivi a colori.","Viene utilizzato per rinforzare le leghe di alluminio e magnesio.","Sebbene sia chiamata terra rara, l'ittrio è più abbondante nella crosta dell'argento o del piombo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Prende il nome da Ytterby, un piccolo villaggio sull'isola di Resarö in Svezia, dove il minerale gadolinite fu raccolto per la prima volta nel 1787; lo stesso nome del villaggio ha ispirato anche i nomi di itterbio, erbio e terbio."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinco","summary":"Lo zinco è un metallo argento-bluastro comunemente utilizzato nella galvanizzazione, nelle leghe e come minerale essenziale per i processi biologici.","appearance":"Metallo argento-bluastro","interesting_facts":["Lo zinco riveste l'acciaio in un processo chiamato zincatura, sacrificandosi per proteggere l'acciaio dalla ruggine.","È essenziale per il sistema immunitario umano e le pastiglie di zinco vengono utilizzate per aiutare a combattere il raffreddore.","Lo zinco brucia con una fiamma verde-bluastra brillante e un tempo veniva chiamato \"lana filosofale\" quando veniva raccolto il suo ossido bianco.","L'ottone, utilizzato negli strumenti e negli accessori, è una lega di rame e zinco.","La maggior parte delle moderne monete da un centesimo e molte altre monete sono realizzate in gran parte in zinco con un sottile rivestimento di rame.","L'ossido di zinco è l'ingrediente attivo di molti filtri solari e creme per dermatite da pannolino."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dal tedesco 'Zink' (zinco), utilizzato per la prima volta da Paracelso nel XVI secolo; l'origine potrebbe riferirsi a 'Zinke' (punta o punta), che descrive i cristalli appuntiti che si formano durante la fusione, o forse al persiano 'sing' (pietra)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconio","summary":"Lo zirconio è un metallo resistente alla corrosione utilizzato nei reattori nucleari, negli strumenti chirurgici e nei materiali ceramici.","appearance":"Bianco argentato","interesting_facts":["Lo zirconio è altamente resistente alla corrosione e assorbe a malapena i neutroni, rendendolo ideale per il rivestimento delle barre di combustibile nucleare.","La zirconia cubica, un composto di zirconio, è un popolare sostituto del diamante in gioielleria.","La pietra preziosa zircone, un silicato di zirconio, contiene alcuni dei minerali più antichi conosciuti sulla Terra, risalenti a oltre 4 miliardi di anni fa.","La polvere di zirconio è altamente infiammabile e un tempo veniva utilizzata nei flash.","È biocompatibile e utilizzato nelle corone dentali e negli impianti articolari.","La ceramica al biossido di zirconio è abbastanza resistente da realizzare lame di coltello che raramente necessitano di affilatura."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Dall'arabo 'zarqun' (vermiglio o dorato), derivato dal persiano 'zargun' (simile all'oro), perché lo zircone della pietra preziosa ha riflessi dorati; il nome fu dato da Martin Heinrich Klaproth nel 1789."}},"ja":{"Actinium":{"name":"アクチニウム","summary":"アクチニウムは、主に研究および中性子源として使用される柔らかい銀色の放射性金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["アクチニウムは、その強力な放射能により、暗闇では不気味な青白い光で輝きます。","その名前は、光線またはビームを意味するギリシャ語の「アクティス」に由来しています。","これは、アクチニド系列の元素にその名前を与えています。","アクチニウム 225 は、がんに対する標的アルファ粒子療法として研究されています。","放射性物質はラジウムの約150倍です。","アクチニウムは非常に稀少で、ウラン鉱石中に微量しか存在しません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「光線」または「ビーム」を意味するギリシャ語の「アクティス」（ἀκτίς）から名づけられました。アンドレ・ルイ・ドビエルヌは 1899 年に初めてウラン鉱石から単離し、その強力な放射能にちなんで命名しました。それは重元素のアクチニド系列にその名前を与えています。"},"Aluminum":{"name":"アルミニウム","summary":"アルミニウムは銀白色の軽量で耐食性の高い金属で、さまざまな用途に使用されています。","appearance":"シルバーグレーの金属","interesting_facts":["アルミニウムは地殻に最も豊富に存在する金属ですが、かつては精製が非常に難しく、金よりも価値がありました。","1880年代の晩餐会では、フランスの最も名誉あるゲストはアルミニウム製のカトラリーを使用して食事をし、他のゲストは金を使用したと伝えられています。","アルミニウムは完全にリサイクル可能であり、アルミニウムのリサイクルに使用されるエネルギーは、原鉱石からアルミニウムを製造するのに必要なエネルギーのわずか約 5% です。","薄い自己修復酸化膜がアルミニウム上に瞬時に形成され、アルミニウムを腐食から保護します。","1886 年に発明されたホール・エルー法は、電気を使ってアルミナからアルミニウムを抽出することでアルミニウムを安価にしました。","アルミニウムは軽くて強く、非磁性であるため、航空機、缶、箔などに最適です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「alumen」（ミョウバン、染色やなめしに古代から使用されてきた化合物）に由来。ハンフリー・デイビーは 1807 年に「アルミニウム」を造語し、後にそれを「アルミニウム」に修正しましたが、世界の多くの地域では「アルミニウム」の綴りが採用されています。"},"Americium":{"name":"アメリシウム","summary":"アメリシウムは、煙探知機や産業用途の中性子源として使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀白色、空気中でゆっくりと変色します","interesting_facts":["アメリシウムは、ほとんどの家庭用煙感知器に微量使用されています。","ヨーロッパにちなんで名付けられたユーロピウムを反映して、アメリカ大陸にちなんで命名されました。","アメリシウムは、1944 年のマンハッタン計画で初めて製造されました。","煙感知器では、アメリシウムは空気をイオン化するアルファ粒子を放出します。煙が電流を遮断し、警報を鳴らします。","自身の強力な放射能により、暗闇でほのかに光ります。","アメリシウムは、将来の宇宙ミッションで長期持続する可能性のある電源として研究されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1944年にグレン・シーボーグによって、最初に生産された大陸であるアメリカ大陸にちなんで命名されました。シーボーグは、アメリシウムがランタニド系列におけるユウロピウムと同じ位置をアクチニド系列において占めるため、ユウロピウム（ヨーロッパにちなんで名付けられた）と意図的に類似させて命名した。"},"Antimony":{"name":"アンチモン","summary":"アンチモンは、難燃剤、合金、半導体に使用される脆い青白色の半金属です。","appearance":"銀色、青みがかった白色","interesting_facts":["アンチモンは古代エジプト以来、黒目の化粧品であるコールとして使用されてきました。","これは、珍しいことに、凍結すると膨張する半金属であり、鋭利な鋳物や金属の活字に役立ちます。","アンチモン化合物は、プラスチックや繊維の難燃剤として広く使用されています。","その化学記号 Sb は、ラテン語の「stibium」に由来します。","中世の錬金術師はアンチモンの丸薬を再利用可能な下剤として使用し、回収され、「永遠の丸薬」として受け継がれました。","古い活字や電池のプレートのように、アンチモンは鉛と合金化されて硬くなります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語名は中世のラテン語「アンチモニウム」に由来しており、起源は不明である（アンチモンが純粋な形で存在することはほとんどないため、おそらくアラビア語の「イトミド」または「一人ではない」を意味するラテン語のフレーズに由来する）。記号Sbは、古代エジプト以来化粧品として使用されていた黒色硫化鉱石の名前であるラテン語の「stibium」に由来しています。"},"Argon":{"name":"アルゴン","summary":"アルゴンは、地球の大気の約 1% を構成する無色無臭の希ガスです。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["アルゴンは地球の大気の 1% 近くを占め、空気中に最も豊富に存在する希ガスです。","その名前は、化学的に非常に反応しないため、ギリシャ語の「怠け者」に由来しています。","アルゴンは高温のフィラメントと反応しないため、白熱電球の充填に使用されます。","溶接工は、熱い金属が空気中の酸素と反応するのを防ぐために、シールドガスとしてアルゴンを使用します。","地球のアルゴンの大部分はアルゴン 40 であり、岩石中のカリウム 40 の放射性崩壊によって生成されます。","アルゴンは通常の空気よりも断熱効果が高いため、二重窓にはアルゴンが充填されることがよくあります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「アルゴン」（アイドルまたは不活性、「アルゴス」の中性化）に由来し、このガスは化学的に不活性で、何とも反応しにくいため、1894 年にウィリアム・ラムゼイとレイリー卿によって命名されました。"},"Arsenic":{"name":"ヒ素","summary":"ヒ素は、歴史的には農薬に使用され、現在では半導体やガラスの製造に使用されている有毒な半金属です。","appearance":"メタリックグレー","interesting_facts":["ヒ素は「王の毒、毒の王」として有名で、何世紀にもわたって検出されず、歴史的な殺人事件で好まれていた。","毒性にもかかわらず、微量のヒ素は一部の動物にとって必要な栄養素である可能性があります。","ガリウムヒ素およびその他のヒ素化合物は、現代の半導体や LED にとって不可欠です。","地下水のヒ素汚染は、世界中の何百万もの人々の飲料水に影響を与えています。","加熱すると昇華し、固体から直接気体に変化し、ニンニクのような臭いがします。","ヒ素を含む緑色の顔料はかつて壁紙に使用されており、ビクトリア朝の家庭に徐々に毒を与えた可能性があります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「arsenikon」（黄色のオーピメント、ヒ素の硫化鉱石）に由来し、おそらくペルシア語の「zarnikh」（ヒ素鉱石）に由来します。この単語は、ヒ素化合物の強力な特性を反映して、ギリシャ語の「arrhen」（男性または強力な）につながることもあります。"},"Astatine":{"name":"アスタチン","summary":"アスタチンは、主に科学研究で使用され、場合によっては癌治療にも使用される希少な放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["アスタチンは最も希少な天然元素です。地球の地殻には常に1グラム未満しか存在しません。","その名前は、「不安定」を意味するギリシャ語の「astatos」に由来しています。","サンプルはそれ自体の強力な放射能によって蒸発してしまうため、目に見えるサンプルを見た人は誰もいません。","ハロゲンの中で最も重く、1940 年に初めて合成されました。","アスタチン 211 は、標的アルファ粒子がん治療のために研究されています。","その最も安定な同位体の半減期はわずか約 8 時間です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「不安定」を意味するギリシャ語の「astatos」（ἄστατος）から名づけられました。デール・コーソン、ケネス・マッケンジー、エミリオ・セグレは 1940 年にバークレーで合成し、すべてのアスタチン同位体は放射性ですぐに崩壊し、本質的に不安定な元素であることからこの名前が選ばれました。"},"Barium":{"name":"バリウム","summary":"バリウムは、掘削液、塗料、医療画像処理に使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["バリウムはX線を遮断し、消化管を露出させるため、患者は「バリウム食事」または「バリウム飲み込み」を飲みます。","バリウム化合物は花火に明るい緑色を与えます。","その名前は、重いを意味するギリシャ語の「barys」に由来しています。","この金属は有毒ですが、医療スキャンで使用される不溶性の硫酸バリウムは安全に体を通過します。","バリウムは非常に反応性が高いため、油の下で保管する必要があり、自然界には決して存在しません。","鉱物バライト (硫酸バリウム) は、石油産業で掘削液の重量を量るのに使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「barys」（重い）に由来し、硫酸バリウム（重石、一般的な鉱石）が非金属鉱物としては異常に密度が高いことから、1808年にハンフリー・デイビーによって命名されました。"},"Berkelium":{"name":"バークリウム","summary":"バーケリウムは、主に科学研究や重元素の製造に使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["バーケリウムは、1949 年に初めて製造されたカリフォルニア州バークレーにちなんで名付けられました。","これは非常に希少な合成元素であり、これまでにわずかな量しか生産されません。","超重元素テネシンを合成するためのターゲット物質としてバーケリウムが使用されました。","高フラックス反応器では、バーケリウムの少量のサンプルを生成するには何か月もかかる場合があります。","放射性が高く、科学研究以外には使用できません。","バーケリウムはテルビウムとのセットを完成させます。両方の要素は町にちなんで名付けられ、一致する位置に配置されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1949年にカリフォルニア大学放射線研究所で初めて合成されたカリフォルニア州バークレーにちなんで名付けられました。この命名は、スウェーデンのイッテルビーの町にちなんで命名されたテルビウムを意図的に反映しています。両方の元素は、それぞれランタニド系とアクチニド系で一致する位置を占めています。"},"Beryllium":{"name":"ベリリウム","summary":"ベリリウムは、鉱物岩、石炭、土壌、火山塵に自然に含まれる硬くて灰色がかった金属です。","appearance":"スチールグレー","interesting_facts":["ベリリウムは X 線を非常に透過するため、X 線管や検出器の窓の製造に使用されます。","これは最も軽量な構造用金属の 1 つでありながら、鋼よりも高い剛性重量比を持っています。","宝石のエメラルドとアクアマリンはどちらもベリリウムアルミニウムケイ酸塩である鉱物ベリルの形態です。","ベリリウム粉塵は毒性が高く、ベリリウム症と呼ばれる慢性肺疾患を引き起こす可能性があります。","ジェームズ・ウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡の鏡は、極度の低温でも形状を保つことができるため、金でコーティングされたベリリウムで作られています。","1932 年、ジェームズ チャドウィックはベリリウムにアルファ粒子を衝突させることによって中性子を発見しました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1798年にルイ・ニコラ・ヴォークランが初めてベリルとエメラルド鉱物からベリリウムを分離したため、ギリシャ語の「ベリロス」に由来する宝石のベリルにちなんで名付けられました。"},"Bismuth":{"name":"ビスマス","summary":"ビスマスは毒性が低い脆い金属であり、化粧品、医療処置、合金に使用されます。","appearance":"虹色の色合いを持つ銀白色","interesting_facts":["ビスマスは、階段状のホッパー形状をした、見事な虹色の結晶を形成します。","これは実用的な目的で安定している最も重い元素であり、半減期はほぼ想像を絶するほど長いです。","ビスマスはペプトビスモルの主成分であり、胃のむかつきを和らげるために使用されます。","水と同様、ビスマスは凍結すると膨張します。","消火用スプリンクラーや安全装置用の低融点合金に使用されています。","ビスマスは、一部の合金の中で密度が低い数少ない金属の 1 つであり、多くの製品で鉛の無毒な代替品として使用されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"古いドイツ語の「Wismut」または「Wismuth」に由来し、おそらく「weiße Masse」（白い塊）または起源が不確かな鉱山労働者の用語に由来します。 15 世紀以来、別個の金属として知られており、時には鉛や錫と混同され、現代の用法で「ビスマス」になる前にラテン語化されて「ビセムトゥム」と呼ばれていました。"},"Bohrium":{"name":"ボーリウム","summary":"ボーリウムは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["ボーリウムは、原子の構造をモデル化した物理学者ニールス・ボーアにちなんで命名されました。","これは、一度に数個の原子だけが生成される合成超重元素です。","ボーリウムは 1981 年にドイツで初めて誕生しました。","その同位体は強い放射性を持っており、数秒以内に崩壊します。","実験により、ボーリウムはグループ 7 のレニウムに化学的に似ていることが示されました。","最重量元素の基礎研究以外には何の用途もありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"原子の量子モデルを開発し、原子構造の理解に基礎的な貢献をしたデンマークの物理学者ニールス・ボーアにちなんで命名されました。ドイツのダルムシュタットの GSI が 1981 年に合成し、彼に敬意を表してこの名前を提案し、1997 年に IUPAC によって正式に採用されました。"},"Boron":{"name":"ホウ素","summary":"ホウ素は植物の成長に不可欠な半金属元素ですが、過剰に摂取すると有毒になる可能性があります。","appearance":"黒茶色","interesting_facts":["ホウ素化合物は炎に独特の明るい緑色を与えるため、火工品に役立ちます。","ホウ素は植物の成長に不可欠ですが、その量はごくわずかです。多すぎると作物に有毒です。","ホウ素で作られたホウケイ酸ガラスは熱衝撃に強く、調理器具や実験用ガラス器具に使用されています。","同位体ホウ素 10 は中性子を容易に吸収するため、ホウ素は原子炉の制御棒やシールドに使用されます。","ホウ素鉱物であるホウ砂は、金属をはんだ付けするための洗浄剤およびフラックスとして何千年も使用されてきました。","ホウ素は半金属であり、金属と非金属の両方の特性を共有しており、室温では低導体です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"最初に単離された鉱物であるホウ砂にちなんで名付けられ、「ホウ砂」は、ホウ砂または硝石を意味するアラビア語の「ブラク」またはペルシャ語の「ブラ」に由来します。"},"Bromine":{"name":"臭素","summary":"臭素は室温で赤褐色の液体で、難燃剤、水処理、医薬品に使用されます。","appearance":"赤褐色の液体","interesting_facts":["臭素は、水銀と並んで室温で液体である 2 つしかない元素のうちの 1 つです。","これは濃密な赤褐色の液体で、窒息するような有毒なフュームを発生します。","その名前はギリシャ語の「悪臭」を意味する「ブロモス」に由来しています。","古代の人々は、臭素化合物を使用して海の巻貝から貴重な紫色の染料であるティリアンパープルを抽出しました。","臭素化合物は、電子機器や家具の難燃剤として広く使用されていました。","ほとんどの臭素は海水と塩分を多く含む塩水の堆積物から抽出されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「ブロモス」（悪臭または悪臭）に由来し、液体臭素が非常に不快で窒息するような臭いを発生させるため、1826 年にアントワーヌ ジェローム バラールによって命名されました。"},"Cadmium":{"name":"カドミウム","summary":"カドミウムは、主に電池、顔料、電気メッキに使用される、青みがかった白色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀っぽい青みがかった灰色のメタリック","interesting_facts":["カドミウムは、モネやゴッホなどの芸術家によって長い間珍重されてきた鮮やかな黄色、オレンジ、赤の顔料を生成します。","有毒で体内に蓄積し、20世紀の日本で見られた痛みを伴う「イタイイタイ」骨疾患を引き起こします。","充電式ニッケルカドミウム (NiCd) 電池はかつて非常に一般的でした。","カドミウムコーティングは、特に航空機部品において鋼を腐食から保護します。","1817 年に亜鉛鉱石中の不純物として発見されました。","カドミウムは中性子を吸収しやすいため、原子炉の制御棒に使われています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"カドミウムが 1817 年に亜鉛鉱石中の不純物として発見されて以来、ラテン語の「カドミア」（カラミン、炭酸亜鉛鉱石）、最終的にはギリシャ語の「カドメイア」（テーベの神話上の創始者カドモスにちなんで名付けられたテーベの大地）に由来します。"},"Calcium":{"name":"カルシウム","summary":"カルシウムは柔らかい灰色の金属で、生体、特に細胞生理学と骨形成に不可欠です。","appearance":"くすんだグレー、シルバー","interesting_facts":["カルシウムは人体に最も豊富な金属であり、約99％が骨や歯に蓄えられています。","石灰岩、チョーク、大理石はすべて炭酸カルシウムの形態です。","それは地球の地殻で5番目に豊富な元素です。","カルシウムイオンは細胞内で普遍的な信号として機能し、筋肉の収縮から受精まであらゆることを引き起こします。","生石灰（酸化カルシウム）は加熱すると明るく光り、舞台の照明に使われ「脚光を浴びる」という言葉が生まれました。","サンゴ礁や貝殻は主に海水から抽出された炭酸カルシウムから作られています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「calx」または「calcis」（石灰または石灰石）に由来しており、これはハンフリー・デイビーが1808年にローマ人が建設に長い間使用していた材料である酸化カルシウム（生石灰）の電気分解によって初めてこの石を分離したことに由来します。"},"Californium":{"name":"カリホルニウム","summary":"カリフォルニウムは、中性子源、がん治療、材料分析に使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀色の金属で、放射能により暗闇で光ります。","interesting_facts":["カリフォルニウムは地球上で最も高価な物質の 1 つであり、1 グラムあたり数百万ドルの費用がかかります。","1950年に発見された米国カリフォルニア州にちなんで名付けられました。","カリフォルニウム 252 は、原子炉の起動や産業用スキャナーに使用される強力な中性子放射体です。","岩石の中性子分析により金や石油を検出するために使用されます。","1 つのマイクログラムが毎秒膨大な数の中性子を放出します。","Californium は、金属疲労を特定し、航空機や機械の弱点を見つけるためにも使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1950 年に合成された米国カリフォルニア州とカリフォルニア大学にちなんで命名されました。トンプソン、シーボーグ、ストリート、ギオルソは、近くに天体がなくなったことに注目してこの名前を選び、代わりに発見の場所に敬意を表することにした。"},"Carbon":{"name":"炭素","summary":"炭素は生命の基本的な構成要素であり、既知のすべての有機化合物に含まれています。","appearance":"さまざま（グラファイトは黒、ダイヤモンドは透明）","interesting_facts":["炭素は他のすべての元素を組み合わせたよりも多くの化合物を形成し、既知のすべての生命の化学的基礎となっています。","ダイヤモンドとグラファイトはどちらも純粋な炭素ですが、ダイヤモンドは天然素材の中で最も硬いのに対し、グラファイトは書きやすいほど柔らかいです。","炭素原子の単層であるグラフェンは、鋼鉄の約 200 倍の強度があり、銅よりも電気をよく伝えます。","炭素 14 年代測定では、放射性炭素同位体の定常崩壊を利用して、かつて存在した物質の年齢を最大約 50,000 年前まで決定します。","星の内部で鍛えられた炭素原子は、星が爆発すると宇宙に広がり、私たちは文字通り星屑でできています。","バックミンスターフラーレンは、60 個の炭素原子からなるサッカー ボールの形をした分子で、1985 年に発見され、建築家のバックミンスター フラーにちなんで命名されました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「カルボ」（石炭または木炭）に由来し、炭素が古代から木炭、黒鉛、ダイヤモンドの形で知られていたことを反映しています。"},"Cerium":{"name":"セリウム","summary":"セリウムは銀色の柔らかい金属で、触媒コンバーター、ガラス研磨、合金に使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーグレー","interesting_facts":["セリウムはすべての希土類元素の中で最も豊富で、銅よりも一般的です。","2年前に発見された準惑星ケレスにちなんで名付けられました。","セリウムは、「フリント」ライターや着火剤合金の火花を発生させる重要な成分です。","酸化セリウムは、ガラスや宝石を滑らかに仕上げるために使用される細かい研磨粉です。","酸素の貯蔵と放出を助けるために触媒コンバーターに添加されます。","切りたてのセリウムは空気中で自然発火し、自然発火性を引き起こす可能性があります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1801 年に発見された準惑星ケレスにちなんで名付けられ、それ自体もローマの農業の女神にちなんで命名されました。マルティン・ハインリヒ・クラプロスとヨンス・ヤコブ・ベルゼリウスは、新しい元素に天体にちなんで命名するという流行に倣い、1803年にこの名前を付けました。"},"Cesium":{"name":"セシウム","summary":"セシウムは、原子時計やさまざまな電子用途での使用で知られる柔らかい金色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーゴールドメタリック","interesting_facts":["2 つ目は、原子時計の基礎であるセシウム原子の振動によって正式に定義されています。","セシウムは最も反応性の高い金属の 1 つで、水と接触すると激しく爆発します。","約28℃で溶けるので、暖かい日には液体になります。","黄金色がかった銀色をしており、銀や灰色ではない数少ない金属の 1 つです。","セシウムは、1860 年にブンゼンとキルヒホッフによって分光法によって発見された最初の元素です。","放射性セシウム 137 は核分裂の注目すべき生成物であり、原子力事故の懸念事項です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「caesius」（空色または灰色がかった青）に由来し、ロバート・ブンゼンとグスタフ・キルヒホフが元素を識別するために使用した2つの特徴的な明るい青色のスペクトル線にちなんで1860年に命名されました。"},"Chlorine":{"name":"塩素","summary":"塩素は反応性の高い黄緑色の気体で、消毒剤やさまざまな産業用途に使用されます。","appearance":"黄緑色のガス","interesting_facts":["塩素は、第一次世界大戦で化学兵器として使用された黄緑色のガスです。","飲料水やプールに少量添加すると細菌が死滅し、水系伝染病から数え切れないほどの命が救われてきました。","塩素はナトリウムと結合すると、生命に不可欠な通常の食塩を形成します。","非常に反応性が高いため、染料を容易に漂白し、消毒できるため、家庭用漂白剤に使用されています。","塩素は 1774 年にカール ヴィルヘルム シェーレによって初めて分離されましたが、シェーレはそれが新しい元素であるとは認識していませんでした。","ガスとしては有毒ですが、体内の塩化物イオンは消化と神経機能に不可欠です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「クロロス」（淡い緑または緑がかった黄色）に由来し、ガスの特徴的な黄緑色を反映するためにハンフリー・デイビーによって 1810 年に命名されました。"},"Chromium":{"name":"クロム","summary":"クロムは硬くて光沢があり、耐食性の高い金属で、ステンレス鋼やクロムメッキに使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["クロムはステンレス鋼に輝きと防錆性を与え、目に見えない保護酸化層を形成します。","その名前は、その化合物が鮮やかな色であるため、色を意味するギリシャ語の「クロマ」に由来しています。","クロムは結晶内の微量不純物としてルビーを赤く、エメラルドを緑色にします。","クロムメッキは、車のトリムや工具に明るく、硬く、鏡のような仕上げを与えます。","クロムは最も硬い金属の一つであり、耐腐食性に優れています。","一部のクロム化合物は微量では必須栄養素ですが、他のクロム化合物（クロム-6）は有毒で発がん性があります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「クロマ」（色）に由来し、クロム化合物が幅広い鮮やかな色（ルビーの赤、エメラルドの緑、クロコアイトのオレンジ）を示すため、1798年にルイ・ニコラ・ヴォークランによって命名されました。"},"Cobalt":{"name":"コバルト","summary":"コバルトは硬くて光沢のあるシルバーグレーの金属で、合金や電池に使用され、ビタミンB12に不可欠です。","appearance":"光沢のある灰色の金属","interesting_facts":["コバルトは、ガラスや陶器に深く鮮やかな青色を与えるために 2,000 年以上使用されてきました。","その名前は、厄介な鉱石の責任があるとされるドイツの鉱山労働者のいたずら好きなゴブリンである「コボルド」に由来しています。","コバルトは、電話や電気自動車に電力を供給する充電式リチウムイオン電池の重要な成分です。","これは、鉄およびニッケルと並び、室温で自然に存在する 3 つの磁性元素のうちの 1 つです。","放射性同位体コバルト 60 は、がんの治療や医療機器の滅菌に使用されます。","コバルトは、ビタミン B12 の中心にある金属原子として生命に不可欠です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ドイツ語の「コボルド」（ゴブリンまたはインプ）に由来。ドイツの鉱山労働者が、有毒なヒ素の煙を放出し、銅鉱石に似ているにもかかわらず銅が産出されない厄介なコバルト鉱石のせいで、悪戯な地下精霊のせいだとしたため。"},"Copernicium":{"name":"コペルニシウム","summary":"コペルニシウムは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["コペルニシウムは、太陽を太陽系の中心に置いた天文学者ニコラウス・コペルニクスにちなんで名付けられました。","1996年にドイツで初めて誕生しました。","コペルニシウムは、室温では揮発性の液体または気体であり、水銀に似た挙動を示すと予測されています。","これは、一度に 1 つの原子から作られる合成超重元素です。","その同位体は放射性が高く、寿命が短いです。","周期表の第 12 族の水銀の下に位置します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"地球が太陽の周りを回っていると提唱したポーランド系ドイツ人の天文学者ニコラウス・コペルニクスにちなんで命名されました。ダルムシュタット地理院は 1996 年にこの名前を合成し、コペルニクスを讃える名前を提案し、IUPAC は 2010 年に彼の生誕 537 周年を記念して正式に採用しました。"},"Copper":{"name":"銅","summary":"銅は、熱伝導率と電気伝導率が高いことで知られる赤みがかった金色の金属で、電気配線や配管に広く使用されています。","appearance":"赤みがかったメタリック","interesting_facts":["銅は人類が使用した最初の金属の 1 つであり、10,000 年以上にわたって使用されてきました。","銀に次ぐ優れた電気伝導体であるため、電線やケーブルに使用されています。","銅の表面は多くの細菌やウイルスを自然に殺すため、ドアノブや病院の備品に役立ちます。","自由の女神は銅で覆われており、時間の経過とともに緑青が形成され、緑色に変化しました。","銅と錫を混ぜると青銅ができ、亜鉛と混ぜると真鍮ができます。この 2 つの合金は人類の歴史を形作ってきました。","銅は必須の微量栄養素であり、体の赤血球の形成と神経の維持を助けます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「クプラム」に由来し、古代世界の銅の主な供給源であった島、ギリシャ語の「キプロス」（キプロス）に由来します。 Cu という記号もこのラテン語の名前に遡ります。"},"Curium":{"name":"キュリウム","summary":"キュリウムは、電源として宇宙探査や科学研究に使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀色の金属、空気中で変色する","interesting_facts":["キュリウムは、放射能研究の先駆者であるマリー・キュリーとピエール・キュリーにちなんで名付けられました。","強力な放射能により、暗闇では柔らかな紫または赤の光で輝きます。","キュリウムは放射性が非常に高いため、かなりの熱を発生するため、宇宙船の電力として検討されました。","軽量のアメリシウムよりも前の 1944 年に初めて合成されました。","キュリウムをベースにした機器は、火星や他の惑星表面の化学組成を分析しました。","すべてのキュリウムは人工的に作られています。自然界には何も見つかりません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"放射能研究の先駆者であるマリー・キュリーとピエール・キュリーにちなんで名付けられました。グレン・シーボーグは1944年、核化学を可能にした発見によりキュリウムの位置がランタニド類のガドリニウムを反映していることに注目し、その発見により核化学を可能にした二人を称えてこの名前を付けた。キュリウム自体も同様のパターンに従って化学者の名前にちなんで命名された。"},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"ダームスタチウム","summary":"ダルムシュタディウムは、超重元素の特性を調査するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["ダルムシュタティウムは、1994 年に発見されたドイツのダルムシュタット市にちなんで名付けられました。","これは粒子加速器で作成される合成超重元素です。","ダルムシュタチウムの原子はこれまでにわずか数個しか作られていません。","その原子は崩壊するまで 1 秒未満存続します。","化学的には10族のプラチナに似ていると予想されています。","ダルムシュタディウムは科学研究以外には実際的な用途はありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1994 年に GSI ダルムシュタットで初めて合成された、ドイツのダルムシュタット市にちなんで命名されました。これは、発見場所にちなんで新しく作成された元素に名前を付けるという伝統に従っており、IUPAC は 2003 年にこの名前を正式に採用しました。"},"Dubnium":{"name":"ドブニウム","summary":"ドブニウムは、重元素の特性を調査するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["ドゥブニウムは、有名な核研究機関があるロシアのドゥブナにちなんで名付けられました。","それは粒子加速器でのみ作られる合成超重元素です。","その発見は、冷戦中の命名論争である「トランスファーミウム戦争」の一環であった。","ドブニウム原子は崩壊するまでわずか数秒以内しか存在しません。","これまでに作成されたドブニウム原子の数はわずかです。","化学的にはグループ 5 のタンタルに似ていると予測されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"共同核研究所の本拠地であるロシアのドゥブナにちなんで命名されました。この名前は、IUPACが1997年に中立都市に基づく名前を採用する前に、アメリカの科学者がそれを「ハフニウム」と呼び、ソ連の科学者がそれを「ニールスボーリウム」と呼んだ冷戦時代の論争を解決した。"},"Dysprosium":{"name":"ジスプロシウム","summary":"ジスプロシウムは、磁石、レーザー、原子炉の制御棒に使用される銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ジスプロシウムの名前は、分離することが非常に難しかったため、「入手困難」を意味するギリシャ語の「ディスプロシトス」に由来しています。","ネオジム磁石に添加されるので、モーターや風力タービンの高温でも強度が維持されます。","ジスプロシウムは、低温ではあらゆる元素の中で最も高い磁気強度を持っています。","中性子をよく吸収し、原子炉の制御棒に使用されています。","ジスプロシウムベースの合金は磁場で形状を変化させ、アクチュエーターやトランスデューサーに役立ちます。","クリーンエネルギー技術にとって重要な材料と考えられています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「入手困難」を意味するギリシャ語の「ディスプロシトス」（δυσπρόσιτος）から名づけられました。ポール＝エミール・ルコック・ド・ボワボードランは 1886 年にこの名前を作りました。これは、鉱石からこの石を分離するのが非常に困難であること、つまり 19 回の沈殿を必要とするプロセスを反映していました。"},"Einsteinium":{"name":"アインスタイニウム","summary":"アインスタイニウムは高放射性金属であり、主に科学研究や重元素の製造に使用されます。","appearance":"銀色の金属、放射能により光る","interesting_facts":["アインスタイニウムは 1952 年に最初の水爆実験の残骸から発見されました。","アルバート・アインシュタインにちなんで名付けられました。","アインスタイニウムは、その強力な放射能により、暗闇では青く光ります。","非常に稀であるため、計量可能な量が生産されるのはごくまれです。","アインスタイニウムはそれ自体の容器や器具を損傷するため、研究は非常に困難です。","基礎科学研究以外には実用的用途はありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"特殊相対性理論と原子力エネルギーの基礎となる方程式 E=mc² を定式化したアルバート アインシュタインにちなんで命名されました。アルバート・ギオルソらは、数年間秘密にされていた1952年の最初の水爆実験の残骸の中から発見した後、1955年に命名した。"},"Erbium":{"name":"エルビウム","summary":"エルビウムは、光ファイバー、レーザー、原子力技術に使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["エルビウムをドープしたファイバーは光信号を増幅し、長距離の光ファイバーインターネットを可能にします。","ガラスや釉薬に柔らかいピンク色を与え、サングラスや装飾用ガラスに使用されます。","エルビウムレーザーは歯科や美容皮膚の表面再形成に使用されます。","スウェーデンのイッテルビーにちなんで名付けられ、他のいくつかのレアアースとその起源を共有しています。","エルビウムは、バナジウムを含む一部の金属合金に添加され、加工性が向上します。","赤外線を効率的に吸収し、これがレーザー用途の多くの基礎となっています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ガドリナイトを含む鉱物が最初に採掘されたスウェーデンのレサロ島の村イッテルビーにちなんで名付けられました。カール グスタフ モサンダーは 1843 年にイットリアから分離しました。「エルビウム」は、単一の地名「イッテルビー」に由来する 4 つの元素名の 1 つです。"},"Europium":{"name":"ユウロピウム","summary":"ユウロピウムは、燐光材料、制御棒、原子炉に使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ユウロピウムは、古いテレビやコンピュータの画面で色を生成していた赤と青の蛍光体を提供します。","ユーロ紙幣の偽造防止マーカーとして使用されており、紫外線で発光します。","ユウロピウムは希土類元素の中で最も反応性が高く、空気中ではすぐに変色します。","ヨーロッパ大陸にちなんで名付けられました。","ユウロピウムをドープした蛍光体により、エネルギー効率の高い蛍光灯や LED ライトが明るく輝きます。","地殻内で最も存在量が少ないレアアースの 1 つです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1901 年に分光学的に分離したウジェーヌ アナトール ドゥマルセーによってヨーロッパ、大陸にちなんで命名されました。それは、19 世紀後半から 20 世紀初頭にかけて、地理的地域にちなんで名付けられたいくつかの要素の 1 つでした。"},"Fermium":{"name":"フェルミウム","summary":"フェルミウムは、主に科学研究や超ウラン元素の研究に使用される合成放射性金属です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["フェルミウムは、1952 年の最初の水爆実験の降下物からも発見されました。","核反応の先駆者である物理学者エンリコ・フェルミにちなんで命名されました。","フェルミウムは、中性子の衝突によって計量可能な量で生成できる最も重い元素です。","フェルミウム以外の元素は、粒子加速器を使用して一度に 1 原子ずつ作成する必要があります。","これまでに生成されたフェルミウムは、目に見えないほど少量だけです。","それは合成元素としてのみ存在し、商業用途はありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1942 年に最初の人工原子炉を建設し、核物理学および素粒子物理学に基礎的な貢献をしたイタリア系アメリカ人の物理学者、エンリコ フェルミにちなんで命名されました。アルバート・ギオルソらは、アインスタイニウムを生成したのと同じ水爆実験の残骸から発見した後、1953年に命名した。"},"Flerovium":{"name":"フレロビウム","summary":"フレロビウムは、超重元素の特性を調査するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["フレロビウムは、ロシアのフレロフ核反応研究所にちなんで命名されました。","1998 年にロシアのドゥブナのチームによって初めて作成されました。","一部の予測では、フレロビウムは依然として放射性であるにもかかわらず、異常に安定しているか、あるいはガス状である可能性があると示唆されています。","これは、一度に 1 つの原子から作られる合成超重元素です。","フレロビウムは、周期表の第 14 族の鉛の下に位置します。","その同位体は数秒以内に崩壊しますが、多くの近隣諸国よりも長命であり、「安定の島」であることを示唆しています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ロシアのドゥブナにあるフレロフ核反応研究所にちなんで命名され、その研究所自体もソ連の物理学者ゲオルギー・フリョロフにちなんで名付けられました。フリョロフ氏はこの研究所の共同設立者で核物理学に多大な貢献をし、彼のチームは1998年にこの元素を初めて合成し、2012年にIUPACがその名前を正式に採用した。"},"Fluorine":{"name":"フッ素","summary":"フッ素は反応性の高い淡黄色の気体で、最も電気陰性度の高い元素です。","appearance":"淡黄色のガス","interesting_facts":["フッ素はすべての元素の中で最も反応性が高く、電気陰性度が高く、他のほとんどすべての物質と反応し、時には爆発的に反応します。","非常に攻撃的であるため、アスベストのような物質や水さえも爆発的に炎上させる可能性があります。","飲料水や歯磨き粉に微量のフッ化物が添加されているため、虫歯の予防に役立ちます。","調理器具の焦げ付き防止コーティングであるテフロンは、フッ素含有ポリマー (PTFE) です。","アンリ・モアッサンが 1886 年に成功するまで、多くの化学者がフッ素を分離しようとして毒殺されたり殺されたりしたため、彼らは「フッ素の殉教者」というあだ名が付けられました。","フッ素は室温で淡黄色の気体で、ハロゲンの中で最も軽いです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「fluere」（流れる）に由来しており、鉱物の蛍石が冶金用のフラックスとして広く使用されていたためです。この元素の名前は、1812 年にアンドレ マリー アンペールによって提案されました。"},"Francium":{"name":"フランシウム","summary":"フランシウムは非常に希少な放射性金属であり、その不安定性のため重要な用途はありません。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["フランシウムは、アスタチンに次いで 2 番目に希少な天然元素です。","これは、1939 年にフランスのマルグリット ペレによって自然界で発見された最後の元素でした。","彼女の母国であるフランスにちなんで名付けられました。","フランシウムは非常に放射性が高いため、目に見える量があれば、それ自体の熱で即座に蒸発してしまいます。","その最も安定な同位体の半減期はわずか約 22 分です。","アルカリ金属の中で最も反応性が高いですが、そのバルク特性はあまり観察されていません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"マルグリット・ペレーが1939年にパリのキュリー研究所で発見したフランスにちなんで名付けられました。彼女は元素に地名にちなんで命名する伝統に従い、故郷に敬意を表して元素に名前を付け、フランス科学アカデミーに選出された初の女性となった。"},"Gadolinium":{"name":"ガドリニウム","summary":"ガドリニウムは、MRI 造影剤、蛍光体、中性子捕捉療法に使用される銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ガドリニウム化合物は、MRI スキャンをより鮮明にするために造影剤として注入されます。","これは、原子炉で有用な安定元素の中で最も高い中性子を吸収する並外れた能力を持っています。","ガドリニウムは室温直下で磁性を示すため、磁気冷凍の研究が行われています。","レアアース研究の先駆者であるフィンランドの化学者ヨハン・ガドリンにちなんで名付けられました。","ガドリニウムは磁場に置かれると加熱し、取り出すと冷却します (磁気熱量効果)。","一部のタイプの医療およびセキュリティ画像検出器で使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"酸化物が最初に確認された鉱物であるガドリナイトにちなんで名付けられました。ガドリナイトは、それを最初に分析したフィンランドの化学者ヨハン・ガドリンにちなんで名付けられました。ジャン・シャルル・ド・マリニャックは1880年に新しい地球の元素を分離しました。"},"Gallium":{"name":"ガリウム","summary":"ガリウムは、室温より少し高い温度で溶ける柔らかい銀色の金属で、電子機器や半導体に使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーブルー","interesting_facts":["ガリウムは約30℃で溶けるので、固体であれば手の中で溶けてしまいます。","その存在は、1875 年に発見される前に、メンデレーエフによって「エカアルミニウム」として予測されていました。","ガリウムヒ素は、高速エレクトロニクス、LED、宇宙船用の太陽電池に使用されています。","ガリウムは簡単に溶けますが、2,400 °C 以上で沸騰します。これは、あらゆる元素の中でも最大の液体温度範囲の 1 つです。","ガリウムはアルミニウムの粒界に浸透して脆くなり、金属を劇的に弱める可能性があります。","ほとんどの物質とは異なり、ガリウムは凍結すると水と同様に膨張します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1875年に発見者のポール＝エミール・ルコック・ド・ボアボードランによって、フランスのラテン語名であるガリアにちなんで命名されました。この名前は、フランス語で「オンドリ」を意味するルコックの姓をもじった「gallus」（ラテン語でオンドリ）をもじったものである可能性もあります。"},"Germanium":{"name":"ゲルマニウム","summary":"ゲルマニウムは、半導体、光ファイバー、赤外線光学に使用される硬質の灰白色の半金属です。","appearance":"灰白色","interesting_facts":["ゲルマニウムはメンデレーエフによって「エカシリコン」として予測され、1886 年の発見は周期表の確認に役立ちました。","1940 年代と 1950 年代の最初のトランジスタは、シリコンが普及する前にゲルマニウムで作られていました。","赤外線を透過するため、暗視ゴーグルやサーマルカメラのレンズに使用されています。","ゲルマニウムは、光沢のある灰白色の外観を持つ半金属半導体です。","光ファイバーはゲルマニウム化合物を使用して、光がガラスを通過する方法を制御します。","水やシリコンと同様に、ゲルマニウムは凝固すると膨張します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1886 年に発見したクレメンス ヴィンクラーによって、ドイツのラテン語名であるゲルマニアにちなんで命名されました。この発見は、メンデレーエフが「エカシリコン」と呼んだ欠落元素の予測を裏付けた。"},"Gold":{"name":"金","summary":"金は緻密で柔らかい金属であり、宝飾品、電子機器、通貨での使用が高く評価されています。","appearance":"明るいメタリックイエロー","interesting_facts":["金は非常に反応しにくいため、何千年も輝き続けることができ、それが古代の金の工芸品が今でも光る理由です。","信じられないほど順応性があります。 1グラムを打ち込むと、約平方メートルのシートを覆うことができます。","地球上のほぼすべての金は、惑星形成後に小惑星の衝突によって到着したと考えられています。","金は電気をよく通し、決して腐食しないため、重要な電子接点のメッキに使用されます。","その化学記号 Au は、「輝く夜明け」を意味するラテン語の「aurum」に由来しています。","宇宙飛行士のバイザーは、有害な太陽放射を反射するために金の極薄層でコーティングされています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語名「ゴールド」は、「黄色」に関連するゲルマン祖語の「gulþą」に由来します。 Au の記号はラテン語の「aurum」に由来し、「輝く夜明け」または「日の出の輝き」を意味すると考えられています。金は先史時代からほぼすべての文化において知られ、評価されてきました。"},"Hafnium":{"name":"ハフニウム","summary":"ハフニウムは、原子炉、制御棒、高温合金に使用される光沢のある銀色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーグレー","interesting_facts":["ハフニウムの存在は原子理論によって予測されており、1923 年にジルコニウム鉱石から発見されました。","コペンハーゲンのラテン語名であるハフニアにちなんで名づけられました。","ハフニウムは中性子を非常によく吸収するため、原子力潜水艦の制御棒に使用されています。","ハフニウムベースの化合物は、現代のコンピューターチップの絶縁体として二酸化ケイ素に取って代わりました。","すべての元素の中で最も高い融点を持ち、ジェット エンジン用の超合金に使用されます。","ハフニウムは化学的にはジルコニウムとほぼ同一であるため、両者を分離するのは非常に困難です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"デンマークのコペンハーゲンのラテン名であるハフニアにちなんで命名され、1923 年にダーク・コスターとジョージ・デ・ヘベシーが X 線分光法によって発見しました。彼らは研究が行われた都市を称えるためにこの名前を選びました。"},"Hassium":{"name":"ハッシウム","summary":"ハシウムは、主に超重元素の特性を研究する科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["ハシウムは、発見された研究室があるドイツのヘッセン州にちなんで名付けられました。","1984 年に鉛に鉄イオンを衝突させることによって初めて合成されました。","ハシウムは粒子加速器でのみ作られる合成超重元素です。","希少性にもかかわらず、科学者らはそれがグループ8のオスミウムと同様に振る舞うことを確認した。","その原子は崩壊するまでほんの数秒しか存在しません。","これまでに生成されたハッシウム原子はごくわずかです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"名前は、1984 年に初めて合成した研究所である GSI ダルムシュタットがあるドイツのヘッセン州 (ラテン語: Hassia) にちなんで命名されました。この名前は、発見場所にちなんで元素に名前を付ける伝統に従っており、1997 年に IUPAC によって正式に認められました。"},"Helium":{"name":"ヘリウム","summary":"ヘリウムは、無色、無臭、無味、無毒の不活性な単原子ガスであり、周期表の希ガスグループの先頭に位置します。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["ヘリウムは、地球上で発見される前の 1868 年に太陽のスペクトルから初めて検出され、ギリシャの太陽神ヘリオスにちなんで名付けられました。","どんなに寒くても常圧で冷却しても固化しない唯一の元素です。","2.17 K 未満では、液体ヘリウムは超流体となり、摩擦なしで流れることができ、容器の壁を這い上がることさえあります。","ヘリウムを吸い込むと、音が空気を通るよりもほぼ 3 倍速く伝わるため、一時的に声のピッチが上がります。","地球上のヘリウムの大部分は、地下深くでのウランとトリウムの放射性崩壊に由来し、天然ガスから抽出されます。","ヘリウムは宇宙で 2 番目に豊富な元素ですが、地球上では比較的希少で再生不可能です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ヘリウムは、地球上で確認される前に、1868 年の皆既日食中に太陽スペクトルで最初に検出されたため、ギリシャ語の「ヘリオス」(太陽) に由来します。"},"Holmium":{"name":"ホルミウム","summary":"ホルミウムは、磁石、核制御棒、レーザーに使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ホルミウムは、天然に存在する元素の中で最も強い磁気特性を持っています。","ホルミウム レーザーは、腎臓結石を粉砕し、前立腺肥大を治療するために医学で使用されています。","ストックホルムのラテン語名であるホルミアにちなんで名づけられました。","ホルミウムはガラスとキュービックジルコニアに黄色と赤色の色を与えます。","これは、ポールピースとして知られている中で最も強い人工磁場を作成するために使用されます。","酸化ホルミウム溶液は、分光光度計の校正標準として使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"スウェーデンのストックホルムのラテン名であるホルミアにちなんで命名され、1878 年に元素を特定したペル テオドール クレーベが拠点を置いていました。これは、レアアース元素の発見に関連した場所にちなんで命名するという伝統に従っています。"},"Hydrogen":{"name":"水素","summary":"水素は宇宙で最も軽い元素であり、最も豊富に存在する化学物質です。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["水素は宇宙で最も豊富な元素であり、質量で通常の物質の約 75% を占めます。","これは、3 つの同位体 (プロチウム、重水素、三重水素) がそれぞれ異なる名前を持つ唯一の元素です。","液体水素は 1960 年代からロケット燃料として使用され、宇宙飛行士を月に運ぶサターン V の上段に電力を供給していました。","木星の内部などの極度の圧力下では、水素は液体金属のように振る舞い、電気を通すことができます。","ヘンリー・キャベンディッシュは 1766 年に水素を別個の物質として特定し、それを「可燃性空気」と呼びました。","水素原子は存在する最も単純な原子であり、単一の電子によって周回される単一の陽子です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「ハイドロ」（水）と「遺伝子」（形成）から来ており、「水形成者」を意味します。水素を燃やすと水が生成されることから、1783 年にアントワーヌ ラヴォアジエによって命名されました。"},"Indium":{"name":"インジウム","summary":"インジウムは、半導体、タッチスクリーン、およびベアリングの保護コーティングとして使用される、柔らかく展性のある金属です。","appearance":"銀色の金属光沢","interesting_facts":["インジウムは爪でへこませることができるほど柔らかく、曲げると錫のように「鳴く」という音が聞こえます。","インジウムスズ酸化物は、タッチスクリーンやフラットパネルディスプレイ上に透明な導電性コーティングを形成します。","発光スペクトルの明るいインディゴの線にちなんで名付けられました。","インジウムは極低温でも柔らかく加工性が保たれるため、真空シールに役立ちます。","融点が非常に低いため、特殊な低温はんだや合金に使用されます。","スマートフォンや液晶画面の普及に伴い、インジウムの需要が急増している。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「indicum」（インディゴ）に由来し、1863年にフェルディナント・ライヒとヒエロニムス・リヒターが、当時新しかった分光法技術を使用して亜鉛鉱石残留物を分析したときに観察した鮮やかなインディゴブルーのスペクトル線にちなんで命名しました。"},"Iodine":{"name":"ヨウ素","summary":"ヨウ素は、甲状腺の機能に不可欠な黒ずんだ光沢のある紫黒色の非金属であり、消毒剤として使用されます。","appearance":"光沢のあるメタリックグレー（ソリッド）、バイオレット（ガス）","interesting_facts":["ヨウ素は甲状腺にとって不可欠であるため、食卓塩にはヨウ素が強化されていることがよくあります。","加熱すると、固体ヨウ素は昇華して印象的な紫色の蒸気になります。","その名前は、ギリシャ語で紫を意味する「iodes」に由来しています。","ヨウ素チンキは傷を消毒するための防腐剤として長い間使用されてきました。","ヨウ素はでんぷんを深い青黒色に変えます。この反応は化学検査として使用されます。","放射性ヨウ素 131 は、甲状腺疾患の診断と治療に使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"フランス語の「iode」に由来し、ギリシャ語の「ioeides」（紫に似た）に由来し、1813年にハンフリー・デイビーによってヨウ素蒸気の印象的な紫色にちなんで命名されました。"},"Iridium":{"name":"イリジウム","summary":"イリジウムは、スパークプラグ、るつぼ、およびさまざまな産業用途に使用される高密度で耐食性の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["イリジウムは地球上ではまれですが、小惑星では一般的であるため、イリジウムに富んだ粘土の世界的な層は、小惑星の衝突によって恐竜が絶滅したことを示す重要な証拠です。","イリジウムは知られている金属の中で最も耐食性があり、他のほとんどすべてのものを溶解する酸に耐性があります。","これは最も密度の高い元素の 1 つであり、オスミウムとほぼ同じです。","標準キログラムは、かつてパリ近郊に​​保管されていたプラチナとイリジウムのシリンダーでした。","イリジウムは腐食することなく極度の熱に耐えられるため、スパークプラグの先端に使用されています。","その名前は、その色とりどりの塩にちなみ、ギリシャの虹の女神アイリスに由来しています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1803年にスミッソン・テナントによって、ギリシャの虹の女神アイリス（ラテン語: iris）にちなんで命名されました。この名前は、イリジウムの塩と化合物によって示される驚くほど多様な色を反映しており、テナントに虹の色を思い出させました。"},"Iron":{"name":"鉄","summary":"鉄は強くて展性のある金属であり、鉄鋼の製造に不可欠であり、ヘモグロビンの重要な成分です。","appearance":"グレーがかった光沢のあるメタリック","interesting_facts":["鉄は質量ベースで地球上で最も豊富な元素であり、地球の溶融核の大部分を占めています。","地球の回転する液体鉄の核は、私たちを太陽放射から守る磁場を生成します。","鉄は、血液中で酸素を運び、血液を赤くする分子であるヘモグロビンの中心にあります。","鉄は星が通常の核融合によって作ることができる最も重い元素です。重い元素では超新星爆発が必要です。","紀元前 1200 年頃に始まった鉄器時代は、より強力な道具や武器によって人類の文明を変革しました。","さびは酸化鉄であり、鉄が酸素および水とゆっくりと反応するときに形成されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語の「鉄」という単語は、ゲルマン祖語の「イサルノ」に関連する古英語の「アイレン」に由来し、おそらく「聖なる金属」を意味するケルト語の語源に由来します。 Fe という記号は、ラテン語の「ferrum」（鉄）に由来しており、少なくとも紀元前 1200 年から製錬され使用されてきました。"},"Krypton":{"name":"クリプトン","summary":"クリプトンは、蛍光灯、写真、エネルギー効率の高い窓の充填ガスとして使用される無色無臭の希ガスです。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["クリプトンの名前は、空中で見つけるのが非常に難しかったため、ギリシャ語で「隠された」を意味する「クリプトス」に由来しています。","1960 年から 1983 年まで、メーターはクリプトン 86 が発する光の波長によって正式に定義されました。","クリプトンは鮮やかな白色光を生成し、一部の高性能写真用フラッシュやランプに使用されています。","これは希ガスであり、ほとんど完全に反応しませんが、いくつかのクリプトン化合物が強制的に形成されることがあります。","クリプトンは一部のエネルギー効率の高い窓や蛍光灯に使用されています。","漫画の「クリプトナイト」にもかかわらず、本物のクリプトンは無害、無色、無臭の気体です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「クリプトス」（隠された）に由来し、クリプトンは検出と分離が非常に困難であったため、1898年にウィリアム・ラムゼイとモリス・トラバースによって命名されました。クリプトンは液体空気の残留物内に「隠された」ままでした。"},"Lanthanum":{"name":"ランタン","summary":"ランタンは、カメラのレンズ、触媒、充電式バッテリーに使用される銀白色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ランタンの名前は、セリウム鉱石の中に隠れていたことから、「隠れて横たわる」を意味するギリシャ語の「lanthanein」に由来しています。","これは、ランタニド系列の最初の「希土類」元素の名前の由来となっています。","ランタンは、光を鋭く曲げるために、高品質のカメラや望遠鏡のレンズのガラスに使用されています。","ニッケルランタン合金は水素を貯蔵し、多くのハイブリッド車のバッテリーに使用されていました。","ランタン化合物は、触媒として石油をガソリンに精製するのに役立ちます。","ナイフで切れるほど柔らかく、空気中ではすぐに変色します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「lanthanein」（隠れて嘘をつく、あるいは気づかれないようにという意味）に由来し、1839 年にカール グスタフ モサンダーによって命名されました。これは、ランタンが酸化セリウム中の不純物として彼が明確な元素であると特定するまで何年も検出されなかったためです。"},"Lawrencium":{"name":"ローレンシウム","summary":"ローレンシウムは合成放射性元素であり、科学研究以外には実用化されていません。","appearance":"不明、おそらく銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["ローレンシウムは、サイクロトロン粒子加速器の発明者アーネスト・ローレンスにちなんで命名されました。","これはアクチニド シリーズの最後の要素です。","ローレンシウムは、加速器で一度に数個の原子しか作成できません。","その最も安定な同位体の半減期はわずか数時間です。","ローレンシウムの特性を測定することは非常に困難です。なぜなら、非常に短い原子しか存在しないからです。","基礎科学研究以外には使用できません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1930 年にサイクロトロン粒子加速器を発明し、超ウラン元素の作成を可能にしたアメリカの物理学者アーネスト オーランド ローレンスにちなんで命名されました。ローレンス バークレー国立研究所は 1961 年にこの元素を合成し、ローレンスの基礎的な貢献を称えて名前を付けました。"},"Lead":{"name":"鉛","summary":"鉛は、電池、放射線遮蔽、およびさまざまな産業用途に使用される柔らかい重金属です。","appearance":"青みがかった灰色のメタリック","interesting_facts":["鉛は高密度で放射線を遮断するため、X 線エプロンやシールドの内側に鉛が使用されています。","ローマ人は配管に鉛のパイプを使用していましたが、「配管」という言葉はラテン語で鉛を意味する「plumbum」（記号 Pb）に由来しています。","鉛は神経系に有毒であるため、ガソリンや塗料から鉛が除去されました。","柔らかくて重く、形を整えやすいことから、古くから珍重されてきました。","現在、ほとんどの鉛は自動車のバッテリーからリサイクルされています。","鉛は完全に安定な同位体を持つ最も重い元素です。重いものはすべて放射性です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語の「lead」という単語は、ゲルマン祖語の「lauda」に由来します。 Pb 記号はラテン語の「plumbum」に由来しており、ローマ人が水道管に鉛を多用したことから英語に「plumbing」という言葉を与えたラテン語以前の地中海言語に由来すると考えられます。"},"Lithium":{"name":"リチウム","summary":"リチウムは、銀白色の柔らかいアルカリ金属です。これは最も軽い金属であり、最も密度の低い固体元素です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["リチウムは最も軽い金属であり、固体元素の中で最も密度が低いため、軽いと反応しながら水に浮くことができます。","充電式リチウムイオン電池は、ほとんどの最新の電話、ラップトップ、電気自動車に電力を供給します。","リチウム塩は、双極性障害を治療するための気分安定剤として 1940 年代から使用されてきました。","これは、ビッグバン元素合成で作成された最初の 3 つの元素 (水素とヘリウム) の 1 つでした。","リチウムは印象的な深紅の炎を上げて燃焼し、花火や発煙筒に使用されます。","世界のリチウムの多くは、南アメリカのアンデス山脈の高地にある塩分を含む塩原から抽出されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「lithos」（石）に由来しており、植物の灰に含まれるナトリウムやカリウムとは異なり、ヨハン・アウグスト・アルフウェドソンが1817年に固体の石の鉱物（ペタライト）内でそれを発見したためです。"},"Livermorium":{"name":"リバモリウム","summary":"リバモリウムは、超重元素を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["リバモリウムは、カリフォルニアにあるローレンス リバモア国立研究所にちなんで名付けられました。","2000 年にロシア系アメリカ人のチームによって初めて作成されました。","これは、一度に数個の原子だけから作られる合成超重元素です。","リバモリウム原子は、崩壊するまでのほんの数ミリ秒間存在します。","グループ 16 のポロニウムの下に位置すると予測されています。","それを生成するには、カルシウムイオンをキュリウムターゲットと融合させる必要があります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"カリフォルニア州リバモアにあるローレンス・リバモア国立研究所にちなんで命名され、同研究所は共同核研究所と協力して2000年に合成した。 IUPAC は 2012 年にこの名前を正式に認めましたが、この研究所の名前自体がカリフォルニアの初期入植者ロバート・リバモアに敬意を表したものです。"},"Lutetium":{"name":"ルテチウム","summary":"ルテチウムは、PET スキャン検出器、触媒、特殊合金に使用される高密度の銀色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ルテチウムはランタニド系列の最後のものであり、最も硬く密度の高いレアアースの 1 つです。","古代ローマのパリの名前ルテティアにちなんで名づけられました。","ルテチウムベースの結晶は、医療画像処理用の PET スキャナーの検出器として使用されます。","純粋な形で入手できる希土類金属の中で最も希少で最も高価な金属の 1 つです。","ルテチウムは石油精製の触媒として使用されます。","放射性ルテチウム化合物は、一部のがんの標的療法に使用されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"フランスのパリの古代ローマ名であるルテティアにちなんで名付けられました。 1907 年に初めてこの地を分離したジョルジュ ユルバンは、希土類元素に地名を付けるという確立された慣例に従い、故郷の都市に敬意を表してこの名前を選びました。"},"Magnesium":{"name":"マグネシウム","summary":"マグネシウムは光沢のある灰色の金属で、すべての生きた細胞にとって必須の元素です。","appearance":"光沢のあるグレーの固体","interesting_facts":["マグネシウムはまばゆい白色光で燃え、かつては初期の写真用フラッシュパウダーやフレアに広く使用されていました。","これは最も軽量な構造用金属であり、アルミニウムと合金化されて自動車や航空機用の強力で軽量な部品を製造します。","マグネシウムはすべてのクロロフィル分子の中心に位置し、植物の光合成に不可欠です。","人間の体は、筋肉や神経の働きを維持する反応など、何百もの酵素反応にマグネシウムを必要とします。","マグネシウムは地球の地殻で 8 番目に豊富な元素であり、海水中には 3 番目に豊富に溶解しています。","筋肉痛を和らげるために使用されるエプソムソルトは硫酸マグネシウムです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"関連するマグネシウム含有鉱物が発見された、ギリシャのテッサリアの地区、マグネシアにちなんで名付けられました。同じ地名から「マンガン」や「磁石」という言葉も生まれました。"},"Manganese":{"name":"マンガン","summary":"マンガンは硬くて脆い金属で、強度と硬度を向上させるために主に鉄鋼の製造に使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["マンガンは鉄の製造、酸素と硫黄の除去、強度の向上に不可欠です。ほぼすべての鋼にそれが含まれています。","使い捨てアルカリ電池の重要な成分です。","二酸化マンガンは、数万年前に洞窟画家によって黒色の顔料を作るために使用されていました。","過マンガン酸カリウムは深い紫色をしているため、消毒剤や化学試薬として役立ちます。","マンガン団塊の広大な領域が深海底の一部を覆っています。","マンガンは必須微量栄養素であり、細胞を損傷から保護する酵素を助けます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャのテッサリアのマグネシア地区 (マグネシウムの名前の由来となったのと同じ地域) に由来し、中世ラテン語の「マンガン」を経由します。マンガン鉱石は歴史的に磁性鉄鉱石と混同されていたため、この名前はラテン語の「マグネス」（磁石）によって補強された可能性があります。"},"Meitnerium":{"name":"マイトネリウム","summary":"マイトネリウムは、超重元素を研究する科学研究にのみ使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["マイトネリウムは、核分裂の先駆者であり、その貢献が長らく見過ごされてきたリーゼ・マイトナーにちなんで名付けられました。","これは、女性の名前にちなんで名付けられた数少ない要素の 1 つです。","マイトネリウムは 1982 年にドイツで最初に作成されました。","これは、一度に 1 つの原子から作られる合成超重元素です。","その同位体は数ミリ秒から数秒以内で非常に速く崩壊します。","周期表の第 9 族にあるイリジウムのように振る舞うと予測されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"核分裂とプロタクチニウムを共同発見したが、物議を醸し1944年のノーベル賞から除外されたオーストリアとスウェーデンの物理学者リーゼ・マイトナーにちなんで命名された。 GSI ダルムシュタットは、核科学に対する彼女の多大な貢献を称えて、長い間待ち望まれていたこの名前を 1992 年に提案しました。"},"Mendelevium":{"name":"メンデレビウム","summary":"メンデレビウムは、主に重元素の特性を調査する科学研究で使用される合成放射性金属です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["メンデレビウムは、周期表の作成者であるドミトリ・メンデレーエフにちなんで命名されました。","それは 1955 年に初めて作られ、一度に数個の原子から作られました。","メンデレビウムは、粒子加速器内でアインスタイニウムを衝突させることによってのみ生成できます。","その発見実験では、最初は約17個の原子しか検出されませんでした。","短寿命の同位体を含む強い放射性物質です。","メンデレビウムは重元素の基礎研究以外には用途がありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1869年に周期表を作成したロシアの化学者、ドミトリ・イワノビッチ・メンデレーエフにちなんで命名されました。グレン・シーボーグらは 1955 年に、元素の先見の明ある組織化によって超ウラン元素の発見を概念的に可能にした科学者に敬意を表してこの名前を付けました。"},"Mercury":{"name":"水銀","summary":"水銀は、温度計、気圧計、蛍光灯に使用される高密度の銀色の液体金属です。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["水銀は室温で液体である唯一の金属です。","ローマの使者の神にちなんで名付けられ、その素早い動きと流動的な性質からそのシンボルの Hg は、「水銀」を意味する「ヒドラギルム」に由来しています。","水銀は温度とともに均一に膨張するため、かつては温度計や気圧計に使用されていました。","水銀にさらされた帽子職人は震えと混乱を引き起こし、「帽子屋のように気が狂う」という言葉を生み出しました。","これは有毒で生物濃縮し、魚やそれを食べる人々の体内に蓄積します。","水銀蒸気は通電すると青緑色に光り、蛍光灯の基礎となります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ローマの素早いメッセンジャーの神、水星にちなんで名付けられ、この要素の流動的で速い動きの性質を反映しています。記号 Hg は、ギリシャ語の「ヒドラギロス」 (ὑδράργυρος) をラテン語化した「ヒドラギラム」に由来し、「水銀」を意味し、その液体の銀の外観を指します。"},"Molybdenum":{"name":"モリブデン","summary":"モリブデンは硬く銀色の金属で、強度、靱性、耐食性を高めるために合金鋼に使用されます。","appearance":"グレーメタリック","interesting_facts":["モリブデンは、すべての元素の中で最も高い融点の 1 つで、約 2,623 °C です。","その名前は、その鉱石が長い間鉛や黒鉛と混同されていたため、ギリシャ語の「モリブドス」（鉛）に由来しています。","鋼にモリブデンを添加すると、航空機、工具、鎧に使用される高強度合金が作成されます。","これは植物、動物、人間の酵素を助ける必須微量栄養素です。","窒素固定細菌はモリブデンを使用して大気中の窒素を利用可能な形態に変換します。","二硫化モリブデンは、高温の乾式潤滑剤として使用される滑りやすい固体です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"モリブデナイト鉱石が長い間鉛鉱石と混同されていたため、ギリシャ語の「モリブドス」（鉛）に由来します。カール ヴィルヘルム シェーレは 1778 年にそれが明確であることを示し、ピーター ヤコブ イェルムは 1781 年にこの金属を単離しました。"},"Moscovium":{"name":"モスコビウム","summary":"モスコビウムは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["モスコビウムは、ドゥブナ研究所があるロシアのモスクワ地域にちなんで名付けられました。","2003 年にロシアとアメリカの共同研究によって初めて合成されました。","これは、一度に数個の原子だけが生成される合成超重元素です。","モスコビウム原子は数秒以内に崩壊します。","グループ 15 のビスマスの下にあると予測されています。","他の 3 つの新しい要素とともに、2016 年に正式に命名されました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ドゥブナの共同核研究所があるロシアのモスクワ州 (モスクワ地方) にちなんで命名されました。 2003 年に JINR とローレンス リバモア国立研究所の共同研究により初めて合成され、2016 年に IUPAC によって正式に命名されました。"},"Neodymium":{"name":"ネオジム","summary":"ネオジムは、強力な磁石、レーザー、ガラスの着色に使用される柔らかい銀色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["ネオジム磁石は一般的に入手可能な永久磁石の中で最も強力で、自重の何倍ものものを持ち上げることができます。","これらの磁石は、イヤホンやハードドライブから風力タービンや電気自動車のモーターに至るまで、あらゆるものに使用されています。","1885年にプラセオジムとともに「ジディミウム」から分離されたため、その名前は「新しい双子」を意味します。","ネオジムはガラスに印象的な色を与え、光に応じて紫と青の間で変化します。","ネオジムをドープした結晶は、最も一般的な高エネルギーレーザーの一部に電力を供給します。","特殊な用途にもかかわらず、最も豊富なレアアース元素の 1 つです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「ネオス」（新しい）と「ディディモス」（双子）に由来し、カール・アウアー・フォン・ヴェルスバッハが1885年にディディミウムをプラセオジムとネオジムに分離した際に命名しました。このペアの「新しい双子」です。"},"Neon":{"name":"ネオン","summary":"ネオンは無色無臭の希ガスで、通電すると独特の赤みがかったオレンジ色の輝きを放ちます。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["ネオンは、電流が流れると鮮やかなオレンジがかった赤に輝き、古典的な「ネオン」サインの基礎となります。","これはほぼ完全に不活性であり、通常の条件下では安定した通常の化合物を生成しません。","ネオンは 1898 年にラムゼイとトラヴァースによって発見され、ギリシャ語で「新しい」を意味する「ネオス」から命名されました。","ネオンは宇宙で 5 番目に豊富な元素であるにもかかわらず、地球上ではまれであり、大気のほんの一部しか占めていません。","液体ネオンは優れた極低温冷媒であり、液体ヘリウムの体積当たりの冷凍能力の 40 倍以上を備えています。","「ネオン」サインに見られるさまざまな色は、実際には他の希ガスに由来します。純粋なネオンは常に赤みがかったオレンジ色の光を生成します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「ネオス」（新しい）に由来し、新しく発見された希ガスであることを反映して、1898年にウィリアム・ラムゼイとモリス・トラバースによって命名されました。"},"Neptunium":{"name":"ネプツニウム","summary":"ネプツニウムは中性子検出装置に使用される放射性金属であり、原子炉におけるその役割について研究されています。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["ネプツニウムは 1940 年に合成された最初の超ウラン元素です。","ウラン (天王星) の後に続き、惑星海王星にちなんで名付けられました。","ネプツニウムは原子炉の副産物であり、長期にわたる核廃棄物の懸念事項と考えられています。","銀色で放射性があり、アクチニド金属の中で最も密度が高い金属の 1 つです。","ネプツニウム 237 は、宇宙船の電源用のプルトニウム 238 の製造に使用できます。","微量のネプツニウムはウラン鉱石中に自然に発生します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"周期表でネプツニウムがウランの向こうにあるのと同じように、太陽系の天王星の向こうにある惑星海王星にちなんで命名されました。エドウィン・マクミランとフィリップ・エイベルソンは 1940 年にそれを合成し、ウランから始まった惑星の命名シーケンスを継続しました。"},"Nickel":{"name":"ニッケル","summary":"ニッケルは、ステンレス鋼、電池、およびさまざまな産業用途に使用される銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色のメタリック","interesting_facts":["ニッケルは、その鉱石が銅に似ていても何も産出しなかったため、「オールド・ニックの銅」を意味するドイツの鉱山用語にちなんで名付けられました。","耐食性が高く、保護のために他の金属を電気めっきするのに使用されます。","ステンレス鋼には通常、強度と防錆性を向上させるニッケルが含まれています。","その名前にもかかわらず、現代の米国の「ニッケル」コインはほとんどが銅であり、ニッケルはわずか 25% です。","地球の核は主に鉄とニッケルの合金であると考えられており、多くの隕石にはニッケルが豊富に含まれています。","ニッケルは、室温で磁性を示す数少ない元素の 1 つです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ドイツ語の「Kupfernickel」（悪魔の銅、またはオールドニックの銅）を短縮したもので、銅のように見えても何も産まれない鉱石に対する鉱山労働者の呪いです。 「ニッケル」はドイツ語で悪魔の愛称で、ニコラスという名前に由来しています。"},"Nihonium":{"name":"ニホニウム","summary":"ニホニウムは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["ニホニウムは、アジアの国で最初に発見された元素である日本（「日本」）にちなんで名付けられました。","日本の理化学研究所の研究室で合成され、2004年頃に確認されました。","これは、一度に数個の原子だけから作られる合成超重元素です。","ニホニウム原子は生成されてから数秒以内に崩壊します。","グループ 13 のタリウムの下に位置すると予測されています。","その発見により、日本は初めて新元素に命名する栄誉に恵まれました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「日出ずる国」を意味する日本語の「日本」から名付けられました。日本の理化学研究所の科学者らは2004年にその合成を確認し、アジアで初めて発見された元素に敬意を表してこの名前を選び、2016年にIUPACが正式に認めた。"},"Niobium":{"name":"ニオブ","summary":"ニオブは柔らかく延性のある金属で、主に強度を向上させるために合金、特に鋼の製造に使用されます。","appearance":"グレーメタリック","interesting_facts":["ニオブは、タンタルとの密接な関係を反映して、ギリシャ神話のタンタロスの娘ニオベにちなんで名付けられました。","冷えると超伝導体となり、MRI装置や粒子加速器の磁石に使用されます。","ニオブ合金は陽極酸化処理を行うことで、ジュエリーで人気の虹色を生み出すことができます。","微量のニオブは鋼鉄を大幅に強化し、パイプラインや車のフレームに使用されます。","かつて米国ではコロンビウムと呼ばれ、その名前は 20 世紀まで残りました。","ニオブは低刺激性であるため、ボディピアスや医療用インプラントに使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1844 年にハインリヒ ローズによってギリシャ神話のタンタロスの娘ニオベにちなんで命名されました。ニオブはほぼ常にタンタルと一緒に見つかり、当初 2 つの元素を区別するのが非常に困難であったため、神話の親子の組み合わせが適切であると思われたからです。"},"Nitrogen":{"name":"窒素","summary":"窒素は無色無臭の気体で、地球の大気の約 78% を占めています。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["窒素はあなたが呼吸する空気の約 78% を占めていますが、窒素は非常に反応性が低いため、ほとんどの場合、未使用のまま吐き出されます。","液体窒素は -196 °C で沸騰し、食品の急速冷凍、生体サンプルの保存、劇的な霧の効果の作成に使用されます。","2 つの窒素原子を結合する三重結合は、既知の最も強力な化学結合の 1 つであり、窒素ガスを非常に安定させます。","大気中の窒素を肥料用のアンモニアに変換するハーバー・ボッシュ プロセスは、世界人口の約半数の食糧を支えています。","窒素は、その結合が破壊されるときに膨大なエネルギーを放出するため、TNT やニトログリセリンなどの爆発物の重要な成分です。","マメ科植物の根にいるバクテリアは、空気中の窒素を植物が利用できる形に「固定」し、自然に土壌を豊かにします。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「ニトロン」（硝石/硝石）と「遺伝子」（形成する）から来ており、硝石と硝酸の両方に窒素が含まれていることから、1790年にジャン＝アントワーヌ・シャプタルによって「硝石形成者」を意味する造語となった。"},"Nobelium":{"name":"ノーベリウム","summary":"ノーベリウムは合成放射性元素であり、科学研究以外には重要な用途はありません。","appearance":"不明、おそらく銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["ノーベリウムは、ノーベル賞の創設者であるアルフレッド・ノーベルにちなんで名付けられました。","それは粒子加速器で原子ごとにのみ作成できます。","アクチニドとしては珍しく、ノーベリウムは +2 の酸化状態で最も安定です。","1950 年代後半のその発見は、競合する研究室間で長年にわたり論争がありました。","すべてのノーベリウム同位体は放射性であり、短命です。","それは研究環境にのみ存在し、実際の応用はありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ダイナマイトを発明し、ノーベル賞を創設したスウェーデンの化学者アルフレッド・ノーベルにちなんで命名されました。この名前は、ストックホルムのチームが最初に発見を主張した 1957 年に提案され、確認された発見がドゥブナ研究所とバークレー研究所の功績として認められたときもそのまま残されました。"},"Oganesson":{"name":"オガネソン","summary":"オガネソンは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらくガス状または金属状","interesting_facts":["オガネソンは既知の元素の中で最も重く、原子番号は 118 です。","これは物理学者ユーリ・オガネシアンにちなんで命名されたもので、存命人物にちなんで命名された数少ない元素の 1 つです。","オガネソンは希ガス塔内にありますが、他の希ガスとは異なり固体であり、反応性がある可能性があると予測されています。","これまでに作成された原子はわずか数個であり、それぞれの原子の生存時間は 1 ミリ秒未満です。","2002年にドゥブナでロシアとアメリカの共同研究によって初めて合成された。","オガネソンは周期表の 7 行目を完成させました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"超重元素合成の先駆者であり、2002 年にオガネソンを作成した JINR ドゥブナのチームを率いたロシア系アルメニア人の核物理学者、ユーリ・オガネシアンにちなんで命名されました。これは存命人物の名前が付けられたわずか 2 つの要素のうちの 1 つであり、この分野に対する彼の貢献の並外れた範囲を反映しています。"},"Osmium":{"name":"オスミウム","summary":"オスミウムは、その硬度で知られる高密度の青みがかった白色の金属で、万年筆のペ​​ン先、電気接点、機器のピボットに使用されています。","appearance":"青みがかった白色、金属質","interesting_facts":["オスミウムは天然に存在する元素の中で最も密度が高く、鉛のほぼ 2 倍の密度です。","その酸化物には鋭い有毒な臭気があるため、その名前はギリシャ語の「匂い」を意味する「オスメ」に由来しています。","オスミウムは非常に硬く、初期の蓄音機の針や万年筆のペ​​ン先に使用されていました。","白金族金属の一つで、見た目は青みがかった銀色です。","四酸化オスミウムは、電子顕微鏡検査用に生体組織を染色するために使用されます。","それは地球の地殻で最も希少な元素の 1 つです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「匂い」または「匂い」を意味するギリシャ語の「osmē」（ὀσμή）から名づけられました。スミッソン テナントは、金属が空気に触れたときに形成される四酸化オスミウムが鋭くて独特の有毒な臭いを発するため、1803 年にこの名前を作りました。"},"Oxygen":{"name":"酸素","summary":"酸素は、ほとんどの生物の呼吸に不可欠な無色無臭の気体です。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["酸素は地球の大気の約 21% を占め、質量ベースで地球の地殻に最も豊富な元素です。","私たちが呼吸する酸素のほとんどは光合成によって生成され、その大部分は海洋植物プランクトンから来ています。","液体酸素と固体酸素は淡い青色で磁性があり、磁石に引き寄せられます。","3 つの酸素原子からなる分子であるオゾンは、成層圏に有害な紫外線を吸収する保護層を形成します。","酸素は 1770 年代にカール ヴィルヘルム シェーレとジョゼフ プリーストリーによって独自に発見され、アントワーヌ ラヴォアジエによって命名されました。","酸素は生命にとって不可欠ですが、反応性も高く、鉄の錆びや燃料の燃焼を引き起こします。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「オキシス」（鋭い、酸っぱい）と「酸形成者」を意味する「遺伝子」（形成する）に由来し、酸素はすべての酸の必須部分であるという当時の信念に基づいて、1777年にラヴォワジェによって命名されました。"},"Palladium":{"name":"パラジウム","summary":"パラジウムは、触媒コンバーター、電子機器、水素貯蔵に使用される貴重な銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーホワイトメタリック","interesting_facts":["パラジウムは、1803 年に金属の直前に発見された小惑星パラスにちなんで名付けられました。","その主な用途は触媒コンバーターであり、有毒な排気ガスを無害な排気ガスに変えるのに役立ちます。","パラジウムは、金属スポンジのように、自身の体積の最大 900 倍の水素ガスを吸収できます。","これはプラチナ族の貴金属であり、ホワイトゴールド、高級宝飾品、歯科用合金に使用されています。","パラジウムは、電話やコンピューター内の小さなコンデンサーなど、多くの電子機器に不可欠です。","これは、1989 年の有名な、後に信用を失った「常温核融合」実験で中心的な役割を果たしました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1802 年に発見された小惑星パラスにちなんで名付けられ、小惑星自体もパラス アテナにちなんで命名されました。ウィリアム・ハイド・ウォラストンは、最近発見された天体にちなんで新しい元素に名前を付ける現代の流行に従って、1803 年にこの名前を作りました。"},"Phosphorus":{"name":"リン","summary":"リンは反応性が高く、DNA や ATP などの生体分子に必須の元素です。","appearance":"色はさまざまです（白、赤、または黒の形）","interesting_facts":["白リンは酸素と反応して暗闇でほのかに光り、この現象が「燐光」という名前の由来となっています。","これは既知の発見者によって発見された最初の元素であり、1669 年にヘニッヒ ブランドによって煮詰められた尿から分離されました。","リンは驚くほど異なる形態で存在します。白リンは危険なほど可燃性ですが、赤リンは安定であり、マッチ箱のストリップに使用されます。","すべての細胞は、DNA、RNA、および生物のエネルギーを貯蔵および伝達する分子である ATP のリンを使用します。","採掘されたリン鉱石の約 85% は肥料に変換され、リンは世界の食糧生産にとって不可欠なものとなっています。","骨と歯はリン酸カルシウムによって強化されるため、体のリンの多くは骨格に蓄えられます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「フォスフォロス」（光を運ぶ者、「フォス」＝光、「フォロス」＝ベアリング）に由来しており、白リンは酸化すると暗闇でほのかに光るため、この名前は、ヘニッヒ ブランドが 1669 年に発見したときに付けられました。"},"Platinum":{"name":"白金","summary":"プラチナは、触媒コンバーター、宝飾品、電子機器に使用される高密度で展性があり、耐食性のある金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["プラチナは耐腐食性が非常に高いため、高温でも変色しません。","これは触媒コンバーターの重要な触媒であり、車両の排気ガスの浄化に役立ちます。","プラチナは金よりも密度が高く、高級宝飾品や結婚指輪として珍重されています。","シスプラチンなどの一部のプラチナ化合物は、強力な化学療法薬です。","南アフリカは世界のプラチナの大部分を生産しています。","その名前は、「小さな銀」を意味するスペイン語の「platina」に由来しており、初期の鉱山労働者が軽蔑的に付けた名前です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「小さな銀」を意味する「plata」（シルバー）の縮小形であるスペイン語の「platina」に由来します。 16 世紀に南米を訪れたスペイン人探検家は、金鉱床に混ざっているのを発見したが、簡単には加工できなかった淡い銀色の金属に対してこの軽蔑的な用語を使用しました。"},"Plutonium":{"name":"プルトニウム","summary":"プルトニウムは、原子炉、核兵器、宇宙船の動力源として使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀白色、空気に触れると変色します","interesting_facts":["プルトニウムは核兵器や原子炉での利用で有名です。","ネプツニウム、ウランに続く準惑星冥王星にちなんで命名されました。","プルトニウム 238 は、その安定した熱で探査機ボイジャーや探査機キュリオシティなどの宇宙船に電力を供給します。","プルトニウムの破片を触ると温かいのは、プルトニウム自身の放射性崩壊による熱のためです。","溶液中ではさまざまなカラフルな酸化状態で存在するという、珍しい化学的性質を持っています。","プルトニウムは、さまざまな固体形状間で劇的に膨張および収縮するため、機械加工が困難になります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"プルトニウムがネプツニウムの向こう側にあるのと同じように、海王星の向こう側にある冥王星 (当時は 9 番目の惑星と考えられていた) にちなんで命名されました。グレン・シーボーグは 1942 年に、別の形式である「プルティウム」が検討されたが却下され、より古典的な「-オニウム」という語尾が採用されたことに注目して、この名前を付けました。"},"Polonium":{"name":"ポロニウム","summary":"ポロニウムは、静電気防止装置や宇宙用途の熱源として使用される高放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["ポロニウムは 1898 年にマリー・キュリー夫妻によって発見され、マリーの故郷ポーランドにちなんで命名されました。","放射性物質は非常に強く、1グラムでも青く光り、暖かさを保つのに十分な熱を放出します。","ポロニウム210は、悪名高い2006年のアレクサンドル・リトビネンコ毒殺事件で使用された。","宇宙探査機の軽量熱源や静電気防止装置として使用されています。","ポロニウムは非常にまれであり、ウラン鉱石中に微量に発生します。","ポロニウムはほんの少しでも致死量を放出する可能性があり、既知の物質の中で最も有毒なものの 1 つです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898 年にピエール・キュリーと共同発見したマリー・キュリーの故郷、ポーランド (ラテン語: Polonia) にちなんで命名されました。キュリー首相は、当時ロシア、プロイセン、オーストリアに分割統治されていた占領下の祖国への賛辞としてこの名前を選び、その大義に国際的な注目を集めることを望んだ。"},"Potassium":{"name":"カリウム","summary":"カリウムは、植物の成長に不可欠な銀白色の柔らかい金属であり、生物学的プロセスにおいて重要です。","appearance":"シルバーグレーの金属","interesting_facts":["カリウムは非常に反応性が高く、水に触れると薄紫色の炎が燃え上がります。","ナイフで切れるほど柔らかく、反応すると水に浮かぶほど軽い。","カリウムイオンは神経信号と心拍数に不可欠であり、バナナはよく知られた栄養源です。","その化学記号 K は、植物の灰を意味するアラビア語のラテン語化された形である「カリウム」に由来しています。","カリウムは、1807 年にハンフリー デイビーによって電気分解によって分離された最初の金属でした。","体内の放射性同位体カリウム 40 により、生涯にわたってごくわずかに放射性物質が放出されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語名は「potash」（ポットに浸出した木の灰、元素の初期の供給源）に由来し、記号Kはラテン語の「kalium」に由来し、最終的にはアラビア語の「al-qali」（石鹸製造に使用されるアルカリ植物の灰）に由来します。"},"Praseodymium":{"name":"プラセオジム","summary":"プラセオジムは、磁石、ガラスの着色、合金に使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["プラセオジムの名前は、その塩の緑色にちなんで「緑の双子」を意味します。","溶接工やガラス吹き工を強いまぶしさや赤外線から守る特殊なゴーグルに使用されています。","ネオジムと混合すると、モーターやヘッドフォンに使用される強力な磁石が形成されます。","プラセオジムはガラスやセラミックの釉薬に純粋な黄色を与えます。","1885年に「ジジミウム」と呼ばれる物質から分離され、2つの元素であることが判明した。","プラセオジムをドープしたファイバーは、一部の光学システムで光信号を増幅できます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「プラシオス」（ネギ緑色）と「ディディモス」（双子）に由来し、カール・アウアー・フォン・ヴェルスバッハが1885年にディディミウムを2つの元素に分割した際に、緑色の塩を加えた双子のプラセオジムと新しい双子のネオジムに分けて命名しました。"},"Promethium":{"name":"プロメチウム","summary":"プロメチウムは、夜光塗料、原子力電池、研究に使用される放射性金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["プロメチウムは、安定同位体を持たない唯一の希土類元素です。それは放射性であり、本質的に自然界には存在しません。","神々から火を盗んだギリシャの巨人、プロメテウスにちなんで名付けられました。","プロメチウムは、夜光塗料やペースメーカーや宇宙船用の小型原子電池に使用されています。","その存在は、1945 年に確認された周期表の元素 61 における長年の空白を埋めました。","光るプロメチウムは、それ自体の放射線からかすかな青緑色の光を生成します。","地球の地殻全体には、現時点でもわずか約500グラムのプロメチウムしか存在しないと考えられている。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"神々から火を盗み、人類に火を与えたギリシャ神話のタイタン、プロメテウスにちなんで名付けられました。ふさわしく、プロメチウムは 1945 年に原子炉内のウラン核分裂生成物から初めて得られました。"},"Protactinium":{"name":"プロトアクチニウム","summary":"プロタクチニウムは、その希少性と放射能のため、主に科学研究で使用される高密度の銀灰色の金属です。","appearance":"明るいシルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["プロタクチニウムは、天然に存在する元素の中で最も希少かつ高価なものの 1 つです。","崩壊するとアクチニウムになることから、その名前は「アクチニウムの親」を意味します。","放射性物質と毒性が非常に高いため、慎重な取り扱いが必要です。","プロタクチニウムは 1913 年に初めて同定され、1934 年に分離されました。","海洋堆積物中のプロタクチニウムとトリウムの比率は、科学者が過去の気候と海洋循環を研究するのに役立ちます。","希少性と放射能のため、科学研究以外ではほとんど用途がありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「最初」を意味するギリシャ語の「プロトス」（πρῶτος）に「アクチニウム」を組み合わせて「アクチニウムの親」を意味することから名付けられました。この名前は、プロタクチニウム 231 がアクチニウム 227 に崩壊することを反映しています。カスパー・ファジャンスは1913年に初めてそれを「ブレビウム」と呼んだが、より長寿命の同位体が特定されたときに「プロタクチニウム」が採用された。"},"Radium":{"name":"ラジウム","summary":"ラジウムは、かつて夜光塗料に使用されていた高放射性金属ですが、現在は主にその放射性特性について研究されています。","appearance":"シルバーホワイトメタリック","interesting_facts":["ラジウムは 1898 年にマリー・キュリーとピエール・キュリー夫妻によって発見され、暗闇の中でかすかな青い光を放ちます。","これはかつて、暗闇で光る時計の文字盤に添加され、その文字盤を描いた「ラジウム少女」たちを悲劇的に中毒させました。","20 世紀初頭の製品では、その危険性が理解される前に、歯磨き粉、水、化粧品にラジウムが含まれて販売されていました。","ラジウムは同量のウランよりも約100万倍放射性が高い。","歴史的には、より安全な線源がそれに取って代わられるまで、がんの放射線治療に使用されてきました。","キュリー夫人のノートは今でも放射性物質を多く含んでおり、鉛で裏打ちされた箱に保管されている。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898年に発見したマリー・キュリーとピエール・キュリー夫妻によって、「光線」または「ビーム」を意味するラテン語の「radius」に由来して命名されました。この名前は、元素が放出する強力な放射線を指しており、ピッチブレンドから元素を分離したときに注目すべき新しい現象として観察されました。"},"Radon":{"name":"ラドン","summary":"ラドンは、放射線療法や地質調査のトレーサーとして使用される放射性希ガスです。","appearance":"無色の気体","interesting_facts":["ラドンは、土壌や岩石中のウランの崩壊によって生成される放射性希ガスです。","これは非喫煙者における肺がんの主な原因であり、目に見えない形で地下室に浸透しています。","ラドンは無色、無臭、無味であるため、特別な機器でのみ検出できます。","これは通常の条件下で最も密度の高いガスであり、既知のガスの中で最も重いガスの 1 つです。","ラドンはかつていくつかの初期の医療放射線治療に使用されていました。","適切な換気によりラドンレベルを下げることができるため、家庭用検査キットが広く入手可能です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"放射性崩壊によって生成される元素である「ラジウム」と、希ガスに使用される「-on」という接尾辞を組み合わせて命名されました。 1900年にフリードリッヒ・ドルンがラジウムから発生するガスとして初めて検出し、「ラドン」という名前が標準化される前は「ラジウム放射」と呼ばれていました。"},"Rhenium":{"name":"レニウム","summary":"レニウムは、ジェット エンジン、フィラメント、触媒に使用される高密度の銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーグレー","interesting_facts":["レニウムは、1925 年に発見された最後の安定元素の 1 つでした。","すべての元素の中で最も高い融点と沸点を持っています。","レニウム超合金により、ジェットエンジンやロケットエンジンのタービンブレードがより高温でより効率的に動作します。","名前の由来はドイツのライン川にちなんで付けられました。","レニウムは非常に希少で、主に銅とモリブデンの採掘の副産物として回収されます。","高オクタン価の鉛フリーガソリンを製造するための触媒として使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ドイツを流れるライン川 (ラテン語: Rhenus) にちなんで名づけられました。ウォルター・ノダック、アイダ・タッケ、オットー・バーグは、1925 年にこの元素を発見したときに、発見者の故郷の地理的特徴にちなんで元素に名前を付ける伝統に従って、この名前を選びました。"},"Rhodium":{"name":"ロジウム","summary":"ロジウムは、反射率が高く、触媒コンバーターや宝飾品に使用されることで知られる希少な銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーホワイトメタリック","interesting_facts":["ロジウムは最も希少で価値のある貴金属の 1 つであり、多くの場合金よりもはるかに高価です。","その名前は、その塩のバラ色の赤い色にちなんで、ギリシャ語の「rhodon」（バラ）に由来しています。","ロジウムのほとんどは、自動車の排気ガスから有害なガスを浄化する触媒コンバーターに使用されています。","輝きがあり、硬く、反射性の高い仕上げが施され、ホワイトゴールドのジュエリーや鏡のメッキに使用されます。","ロジウムは耐腐食性が高く、空気中でも変色しません。","これは白金族金属の 1 つで、主に白金およびニッケル採掘の副産物として回収されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「rhodon」（バラ）に由来し、ロジウム塩の溶液の特徴的なバラ色から、1804年にウィリアム・ハイド・ウォラストンによって命名されました。"},"Roentgenium":{"name":"レントゲニウム","summary":"レントゲニウムは、主に超重元素を研究する科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["レントゲニウムは、X線の発見者であるヴィルヘルム・コンラート・レントゲンにちなんで命名されました。","1994 年にドイツでニッケルとビスマスの核を融合して初めて作成されました。","これは、一度に数個の原子だけが生成される合成超重元素です。","レントゲニウムは周期表で金の下に位置すると予測されており、その化学的性質の一部を共有する可能性があります。","その原子は形成されてから数秒以内に崩壊します。","基礎研究以外の用途はありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1895 年に X 線を発見し、1901 年に最初のノーベル物理学賞を受賞したドイツの物理学者、ヴィルヘルム コンラート レントゲンにちなんで命名されました。 1994 年に GSI ダルムシュタットがそれを総合し、2004 年に名前を提案し、同年に IUPAC が正式に採用しました。"},"Rubidium":{"name":"ルビジウム","summary":"ルビジウムは、エレクトロニクス、研究、原子時計に使用される柔らかい銀白色の金属元素です。","appearance":"銀白色のメタリック","interesting_facts":["ルビジウムは空気中で自然発火し、水と激しく反応します。","発光スペクトルの赤い線にちなみ、ラテン語の「ルビダス」(深紅)にちなんで名付けられました。","ルビジウムは、分光法の新しい技術を使用して、1861 年にブンゼンとキルヒホッフによって発見されました。","体温よりわずかに高い約 39 °C で溶けます。","ルビジウム原子は、世界で最も正確な原子時計の一部に使用されています。","科学者たちは 1995 年にルビジウムを使用して、奇妙な新しい物質状態である最初のボース アインシュタイン凝縮を作成しました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「ルビダス」（深紅または暗赤色）に由来し、1861年にロバート・ブンゼンとグスタフ・キルヒホッフが、当時新しかった分光分析技術で識別するために使用した2つの特徴的な深赤色のスペクトル線にちなんで命名しました。"},"Ruthenium":{"name":"ルテニウム","summary":"ルテニウムは、電気接点、厚膜抵抗器、触媒として使用される希少遷移金属です。","appearance":"シルバーホワイトメタリック","interesting_facts":["ルテニウムは、1844年にロシアで発見されたロシアのラテン名であるルテニアにちなんで名付けられました。","白金族金属の一つで、非常に硬くてもろい性質を持っています。","微量のルテニウムを添加すると、プラチナとパラジウム合金の硬度と耐摩耗性が大幅に向上します。","ルテニウムは電子機器内部の電気接点やチップ抵抗器に使用されています。","アンモニアの製造プロセスや汚染物質の浄化プロセスなど、多用途の触媒として機能します。","ルテニウム化合物は、太陽電池用の光吸収色素として研究されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1844年にロシア帝国のカザンで研究中に発見したカール・エルンスト・クラウスによって、ロシア（ルーシ族の土地）のラテン名であるルテニアにちなんで命名されました。"},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"ラザホージウム","summary":"ラザフォージウムは、重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["ラザフォージウムは、核物理学の父である物理学者アーネスト・ラザフォードにちなんで命名されました。","これは、トランスアクチニド (超重) 元素の最初のものです。","ラザフォージウムは、より軽い原子核を加速器で砕くことによって作られます。","この発見は、冷戦時代にアメリカとソ連の科学者の間で命名論争の対象となった。","一度に生成できる原子は数個だけで、数秒以内に崩壊します。","周期表の第 4 族のハフニウムと同様に化学的に振る舞うと予想されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"原子核を発見し、核物理学の父と考えられているニュージーランド生まれの物理学者アーネスト・ラザフォードにちなんで命名されました。この名前はローレンス・バークレーのアメリカの研究者によって提案され、冷戦中のソ連の科学者との命名論争の後、1997年にIUPACによって正式に採用された。"},"Samarium":{"name":"サマリウム","summary":"サマリウムは、磁石、レーザー、原子炉の中性子吸収剤として使用される銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["サマリウムコバルト磁石は高温でも強度を維持し、航空機や軍事機器に使用されています。","これは、鉱物サマルスキート（鉱山当局のサマルスキーにちなんで）を通じて、人の名前にちなんで名付けられた最初の元素でした。","サマリウムは中性子を吸収しやすいため、原子炉の制御棒に使われています。","放射性サマリウム化合物は、骨に転移したがんによる痛みを和らげるために使用されます。","サマリウムは、化学の触媒として、また特定の種類のガラスやレーザーの製造に使用されます。","適度に硬く、空気中でゆっくりと酸化し、黄色がかった皮膜を形成します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1879年にポール・エミール・ルコック・ド・ボアボードランによって最初に同定された鉱物、サマルスカイトにちなんで名付けられました。サマルスカイトは、ロシアの鉱山職員であるワシリ・サマルスキー＝ビホヴェツ大佐にちなんで命名され、サマリウムは実在の人物に（間接的に）名前が付けられた最初の元素となった。"},"Scandium":{"name":"スカンジウム","summary":"スカンジウムは、航空宇宙部品や高性能合金に使用される銀白色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["スカンジウムの存在と特性は、1879年に発見される前に、1869年にメンデレーエフによって「エカボロン」として予測されました。","アルミニウムに少量のスカンジウムを添加すると、ハイエンドの自転車フレームや航空宇宙部品に使用される強力で軽量な合金が作成されます。","この名前は、最初に発見された鉱物が採掘されたスカンジナビアにちなんで付けられました。","スカンジウム - アルミニウム合金は、一部のソ連の MiG 戦闘機で使用されました。","スカンジウムは地殻内ではかなり一般的であるにもかかわらず、抽出が難しく、鉱石中に濃縮されることはほとんどないため、高価になります。","一部のメタルハライドランプには、自然太陽光に似た光を生成するためにヨウ化スカンジウムが添加されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラース フレドリック ニルソンが 1879 年にスカンジナビア産の鉱物ユーキセナイトとガドリナイトを発見した地域、スカンジナビア (ラテン語で「スカンディア」) にちなんで名付けられました。"},"Seaborgium":{"name":"シーボーギウム","summary":"シーボーギウムは、超重元素の特性を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属製","interesting_facts":["シーボーギウムは、多くの超ウラン元素の発見に貢献した化学者のグレン T. シーボーグにちなんで名付けられました。","これは、当時まだ生きていた人物の名前にちなんで命名された最初の元素でした。","シーボーギウムは粒子加速器でのみ作られる合成超重元素です。","その原子は数秒以内に崩壊するため、これまで研究されたのはほんの一握りだけです。","化学実験によると、周期表の第 6 族に属するタングステンと同様に動作することが示唆されています。","1974 年に酸素イオンをカリフォルニアに衝突させることによって初めて作成されました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"10 種類の超ウラン元素を共同発見したアメリカの化学者、グレン T. シーボーグにちなんで命名されました。これは、1994年にローレンス・バークレーによって提案された、存命中の人物にちなんで命名された最初の元素であったが、IUPACは当初反対し、1997年にこの名前を正式に承認した。"},"Selenium":{"name":"セレン","summary":"セレンは硫黄やテルルに似た性質を持つ非金属で、電子機器、ガラス製造、栄養補助食品として使用されます。","appearance":"黒、赤、グレーのフォーム","interesting_facts":["セレンは、ギリシャの月の女神セレーネにちなんで名付けられました。","その電気伝導率は光によって変化し、初期のコピー機や露出計で使用される特性です。","セレンは必須微量栄養素であり、抗酸化酵素をサポートしますが、大量摂取では有毒です。","ガラスに赤い色を与え、ガラスの緑の色合いを取り除くためにも使用されます。","ブラジルナッツにはセレンが非常に豊富に含まれています。","セレンには、赤い粉末や電気を通す灰色の金属の形など、いくつかの形があります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「セレーネ」（月）に由来し、両方の元素が化学的に似ており、同じ鉱床で一緒に発見されたため、1817年にヨンス・ヤコブ・ベルゼリウスによってテルル（ラテン語で地球を意味する「テルス」に由来）の仲間として命名されました。"},"Silicon":{"name":"ケイ素","summary":"シリコンは硬くてもろい結晶固体であり、半導体やコンピューター チップの重要なコンポーネントです。","appearance":"灰色の結晶性固体","interesting_facts":["ケイ素は地球の地殻で酸素に次いで 2 番目に豊富な元素で、そのほとんどはシリカとして砂や岩石の中に閉じ込められています。","超高純度のシリコン結晶はコンピューター チップの基礎であり、シリコン バレーの名前の由来となっています。","シリコンは半金属半導体であり、電気を伝導するのは絶縁体よりも優れていますが、金属よりは劣ります。","石英、オパール、およびほとんどの砂はケイ素化合物であり、ガラスは主にシリカを溶かして作られます。","ソーラーパネルはシリコンを利用して太陽光を直接電気に変換します。","名前は似ていますが、シリコン (要素) は、それを含む柔軟なゴム状ポリマーであるシリコーンとは異なります。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「サイレックス」または「シリシス」（フリントまたは硬い石）に由来しており、シリコンはフリント岩やケイ酸塩岩に豊富に含まれるためです。 「シリコン」という名前は、1817 年にトーマス・トムソンによって提案されました。"},"Silver":{"name":"銀","summary":"銀は柔らかく、白く、光沢のある金属で、あらゆる元素の中で最も高い電気伝導率と熱伝導率を持ち、宝飾品、電子機器、鏡に使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["銀はすべての元素の中で最良の電気伝導体および熱伝導体です。","天然の抗菌特性があり、現代医学のずっと前から傷や水を清潔に保つために使用されていました。","銀は最も反射性の高い金属であるため、伝統的に鏡の裏返しに使用されてきました。","写真フィルムは、画像をキャプチャするために感光性の銀化合物に依存していました。","その化学記号 Ag はラテン語の「argentum」に由来しており、アルゼンチンという国名もそれにちなんで付けられています。","シルバーは空気中の微量の硫黄化合物と反応して黒く変色します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語の「シルバー」という単語は、古英語の「seolfor」に由来し、ゲルマン祖語の「silubra」に関連しており、さらなる起源は不明です。記号 Ag と国名アルゼンチンはどちらもラテン語の「argentum」（銀）に由来しており、この要素の輝く白い光沢に関連しています。"},"Sodium":{"name":"ナトリウム","summary":"ナトリウムは銀白色の柔らかい金属で、反応性が高く、生命にとって必須の元素です。","appearance":"銀白色の金属","interesting_facts":["ナトリウムは非常に反応性が高いため、油の下で保管する必要があり、水に落とすと発泡して発火する可能性があります。","ナイフで切れるほど柔らかく、光沢のある銀色の表面が現れますが、空気中ではすぐに鈍くなります。","ナトリウム蒸気ランプは、かつて街路照明でよく使われていた独特の黄オレンジ色の輝きを放ちます。","一般的な食塩は塩化ナトリウムであり、ナトリウムは神経インパルスと体内の体液バランスに不可欠です。","ナトリウムは明るい黄色の炎を上げて燃えますが、これはナトリウムを識別するための炎試験で使用される特性です。","化学記号 Na は、天然のソーダ化合物を指すラテン語の「ナトリウム」に由来します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語名は「soda」（中世ラテン語の「sodanum」、頭痛薬）に由来し、記号「Na」はラテン語の「natrium」に由来し、それ自体がアラビア語/エジプト語の「natrun」（天然の炭酸ナトリウム鉱物であるナトロンを表す言葉）に由来します。"},"Strontium":{"name":"ストロンチウム","summary":"ストロンチウムは、花火、セラミック、放射線医学の用途に使用される柔らかい銀色の金属です。","appearance":"シルバーメタリック","interesting_facts":["ストロンチウム塩は、花火や緊急発煙筒の鮮やかな赤色を生成します。","鉱石が最初に発見されたスコットランドのストロンティアン村にちなんで名付けられました。","核降下物からの放射性同位体ストロンチウム90は、カルシウムに似ているため、骨に留まる可能性があります。","ストロンチウムは、歯の知覚過敏を軽減するために一部の歯磨き粉に使用されています。","アルミン酸ストロンチウムは暗闇で何時間も発光し、現代の夜光塗料に使用されています。","カルシウムと同様に、ストロンチウムは水と反応し、自然界には遊離状態で存在することはありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"スコットランドのアーガイルシャーにある村ストロンティアンにちなんで命名され、1790 年頃に地元の鉛鉱山で鉱物ストロンチアン石 (炭酸ストロンチウム) が初めて発見されました。"},"Sulfur":{"name":"硫黄","summary":"硫黄は、火山地域で一般的に見られる黄​​色の非金属元素であり、生命にとって不可欠です。","appearance":"明るい黄色の結晶","interesting_facts":["硫黄は古代から知られており、聖書では「燃える石」を意味する「ブリムストーン」と呼ばれています。","硫化水素の腐った卵のような臭いがすることで有名ですが、純粋な硫黄自体は無臭です。","硫黄は青い炎をあげて燃焼し、窒息するような二酸化硫黄ガスを発生します。","採掘された硫黄のほとんどは、世界で最も生産されている工業用化学物質の 1 つである硫酸の製造に使用されます。","火山噴火口や温泉の周囲には、明るい黄色の硫黄の堆積物が形成されます。","硫黄は生命の必須元素であり、タンパク質の折り畳みを助けるアミノ酸のシステインとメチオニンに含まれています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「硫黄」（硫黄）に由来し、おそらくサンスクリット語の「sulvere」に関連する不確かな起源の言葉。硫黄は、聖書の中で「硫黄」と呼ばれる、火山の周囲で見つかる刺激的な黄色い石として古代から知られていました。"},"Tantalum":{"name":"タンタル","summary":"タンタルは、エレクトロニクス、外科用インプラント、および高温合金に使用される高密度で耐食性の金属です。","appearance":"グレーブルー","interesting_facts":["タンタル コンデンサは小さいですが、ほぼすべての携帯電話やラップトップに搭載されている大量の電荷を蓄えます。","ギリシャ神話のタンタロスにちなんで名付けられ、酸に溶けにくいという「食欲をそそる」耐性を反映しています。","タンタルは生体適合性があり、外科用インプラント、プレート、ピンに使用されます。","金属の中で最も高い融点の 1 つであり、3,000 °C 以上です。","タンタルは強靭な酸化物層のおかげで耐腐食性が高くなります。","世界のタンタルの多くはコルタン鉱石に由来しており、倫理的な調達に関する懸念が生じています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ神話に登場する王、タンタロスにちなんで名付けられました。果樹の下にある水たまりに立つことを非難され、果樹に手を伸ばすたびにその水が遠ざかってしまいます。アンダース・エケバーグは 1802 年に、タンタラスが喉の渇きを決して満たすことができなかったのと同じように、この要素が酸の吸収を興味をそそられるほど拒否したため、この名前を選びました。"},"Technetium":{"name":"テクネチウム","summary":"テクネチウムは銀灰色の放射性金属で、主に医療用画像処理や工業用放射線写真に使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーグレーメタリック","interesting_facts":["テクネチウムは人工的に作られた最初の元素であり、その名前は「人工」を意味するギリシャ語に由来しています。","安定同位体を持たないため、地球上には基本的に安定同位体は存在しません。","テクネチウム 99m は、医療画像処理で最も広く使用されている放射性トレーサーであり、年間数千万回のスキャンで使用されています。","周期表におけるそのギャップは、メンデレーエフによって「エカマンガン」として予測されました。","テクネチウムは遠方の特定の星のスペクトルで検出されており、その中で元素がまだ作られていることが証明されています。","少量のテクネチウムにより、鋼の耐腐食性が著しく向上します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「テクネトス」（人工または人工の）に由来し、1937 年にカルロ ペリエとエミリオ セグレによって命名されました。サイクロトロン内でモリブデンに重陽子を衝突させることによって人工的に生成された最初の元素であるためです。"},"Tellurium":{"name":"テルル","summary":"テルルは、合金、半導体、熱電デバイスに使用される脆い銀白色の半金属です。","appearance":"銀光沢のあるグレー","interesting_facts":["テルルは、地球を意味するラテン語の「tellus」にちなんで命名されました。","たとえ微量でも曝露された人は、強力なニンニクのような臭い「テルル呼気」を発症し、その臭いは数週間続くことがあります。","これは希少な半金属であり、地球の地殻ではプラチナとほぼ同じくらい希少です。","テルル化カドミウムは、薄膜ソーラーパネルの製造に使用されます。","テルルは鋼および銅合金の被削性を向上させます。","ガラス状態と結晶状態を切り替えることができるため、書き換え可能な光ディスクに使用されます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ラテン語の「tellus」（地球）に由来し、1798年にマルティン・ハインリヒ・クラプロスによって命名されました。この 2 つの元素は化学的に似ており、一緒に発見されることが多いため、この名前は意図的にセレン (月にちなんで命名) と組み合わせられています。"},"Tennessine":{"name":"テネシン","summary":"テネシンは、超重元素を研究するための科学研究で使用される合成放射性元素です。","appearance":"不明、おそらく金属または半金属","interesting_facts":["テネシンという名前は、オークリッジ国立研究所がある米国テネシー州にちなんで名付けられました。","既知の元素の中で 2 番目に重く、2010 年に確認されました。","グループ 17 のハロゲン列に位置するため、その名前は「-ine」で終わります。","これを作成するには、オークリッジで生産され、カルシウムイオンを照射された希少なバーケリウムが必要でした。","これまでに作られたテネシン原子はわずか数個だけです。","その原子は数秒以内に崩壊します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"オークリッジ国立研究所（必須のバーケリウムターゲットを製造）、ヴァンダービルト大学、テネシー大学の本拠地である米国テネシー州にちなんで命名されました。 2010 年に合成され、2016 年に IUPAC によって正式に命名されました。接尾辞「-ine」は、ハロゲン 17 族における位置を反映しています。"},"Terbium":{"name":"テルビウム","summary":"テルビウムは、緑色照明、レーザー、磁気光学装置の蛍光体に使用される銀白色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["テルビウムは、照明や古いディスプレイに使用される多くの蛍光体で緑色を提供します。","この名前は、スウェーデンの村 Ytterby にちなんで命名されており、この村を称える 4 つの要素の 1 つです。","テルビウム合金は磁場で形状を変化させ、センサーやソナーシステムに使用されます。","紫外線を当てると鮮やかな緑色に発光し、セキュリティインキに使用されます。","テルビウムは、ナイフで切断できる柔らかい銀色の希土類金属です。","ソリッドステートデバイスやエネルギー効率の高い蛍光灯に使用されています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ガドリナイト鉱石が最初に収集されたスウェーデンのレザロ島の村イッテルビーにちなんで名付けられました。カール グスタフ モサンダーは 1843 年にそれをイットリアから分離しました。「テルビウム」は「イッテルビ」の音節を並べ替えたものです。"},"Thallium":{"name":"タリウム","summary":"タリウムは、エレクトロニクス、光学システム、および一部の医療用途で使用される柔らかい灰色の金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["タリウムはかつては無味無臭で好まれていた毒物であり、「毒殺者の毒」というあだ名が付けられていました。","その名前は、スペクトル内の明るい緑色の線にちなんで、ギリシャ語の「thallos」（緑色の新芽）に由来しています。","タリウム中毒は脱毛を引き起こすため、医師の診断に役立つことがあります。","放射性タリウム同位体は心臓画像負荷検査に使用されます。","タリウム化合物は、特殊な赤外線光学およびエレクトロニクスで使用されます。","1861 年に火炎分光法の新しい方法を使用して発見されました。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「thallos」（θαλλός）に由来し、「緑の新芽」または「緑の小枝」を意味します。ウィリアム・クルックスは、新しく開発された火炎分光法の技術を使用して亜セレン酸残留物を分析したときに見た独特の明るい緑色のスペクトル線にちなんで、1861 年にこの名前を付けました。"},"Thorium":{"name":"トリウム","summary":"トリウムは、原子炉、合金、ガスマントルに使用される弱い放射性金属です。","appearance":"銀色、しばしば黒い変色が見られる","interesting_facts":["トリウムは北欧の雷神トールにちなんで名付けられました。","ウランよりも安全で豊富な核燃料として研究されています。","トリウムは地殻中にウランよりも約 3 ～ 4 倍豊富に存在します。","トリアガスのマントルは明るく輝き、1 世紀以上にわたりランタンに使用されました。","かつては高品質のカメラのレンズに添加されていましたが、時間の経過とともに放射線によりわずかに黄ばむ可能性があります。","ほぼすべてのトリウムは長寿命同位体トリウム 232 であり、半減期は宇宙年齢よりも長いです。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1828年に発見したスウェーデンの化学者ヨンス・ヤコブ・ベルゼリウスによって、北欧の雷神トールにちなんで命名されました。ベルゼリウスは、神話上の人物を称える伝統に従って、ノルウェー産の鉱物からこの元素を発見し、「thorite」と名付け、この新しい元素を神にちなんで名付けました。"},"Thulium":{"name":"ツリウム","summary":"ツリウムは、携帯用 X 線装置、レーザー、および一部の原子力用途に使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"シルバーグレー","interesting_facts":["ツリウムは安定した希土類元素の中で最も希少であり、最も高価な元素の 1 つです。","極北の神話の地トゥーレにちなんで名付けられました。","放射性ツリウム 170 は、電気を必要としないポータブル X 線装置に使用されます。","ツリウムは紫外線下で青く発光し、紙幣の偽造防止マークに使用されています。","ツリウム レーザーは一部の医療外科手術で使用されます。","その希少性にもかかわらず、ツリウムは依然として金よりも地殻中に豊富に存在します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"既知の世界の最北端にある神話上の土地の古代ギリシャとローマの名前であるトゥーレにちなんで名付けられ、しばしばスカンジナビアやアイスランドと同一視されます。 Per Teodor Cleve は 1879 年に、この要素のスカンジナビアの起源を讃えるためにこの名前を選びました。"},"Tin":{"name":"スズ","summary":"錫は、可鍛性のある銀白色の金属で、はんだ、コーティング、青銅などの合金に使用されます。","appearance":"銀白色のメタリック","interesting_facts":["錫と銅を混ぜると、人類の歴史全体の時代を定義した合金である青銅が生まれます。","ブリキの棒を曲げると、結晶が再配置されるときに「ブリキの鳴き声」と呼ばれるパチパチ音を立てます。","極度の寒さでは、通常の錫が崩れて灰色の粉末になることがあります。これは「錫ペスト」と呼ばれるプロセスです。","ブリキ缶は、鋼鉄の上に薄い錫コーティングを施すことで耐食性を実現します。","スズは他の元素よりも安定した同位体 (10) を持っています。","ピューターとハンダは、何世紀にもわたって使用されている一般的な錫ベースの合金です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語の「tin」という単語は、古英語の「tin」に由来し、ゲルマン祖語の「tinam」に関連しており、さらなる起源は不明です。 Sn という記号はラテン語の「スタンナム」に由来しており、元々は錫に適用される前の銀と鉛の合金を指しました。"},"Titanium":{"name":"チタン","summary":"チタンは、航空宇宙、医療機器、合金に広く使用されている強力で軽量な金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["チタンはあらゆる金属元素の中で強度と密度の比が最も高く、鋼と同等の強度を持ちながら約 45% 軽いです。","生体適合性があるため、体が拒否することがなく、人工股関節置換術や歯科インプラントに最適です。","二酸化チタンは、塗料、日焼け止め、さらには歯磨き粉にも使用される鮮やかな白色顔料です。","海水による腐食に強く、船舶の部品や潜水艦の船体にも使用されています。","チタンは、その強大な強度からギリシャ神話のタイタンにちなんで名付けられました。","チタンは地殻内で 9 番目に豊富な元素ですが、鉱石からの抽出が難しいため高価です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1795 年に、地理的または個人的な関連付けのない名前を希望したマルティン ハインリヒ クラプロスによって、ギリシャ神話のタイタン (強力な原初の神) にちなんで命名されました。"},"Tungsten":{"name":"タングステン","summary":"タングステンは、すべての元素の中で最も高い融点を持つ硬く緻密な金属で、フィラメント、切削工具、徹甲弾などに使用されます。","appearance":"灰白色、光沢あり","interesting_facts":["タングステンは、すべての金属の中で最も高い融点を持ち、約 3,422 °C です。","白熱電球の光るフィラメントに使用されていました。","その名前はスウェーデン語で「重い石」に由来し、シンボルの W は「wolfram」に由来します。","炭化タングステンはダイヤモンドとほぼ同じ硬さで、ドリルビット、鋸、徹甲弾に使用されます。","これは最も密度の高い元素の 1 つであり、金とほぼ同じ密度です。","タングステンは、特定の熱を好む微生物の一部の酵素に必須であり、生命体が使用することが知られている中で最も重い元素です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「タングステン」はスウェーデン語の「tung」（重い）と「sten」（石）に由来し、鉱物の灰重石を指します。記号 W は、鉱物の鉄マンガン石に由来する「ヴォルフラム」に由来しており、製錬中に錫を「食い荒らして」オオカミ (ドイツ語: Wolf Rahm、オオカミのクリームまたは泡) を連想させることから名付けられました。"},"Uranium":{"name":"ウラン","summary":"ウランは、原子炉や核兵器の燃料として使用される高密度の放射性金属です。","appearance":"シルバーグレーメタリック","interesting_facts":["ウランは、自然界に大量に存在する最も重い元素です。","ちょうど8年前に発見された惑星天王星にちなんで名付けられました。","1 キログラムのウラン 235 は、数千トンの石炭と同じ量のエネルギーを放出することができます。","ウランの放射能は、1896 年にアンリ・ベクレルによって、暗闇で写真乾板が曇ったことから発見されました。","劣化ウランは非常に密度が高く、鎧や徹甲弾に使用されます。","1800 年代に普及したウラン ガラスは、紫外線を当てると明るい緑色に輝きます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1789年にマーティン・ハインリヒ・クラプロスによってわずか8年前に発見された惑星天王星にちなんで命名されました。彼は、テルル（その前の元素）が地球にちなんで命名されたのと同じように、元素に天体にちなんで命名する伝統に従いました。"},"Vanadium":{"name":"バナジウム","summary":"バナジウムは、銀がかった灰色の硬い金属で、主に合金鋼やその他の材料を強化するために使用されます。","appearance":"シルバーグレー","interesting_facts":["バナジウムは、その美しい色の化合物のため、北欧の女神フレイヤの名前であるヴァナディースにちなんで名付けられました。","その化合物は、酸化状態に応じて、紫、青、緑、黄色の虹色に見えます。","鋼に少量のバナジウムを添加すると、鋼がより硬く丈夫になり、工具や自動車部品に使用されます。","ヘンリー・フォードはモデル T にバナジウム鋼を使用して、軽量かつ強度を高めました。","バナジウムレド​​ックスフロー電池は、電力網用に大量のエネルギーを蓄えることができます。","ホヤと呼ばれる一部の海洋生物は、血液中にバナジウムを周囲の海水よりもはるかに高いレベルで濃縮します。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"バナジウムの化合物が驚くほど美しい多色の溶液を形成するため、1830 年にニルス ガブリエル セフストロムによって選ばれた女神フレイヤの古北欧語の形容詞、ヴァナディスにちなんで名付けられました。"},"Xenon":{"name":"キセノン","summary":"キセノンは、照明、医療画像処理、および宇宙船の推進に使用される無色、高密度、無臭の希ガスです。","appearance":"無色の気体で、励起されると青色に発光します。","interesting_facts":["キセノンの名前は、空中で非常に珍しい発見だったため、ギリシャ語で「見知らぬ人」を意味する言葉に由来しています。","鮮やかな白色光を生成し、車のヘッドライト、カメラのフラッシュ、映画プロジェクターのランプなどに使用されています。","キセノンは安全で強力な麻酔薬として使用できますが、高価です。","キセノンは希ガスであるにもかかわらず、1962 年に初めて本物の化合物を形成しました。","宇宙船のイオンスラスターは推進剤としてキセノンを使用し、探査機を太陽系全体に優しく押し出します。","キセノンは、目に見えないガスの上に軽量の物体を浮かべることができるほど高密度です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"ギリシャ語の「xenos」（見知らぬ人、外国人）に由来し、キセノンが液体クリプトンを蒸発させた後の残留物に隠れたまったく馴染みのない元素として現れたため、1898年にウィリアム・ラムゼイとモリス・トラバースによって命名されました。"},"Ytterbium":{"name":"イッテルビウム","summary":"イッテルビウムは、レーザー、原子時計、材料の応力ゲージに使用される銀色の柔らかい金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["イッテルビウムは、スウェーデンの小さな村イッテルビにちなんで名付けられた 4 つの元素のうちの 1 つです。","イッテルビウム原子時計は、これまでに作られた時計の中で最も正確な時計の 1 つです。","高圧下では電気抵抗が急激に増加し、ストレスゲージとして使用されます。","イッテルビウムがドープされたファイバーは、金属の切断および溶接用の高エネルギー産業用レーザーに電力を供給します。","これは柔らかく、展性があり、銀色の希土類金属です。","ランタニドとしては珍しく、イッテルビウムは安定した +2 の酸化状態をとることができます。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"スウェーデンのストックホルム近くのレザロ島にある村イッテルビーにちなんで名付けられました。ジャン シャルル ド マリニャックは 1878 年に鉱物エルビアからその酸化物を初めて分離しました。イッテルビウムは、スウェーデンのその村にちなんで命名された 4 つの元素のうちの 1 つです。"},"Yttrium":{"name":"イットリウム","summary":"イットリウムは、蛍光体、超電導体、LED 技術で使用される銀色の金属元素です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["イットリウムは、4 つの異なる元素の名前の由来となったスウェーデンの村イッテルビーにちなんで名付けられました。","イットリウム アルミニウム ガーネット (YAG) 結晶は、医療や産業用の強力なレーザーの製造に使用されます。","これは、窒素の沸点以上で動作する最初の高温超伝導体の作成に役立ちました。","イットリウム化合物は、古いカラーテレビ画面の赤色蛍光体を生成しました。","アルミニウムやマグネシウム合金の強化に使用されます。","イットリウムはレアアースと呼ばれますが、銀や鉛よりも地殻中に豊富に含まれています。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1787 年に初めてガドリナイト鉱石が収集された、スウェーデンのレザロ島にある小さな村、イッテルビーにちなんで名付けられました。同じ村の名前は、イッテルビウム、エルビウム、テルビウムの名前にも影響を与えました。"},"Zinc":{"name":"亜鉛","summary":"亜鉛は青みがかった銀色の金属で、亜鉛メッキ、合金、および生物学的プロセスに必須のミネラルとして一般的に使用されます。","appearance":"青みがかった銀色の金属","interesting_facts":["亜鉛は亜鉛メッキと呼ばれるプロセスで鋼をコーティングし、亜鉛自体を犠牲にして鋼を錆から保護します。","これは人間の免疫システムに不可欠であり、亜鉛トローチは風邪と戦うために使用されます。","亜鉛は明るい青緑色の炎をあげて燃え、その白い酸化物が採取されたときはかつて「賢者の毛」と呼ばれていました。","器具や付属品に使用される真鍮は、銅と亜鉛の合金です。","最新の 1 セント硬貨やその他の多くの硬貨は、主に亜鉛で作られており、薄い銅のコーティングが施されています。","酸化亜鉛は、多くの日焼け止めやおむつかぶれクリームの有効成分です。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"16世紀にパラケルススによって初めて使用されたドイツ語の「Zink」（亜鉛）に由来。その起源は、製錬中に形成されるとがった結晶を表す「Zinke」（突起またはスパイク）、またはおそらくペルシャ語の「sing」（石）に関連している可能性があります。"},"Zirconium":{"name":"ジルコニウム","summary":"ジルコニウムは、原子炉、手術器具、セラミック材料に使用される耐食性金属です。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["ジルコニウムは耐腐食性が高く、中性子をほとんど吸収しないため、核燃料棒の被覆に最適です。","ジルコニウム化合物であるキュービックジルコニアは、ジュエリーにおけるダイヤモンドの代替品として人気があります。","宝石のジルコン、つまりケイ酸ジルコニウムには、40 億年以上前のものである地球上で最も古い既知の鉱物のいくつかが含まれています。","ジルコニウム粉末は可燃性が高く、かつてはフラッシュバルブに使用されていました。","生体適合性があり、歯冠や関節インプラントに使用されます。","二酸化ジルコニウムセラミックは、ナイフの刃を作るのに十分な強度があるため、研ぐ必要はほとんどありません。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"アラビア語の「zarqun」（朱色または黄金色）に由来し、ペルシャ語の「zargun」（金のような）に由来します。これは、宝石ジルコンが金色の色合いをしているためです。この名前は 1789 年にマルティン・ハインリヒ・クラプロスによって付けられました。"}},"ko":{"Actinium":{"name":"악티늄","summary":"악티늄은 주로 연구 및 중성자 공급원으로 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["악티늄은 강렬한 방사능으로 인해 어둠 속에서 섬뜩한 창백한 푸른 빛으로 빛납니다.","그 이름은 광선 또는 광선을 의미하는 그리스어 'aktis'에서 유래되었습니다.","그것은 악티나이드 계열의 원소에 그 이름을 부여합니다.","악티늄-225는 암에 대한 표적 알파 입자 치료법을 위해 연구되고 있습니다.","라듐보다 방사능이 약 150배 더 ​​높습니다.","악티늄은 극히 드물며 우라늄 광석에서 미량으로만 발생합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'광선' 또는 '빔'을 의미하는 그리스어 'aktis'(ἀκτις)에서 명명되었습니다. 앙드레 루이 드비에른(André-Louis Debierne)은 1899년 우라늄 광석에서 처음으로 이를 분리하고 강력한 방사능 때문에 이름을 붙였습니다. 그것은 악티나이드 계열의 중원소에 그 이름을 부여합니다."},"Aluminum":{"name":"알루미늄","summary":"알루미늄은 다양한 용도에 사용되는 은백색의 가볍고 부식에 강한 금속입니다.","appearance":"은회색 금속","interesting_facts":["알루미늄은 지각에서 가장 풍부한 금속이지만 한때는 정제하기가 너무 어려웠고 금보다 더 가치가 있었습니다.","1880년대 연회에서 프랑스의 가장 귀빈들은 알루미늄 식기류를 사용했고 다른 손님들은 금을 사용했다고 합니다.","완전히 재활용이 가능하며 재활용 알루미늄은 원광석에서 알루미늄을 만드는 데 필요한 에너지의 약 5%만 사용합니다.","얇고 자가 치유되는 산화물 층이 알루미늄에 즉시 형성되어 부식으로부터 보호합니다.","1886년에 발명된 Hall-Heroult 공정은 전기를 사용하여 알루미나에서 알루미늄을 추출함으로써 알루미늄을 저렴하게 만들었습니다.","알루미늄은 가볍고 강하며 비자성이어서 항공기, 캔, 호일에 이상적입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 'alumen'(고대부터 염색과 무두질에 사용된 화합물)에서 유래; Humphry Davy는 1807년에 'alumium'을 만들었고 나중에 'aluminum'으로 수정했으며, 세계 대부분의 국가에서는 'aluminium' 철자를 채택했습니다."},"Americium":{"name":"아메리슘","summary":"아메리슘(Americium)은 연기 탐지기 및 산업용 중성자 소스로 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색, 공기 중에서 천천히 변색됨","interesting_facts":["아메리슘은 대부분의 가정용 연기 감지기에서 소량으로 사용됩니다.","아메리카 대륙의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 유럽의 이름을 딴 유로피움을 반영합니다.","아메리슘은 1944년 맨해튼 프로젝트에서 처음 생산되었습니다.","연기 감지기에서 아메리슘은 공기를 이온화하는 알파 입자를 방출합니다. 연기가 전류를 방해하고 경보를 발령합니다.","그것은 자신의 강렬한 방사능으로 인해 어둠 속에서 희미하게 빛납니다.","아메리슘은 미래의 우주 임무를 위해 오래 지속되는 동력원으로 연구되고 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1944년 글렌 시보그(Glenn Seaborg)가 처음 생산한 대륙인 아메리카(Americas)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Seaborg는 아메리슘이 란탄족 계열에서 유로퓸이 하는 ​​것과 마찬가지로 악티늄족 계열에서 아메리슘이 같은 위치를 차지하기 때문에 유로퓸(유럽의 이름을 따서 명명됨)과 의도적으로 유사하게 명명했습니다."},"Antimony":{"name":"안티모니","summary":"안티몬은 난연제, 합금 및 반도체에 사용되는 부서지기 쉬운 청백색 준금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛, 청백색","interesting_facts":["안티몬은 고대 이집트부터 멍든 눈 화장품인 콜(kohl)로 사용되었습니다.","이는 얼면 비정상적으로 팽창하는 준금속으로 날카로운 주조 및 금속 유형에 유용합니다.","안티몬 화합물은 플라스틱 및 직물의 난연제로 널리 사용됩니다.","화학 기호 Sb는 라틴어 'stibium'에서 유래되었습니다.","중세 연금술사들은 안티몬 알약을 재사용이 가능한 완하제로 사용했고, 회복되어 '영원한 알약'으로 전해졌습니다.","안티몬은 납과 합금되어 오래된 인쇄 활자와 배터리 플레이트처럼 더 단단해집니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 이름은 기원이 불확실한 중세 라틴어 'antimonium'(아마도 아랍어 'ithmid' 또는 '혼자가 아닌'을 의미하는 라틴어 문구에서 유래한 것으로 추정됨)은 안티몬이 순수한 형태로 거의 발생하지 않기 때문입니다. 기호 Sb는 고대 이집트부터 화장품으로 사용된 흑황화물 광석의 이름인 라틴어 'stibium'에서 유래되었습니다."},"Argon":{"name":"아르곤","summary":"아르곤은 지구 대기의 약 1%를 구성하는 무색, 무취의 비활성 기체입니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["아르곤은 지구 대기의 거의 1%를 차지하며 대기 중 가장 풍부한 비활성 가스입니다.","그 이름은 화학적으로 반응이 없기 때문에 '게으른'을 뜻하는 그리스어에서 유래되었습니다.","아르곤은 뜨거운 필라멘트와 반응하지 않기 때문에 백열 전구를 채우는 데 사용됩니다.","용접공은 아르곤을 보호 가스로 사용하여 뜨거운 금속이 공기 중의 산소와 반응하지 않도록 보호합니다.","지구에 있는 아르곤의 대부분은 암석에 있는 칼륨-40의 방사성 붕괴에 의해 생성되는 아르곤-40입니다.","이중창은 일반 공기보다 단열 효과가 더 좋기 때문에 아르곤으로 채워지는 경우가 많습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 '아르곤'(유휴 또는 비활성, '아르고스'의 중성)에서 유래한 것으로, 1894년 윌리엄 램지(William Ramsay)와 레일리 경(Lord Rayleigh)이 이름을 붙였습니다. 가스는 화학적으로 불활성이고 어떤 것과도 반응하기를 극도로 꺼려하기 때문입니다."},"Arsenic":{"name":"비소","summary":"비소는 역사적으로 살충제에 사용되었으며 현재는 반도체 및 유리 생산에 사용되는 독성 준금속입니다.","appearance":"메탈릭 그레이","interesting_facts":["비소는 '왕의 독, 독의 왕'으로 유명하며 수세기 동안 감지되지 않았으며 역사적 살인 사건에서 가장 좋아하는 물질입니다.","독성에도 불구하고 미량의 비소가 일부 동물에게는 필요한 영양소일 수 있습니다.","갈륨 비소 및 기타 비소 화합물은 현대 반도체 및 LED에 필수적입니다.","지하수의 비소 오염은 전 세계 수백만 명의 식수에 영향을 미칩니다.","가열하면 마늘 같은 냄새와 함께 고체에서 직접 기체로 변하면서 승화됩니다.","비소를 함유한 녹색 안료는 한때 벽지에 사용되었으며 빅토리아 시대 가구를 서서히 중독시켰을 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 'arsenikon'(노란색 orpiment, 비소의 황화물 광석)에서 유래, 페르시아어 'zarnikh'(비소 광석)에서 유래했을 가능성 있음; 이 단어는 비소 화합물의 강력한 특성을 반영하는 그리스어 'arrhen'(남성 또는 유력)과 연결될 수도 있습니다."},"Astatine":{"name":"아스타틴","summary":"아스타틴은 주로 과학 연구와 잠재적으로 암 치료에 사용되는 희귀한 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 아마도 금속성일 것임","interesting_facts":["아스타틴은 자연적으로 발생하는 가장 희귀한 원소입니다. 지각에는 언제든지 1그램 미만의 양이 존재합니다.","그 이름은 '불안정한'을 의미하는 그리스어 'astatos'에서 유래되었습니다.","샘플은 자체의 강력한 방사능으로 인해 증발하기 때문에 눈으로 볼 수 있는 샘플을 본 사람은 아무도 없습니다.","할로겐 중에서 가장 무겁고 1940년에 처음 합성되었습니다.","아스타틴-211은 표적 알파입자 암 치료법을 위해 연구되고 있습니다.","가장 안정한 동위원소의 반감기는 약 8시간에 불과합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'불안정한'을 의미하는 그리스어 'astatos'(ἄστατος)에서 명명되었습니다. Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie 및 Emilio Segrè는 1940년 버클리에서 이를 합성했으며 모든 아스타틴 동위원소는 방사성이며 빠르게 붕괴되어 원소를 본질적으로 불안정하게 만들기 때문에 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Barium":{"name":"바륨","summary":"바륨은 드릴링 유체, 페인트 및 의료 영상에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["바륨이 엑스레이를 차단하여 소화관을 드러내기 때문에 환자들은 '바륨 식사' 또는 '바륨 삼키기'를 마십니다.","바륨 화합물은 불꽃놀이에 밝은 녹색 색상을 부여합니다.","그 이름은 무겁다는 뜻의 그리스어 'barys'에서 유래되었습니다.","금속은 독성이 있지만 의료 스캔에 사용되는 불용성 황산바륨은 몸을 안전하게 통과합니다.","바륨은 반응성이 너무 커서 기름 밑에 보관해야 하며 자연에서는 절대 자유로이 발견되지 않습니다.","광물 중정석(황산바륨)은 석유 산업에서 굴착 유체의 무게를 측정하는 데 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1808년 Humphry Davy가 황산바륨(중정석, 일반적인 광석)이 비금속 광물에 비해 밀도가 매우 높기 때문에 그리스어 'barys'(무거운)에서 유래했습니다."},"Berkelium":{"name":"버클륨","summary":"버클륨은 과학 연구와 더 무거운 원소의 생산에 주로 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은의","interesting_facts":["버클리엄(Berkelium)은 1949년에 처음 만들어진 캘리포니아주 버클리의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","지금까지 생산된 양이 매우 적은 극히 희귀한 합성 원소입니다.","초중원소 테네신을 합성하기 위한 표적물질로 버클륨을 사용했다.","고유량 반응기에서는 소량의 베르켈륨 샘플을 생산하는 데 수개월이 걸릴 수 있습니다.","방사능이 높으며 과학 연구 이외의 용도로는 사용되지 않습니다.","Berkelium은 도시의 이름을 따서 명명되고 일치하는 위치에 배치된 테르븀으로 세트를 완성합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1949년 캘리포니아 대학 방사선 연구소에서 처음 합성된 캘리포니아 버클리의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이름은 의도적으로 스웨덴 마을 Ytterby의 이름을 딴 테르븀을 반영합니다. 두 원소는 각각 란탄족과 악티늄족 계열에서 일치하는 위치를 차지합니다."},"Beryllium":{"name":"베릴륨","summary":"베릴륨은 광물 암석, 석탄, 토양 및 화산 먼지에서 자연적으로 발견되는 단단하고 회색을 띠는 금속입니다.","appearance":"스틸 그레이","interesting_facts":["베릴륨은 X선에 매우 투명하므로 X선관과 검출기의 창을 만드는 데 사용됩니다.","가장 가벼운 구조용 금속 중 하나이지만 강철보다 무게 대비 강성이 더 높습니다.","보석인 에메랄드와 아쿠아마린은 둘 다 베릴륨 알루미늄 규산염인 광물 베릴의 형태입니다.","베릴륨 먼지는 독성이 매우 높으며 베릴리아증이라는 만성 폐질환을 일으킬 수 있습니다.","제임스 웹 우주 망원경의 거울은 금도금 베릴륨으로 만들어졌는데, 그 이유는 베릴륨이 극도로 추운 온도에서도 모양을 유지하기 때문입니다.","1932년 제임스 채드윅(James Chadwick)은 베릴륨에 알파 입자를 충돌시켜 중성자를 발견했습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"보석의 이름인 베릴의 이름은 그리스어 'beryllos'에서 유래했는데, 이는 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin이 1798년에 처음으로 녹주석과 에메랄드 광물에서 베릴륨을 분리했기 때문입니다."},"Bismuth":{"name":"비스무트","summary":"비스무트는 독성이 낮은 취성 금속으로 화장품, 의료 시술 및 합금에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"무지개 빛깔의 은백색","interesting_facts":["비스무트는 계단식 호퍼 모양의 놀라운 무지개 빛깔의 무지개 결정체를 형성합니다.","실용적인 목적으로 안정적이고 거의 상상할 수 없을 정도로 긴 반감기를 갖는 가장 무거운 원소입니다.","비스무트는 배탈을 진정시키는 데 사용되는 Pepto-Bismol의 주성분입니다.","물과 마찬가지로 비스무스도 얼면 팽창합니다.","화재 스프링클러 및 안전 장치용 저융점 합금에 사용됩니다.","비스무트는 일부 합금에서 밀도가 낮은 몇 안 되는 금속 중 하나이며 많은 제품에서 납을 대체하는 무독성 금속입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"고대 독일어 'Wismut' 또는 'Wismuth'에서 파생되었으며 아마도 'weiße Masse'(백색 덩어리) 또는 출처가 불확실한 광부의 용어에서 파생되었을 수 있습니다. 15세기부터 뚜렷한 금속으로 알려져 있으며 때로는 납이나 주석과 혼동되기도 하며 라틴어로 'bisemutum'으로 표기한 후 현대에서는 '비스무트'로 사용됩니다."},"Bohrium":{"name":"보륨","summary":"보륨은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["보륨은 원자 구조를 연구한 물리학자 닐스 보어의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","그것은 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 생성하는 합성 초중원소입니다.","보륨은 1981년 독일에서 처음 만들어졌습니다.","그 동위원소는 방사성이 강하고 몇 초 안에 붕괴됩니다.","실험에 따르면 보륨은 그룹 7의 레늄과 화학적으로 유사합니다.","가장 무거운 원소에 대한 기초 연구 외에는 아무 용도도 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"원자의 양자 모델을 개발하고 원자 구조를 이해하는 데 근본적인 공헌을 한 덴마크 물리학자 닐스 보어(Niels Bohr)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 독일의 GSI 다름슈타트가 1981년에 이를 합성하여 그를 기리기 위해 제안한 이름으로, 1997년 IUPAC에서 공식적으로 채택했습니다."},"Boron":{"name":"붕소","summary":"붕소는 식물 성장에 필수적인 준금속 원소이지만 과도하면 독성이 있을 수 있습니다.","appearance":"흑갈색","interesting_facts":["붕소 화합물은 화염에 독특한 밝은 녹색 색상을 부여하여 불꽃놀이에 유용합니다.","붕소는 식물 성장에 필수적이지만 그 양은 매우 적습니다. 너무 많으면 농작물에 독성이 있습니다.","붕소로 만든 붕규산 유리는 열충격에 강하고 조리기구 및 실험실 유리 제품에 사용됩니다.","동위원소인 붕소-10은 중성자를 쉽게 흡수하므로 붕소는 원자로의 제어봉과 차폐재로 사용됩니다.","붕소 광물인 붕사는 금속 납땜용 세척제 및 플럭스로 수천 년 동안 사용되어 왔습니다.","붕소는 금속과 비금속의 특성을 공유하는 준금속이며 실온에서 열악한 전도체입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"처음 분리된 광물인 붕사(borax)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 'borax'는 아랍어 'buraq' 또는 붕사 또는 질산염을 의미하는 페르시아어 'burah'에서 파생되었습니다."},"Bromine":{"name":"브로민","summary":"브롬은 상온에서 적갈색의 액체로 난연제, 수처리, 의약품 등에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"적갈색 액체","interesting_facts":["브롬은 수은과 함께 실온에서 액체인 두 가지 원소 중 하나입니다.","이는 질식할 수 있는 독성 연기를 방출하는 조밀하고 적갈색의 액체입니다.","그 이름은 '악취'를 의미하는 그리스어 'bromos'에서 유래되었습니다.","고대인들은 브롬 화합물을 사용하여 바다 달팽이에서 귀중한 보라색 염료인 티리안 보라색을 추출했습니다.","브롬 화합물은 전자제품 및 가구의 난연제로 널리 사용되었습니다.","대부분의 브롬은 바닷물과 염분이 풍부한 소금물 퇴적물에서 추출됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1826년 Antoine Jérôme Balard가 명명한 그리스어 'bromos'(악취 또는 악취)에서 유래했습니다. 액체 브롬이 매우 불쾌하고 질식하는 냄새를 생성하기 때문입니다."},"Cadmium":{"name":"카드뮴","summary":"카드뮴은 주로 배터리, 안료, 전기도금에 사용되는 청백색의 부드러운 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 청회색 금속성","interesting_facts":["카드뮴은 모네와 반 고흐 같은 예술가들이 오랫동안 소중히 여겨온 선명한 노란색, 주황색, 빨간색 색소를 제공합니다.","독성이 있고 체내에 축적되어 20세기 일본에서 볼 수 있었던 고통스러운 '이타이이타이' 뼈 질환을 유발합니다.","한때는 충전식 니켈-카드뮴(NiCd) 배터리가 매우 일반적이었습니다.","카드뮴 코팅은 특히 항공기 부품의 강철을 부식으로부터 보호합니다.","1817년 아연 광석의 불순물로 발견되었습니다.","카드뮴은 중성자를 쉽게 흡수하므로 원자로 제어봉에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 'cadmia'(calamine, 탄산아연 광석), 궁극적으로 그리스어 'kadmeia'(테베의 신화적 창시자 Cadmus의 이름을 딴 테베 지구)에서 유래했습니다. 카드뮴은 1817년 아연 광석에서 불순물로 발견되었기 때문입니다."},"Calcium":{"name":"칼슘","summary":"칼슘은 살아있는 유기체, 특히 세포 생리와 뼈 형성에 필수적인 연한 회색 금속입니다.","appearance":"둔한 회색, 은색","interesting_facts":["칼슘은 인체에서 가장 풍부한 금속으로 약 99%가 뼈와 치아에 저장되어 있습니다.","석회석, 분필, 대리석은 모두 탄산칼슘의 형태입니다.","지각에서 다섯 번째로 풍부한 원소입니다.","칼슘 이온은 세포 내에서 보편적인 신호로 작용하여 근육 수축부터 수정까지 모든 것을 촉발합니다.","생석회(산화칼슘)는 가열하면 밝게 빛나며 조명 단계에 사용되어 '각광을 받으며'라는 표현을 갖게 되었습니다.","산호초와 조개껍질은 주로 바닷물에서 추출한 탄산칼슘으로 만들어집니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 'calx' 또는 'calcis'(석회 또는 석회암)에서 유래했는데, 이는 Humphry Davy가 로마인들이 오랫동안 건설에 사용했던 재료인 산화칼슘(생석회)을 전기분해하여 1808년에 처음으로 분리했기 때문입니다."},"Californium":{"name":"캘리포늄","summary":"캘리포늄(Californium)은 중성자 소스, 암 치료, 물질 분석에 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속, 방사능으로 인해 어둠 속에서 빛납니다.","interesting_facts":["캘리포늄은 지구상에서 가장 비싼 물질 중 하나로 그램당 수백만 달러의 비용이 듭니다.","1950년에 발견된 미국 캘리포니아 주의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","Californium-252는 원자로 시동 및 산업용 스캐너에 사용되는 강력한 중성자 방출기입니다.","암석의 중성자 분석을 통해 금과 석유를 검출하는 데 사용됩니다.","1마이크로그램은 매초 엄청난 수의 중성자를 방출합니다.","Californium은 금속 피로를 식별하고 항공기 및 기계의 약점을 찾는 데에도 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1950년에 합성된 미국 캘리포니아주와 캘리포니아대학교의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Thompson, Seaborg, Street 및 Ghiorso는 근처에 천체가 부족하다는 점을 지적하면서 이름을 선택하고 대신 발견 장소를 기리기로 결정했습니다."},"Carbon":{"name":"탄소","summary":"탄소는 알려진 모든 유기 화합물에서 발견되는 생명의 기본 구성 요소입니다.","appearance":"다양함(흑연은 검은색, 다이아몬드는 투명함)","interesting_facts":["탄소는 다른 모든 원소를 합친 것보다 더 많은 화합물을 형성하며 알려진 모든 생명체의 화학적 기초입니다.","다이아몬드와 흑연은 모두 순수한 탄소이지만, 다이아몬드는 가장 단단한 천연 물질인 반면, 흑연은 쓰기에 충분히 부드럽습니다.","단일 탄소 원자 층인 그래핀은 강철보다 약 200배 더 강하고 구리보다 전기 전도성이 더 좋습니다.","탄소-14 연대 측정은 방사성 탄소 동위원소의 꾸준한 붕괴를 사용하여 최대 약 50,000년까지 한때 살았던 물질의 연대를 결정합니다.","별 내부에서 만들어진 탄소 원자는 별이 폭발할 때 우주 전체로 퍼져 우리를 말 그대로 별 먼지로 만듭니다.","60개의 탄소 원자로 구성된 축구공 모양의 분자인 버크민스터풀러렌은 1985년에 발견되었으며 건축가 버크민스터 풀러의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"탄소가 고대부터 목탄, 흑연, 다이아몬드의 형태로 알려졌음을 반영하는 라틴어 'carbo'(석탄 또는 목탄)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Cerium":{"name":"세륨","summary":"세륨은 촉매 변환기, 유리 연마 및 합금에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회색","interesting_facts":["세륨은 모든 희토류 원소 중에서 가장 풍부하며 구리보다 더 흔합니다.","2년 전에 발견된 왜행성 세레스(Ceres)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","세륨은 '플린트' 라이터 및 방화용 합금의 불꽃을 생성하는 핵심 성분입니다.","산화세륨은 유리와 보석에 매끄러운 마감을 제공하는 데 사용되는 미세한 연마 분말입니다.","산소를 저장하고 방출하는 데 도움이 되도록 촉매 변환기에 첨가됩니다.","갓 절단된 세륨은 공기 중에서 자연 발화하여 자연 발화성을 일으킬 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"왜소행성 세레스(Ceres)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 1801년에 발견되었으며 로마 농업의 여신의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 마틴 하인리히 클라프로트(Martin Heinrich Klaproth)와 욘스 야콥 베르젤리우스(Jöns Jacob Berzelius)는 천체의 이름을 따서 새로운 원소에 이름을 붙이는 방식에 따라 1803년에 이 이름을 붙였습니다."},"Cesium":{"name":"세슘","summary":"세슘은 원자시계 및 다양한 전자 응용 분야에 사용되는 것으로 알려진 부드러운 금색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금색 금속성","interesting_facts":["두 번째는 공식적으로 원자시계의 기초가 되는 세슘 원자의 진동으로 정의됩니다.","세슘은 반응성이 가장 큰 금속 중 하나로 물과 접촉하면 격렬하게 폭발합니다.","약 28°C에서 녹기 때문에 따뜻한 날에는 액체입니다.","그것은 은색이나 회색이 아닌 몇 안 되는 금속 중 하나인 황금빛 은빛 색상을 가지고 있습니다.","세슘은 1860년 분젠(Bunsen)과 키르히호프(Kirchhoff)가 분광학으로 발견한 최초의 원소입니다.","방사성 세슘-137은 핵분열의 주목할만한 생성물이며 핵 사고의 우려 사항입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1860년 로버트 분젠(Robert Bunsen)과 구스타프 키르히호프(Gustav Kirchhoff)가 원소를 식별하는 데 사용한 두 개의 뚜렷한 밝은 파란색 스펙트럼 선을 따서 명명한 라틴어 'caesius'(하늘색 또는 회청색)에서 유래했습니다."},"Chlorine":{"name":"염소","summary":"염소는 소독제 및 다양한 산업 응용 분야에 사용되는 반응성이 높은 녹황색 가스입니다.","appearance":"녹황색 가스","interesting_facts":["염소는 녹황색 가스로 제1차 세계 대전에서 화학 무기로 사용되었습니다.","식수와 수영장에 소량을 첨가하면 박테리아가 죽고 수인성 질병으로부터 수많은 생명을 구했습니다.","염소는 나트륨과 결합하여 생명에 필수적인 일반 식염을 형성합니다.","반응성이 매우 커서 염료를 쉽게 표백하고 소독할 수 있으므로 가정용 표백제에 사용됩니다.","염소는 1774년 칼 빌헬름 셸레(Carl Wilhelm Scheele)에 의해 처음으로 분리되었는데, 그는 그것이 새로운 원소라는 것을 깨닫지 못했습니다.","가스로서 독성이 있지만 신체의 염화물 이온은 소화와 신경 기능에 필수적입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1810년 Humphry Davy가 가스의 독특한 황록색을 반영하기 위해 명명한 그리스어 '클로로스'(연한 녹색 또는 녹황색)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Chromium":{"name":"크로뮴","summary":"크롬은 스테인레스 스틸과 크롬 도금에 사용되는 단단하고 광택이 있으며 부식에 강한 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["크롬은 스테인레스 스틸에 광택과 녹에 대한 저항성을 부여하여 눈에 보이지 않는 보호 산화물 층을 형성합니다.","그 이름은 색깔을 뜻하는 그리스어 'chroma'에서 유래했는데, 그 이유는 그 화합물이 선명한 색을 띠기 때문입니다.","크롬은 결정의 미량 불순물로 루비를 빨간색과 에메랄드 녹색으로 만드는 요소입니다.","크롬 도금은 자동차 트림과 도구에 밝고 단단한 거울 같은 마감을 제공합니다.","크롬은 가장 단단한 금속 중 하나이며 부식에 대한 저항력이 매우 높습니다.","일부 크롬 화합물은 미량의 필수 영양소인 반면, 다른 크롬 화합물(크롬-6)은 독성이 있고 발암성이 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1798년 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin이 명명한 그리스어 'chroma'(색상)에서 유래했습니다. 크롬 화합물은 루비의 경우 빨간색, 에메랄드의 경우 녹색, 악어의 경우 주황색 등 다양한 선명한 색상을 나타내기 때문입니다."},"Cobalt":{"name":"코발트","summary":"코발트는 합금과 배터리에 사용되는 단단하고 광택이 나는 은회색 금속이며 비타민 B12에 필수적입니다.","appearance":"윤기나는 회색 금속","interesting_facts":["코발트는 유리와 도자기에 깊고 빛나는 푸른색을 부여하기 위해 2,000년 넘게 사용되어 왔습니다.","그 이름은 골치 아픈 광석 때문에 비난을 받는 장난꾸러기 독일 광부 '코볼트'에서 유래되었습니다.","코발트는 휴대폰과 전기 자동차에 전원을 공급하는 충전식 리튬 이온 배터리의 핵심 성분입니다.","이는 철, 니켈과 함께 실온에서 자연적으로 자성을 띠는 3가지 원소 중 하나입니다.","방사성 동위원소인 코발트-60은 암 치료와 의료 장비 소독에 사용됩니다.","코발트는 비타민 B12의 중심에 있는 금속 원자로서 생명체에 필수적입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"독일의 'Kobold'(고블린 또는 임프)에서 유래합니다. 독일 광부들이 구리 광석과 비슷함에도 불구하고 유독한 비소 연기를 방출하고 구리를 전혀 생산하지 않는 골치 아픈 코발트 광석에 대해 짓궂은 지하 영혼을 비난했기 때문입니다."},"Copernicium":{"name":"코페르니슘","summary":"코페르니슘은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["코페르니쿠스는 태양을 태양계의 중심에 두었던 천문학자 니콜라우스 코페르니쿠스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","1996년 독일에서 처음 만들어졌습니다.","코페르니슘은 실온에서 휘발성 액체 또는 기체로 수은과 비슷하게 작용할 것으로 예상됩니다.","한 번에 하나의 원자로 만들어진 합성 초중원소입니다.","그 동위원소는 방사성이 높고 수명이 짧습니다.","주기율표 12족에서 수은 아래에 위치한다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"지구가 태양을 공전한다고 제안한 폴란드-독일 천문학자 니콜라우스 코페르니쿠스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. GSI 다름슈타트는 1996년에 이 이름을 종합하여 코페르니쿠스를 기리기 위해 이 이름을 제안했으며, IUPAC는 2010년 그의 탄생 537주년을 기념하여 공식적으로 이 이름을 채택했습니다."},"Copper":{"name":"구리","summary":"구리는 높은 열 전도성과 전기 전도성으로 알려진 붉은 금색 금속으로 전기 배선 및 배관에 널리 사용됩니다.","appearance":"불그스름한 금속성","interesting_facts":["구리는 인간이 사용한 최초의 금속 중 하나였으며 10,000년 이상 동안 사용되었습니다.","그것은 은에 이어 두 번째로 우수한 전기 전도체이므로 전선과 케이블을 채우는 이유입니다.","구리 표면은 자연적으로 많은 박테리아와 바이러스를 죽이므로 문 손잡이와 병원 설비에 유용합니다.","자유의 여신상은 구리로 덮여 있는데 시간이 지나면서 보호 녹청을 형성하면서 녹색으로 변했습니다.","구리와 주석을 섞으면 청동이 되고, 아연을 섞으면 인류 역사를 형성하는 두 가지 합금인 황동이 됩니다.","구리는 신체가 적혈구를 형성하고 신경을 유지하는 데 도움이 되는 필수 미량 영양소입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"고대 세계의 주요 구리 공급원이었던 섬인 그리스어 'Kypros'(키프로스)에서 파생된 라틴어 'cuprum'에서 유래. Cu 기호도 이 라틴어 이름에서 유래되었습니다."},"Curium":{"name":"퀴륨","summary":"큐륨(Curium)은 우주 탐사에 동력원으로 사용되거나 과학 연구에 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속, 공기 중에서 변색됨","interesting_facts":["퀴륨은 방사능 연구의 선구자인 마리 퀴리와 피에르 퀴리의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","강렬한 방사능으로 인해 어둠 속에서는 부드러운 보라색이나 빨간색 빛으로 빛납니다.","큐륨은 방사성이 높아 상당한 열을 발생시키며 우주선 동력으로 고려되었습니다.","이는 더 가벼운 아메리슘이 만들어지기 전인 1944년에 처음 합성되었습니다.","큐륨 기반 장비는 화성과 기타 행성 표면의 화학적 구성을 분석했습니다.","모든 큐륨은 인공적으로 만들어집니다. 자연에서는 아무것도 발견되지 않습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"방사능 연구의 선구자인 마리 퀴리와 피에르 퀴리의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 글렌 시보그(Glenn Seaborg)는 1944년에 핵화학을 가능하게 한 발견을 한 부부를 기리기 위해 이 이름을 명명했으며, 악티나이드 계열에서 큐륨의 위치는 란타나이드계의 가돌리늄을 반영한다는 점을 지적했습니다. 그 자체는 평행 패턴을 따라 화학자의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"다름슈타튬","summary":"다름스타튬은 초중원소의 특성을 조사하기 위해 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["다름슈타튬은 1994년 발견된 독일 다름슈타트 시의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","입자 가속기에서 생성되는 합성 초중원소입니다.","다름스타튬 원자는 이제까지 몇 개만 만들어졌습니다.","그 원자는 붕괴되기 전까지 1초도 채 안되는 시간 동안 생존합니다.","10족의 백금과 화학적으로 유사할 것으로 예상됩니다.","다름스타튬은 과학 연구 외에는 실용적인 용도가 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1994년 GSI 다름슈타트에서 처음 합성된 독일 다름슈타트 시의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이는 발견된 위치를 따라 새로 생성된 요소의 이름을 지정하는 전통을 따르며 IUPAC는 2003년에 공식적으로 이 이름을 채택했습니다."},"Dubnium":{"name":"두브늄","summary":"더브늄(Dubnium)은 무거운 원소의 특성을 탐구하기 위해 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["두브늄(Dubnium)은 유명한 원자력 연구소가 있는 러시아의 두브나(Dubna)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","입자가속기에서만 만들어지는 합성 초중원소입니다.","이 발견은 냉전 기간 동안 명명 논쟁이었던 '트랜스페르뮴 전쟁(Transfermium Wars)'의 일부였습니다.","더브늄 원자는 붕괴되기 전까지 단 몇 초 동안만 존재합니다.","지금까지 생성된 더브늄 원자의 수는 극히 적습니다.","그룹 5의 탄탈륨과 화학적으로 유사할 것으로 예측됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"공동 핵 연구 연구소가 있는 러시아 두브나의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이 이름은 IUPAC가 1997년 중립 도시 기반 이름을 채택하기 전에 미국 과학자들은 그것을 '하늄'이라고 부르고 소련 과학자들은 그것을 '닐스보리움'이라고 불렀던 냉전 분쟁을 해결했습니다."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"디스프로슘","summary":"디스프로슘은 자석, 레이저, 원자로 제어봉에 사용되는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["디스프로슘의 이름은 '구하기 어렵다'는 뜻의 그리스어 'dysprositos'에서 유래했는데, 이는 분리하기가 너무 어려웠기 때문입니다.","네오디뮴 자석에 첨가되어 모터와 풍력 터빈의 고온에서도 강도를 유지합니다.","디스프로슘은 저온에서 어떤 원소보다 자기 강도가 가장 높은 원소 중 하나입니다.","중성자를 잘 흡수하여 원자로 제어봉에 사용됩니다.","디스프로슘 기반 합금은 자기장에서 모양이 바뀌므로 액추에이터 및 변환기에 유용합니다.","청정 에너지 기술의 핵심 소재로 간주됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 'dysprositos'(δυσπρόσιτος)에서 명명되었으며 '접근하기 어렵다'를 의미합니다. Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran은 1886년에 이 이름을 만들었습니다. 이는 광석에서 이 물질을 분리하는 과정이 극도로 어려웠기 때문에 19번의 침전이 필요하다는 점을 반영한 것입니다."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"아인슈타이늄","summary":"아인슈타인늄은 방사능이 높은 금속으로 주로 과학 연구와 더 무거운 원소의 생산에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속, 방사능으로 인해 빛남","interesting_facts":["아인슈타이늄은 1952년 최초의 수소폭탄 실험 잔해에서 발견되었습니다.","알베르트 아인슈타인의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","아인슈타인늄은 강렬한 방사능으로 인해 어둠 속에서 파란색으로 빛납니다.","계량할 수 있는 양이 가끔씩만 생산되는 경우는 매우 드뭅니다.","아인스타이늄을 연구하는 것은 자체 용기와 기구를 손상시키기 때문에 매우 어렵습니다.","기초 과학 연구 외에는 실용적인 용도가 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"특수 상대성 이론과 원자력 에너지의 기초가 되는 방정식 E=mc²를 공식화한 알베르트 아인슈타인의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Albert Ghiorso와 동료들은 1952년 최초의 수소폭탄 실험 잔해에서 이 물질을 발견한 후 1955년에 이름을 붙였으며 수년 동안 비밀로 유지되었습니다."},"Erbium":{"name":"에르븀","summary":"에르븀은 광섬유, 레이저, 원자력 기술에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["에르븀 첨가 광섬유는 광신호를 증폭시켜 장거리 광섬유 인터넷을 가능하게 합니다.","유리와 유약에 부드러운 핑크색을 부여하며 선글라스와 장식용 유리에 사용됩니다.","에르븀 레이저는 치과 및 미용 피부 재포장에 사용됩니다.","이 이름은 다른 여러 희토류와 그 기원을 공유하는 스웨덴의 Ytterby의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","에르븀은 바나듐을 포함한 일부 금속 합금에 첨가되어 작업성을 향상시킵니다.","이는 레이저 사용의 기초가 되는 적외선을 효율적으로 흡수합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"이테르비(Ytterby)라는 이름은 스웨덴 레사뢰(Resarö) 섬의 한 마을에서 가돌리나이트를 함유한 광물이 처음 채석된 곳입니다. Carl Gustaf Mosander는 1843년에 이트리아에서 분리했으며, 'erbium'은 단일 지명인 'Ytterby'에서 파생된 4가지 원소 이름 중 하나입니다."},"Europium":{"name":"유로퓸","summary":"유로뮴은 인광 물질, 제어봉, 원자로에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["Europium은 오래된 TV와 컴퓨터 화면에서 색상을 생성하는 빨간색과 파란색 형광체를 제공합니다.","유로 지폐의 위조 방지 마커로 사용되며 자외선 아래에서 빛납니다.","유로뮴은 희토류 원소 중에서 반응성이 가장 커서 공기 중에서 빠르게 변색됩니다.","유럽 ​​대륙의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","유로듐 첨가 형광체는 에너지 효율적인 형광등과 LED 조명을 밝게 만듭니다.","지각에서 가장 적은 양의 희토류 중 하나입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1901년 Eugène-Anatole Demarçay가 분광학으로 분리한 대륙인 유럽의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이는 19세기 후반과 20세기 초반에 지리적 지역의 이름을 딴 여러 요소 중 하나였습니다."},"Fermium":{"name":"페르뮴","summary":"페르뮴은 과학 연구와 초우라늄 원소 연구에 주로 사용되는 합성 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 은빛 금속으로 추정됨","interesting_facts":["페르뮴은 1952년 1차 수소폭탄 실험의 결과로도 발견됐다.","핵반응의 선구자인 물리학자 엔리코 페르미(Enrico Fermi)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","페르뮴은 중성자 충격으로 측정 가능한 양만큼 만들어질 수 있는 가장 무거운 원소입니다.","페르뮴 외에 원소는 입자 가속기를 사용하여 한 번에 하나의 원자로 만들어야 합니다.","지금까지 아주 작고 눈에 보이지 않는 양의 페르뮴만이 생산되었습니다.","합성원소로만 존재하며 상업적인 용도는 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1942년 최초의 인공 원자로를 건설하고 핵 및 입자 물리학에 근본적인 공헌을 한 이탈리아계 미국인 물리학자인 엔리코 페르미(Enrico Fermi)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Albert Ghiorso와 동료들은 아인슈타이늄을 생성한 동일한 수소폭탄 실험 잔해에서 이를 발견한 후 1953년에 이를 명명했습니다."},"Flerovium":{"name":"플레로븀","summary":"플레로비움(Flerovium)은 초중원소의 특성을 탐구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["플레로비움(Flerovium)은 러시아의 플레로프 핵반응연구소(Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","1998년 러시아 Dubna 팀에 의해 처음 만들어졌습니다.","일부 예측에 따르면 플레로비움은 여전히 ​​방사성이지만 비정상적으로 안정적이거나 심지어 가스와 유사할 수도 있습니다.","한 번에 하나의 원자로 만들어진 합성 초중원소입니다.","플레로비움(Flerovium)은 주기율표 14족에서 납 아래에 위치합니다.","그 동위원소는 몇 초 안에 붕괴되지만 많은 이웃 지역보다 수명이 길어 '안정의 섬'임을 암시합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"러시아 두브나(Dubna)에 있는 플레로프 핵반응 연구소(Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 자체 이름은 소련 물리학자 게오르기 플료로프(Georgy Flyorov)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Flyorov는 연구소를 공동 설립하고 핵물리학에 큰 공헌을 했습니다. 그의 팀은 1998년에 처음으로 이 원소를 합성했으며, IUPAC는 2012년에 공식적으로 이 이름을 채택했습니다."},"Fluorine":{"name":"플루오린","summary":"불소는 반응성이 높은 옅은 노란색 가스이며 가장 전기 음성도가 높은 원소입니다.","appearance":"담황색 가스","interesting_facts":["불소는 모든 원소 중에서 가장 반응성이 크고 전기음성도가 크며 거의 모든 다른 물질과 반응하며 때로는 폭발적으로 반응합니다.","그것은 매우 공격적이어서 석면이나 심지어 물과 같은 물질을 화염에 빠뜨릴 수도 있습니다.","식수와 치약에 첨가된 미량의 불소는 충치를 예방하는 데 도움이 됩니다.","조리기구에 붙지 않는 코팅인 테프론은 불소 함유 폴리머(PTFE)입니다.","1886년 앙리 무아상(Henri Moissan)이 성공하기 전까지 많은 화학자들이 불소를 분리하려고 하다가 중독되거나 살해당하여 '불소 순교자'라는 별명을 얻었습니다.","불소는 실온에서 연한 노란색 가스이며 할로겐 중에서 가장 가볍습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 'fluere'(흐르다)에서 유래. 광물 형석이 야금용 플럭스로 널리 사용되었기 때문입니다. 이 요소의 이름은 1812년 André-Marie Ampère에 의해 제안되었습니다."},"Francium":{"name":"프랑슘","summary":"프랑슘은 매우 희귀하고 방사성인 금속으로 불안정성으로 인해 큰 용도로 사용되지 않습니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 아마도 금속성일 것임","interesting_facts":["프랑슘은 아스타틴 다음으로 자연적으로 발생하는 두 번째로 희귀한 원소입니다.","1939년 프랑스의 마거리트 페레(Marguerite Perey)가 자연에서 발견한 마지막 원소였습니다.","그녀의 조국인 프랑스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","프랑슘은 매우 방사성이어서 눈에 보이는 양이 모두 자체 열로 인해 즉시 증발합니다.","가장 안정한 동위원소는 반감기가 약 22분에 불과합니다.","알칼리 금속 중에서 반응성이 가장 크지만 벌크 특성이 거의 관찰되지 않았습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1939년 파리 퀴리 연구소에서 마거리트 페레(Marguerite Perey)가 발견한 나라인 프랑스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 그녀는 장소에 따라 요소 이름을 지정하는 전통에 따라 조국을 기리기 위해 요소 이름을 지정했으며 프랑스 과학 아카데미에 선출된 최초의 여성이 되었습니다."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"가돌리늄","summary":"가돌리늄은 MRI 조영제, 형광체, 중성자 포획 요법에 사용되는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["가돌리늄 화합물은 MRI 스캔을 훨씬 더 명확하게 만들기 위해 조영제로 주입됩니다.","그것은 원자로에 유용한 안정 원소 중 가장 높은 중성자를 흡수하는 놀라운 능력을 가지고 있습니다.","가돌리늄은 실온 바로 아래에서 자성을 띠며 자기 냉동을 위해 연구됩니다.","희토류 연구의 선구자인 핀란드 화학자 요한 가돌린(Johan Gadolin)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","가돌리늄은 자기장에 놓이면 가열되고 제거되면 냉각되는데, 이는 자기열량 효과입니다.","일부 유형의 의료 및 보안 영상 감지기에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"산화물이 처음으로 확인된 광물인 가돌리나이트의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 가돌리나이트는 이를 처음 분석한 핀란드 화학자 요한 가돌린(Johan Gadolin)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 장 샤를 드 마리냑(Jean Charles de Marignac)은 1880년에 새로운 지구 원소를 분리했습니다."},"Gallium":{"name":"갈륨","summary":"갈륨은 상온 바로 위에서 녹는 부드러운 은빛 금속으로 전자제품과 반도체에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"은빛 파란색","interesting_facts":["갈륨은 약 30°C에서 녹으므로 고체 조각이 손에 녹을 것입니다.","멘델레예프는 1875년 발견되기 전까지 그 존재를 '에카-알루미늄'으로 예측했습니다.","갈륨 비소는 고속 전자 장치, LED 및 우주선용 태양 전지에 사용됩니다.","갈륨은 쉽게 녹지만, 모든 원소 중 가장 큰 액체 온도 범위 중 하나인 2,400°C 이상에서 끓습니다.","갈륨은 결정립 경계에 스며들어 알루미늄을 부서지기 쉽게 만들어 금속을 극적으로 약화시킬 수 있습니다.","대부분의 물질과 달리 갈륨은 얼면 물처럼 팽창합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1875년 발견자 Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran이 프랑스의 라틴어 이름인 Gallia의 이름을 따서 명명했습니다. 이름은 프랑스어로 '수탉'을 의미하는 Lecoq의 성에서 유래된 'gallus'(수탉을 뜻하는 라틴어)의 말장난일 수도 있습니다."},"Germanium":{"name":"저마늄","summary":"게르마늄은 반도체, 광섬유, 적외선 광학에 사용되는 단단한 회백색 준금속입니다.","appearance":"회백색","interesting_facts":["게르마늄은 멘델레예프에 의해 '에카-실리콘'으로 예측되었으며 1886년의 발견은 주기율표를 확인하는 데 도움이 되었습니다.","1940년대와 1950년대 최초의 트랜지스터는 실리콘이 자리를 잡기 전에 게르마늄으로 만들어졌습니다.","적외선에 투명하므로 야간 투시경 및 열화상 카메라용 렌즈에 사용됩니다.","게르마늄은 빛나는 회백색 외관을 지닌 준금속 반도체입니다.","광섬유는 게르마늄 화합물을 사용하여 빛이 유리를 통과하는 방식을 제어합니다.","물이나 실리콘처럼 게르마늄도 굳으면 팽창합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1886년에 발견한 Clemens Winkler가 독일의 라틴어인 게르마니아(Germania)의 이름을 따서 명명했습니다. 이 발견은 멘델레예프가 '에카-실리콘'이라고 불렀던 누락된 원소에 대한 예측을 확증해주었습니다."},"Gold":{"name":"금","summary":"금은 밀도가 높고 부드러운 금속으로 보석, 전자제품, 화폐에 사용되는 가치가 높습니다.","appearance":"밝은 메탈릭 옐로우","interesting_facts":["금은 반응성이 매우 낮아 수천 년 동안 반짝임을 유지할 수 있으며, 이것이 바로 고대 금 유물이 여전히 빛나는 이유입니다.","믿을 수 없을 정도로 가단성이 있습니다. 1그램을 망치로 두드려서 약 1제곱미터를 덮는 시트로 만들 수 있습니다.","지구상의 거의 모든 금은 행성이 형성된 후 소행성 충돌을 통해 도착한 것으로 생각됩니다.","금은 전기를 잘 전도하고 부식되지 않으므로 중요한 전자 접점을 도금하는 데 사용됩니다.","화학 기호 Au는 '빛나는 새벽'을 의미하는 라틴어 'aurum'에서 유래되었습니다.","우주비행사의 바이저는 유해한 태양 복사를 반사하기 위해 매우 얇은 금층으로 코팅되어 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 이름 'gold'는 'yellow'와 관련된 게르만조어 'gulþą'에서 유래되었습니다. Au 기호는 '빛나는 새벽' 또는 '일출의 빛'을 의미하는 것으로 여겨지는 라틴어 'aurum'에서 파생되었습니다. 금은 선사시대부터 거의 모든 문화권에 걸쳐 알려지고 가치를 인정받았습니다."},"Hafnium":{"name":"하프늄","summary":"하프늄은 원자로, 제어봉 및 고온 합금에 사용되는 광택 있는 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회색","interesting_facts":["하프늄의 존재는 원자론에 의해 예측되었으며, 1923년 지르코늄 광석에서 발견되었습니다.","코펜하겐의 라틴어 이름인 하프니아(Hafnia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","하프늄은 중성자를 매우 잘 흡수하여 핵잠수함의 제어봉에 사용됩니다.","하프늄 기반 화합물은 현대 컴퓨터 칩의 절연체로서 이산화규소를 대체했습니다.","모든 원소 중에서 녹는점이 가장 높은 원소 중 하나이며 제트 엔진용 초합금에 사용됩니다.","하프늄은 지르코늄과 화학적으로 거의 동일하므로 둘을 분리하기가 매우 어렵습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1923년 Dirk Coster와 George de Hevesy가 X선 분광학으로 발견한 덴마크 코펜하겐의 라틴어 이름인 Hafnia의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 그들은 연구가 수행된 도시를 기리기 위해 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Hassium":{"name":"하슘","summary":"하슘은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 주로 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["하슘(Hassium)은 그것이 발견된 실험실이 있는 독일 헤세주의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","1984년에 납에 철 이온을 충돌시켜 처음 합성되었습니다.","하슘은 입자 가속기에서만 만들어지는 합성 초중원소입니다.","희소성에도 불구하고 과학자들은 이것이 8족의 오스뮴처럼 작용한다는 것을 확인했습니다.","그 원자는 붕괴되기까지 단 몇 초 동안만 존재합니다.","지금까지 아주 적은 수의 하슘 원자만이 생산되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1984년 처음 합성한 실험실인 GSI 다름슈타트가 위치한 독일 헤세 주(라틴어: Hassia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이 이름은 발견된 장소를 따라 원소의 이름을 지정하는 전통을 따르며 1997년 IUPAC에서 공식적으로 인정받았습니다."},"Helium":{"name":"헬륨","summary":"헬륨은 주기율표에서 비활성 기체 그룹의 선두에 있는 무색, 무취, 무미, 무독성, 불활성, 단원자 기체입니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["헬륨은 지구에서 발견되기 전인 1868년에 태양 스펙트럼에서 처음으로 발견되었으며 그리스 태양신 헬리오스(Helios)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","아무리 추워도 상압에서 냉각해도 응고되지 않는 유일한 원소입니다.","2.17K 미만에서 액체 헬륨은 마찰 없이 흐를 수 있고 심지어 용기 벽을 기어올라갈 수 있는 초유체가 됩니다.","헬륨을 흡입하면 소리가 공기보다 거의 3배 빠르게 전달되기 때문에 일시적으로 목소리의 음조가 높아집니다.","지구 헬륨의 대부분은 지하 깊은 곳에 있는 우라늄과 토륨의 방사성 붕괴에서 나오며 천연가스에서 추출됩니다.","헬륨은 우주에서 두 번째로 풍부한 원소이지만 지구상에서는 비교적 희귀하고 재생이 불가능합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"헬륨은 헬륨이 지구에서 확인되기 전인 1868년 개기 일식 동안 태양 스펙트럼에서 처음으로 발견되었기 때문에 그리스어 '헬리오스'(태양)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Holmium":{"name":"홀뮴","summary":"홀뮴은 자석, 핵 제어봉 및 레이저에 사용되는 부드럽고 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["홀뮴은 자연적으로 발생하는 원소 중 가장 강한 자기적 특성을 가지고 있습니다.","홀뮴 레이저는 의학에서 신장 결석을 부수고 전립선 비대증을 치료하는 데 사용됩니다.","스톡홀름의 라틴어 이름인 홀미아(Holmia)에서 이름을 따왔습니다.","홀뮴은 유리와 큐빅 지르코니아에 노란색과 빨간색 색상을 부여합니다.","이는 폴 피스로서 알려진 가장 강력한 인공 자기장을 생성하는 데 사용됩니다.","산화홀뮴 용액은 분광 광도계의 교정 표준으로 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1878년에 이 원소를 식별한 Per Teodor Cleve가 기반을 둔 스웨덴 스톡홀름의 라틴어 이름인 Holmia의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이는 발견과 관련된 장소의 이름을 따서 희토류 원소의 이름을 지정하는 전통을 따릅니다."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"수소","summary":"수소는 우주에서 가장 가벼운 원소이자 가장 풍부한 화학물질이다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["수소는 우주에서 가장 풍부한 원소로 전체 질량의 약 75%를 차지합니다.","세 가지 동위원소(프로튬, 중수소, 삼중수소)가 고유한 이름을 갖는 유일한 원소입니다.","액체수소는 1960년대부터 로켓 연료로 사용되어 우주비행사를 달까지 태운 새턴 V(Saturn V)의 상부 단계에 동력을 공급했습니다.","목성 내부와 같은 극심한 압력 하에서 수소는 액체 금속처럼 행동하고 전기를 전도할 수 있습니다.","헨리 캐번디시는 1766년에 수소를 '인화성 공기'라고 부르며 별개의 물질로 확인했습니다.","수소 원자는 존재하는 가장 단순한 원자입니다. 즉, 단일 전자에 의해 궤도를 도는 단일 양성자입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 'hydro'(물)와 'genes'(형성)의 합성어로 '물 형성자'를 의미합니다. 1783년 앙투안 라부아지에(Antoine Lavoisier)가 수소를 연소하면 물이 생성되기 때문에 명명되었습니다."},"Indium":{"name":"인듐","summary":"인듐은 반도체, 터치스크린 및 베어링 보호 코팅에 사용되는 부드럽고 가단성이 있는 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속 광택","interesting_facts":["인듐은 너무 부드러워서 손톱으로 찌그러질 수 있고, 구부리면 주석처럼 '울음' 소리가 납니다.","인듐 주석 산화물은 터치스크린과 평면 패널 디스플레이에 투명한 전기 전도성 코팅을 형성합니다.","이는 방출 스펙트럼에서 밝은 남색 선을 따서 명명되었습니다.","인듐은 극도로 낮은 온도에서도 부드럽고 작업 가능한 상태를 유지하여 진공 밀봉에 유용합니다.","융점이 매우 낮으며 특수 저온 납땜 및 합금에 사용됩니다.","인듐은 스마트폰과 LCD 화면이 대중화되면서 수요가 급증했다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1863년 페르디난드 라이히(Ferdinand Reich)와 히에로니무스 리히터(Hieronymous Richter)가 당시 새로운 기술인 분광학 기술을 사용하여 아연 광석 잔류물을 분석할 때 관찰한 빛나는 남색 스펙트럼 선을 따라 명명된 라틴어 'indicum'(인디고)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Iodine":{"name":"아이오딘","summary":"요오드는 갑상선 기능에 필수적인 어둡고 광택이 나는 자색-검정색 비금속이며 소독제로 사용됩니다.","appearance":"광택 있는 메탈릭 그레이(고체), 보라색(가스)","interesting_facts":["요오드는 갑상선에 필수적이므로 식염에 요오드가 강화되는 경우가 많습니다.","가열하면 고체 요오드가 눈에 띄는 보라색 증기로 승화됩니다.","그 이름은 보라색을 의미하는 그리스어 'iodes'에서 유래되었습니다.","요오드팅크는 오랫동안 상처를 소독하는 방부제로 사용되어 왔습니다.","요오드는 전분을 짙은 청록색으로 변화시키는데, 이는 화학적 테스트로 사용되는 반응입니다.","방사성 요오드-131은 갑상선 질환을 진단하고 치료하는 데 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"프랑스어 'iode'에서 유래. 그리스어 'ioeides'(보라색 모양)에서 파생되었으며 1813년 Humphry Davy가 요오드 증기의 눈에 띄는 보라색을 따서 명명했습니다."},"Iridium":{"name":"이리듐","summary":"이리듐은 스파크 플러그, 도가니 및 다양한 산업 응용 분야에 사용되는 밀도가 높고 부식에 강한 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["전 세계적으로 이리듐이 풍부한 점토층은 소행성 충돌이 공룡을 죽였다는 주요 증거입니다. 이리듐은 지구에서는 드물지만 소행성에서는 흔하기 때문입니다.","이리듐은 알려진 가장 부식에 강한 금속으로, 거의 모든 것을 용해시키는 산에 저항합니다.","오스뮴과 거의 결합되어 가장 밀도가 높은 원소 중 하나입니다.","표준 킬로그램은 한때 파리 근처에 보관된 백금-이리듐 실린더였습니다.","이리듐 팁 스파크 플러그는 부식되지 않고 극심한 열을 견딜 수 있기 때문입니다.","그 이름은 다채로운 소금으로 인해 그리스의 무지개 여신인 아이리스(Iris)에서 유래되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1803년 Smithson Tennant가 그리스 무지개의 여신 Iris(라틴어: iris)의 이름을 따서 명명했습니다. 이름은 이리듐 염과 화합물이 나타내는 다양한 색상을 반영하여 테넌트에게 무지개 색상을 연상시켰습니다."},"Iron":{"name":"철","summary":"철은 강하고 가단성이 있는 금속으로 강철 생산에 필수적이며 헤모글로빈의 필수 구성 요소입니다.","appearance":"회색빛이 도는 윤기나는 메탈릭","interesting_facts":["철은 지구상에서 질량으로 가장 풍부한 원소로, 지구의 녹은 핵의 대부분을 구성합니다.","지구의 회전하는 액체 철심은 태양 복사로부터 우리를 보호하는 자기장을 생성합니다.","철분은 혈액에 산소를 운반하여 붉게 만드는 분자인 헤모글로빈의 중심에 있습니다.","철은 별이 일반적인 핵융합을 통해 만들 수 있는 가장 무거운 원소입니다. 더 무거운 원소에는 초신성 폭발이 필요합니다.","기원전 1200년경 시작된 철기시대는 더 강력한 도구와 무기로 인류 문명을 변화시켰습니다.","녹은 철이 산소 및 물과 천천히 반응할 때 형성되는 산화철입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 단어 'iron'은 게르만조어 'isarno'와 관련된 고대 영어 'iren'에서 유래했으며 아마도 'holy metal'을 의미하는 켈트어 어근에서 유래했을 것입니다. Fe 기호는 라틴어 'ferrum'(철)에서 유래했는데, 이 철은 적어도 기원전 1200년부터 제련되어 사용되었습니다."},"Krypton":{"name":"크립톤","summary":"크립톤은 형광등, 사진, 에너지 효율적인 창문용 충전 가스로 사용되는 무색, 무취의 비활성 가스입니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["크립톤이라는 이름은 '숨겨진'이라는 뜻의 그리스어 'kryptos'에서 유래했는데, 그 이유는 공기 중에서 찾기가 너무 어려웠기 때문입니다.","1960년부터 1983년까지 미터는 공식적으로 크립톤-86에서 방출되는 빛의 파장으로 정의되었습니다.","크립톤은 밝은 백색광을 생성하며 일부 고성능 사진 플래시 및 램프에 사용됩니다.","이는 희가스이며 거의 전혀 반응하지 않지만 몇 가지 크립톤 화합물이 강제로 형성될 수 있습니다.","크립톤은 일부 에너지 효율적인 창문과 형광등에 사용됩니다.","만화책 '크립토나이트'에도 불구하고 실제 크립톤은 무해하고, 무색, 무취의 가스입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"크립톤은 감지하고 분리하기가 매우 어렵기 때문에 1898년 William Ramsay와 Morris Travers가 명명한 그리스어 '크립토스'(숨겨진)에서 유래했습니다. 크립톤은 액체 공기의 잔류물 내에 '숨겨진' 상태로 남아 있었습니다."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"란타넘","summary":"란타늄은 카메라 렌즈, 촉매, 충전용 배터리에 사용되는 부드러운 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["란타늄이라는 이름은 '숨겨져 있다'라는 뜻의 그리스어 'lanthanein'에서 유래했는데, 이는 세륨 광석에 숨어 있었기 때문입니다.","란탄계열의 첫 번째 원소인 '희토류' 원소에 이름이 붙었습니다.","란탄은 빛을 날카롭게 구부리기 위해 고품질 카메라와 망원경 렌즈의 유리에 사용됩니다.","니켈-란타늄 합금은 수소를 저장하며 많은 하이브리드 자동차의 배터리에 사용되었습니다.","란타늄 화합물은 석유를 촉매로서 가솔린으로 정제하는 데 도움이 됩니다.","칼로 자를 수 있을 정도로 부드러워서 공기 중에 있으면 빨리 변색됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"칼 구스타프 모산더(Carl Gustaf Mosander)가 1839년에 명명한 그리스어 'lanthanein'(숨겨져 있거나 주의를 피하다)에서 유래한 것으로, 란타늄이 별개의 원소로 확인되기 전까지 수년 동안 산화세륨에서 불순물로 검출되지 않은 채 남아 있었기 때문입니다."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"로렌슘","summary":"로렌슘은 과학 연구 외에는 실용적으로 응용할 수 없는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 은빛 금속으로 추정됨","interesting_facts":["로렌슘(Larencium)은 사이클로트론 입자 가속기를 발명한 어니스트 로렌스(Ernest Lawrence)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","악티나이드 계열의 마지막 원소이다.","로렌슘은 가속기에서 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 생성할 수 있습니다.","가장 안정한 동위원소는 반감기가 불과 몇 시간에 불과합니다.","로렌슘의 특성을 측정하는 것은 매우 짧은 시간 동안 존재하는 원자가 거의 없기 때문에 매우 어렵습니다.","기초 과학 연구 이외의 용도로는 사용되지 않습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1930년 사이클로트론 입자 가속기를 발명하여 초우라늄 원소 생성을 가능하게 한 미국 물리학자 어니스트 올랜도 로렌스(Ernest Orlando Lawrence)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 로렌스 버클리 국립 연구소(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)는 1961년에 이 요소를 합성하고 로렌스의 근본적인 공헌을 기리기 위해 이름을 붙였습니다."},"Lead":{"name":"납","summary":"납은 배터리, 방사선 차폐 및 다양한 산업 응용 분야에 사용되는 연질의 중금속입니다.","appearance":"청회색 금속성","interesting_facts":["납은 밀도가 높고 방사선을 차단하므로 X선 앞치마와 보호막을 덮습니다.","로마인들은 배관 공사에 납 파이프를 사용했으며 '배관'이라는 단어는 납을 뜻하는 라틴어 'plumbum'(기호 Pb)에서 유래되었습니다.","납은 신경계에 독성이 있기 때문에 휘발유와 페인트에서 제거되었습니다.","부드럽고 무겁고 모양이 쉽게 만들어지는 특성 때문에 고대부터 귀하게 여겨졌습니다.","오늘날 대부분의 납은 주로 자동차 배터리에서 재활용됩니다.","납은 완전히 안정한 동위원소를 갖고 있는 가장 무거운 원소입니다. 더 무거운 것은 모두 방사성입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 단어 'lead'는 게르만조어 'lauda'에서 유래되었습니다. 기호 Pb는 라틴어 'plumbum'에서 유래한 것으로 보이며, 이는 라틴어 이전 지중해 언어에서 유래한 것으로 보입니다. 로마인들이 수도관에 납을 광범위하게 사용했기 때문에 영어에 'plumbing'이라는 단어가 붙었습니다."},"Lithium":{"name":"리튬","summary":"리튬은 부드럽고 은백색의 알칼리 금속입니다. 가장 가벼운 금속이자 밀도가 가장 낮은 고체 원소입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["리튬은 가장 가벼운 금속이자 밀도가 가장 낮은 고체 원소이므로 가볍기 때문에 물과 반응하면서 물 위에 뜰 수 있습니다.","충전식 리튬 이온 배터리는 대부분의 최신 휴대폰, 노트북, 전기 자동차에 전원을 공급합니다.","리튬염은 1940년대부터 양극성 장애 치료를 위한 기분 안정제로 사용되어 왔습니다.","이는 빅뱅 핵합성에서 생성된 처음 세 가지 원소(수소와 헬륨 포함) 중 하나였습니다.","리튬은 불꽃놀이와 조명탄에 사용되는 특성인 눈에 띄는 진홍색 불꽃으로 연소됩니다.","전 세계 리튬의 대부분은 남미 안데스 산맥의 소금기가 많은 소금 평지에서 추출됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"식물 재에서 발견되는 나트륨 및 칼륨과 달리 요한 아우구스트 아르프웨드슨(Johan August Arfwedson)이 1817년 고체 암석 광물(꽃잎) 내부에서 이를 발견했기 때문에 그리스어 '리토스'(돌)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Livermorium":{"name":"리버모륨","summary":"리버모륨은 초중원소를 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["리버모리움(Livermorium)은 캘리포니아에 있는 로렌스 리버모어 국립 연구소(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","2000년 러시아계 미국인 팀에 의해 처음 만들어졌습니다.","그것은 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 만들어지는 합성 초중원소입니다.","리버모륨 원자는 붕괴되기까지 불과 1000분의 1초 동안만 존재합니다.","16족의 폴로늄 아래에 위치할 것으로 예측됩니다.","이를 생산하려면 칼슘 이온을 큐륨 목표와 융합해야 합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"캘리포니아 리버모어에 있는 로렌스 리버모어 국립연구소(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 2000년에 핵연구소 합동연구소와 협력하여 이를 합성했습니다. IUPAC는 2012년에 이 이름을 공식적으로 인정했으며, 실험실 이름 자체는 초기 캘리포니아 정착민인 로버트 리버모어(Robert Livermore)를 기리기 위한 것입니다."},"Lutetium":{"name":"루테튬","summary":"루테튬은 PET 스캔 검출기, 촉매 및 특수 합금에 사용되는 밀도가 높은 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["루테튬은 란탄 계열의 마지막 원소이자 가장 단단하고 밀도가 높은 희토류 중 하나입니다.","파리의 고대 로마식 이름인 루테티아(Lutetia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","루테튬 기반 결정은 의료 영상용 PET 스캐너의 검출기로 사용됩니다.","순수한 형태로 얻을 수 있는 가장 희귀하고 값비싼 희토류 금속 중 하나입니다.","루테튬은 석유 정제에서 촉매로 사용됩니다.","방사성 루테튬 화합물은 일부 암의 표적 치료에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"프랑스 파리의 고대 로마식 이름인 Lutetia의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 1907년 처음으로 이 도시를 분리한 Georges Urbain은 희토류 원소의 이름을 장소에 따라 명명하는 관행에 따라 자신의 고향 도시를 기리기 위해 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Magnesium":{"name":"마그네슘","summary":"마그네슘은 빛나는 회색 금속이며 모든 살아있는 세포에 필수적인 요소입니다.","appearance":"빛나는 회색 고체","interesting_facts":["마그네슘은 눈부신 백색광으로 연소되며 한때 초기 사진 플래시 파우더 및 조명탄에 널리 사용되었습니다.","가장 가벼운 구조용 금속으로 알루미늄과 합금되어 자동차와 항공기의 강하고 가벼운 부품을 만듭니다.","마그네슘은 모든 엽록소 분자의 중심에 위치하여 식물의 광합성에 필수적입니다.","인체는 근육과 신경의 작동을 유지하는 반응을 포함하여 수백 가지 효소 반응을 위해 마그네슘이 필요합니다.","마그네슘은 지각에서 8번째로 풍부한 원소이며 바닷물에 용해되는 원소 중 3번째로 풍부합니다.","아픈 근육을 진정시키는 데 사용되는 엡솜염은 황산마그네슘입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"마그네슘 함유 광물이 발견된 그리스 테살리아 지역인 마그네시아(Magnesia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 같은 지명에서 '망간'과 '자석'이라는 단어도 탄생했습니다."},"Manganese":{"name":"망가니즈","summary":"망간은 강도와 ​​경도를 향상시키기 위해 철강 생산에 주로 사용되는 단단하고 부서지기 쉬운 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["망간은 강철을 만들고, 산소와 황을 제거하고, 강도를 높이는 데 필수적입니다. 거의 모든 강철에 이 성분이 포함되어 있습니다.","일회용 알카라인 배터리의 핵심 성분입니다.","이산화망간은 수만 년 전에 동굴 화가들이 검은 색소를 만드는 데 사용했습니다.","과망간산칼륨의 진한 보라색은 유용한 소독제 및 화학 시약이 됩니다.","광대한 망간단괴가 심해저의 일부를 덮고 있습니다.","망간은 필수 미량 영양소로, 세포가 손상되지 않도록 보호하는 효소를 돕습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"마그네슘에 이름을 붙인 동일한 지역인 그리스 테살리아의 마그네시아 지역에서 중세 라틴어 '망간'을 통해 파생되었습니다. 망간 광석은 역사적으로 자성 철광석과 혼동되었기 때문에 그 이름은 라틴어 '마그네스'(자석)에 의해 강화되었을 가능성이 있습니다."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"마이트너륨","summary":"마이트네리움은 초중원소를 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에만 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["마이트네리움(Meitnerium)은 오랫동안 간과되었던 핵분열의 선구자인 Lise Meitner의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","여성의 이름을 딴 몇 안되는 요소 중 하나입니다.","마이트네리움은 1982년 독일에서 처음 만들어졌습니다.","한 번에 하나의 원자로 만들어진 합성 초중원소입니다.","동위원소는 밀리초에서 몇 초 내에 매우 빠르게 붕괴됩니다.","주기율표 9족의 이리듐처럼 거동할 것으로 예측됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"핵분열과 프로트악티늄을 공동 발견했지만 논란의 여지가 있어 1944년 노벨상에서 제외된 오스트리아-스웨덴 물리학자 리제 마이트너(Lise Meitner)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. GSI 다름슈타트는 원자력 과학에 대한 그녀의 엄청난 공헌을 오랫동안 인정받아 1992년에 이 이름을 제안했습니다."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"멘델레븀","summary":"멘델레비움(Mendelevium)은 중원소의 특성을 조사하기 위한 과학 연구에 주로 사용되는 합성 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 은빛 금속으로 추정됨","interesting_facts":["멘델레비움은 주기율표를 만든 드미트리 멘델레예프의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","그것은 1955년에 처음 만들어졌는데, 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 만들어졌습니다.","멘델레비움은 입자 가속기에서 아인슈타이늄을 폭격해야만 생산될 수 있습니다.","발견 실험에서는 처음에 약 17개의 원자만 감지했습니다.","수명이 짧은 동위원소로 인해 방사성이 강합니다.","멘델레비움은 중원소에 대한 기초 연구 외에는 아무 용도도 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1869년에 주기율표를 만든 러시아 화학자 드미트리 이바노비치 멘델레예프(Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 글렌 시보그(Glenn Seaborg)와 동료들은 1955년에 원소의 환상적인 조직을 통해 초우라늄 원소의 발견을 개념적으로 가능하게 만든 과학자에게 경의를 표하기 위해 이 이름을 붙였습니다."},"Mercury":{"name":"수은","summary":"수은은 온도계, 기압계, 형광등에 사용되는 밀도가 높은 은빛 액체 금속입니다.","appearance":"은의","interesting_facts":["수은은 실온에서 액체인 유일한 금속이다.","빠르게 움직이는 유동적인 성격으로 인해 로마 전령신의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 기호 Hg는 '물-은'을 의미하는 'hydrargyrum'에서 유래되었습니다.","수은은 온도에 따라 균일하게 팽창하기 때문에 한때 온도계와 기압계에 사용되었습니다.","수은에 노출된 모자 제작자들은 떨림과 혼란을 느꼈고 '모자로서 화가 났다'는 표현이 탄생했습니다.","이는 독성이 있고 생체축적되어 물고기와 이를 먹는 사람에게 축적됩니다.","수은 증기는 전기가 흐르면 청록색으로 빛납니다. 이는 형광등의 기본입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"원소의 유동적이고 빠르게 움직이는 특성을 반영하여 날렵한 로마 전령의 신인 머큐리(Mercury)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 기호 Hg는 '물-은'을 의미하는 그리스어 'hydrargyros'(ὑδράργυρος)의 라틴어화인 'hydrargyrum'에서 유래되었으며 액체 은색 외관을 나타냅니다."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"몰리브데넘","summary":"몰리브덴은 강도, 인성 및 내식성을 높이기 위해 강철 합금에 사용되는 단단한 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"그레이 메탈릭","interesting_facts":["몰리브덴은 약 2,623°C로 모든 원소 중에서 가장 높은 녹는점 중 하나입니다.","그 이름은 그리스어 '몰리브도스'(납)에서 유래했는데, 그 이유는 이 광석이 오랫동안 납 및 흑연과 혼동되었기 때문입니다.","강철에 몰리브덴을 첨가하면 항공기, 도구, 갑옷에 사용되는 고강도 합금이 만들어집니다.","식물, 동물, 인간의 효소를 돕는 필수 미량 영양소입니다.","질소 고정 박테리아는 몰리브덴을 사용하여 대기 질소를 사용 가능한 형태로 변환합니다.","이황화 몰리브덴은 고온 건식 윤활제로 사용되는 미끄러운 고체입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 'molybdos'(납)에서 유래. 몰리브덴광석이 오랫동안 납광석과 혼동되었기 때문입니다. Carl Wilhelm Scheele는 1778년에 그것이 뚜렷하다는 것을 보여 주었고 Peter Jacob Hjelm은 1781년에 금속을 분리했습니다."},"Moscovium":{"name":"모스코븀","summary":"Moscovium은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위해 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["Moscovium은 Dubna 연구소가 위치한 러시아 모스크바 지역의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","2003년 러시아와 미국의 공동 작업으로 처음 합성되었습니다.","그것은 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 생성하는 합성 초중원소입니다.","Moscovium 원자는 몇 분의 1초 내에 붕괴됩니다.","15족에서는 비스무트 아래에 위치할 것으로 예측된다.","2016년에 다른 세 가지 새로운 요소와 함께 공식적으로 명명되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"두브나(Dubna) 핵연구소 공동연구소가 위치한 러시아 모스크바 주(모스크바 지역)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. JINR과 로렌스 리버모어 국립연구소(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)의 협력으로 2003년에 처음 합성되었으며, 2016년 IUPAC에 의해 공식적으로 명명되었습니다."},"Neodymium":{"name":"네오디뮴","summary":"네오디뮴은 강력한 자석, 레이저 및 유리 착색에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["네오디뮴 자석은 일반적으로 사용 가능한 가장 강한 영구 자석으로 자체 무게의 몇 배를 들어 올릴 수 있습니다.","이 자석은 이어버드와 하드 드라이브부터 풍력 터빈과 전기 자동차 모터에 이르기까지 모든 것에서 발견됩니다.","1885년에 프라세오디뮴과 함께 '디디뮴'에서 분리되어 이름은 '새로운 쌍둥이'를 의미합니다.","네오디뮴은 유리에 빛에 따라 보라색과 파란색 사이를 오가는 눈에 띄는 색상을 부여합니다.","네오디뮴 첨가 결정은 가장 일반적인 고에너지 레이저에 전력을 공급합니다.","특수한 용도에도 불구하고 더 풍부한 희토류 원소 중 하나입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"칼 아우어 폰 벨스바흐(Carl Auer von Welsbach)가 1885년 디디뮴을 프라세오디뮴과 네오디뮴으로 분리하면서 명명한 그리스어 'neos'(신규)와 'didymos'(쌍둥이)에서 유래한 쌍의 '새로운 쌍둥이'입니다."},"Neon":{"name":"네온","summary":"네온은 무색, 무취의 비활성 가스로, 전기를 가하면 뚜렷한 붉은색-주황색 빛을 냅니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["네온은 전류가 통과할 때 눈부신 주황색-빨간색으로 빛납니다. 이는 고전적인 '네온' 사인의 기본입니다.","거의 완전히 불활성이므로 정상적인 조건에서는 안정적인 일반 화학 화합물을 형성하지 않습니다.","네온은 1898년 Ramsay와 Travers에 의해 발견되었는데, 그들은 '새로운'을 의미하는 그리스어 'neos'에서 네온이라는 이름을 붙였습니다.","네온은 우주에서 다섯 번째로 풍부한 원소임에도 불구하고 지구에서는 매우 드물며 대기의 아주 작은 부분만을 차지합니다.","액체 네온은 액체 헬륨 부피당 냉동 용량이 40배 이상인 탁월한 극저온 냉매입니다.","'네온' 간판에서 볼 수 있는 다양한 색상은 실제로 다른 비활성 기체에서 비롯됩니다. 순수한 네온은 항상 붉은 오렌지색 빛을 생성합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898년 윌리엄 램지(William Ramsay)와 모리스 트래버스(Morris Travers)가 새로 발견한 비활성 기체임을 반영하여 명명한 그리스어 'neos'(신규)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Neptunium":{"name":"넵투늄","summary":"넵투늄은 중성자 탐지 장비에 사용되는 방사성 금속이며 원자로에서의 역할에 대해 연구되었습니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["넵투늄은 1940년에 합성된 최초의 초우라늄 원소였습니다.","그것은 우라늄(천왕성)의 뒤를 이어 행성 해왕성의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","넵투늄은 원자로의 부산물이며 오랫동안 지속되는 핵 폐기물 문제로 간주됩니다.","그것은 은빛이고 방사성이며, 악티나이드 금속 중에서 가장 밀도가 높은 것 중 하나입니다.","넵투늄-237은 우주선 전원용 플루토늄-238을 만드는 데 사용될 수 있습니다.","우라늄 광석에서는 자연적으로 미량의 넵투늄이 발생합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"주기율표에서 넵투늄이 우라늄 너머에 있는 것처럼 태양계에서 천왕성 너머에 있는 행성 해왕성의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Edwin McMillan과 Philip Abelson은 1940년에 이를 합성하여 우라늄으로 시작된 행성 명명 순서를 이어갔습니다."},"Nickel":{"name":"니켈","summary":"니켈은 스테인레스 스틸, 배터리 및 다양한 산업 응용 분야에 사용되는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속","interesting_facts":["니켈은 '늙은 닉의 구리'를 의미하는 독일 광산 용어의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 그 광석은 구리처럼 보였지만 아무것도 생산되지 않았기 때문입니다.","부식에 대한 저항력이 매우 강하며 보호를 위해 다른 금속을 전기도금하는 데 사용됩니다.","스테인레스 스틸에는 일반적으로 니켈이 포함되어 있어 강도와 녹에 대한 저항성이 향상됩니다.","이름에도 불구하고 현대 미국 '니켈' 동전은 대부분 구리이며 니켈이 25%만 포함되어 있습니다.","지구의 핵은 대부분 철-니켈 합금으로 이루어져 있으며, 많은 운석에는 니켈이 풍부하게 들어 있는 것으로 생각됩니다.","니켈은 실온에서 자성을 띠는 몇 안 되는 원소 중 하나입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"독일어 'Kupfernickel'(악마의 구리 또는 Old Nick의 구리)에서 축약된 것으로, 구리처럼 보이지만 아무것도 생산하지 않는 광석에 대한 광부의 저주입니다. 니켈(Nickel)은 독일에서 악마를 뜻하는 별명으로 니콜라스(Nicholas)라는 이름에서 유래했다."},"Nihonium":{"name":"니호늄","summary":"니호늄은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["니호늄(Nihonium)은 아시아 국가에서 최초로 발견된 원소인 일본('Nihon')의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","일본 RIKEN 연구소에서 합성되었으며, 2004년경에 확인되었습니다.","그것은 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 만들어지는 합성 초중원소입니다.","니호늄 원자는 생성된 지 몇 초 안에 붕괴됩니다.","13족의 탈륨 아래에 위치할 것으로 예측된다.","이 발견으로 일본은 처음으로 새로운 원소에 이름을 붙이는 영예를 얻었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'떠오르는 태양의 땅'을 의미하는 일본을 일본어로 'Nihon'(日本)에서 명명했습니다. 일본 RIKEN의 과학자들은 2004년에 이 원소의 합성을 확인했고, 아시아에서 최초로 발견된 원소를 기리기 위해 이름을 선택했으며, 2016년 IUPAC는 이를 공식적으로 인정했습니다."},"Niobium":{"name":"나이오븀","summary":"니오븀은 주로 합금, 특히 강도를 향상시키기 위해 철강 생산에 사용되는 부드럽고 연성 금속입니다.","appearance":"그레이 메탈릭","interesting_facts":["니오븀(Niobium)은 그리스 신화에 나오는 탄탈로스(Tantalus)의 딸인 니오베(Niobe)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 이는 탄탈륨과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 반영합니다.","차가워지면 초전도체가 되어 MRI 기계나 입자 가속기의 자석에 사용됩니다.","니오브 합금은 양극산화 처리되어 보석류에 널리 사용되는 무지개 색상을 생성할 수 있습니다.","소량의 니오븀은 강철을 훨씬 더 강하게 만들어 파이프라인과 자동차 프레임에 사용됩니다.","미국에서는 한때 콜럼비움(columbium)으로 불렸으며, 그 이름은 20세기까지 지속되었습니다.","니오븀은 저자극성이므로 신체 피어싱 및 의료용 임플란트에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1844년 하인리히 로즈(Heinrich Rose)가 그리스 신화에 등장하는 탄탈루스(Tantalus)의 딸인 니오베(Niobe)의 이름을 따서 명명했습니다. 니오븀은 거의 항상 탄탈륨과 함께 발견되며 두 원소는 처음에는 구별하기가 너무 어려워서 신화적인 부모-자식 쌍이 적합해 보였기 때문입니다."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"질소","summary":"질소는 지구 대기의 약 78%를 차지하는 무색, 무취의 기체이다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["질소는 우리가 마시는 공기의 약 78%를 차지하지만 반응성이 너무 낮아 우리가 사용하지 않은 채로 다시 내뿜는 경우가 많습니다.","액체 질소는 -196°C에서 끓으며 식품을 급속 냉동하고 생물학적 샘플을 보존하며 극적인 안개 효과를 만드는 데 사용됩니다.","두 개의 질소 원자를 함께 묶는 삼중 결합은 알려진 가장 강한 화학 결합 중 하나이며 질소 가스를 매우 안정적으로 만듭니다.","대기 질소를 비료용 암모니아로 전환하는 Haber-Bosch 공정은 세계 인구의 약 절반에게 식량을 공급하는 데 도움이 됩니다.","질소는 TNT나 니트로글리세린과 같은 폭발물의 핵심 성분입니다. 그 이유는 그 결합이 끊어질 때 엄청난 에너지를 방출하기 때문입니다.","콩과 식물 뿌리에 있는 박테리아는 공기 중의 질소를 식물이 사용할 수 있는 형태로 '고정'하여 자연적으로 토양을 풍요롭게 합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"질산염과 질산은 둘 다 질소를 함유하고 있기 때문에 1790년 Jean-Antoine Chaptal이 만든 그리스어 'nitron'(niter/saltpeter)과 'niter-former'를 의미하는 'genes'(형성)에서 유래되었습니다."},"Nobelium":{"name":"노벨륨","summary":"노벨륨은 과학 연구 외에는 중요한 응용 분야가 없는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 은빛 금속으로 추정됨","interesting_facts":["노벨리움(Nobelium)은 노벨상 창시자인 알프레드 노벨(Alfred Nobel)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","입자 가속기에서는 원자 단위로만 만들 수 있습니다.","비정상적으로 악티나이드의 경우 노벨륨은 +2 산화 상태에서 가장 안정적입니다.","1950년대 후반에 이 물질이 발견되었다는 사실은 수년간 경쟁 실험실들 사이에서 논쟁을 불러일으켰습니다.","모든 노벨륨 동위원소는 방사성이며 수명이 짧습니다.","이는 연구 환경에서만 존재하며 실제적인 적용은 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"다이너마이트를 발명하고 노벨상을 창시한 스웨덴 화학자 알프레드 노벨(Alfred Nobel)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이 이름은 1957년 스톡홀름의 팀이 처음으로 발견을 주장했을 때 제안되었으며, 확인된 발견이 Dubna 및 Berkeley 연구소에 인정되었을 때 유지되었습니다."},"Oganesson":{"name":"오가네손","summary":"오가네손(Oganesson)은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위해 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 기체 또는 금속성일 가능성이 있음","interesting_facts":["오가네손은 알려진 가장 무거운 원소로 원자번호 118번이다.","살아있는 사람의 이름을 딴 몇 안 되는 원소 중 하나인 물리학자 유리 오가네시안(Yuri Oganessian)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","오가네손은 비활성 기체 기둥에 위치하지만 다른 비활성 기체와 달리 고체이고 반응성이 있을 것으로 예측됩니다.","이제까지 생성된 원자는 몇 개밖에 되지 않으며, 각각은 1000분의 1초도 채 안 되는 시간 동안 생존합니다.","2002년 Dubna에서 러시아-미국 공동 작업으로 처음 합성되었습니다.","오가네손은 주기율표의 일곱 번째 행을 완성했습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"초중원소 합성을 개척하고 2002년에 Oganesson을 만든 JINR Dubna 팀을 이끌었던 러시아-아르메니아 핵물리학자 Yuri Oganessian의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이는 살아있는 사람의 이름을 딴 두 가지 요소 중 하나이며, 이는 해당 분야에 대한 그의 공헌의 특별한 범위를 반영합니다."},"Osmium":{"name":"오스뮴","summary":"오스뮴은 밀도가 높고 경도가 높은 청백색 금속으로 만년필 펜촉, 전기 접점 및 기기 피벗에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"청백색, 금속성","interesting_facts":["오스뮴은 자연적으로 발생하는 가장 밀도가 높은 원소로, 납의 밀도가 거의 두 배에 달합니다.","그 이름은 냄새를 뜻하는 그리스어 'osme'에서 유래했는데, 그 이유는 그 산화물이 날카로운 독성 냄새를 갖고 있기 때문입니다.","오스뮴은 매우 단단하여 초기 축음기 바늘과 만년필 팁에 사용되었습니다.","백금족 금속 중 하나이며 외관은 청은색입니다.","오스뮴 테트록사이드는 전자 현미경 검사를 위해 생물학적 조직을 염색하는 데 사용됩니다.","그것은 지각에서 가장 희귀한 원소 중 하나입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'냄새' 또는 '악취'를 의미하는 그리스어 'osmē'(ὀσμή)에서 명명되었습니다. 스미슨 테넌트(Smithson Tennant)는 금속이 공기에 노출될 때 형성되는 사산화오스뮴이 날카롭고 특유의 독성 냄새를 풍기기 때문에 1803년에 이 이름을 만들었습니다."},"Oxygen":{"name":"산소","summary":"산소는 대부분의 생명체의 호흡에 필수적인 무색, 무취의 가스입니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["산소는 지구 대기의 약 21%를 구성하며 질량 기준으로 지구 지각에서 가장 풍부한 원소입니다.","우리가 호흡하는 산소의 대부분은 광합성에 의해 생산되며, 그 중 상당 부분은 해양 식물성 플랑크톤에서 나옵니다.","액체 및 고체 산소는 연한 파란색이며 자성을 띠며 자석에 끌립니다.","세 개의 산소 원자로 구성된 분자인 오존은 유해한 자외선을 흡수하는 성층권의 보호층을 형성합니다.","산소는 1770년대 Carl Wilhelm Scheele와 Joseph Priestley가 독립적으로 발견했으며 Antoine Lavoisier가 명명했습니다.","생명에 필수적이지만 산소는 반응성이 매우 높아 철이 녹슬고 연료가 연소됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"산소가 모든 산의 필수 부분이라는 당시의 믿음을 바탕으로 1777년 Lavoisier가 명명한 그리스어 'oxys'(날카로운 또는 신맛)와 '산 생성자'를 의미하는 'genes'(형성)의 합성어입니다."},"Palladium":{"name":"팔라듐","summary":"팔라듐은 촉매 변환기, 전자 장치 및 수소 저장에 사용되는 귀중한 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속성","interesting_facts":["팔라듐은 1803년 금속이 발견되기 직전에 발견된 소행성 팔라스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","주요 용도는 독성 배기 가스를 무해한 배기 가스로 바꾸는 데 도움이 되는 촉매 변환기에 사용됩니다.","팔라듐은 금속 스펀지처럼 자기 부피의 최대 900배에 달하는 수소 가스를 흡수할 수 있습니다.","귀중한 백금족 금속이며 백금, 고급 보석 및 치과용 합금에 사용됩니다.","팔라듐은 전화기와 컴퓨터 내부의 작은 커패시터를 포함하여 많은 전자 제품에 필수적입니다.","그것은 1989년에 유명했지만 나중에는 신빙성이 떨어지는 '상온 핵융합' 실험에서 중심적인 역할을 했습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"소행성 팔라스(Pallas)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 1802년에 발견되었으며 팔라스 아테나(Pallas Athena)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 윌리엄 하이드 월라스톤(William Hyde Wollaston)은 최근 발견된 천체의 이름을 따서 새로운 원소에 이름을 붙이는 현대적 유행에 따라 1803년에 이 이름을 만들었습니다."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"인","summary":"인은 DNA 및 ATP와 같은 생물학적 분자에서 반응성이 높은 필수 요소입니다.","appearance":"색상은 다양합니다(흰색, 빨간색 또는 검은색 형태).","interesting_facts":["백린탄은 산소와 반응하면서 어둠 속에서 희미하게 빛을 내는데, 이 현상이 '인광'이라는 이름을 붙였습니다.","1669년 헤니그 브랜드(Hennig Brand)가 끓인 소변에서 분리한 것으로 알려진 발견자가 최초로 발견한 원소입니다.","인은 매우 다양한 형태로 존재합니다. 백린은 가연성 위험이 있는 반면, 적린은 안정적이며 성냥갑 조각에 사용됩니다.","모든 세포는 생명체에서 에너지를 저장하고 전달하는 분자인 DNA, RNA, ATP에서 인을 사용합니다.","채굴된 인광석의 약 85%가 비료로 바뀌므로 인은 전 세계 식량 생산에 매우 중요합니다.","뼈와 치아는 인산칼슘에 의해 강화되므로 신체의 인의 대부분이 골격에 저장됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"그리스어 'phosphoros'(빛을 전달하는 자, 'phos' = 빛 및 'phoros' = 베어링에서 유래)에서 유래했습니다. 백린탄은 산화될 때 어둠 속에서 희미하게 빛나기 때문입니다. 이 이름은 Hennig Brand가 1669년에 발견했을 때 적용되었습니다."},"Platinum":{"name":"백금","summary":"백금은 촉매 변환기, 보석 및 전자 제품에 사용되는 밀도가 높고 가단성이 있으며 부식에 강한 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["백금은 부식에 매우 강하여 고온에서도 변색되지 않습니다.","이는 촉매 변환기의 핵심 촉매로서 차량 배기가스를 정화하는 데 도움을 줍니다.","플래티넘은 금보다 밀도가 높으며 고급 주얼리와 결혼반지로 높이 평가됩니다.","시스플라틴과 같은 일부 백금 화합물은 강력한 화학요법 약물입니다.","남아프리카공화국은 전 세계 백금의 대부분을 생산합니다.","그 이름은 '작은 은'을 의미하는 스페인어 'platina'에서 유래했는데, 초기 광부들이 이 이름을 무시했습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'작은 은'을 의미하는 'plata'(은)의 축소형인 스페인어 'platina'에서 파생되었습니다. 16세기 남아메리카의 스페인 탐험가들은 금 매장지에 섞여 있지만 쉽게 가공할 수 없는 창백하고 은 같은 금속을 발견했을 때 이 무시무시한 용어를 사용했습니다."},"Plutonium":{"name":"플루토늄","summary":"플루토늄은 원자로, 핵무기, 우주선의 동력원으로 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색, 공기에 노출되면 변색됨","interesting_facts":["플루토늄은 핵무기와 원자로에 사용되는 것으로 유명합니다.","넵투늄, 우라늄의 뒤를 이어 왜행성 명왕성(Pluto)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","플루토늄-238은 보이저(Voyager) 탐사선과 큐리오시티(Curiosity) 탐사선과 같은 우주선에 꾸준한 열을 공급합니다.","플루토늄 조각은 자체 방사성 붕괴로 인한 열 때문에 만지면 따뜻합니다.","이는 용액 내에서 다양한 다채로운 산화 상태로 존재하는 특이한 화학적 성질을 가지고 있습니다.","플루토늄은 다양한 고체 형태 사이에서 극적으로 팽창 및 수축하므로 기계 가공이 까다롭습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"플루토늄이 해왕성 너머에 있는 것처럼 해왕성 너머에 있는 명왕성(당시 9번째 행성으로 간주됨)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 글렌 시보그(Glenn Seaborg)는 1942년에 이 이름을 붙였는데, 대체 형태인 '플루튬'이 고려되었지만 더 고전적인 '-onium' 어미를 선호하여 거부되었다는 점을 지적했습니다."},"Polonium":{"name":"폴로늄","summary":"폴로늄은 정전기 방지 장치 및 우주 응용 분야의 열원으로 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은의","interesting_facts":["폴로늄은 1898년 마리 퀴리와 피에르 퀴리에 의해 발견되었으며 마리의 고향인 폴란드의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","그것은 방사능이 너무 강해서 1g이 파란색으로 빛나고 따뜻함을 유지하기에 충분한 열을 발산합니다.","폴로늄-210은 2006년 악명 높은 알렉산더 리트비넨코 중독 사건에 사용되었습니다.","우주 탐사선의 경량 열원 및 정전기 방지 장치로 사용되었습니다.","폴로늄은 극히 드물며 우라늄 광석에서 극소량만 발생합니다.","폴로늄 한 조각은 치사량을 전달할 수 있어 알려진 가장 독성이 강한 물질 중 하나입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898년 피에르 퀴리와 공동 발견한 마리 퀴리의 고향인 폴란드(라틴어: Polonia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 퀴리는 자신이 점령한 조국에 대한 찬사로 이 이름을 선택했고, 그 후 러시아, 프로이센, 오스트리아로 나뉘어 국제적인 관심을 끌기를 희망했습니다."},"Potassium":{"name":"칼륨","summary":"칼륨은 식물 성장에 필수적이며 생물학적 과정에 중요한 부드러운 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은회색 금속","interesting_facts":["칼륨은 반응성이 매우 커서 물에 닿으면 라일락 불꽃이 터집니다.","칼로 자를 수 있을 만큼 부드럽고, 반응하면서 물 위에 뜰 만큼 가볍다.","칼륨 이온은 신경 신호와 심장 박동에 필수적이며 바나나는 잘 알려진 식품 공급원입니다.","화학 기호 K는 식물 재를 뜻하는 아랍어의 라틴어 형태인 '칼륨'에서 유래되었습니다.","칼륨은 1807년 험프리 데이비(Humphry Davy)가 전기분해로 분리한 최초의 금속이었습니다.","체내에 있는 방사성 동위원소인 칼륨-40은 평생 동안 아주 약간의 방사성을 갖게 만듭니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 이름은 '칼륨'(이 원소의 초기 원천인 냄비에 침출된 나무 재)에서 유래한 반면, 기호 K는 라틴어 'kalium', 궁극적으로 아랍어 'al-qali'(비누 제조에 사용되는 식물 알칼리 재)에서 유래했습니다."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"프라세오디뮴","summary":"프라세오디뮴은 자석, 유리 착색 및 합금에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["프라세오디뮴(Praseodymium)의 이름은 염의 녹색을 뜻하는 '녹색 쌍둥이'를 의미합니다.","강렬한 눈부심과 적외선으로부터 용접공과 유리 송풍기를 보호하는 특수 고글에 사용됩니다.","네오디뮴과 혼합하면 모터와 헤드폰에 사용되는 강력한 자석을 형성합니다.","프라세오디뮴은 유리와 세라믹 유약에 순수한 노란색을 부여합니다.","1885년 '디디뮴'이라는 물질에서 분리됐는데, 두 가지 원소로 밝혀졌습니다.","프라세오디뮴 첨가 섬유는 일부 광학 시스템에서 광 신호를 증폭시킬 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1885년 칼 아우어 폰 벨스바흐(Carl Auer von Welsbach)가 디디뮴을 녹색염 쌍둥이인 프라세오디뮴(praseodymium)과 새로운 쌍둥이인 네오디뮴(neodymium)이라는 두 가지 원소로 분리하면서 명명한 그리스어 '프라시오스'(부추 녹색)와 '디디모스'(쌍둥이)에서 유래했습니다."},"Promethium":{"name":"프로메튬","summary":"프로메튬은 야광 페인트, 원자 배터리 및 연구에 사용되는 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["프로메튬은 안정한 동위원소가 없는 유일한 희토류 원소입니다. 그것은 방사성이며 본질적으로 자연에는 존재하지 않습니다.","신들로부터 불을 훔친 그리스의 타이탄인 프로메테우스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","프로메튬은 야광 페인트와 심장박동기 및 우주선용 소형 원자 배터리에 사용되었습니다.","그 존재는 1945년에 확인된 주기율표 61번 원소의 오랜 공백을 메웠습니다.","빛나는 프로메튬은 자체 방사선에서 희미한 청록색 빛을 생성할 수 있습니다.","현재 지구상 지각 전체에는 약 500g의 프로메튬만이 존재하는 것으로 생각됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"신들로부터 불을 훔쳐 인류에게 준 그리스 신화의 타이탄인 프로메테우스의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 적절하게도 프로메튬은 1945년 원자로의 우라늄 핵분열 생성물에서 처음으로 얻어졌습니다."},"Protactinium":{"name":"프로트악티늄","summary":"프로트악티늄은 희소성과 방사능으로 인해 과학 연구에 주로 사용되는 조밀한 은회색 금속입니다.","appearance":"밝고 은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["프로탁티늄은 가장 희귀하고 가장 비싼 자연 발생 원소 중 하나입니다.","악티늄으로 붕괴하기 때문에 그 이름은 '악티늄의 모체'를 의미합니다.","방사능이 강하고 독성이 강해 취급에 주의가 필요합니다.","프로탁티늄은 1913년에 처음 확인되었고 1934년에 분리되었습니다.","해양 퇴적물의 프로트악티늄과 토륨의 비율은 과학자들이 과거 기후와 해양 순환을 연구하는 데 도움이 됩니다.","희소성과 방사능으로 인해 과학 연구 이외의 용도로는 거의 사용되지 않습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'첫 번째'를 의미하는 그리스어 '프로토스'(πρῶτος)에서 명명되었으며 '악티늄'과 결합하여 '악티늄의 부모'를 생성합니다. 그 이름은 프로트악티늄-231이 악티늄-227로 붕괴한다는 것을 반영합니다. Kasper Fajans는 1913년에 처음으로 이를 '브레븀(brevium)'이라고 불렀으나, 더 오래 지속되는 동위원소가 확인되면서 '프로트악티늄(protactinium)'이 채택되었습니다."},"Radium":{"name":"라듐","summary":"라듐은 한때 야광 페인트에 사용되었던 고방사성 금속이었으며 현재는 방사성 특성에 대해 주로 연구되고 있습니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속성","interesting_facts":["라듐은 1898년 마리 퀴리와 피에르 퀴리에 의해 발견되었으며 어둠 속에서 희미한 푸른 빛으로 빛납니다.","그것은 한때 야광 시계 다이얼에 추가되어 이를 그린 '라듐 소녀'를 비극적으로 중독시켰습니다.","20세기 초 제품들은 라듐의 위험성이 이해되기 전에 치약, 물, 화장품에 라듐을 판매했습니다.","라듐은 같은 양의 우라늄보다 방사능이 약 100만 배 더 높습니다.","안전한 소스가 이를 대체하기 전에는 역사적으로 암 방사선 치료에 사용되었습니다.","마리 퀴리의 노트는 여전히 방사능이 너무 강해서 납을 댄 상자에 보관되어 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898년에 이를 발견한 Marie와 Pierre Curie가 '광선' 또는 '빔'을 의미하는 라틴어 'radius'에서 이름을 따왔습니다. 이름은 원소가 방출하는 강렬한 방사선을 의미하며, 피치블렌드에서 분리할 때 주목할만한 새로운 현상으로 관찰되었습니다."},"Radon":{"name":"라돈","summary":"라돈은 방사선 치료 및 지질학 연구의 추적자로 사용되는 방사성 비활성 가스입니다.","appearance":"무색 가스","interesting_facts":["라돈은 토양과 암석에서 우라늄이 붕괴되면서 생성되는 방사성 비활성 가스입니다.","이는 눈에 보이지 않게 지하실로 스며드는 비흡연자에게 폐암을 일으키는 주요 원인입니다.","라돈은 무색, 무취, 무미로 특수한 기구를 통해서만 검출이 가능합니다.","이는 정상적인 조건에서 가장 밀도가 높은 가스이며 알려진 가스 중 가장 무거운 것 중 하나입니다.","라돈은 한때 일부 초기 의료 방사선 치료에 사용되었습니다.","적절한 환기를 통해 라돈 수치를 낮출 수 있기 때문에 가정용 테스트 키트를 널리 이용할 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"방사성 붕괴에 의해 생성되는 원소인 '라듐'과 희가스에 사용되는 접미사 '-on'이 결합되어 명명되었습니다. 프리드리히 도른(Friedrich Dorn)은 1900년 라듐에서 방출되는 가스로 처음 발견했으며, '라돈'이라는 이름이 표준화되기 전에는 '라듐 방출'이라고 불렀습니다."},"Rhenium":{"name":"레늄","summary":"레늄은 제트 엔진, 필라멘트 및 촉매에 사용되는 밀도가 높은 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은회색","interesting_facts":["레늄은 1925년에 발견된 마지막 안정 원소 중 하나였습니다.","모든 원소 중에서 가장 높은 녹는점과 끓는점을 가지고 있습니다.","레늄 초합금을 사용하면 제트 및 로켓 엔진의 터빈 블레이드가 더 뜨겁고 효율적으로 작동할 수 있습니다.","독일 라인강의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","레늄은 극히 드물며 주로 구리와 몰리브덴 채굴의 부산물로 회수됩니다.","이는 고옥탄가의 무연 휘발유를 만드는 촉매로 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"독일을 흐르는 라인강(라틴어: Rhenus)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke 및 Otto Berg는 발견자들의 고향의 지리적 특징을 따라 원소의 이름을 지정하는 전통에 따라 원소를 발견했을 때 1925년에 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Rhodium":{"name":"로듐","summary":"로듐은 높은 반사율과 촉매 변환기 및 보석류에 사용되는 것으로 알려진 희귀한 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속성","interesting_facts":["로듐은 가장 희귀하고 가장 가치 있는 귀금속 중 하나이며 종종 금보다 훨씬 더 비쌉니다.","그 이름은 소금의 장미빛 붉은색을 따서 그리스어 'rhodon'(장미)에서 유래되었습니다.","대부분의 로듐은 자동차 배기가스에서 유해한 가스를 정화하기 위해 촉매 변환기에 사용됩니다.","빛나고 단단하며 반사되는 마감을 제공하며 화이트 골드 주얼리와 거울을 도금하는 데 사용됩니다.","로듐은 부식에 강하고 공기 중에서 변색되지 않습니다.","백금족 금속 중 하나이며 주로 백금과 니켈 채굴의 부산물로 회수됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1804년 William Hyde Wollaston이 로듐염 용액의 색깔이 특징적으로 장미빛 붉은색을 띠기 때문에 그리스어 'rhodon'(장미)에서 유래했습니다."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"뢴트게늄","summary":"뢴트게늄은 초중원소를 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 주로 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["뢴트게늄(Roentgenium)은 엑스레이를 발견한 빌헬름 콘라드 뢴트겐(Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","1994년 독일에서 니켈과 비스무트 핵을 융합해 처음 만들어졌다.","그것은 한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 생성하는 합성 초중원소입니다.","뢴트게늄은 주기율표에서 금 아래에 위치할 것으로 예상되며 금과 화학적 성질을 일부 공유할 수 있습니다.","그 원자는 형성된 지 몇 초 안에 붕괴됩니다.","기초 연구 이외의 응용 분야는 없습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1895년 X선을 발견하고 1901년 최초의 노벨 물리학상을 받은 독일 물리학자 빌헬름 콘라드 뢴트겐의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. GSI Darmstadt는 1994년에 이 이름을 합성하고 2004년에 이름을 제안했으며 같은 해 IUPAC가 공식적으로 채택했습니다."},"Rubidium":{"name":"루비듐","summary":"루비듐은 전자제품, 연구, 원자시계에 사용되는 부드러운 은백색 금속 원소입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속","interesting_facts":["루비듐은 공기 중에서 자연 발화하며 물과 격렬하게 반응합니다.","방출 스펙트럼의 빨간색 선에 대해 라틴어 'rubidus'(짙은 빨간색)에서 이름이 지정되었습니다.","루비듐은 1861년 분젠(Bunsen)과 키르히호프(Kirchhoff)가 분광학이라는 새로운 기술을 사용하여 발견했습니다.","체온 바로 위인 약 39°C에서 녹습니다.","루비듐 원자는 세계에서 가장 정밀한 원자시계에 사용됩니다.","과학자들은 1995년에 루비듐을 사용하여 이상한 새로운 물질 상태인 최초의 보스-아인슈타인 응축물을 만들었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1861년 로버트 분젠(Robert Bunsen)과 구스타프 키르히호프(Gustav Kirchhoff)가 당시 새로운 분광학 기술을 통해 식별하는 데 사용했던 두 개의 독특한 진한 빨간색 스펙트럼 선을 따서 명명한 라틴어 'rubidus'(진한 빨간색 또는 진한 빨간색)에서 유래했습니다."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"루테늄","summary":"루테늄은 전기 접점, 후막 저항기 및 촉매로 사용되는 희귀한 전이 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속성","interesting_facts":["루테늄은 1844년 발견된 러시아의 라틴어 이름인 루테니아(Ruthenia)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","백금족 금속 중 하나이며 매우 단단하고 부서지기 쉽습니다.","소량의 루테늄을 첨가하면 백금 및 팔라듐 합금의 경도와 내마모성이 크게 향상됩니다.","루테늄은 전자제품 내부의 전기 접점과 칩 저항기에 사용됩니다.","암모니아를 만들고 오염물질을 정화하는 공정을 포함하여 다용도 촉매 역할을 합니다.","루테늄 화합물은 태양전지용 광흡수 염료로 연구되고 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"러시아 제국의 카잔에서 일하던 중 발견한 칼 에른스트 클라우스(Karl Ernst Claus)가 1844년 러시아(Rus 사람들의 땅)의 라틴어 이름인 루테니아(Ruthenia)의 이름을 따서 명명했습니다."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"러더포듐","summary":"러더포듐은 무거운 원소의 특성을 연구하기 위해 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 은빛 금속으로 추정됨","interesting_facts":["러더포듐은 핵물리학의 아버지인 물리학자 어니스트 러더퍼드의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","이는 트랜스악티나이드(초중) 원소 중 첫 번째입니다.","러더포듐은 가속기에서 더 가벼운 원자핵을 함께 충돌시켜 만들어집니다.","그 발견은 미국과 소련 과학자들 사이의 냉전 명명 논쟁의 주제였습니다.","한 번에 몇 개의 원자만 생성될 수 있으며 몇 초 내에 붕괴됩니다.","주기율표 4족의 하프늄처럼 화학적으로 거동할 것으로 예상됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"원자핵을 발견하고 핵물리학의 아버지로 여겨지는 뉴질랜드 태생의 물리학자 어니스트 러더퍼드(Ernest Rutherford)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 이 이름은 로렌스 버클리(Lawrence Berkeley)의 미국 연구자들에 의해 제안되었으며 소련 과학자들과의 냉전 명명 논쟁 이후 1997년 IUPAC에 의해 공식적으로 채택되었습니다."},"Samarium":{"name":"사마륨","summary":"사마륨은 자석, 레이저 및 원자로의 중성자 흡수체로 사용되는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["사마륨-코발트 자석은 고온에서도 강도를 유지하며 항공기 및 군용 장비에 사용됩니다.","이는 광물 사마르스카이트(광산 관리인 사마르스키의 이름을 따서)를 통해 사람의 이름을 딴 최초의 원소였습니다.","사마륨은 중성자를 쉽게 흡수하므로 원자로 제어봉에 사용됩니다.","방사성 사마륨 화합물은 뼈로 퍼진 암으로 인한 통증을 완화하는 데 사용됩니다.","사마륨은 화학의 촉매제로 사용되며 특정 유형의 유리와 레이저를 만드는데 사용됩니다.","적당히 단단하고 공기 중에서 천천히 산화되어 황색 코팅을 형성합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1879년 Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran이 처음으로 식별한 광물인 사마르스카이트(Samarskite)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 사마르스카이트는 러시아의 광산 관리였던 바실리 사마르스키-비호베츠(Vasily Samarsky-Bykhovets) 대령의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 즉, 사마륨이 실제 사람의 이름을 따서 (간접적으로) 명명된 최초의 원소가 되었습니다."},"Scandium":{"name":"스칸듐","summary":"스칸듐은 항공우주 부품 및 고성능 합금에 사용되는 부드러운 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["스칸듐의 존재와 특성은 1879년 발견되기 전인 1869년 멘델레예프가 '에카-붕소'로 예측했습니다.","알루미늄에 소량의 스칸듐을 첨가하면 고급 자전거 프레임과 항공우주 부품에 사용되는 강력하고 가벼운 합금이 생성됩니다.","처음 발견된 광물이 채굴된 스칸디나비아의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","스칸듐-알루미늄 합금은 일부 소련 MiG 전투기에 사용되었습니다.","스칸듐은 지각에서 상당히 흔함에도 불구하고 추출하기 어렵고 광석에 거의 농축되지 않아 가격이 비쌉니다.","요오드화 스칸듐은 자연광을 모방한 빛을 생성하기 위해 일부 메탈할라이드 램프에 첨가됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"스칸디나비아(라틴어 'Scandia')의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 1879년 Lars Fredrik Nilson이 스칸디나비아의 euxenite 및 gadolinite 광물에서 이를 발견한 지역입니다."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"시보귬","summary":"Seaborgium은 초중원소의 특성을 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성일 가능성 있음","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium은 많은 초우라늄 원소를 발견하는 데 도움을 준 화학자 Glenn T. Seaborg의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","당시 생존한 사람의 이름을 딴 최초의 원소였습니다.","Seaborgium은 입자 가속기에서만 만들어지는 합성 초중원소입니다.","그 원자는 몇 초 안에 붕괴되므로 지금까지 연구된 것은 소수에 불과합니다.","화학 실험에 따르면 주기율표 6족의 텅스텐처럼 거동합니다.","1974년에 산소 이온을 캘리포늄에 충돌시켜 처음 만들어졌습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"10개의 초우라늄 원소를 공동 발견한 미국 화학자 글렌 T. 시보그(Glenn T. Seaborg)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 1994년 로렌스 버클리(Lawrence Berkeley)가 제안한 살아있는 사람의 이름을 딴 최초의 요소였지만, IUPAC는 1997년 공식적으로 이름을 승인하기 전에 처음에는 반대했습니다."},"Selenium":{"name":"셀레늄","summary":"셀레늄은 황 및 텔루르와 유사한 특성을 지닌 비금속으로 전자제품, 유리 제조 및 영양 보충제로 사용됩니다.","appearance":"검정색, 빨간색, 회색 형태","interesting_facts":["셀레늄(Selenium)은 그리스의 달의 여신 셀레네(Selene)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","전기 전도도는 빛에 따라 변하는데, 이는 초기 복사기와 측광기에 사용된 특성입니다.","셀레늄은 항산화 효소를 지원하는 필수 미량 영양소이지만 더 많은 양을 섭취하면 독성이 있습니다.","유리에 붉은색을 부여하고 유리에서 녹색 색조를 제거하는 데에도 사용됩니다.","브라질너트는 셀레늄이 유난히 풍부합니다.","셀레늄은 빨간색 분말과 전기를 전도하는 회색 금속 형태를 포함하여 여러 형태로 제공됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1817년 Jöns Jacob Berzelius가 텔루륨(라틴어로 지구를 뜻하는 'tellus'에서 유래)의 동반자로 명명한 그리스어 'selene'(달)에서 유래했습니다. 두 원소가 화학적으로 유사하고 동일한 광석 매장지에서 함께 발견되었기 때문입니다."},"Silicon":{"name":"규소","summary":"실리콘은 단단하고 부서지기 쉬운 결정성 고체이며 반도체와 컴퓨터 칩의 핵심 구성 요소입니다.","appearance":"회색 결정질 고체","interesting_facts":["실리콘은 지각에서 산소 다음으로 두 번째로 풍부한 원소로, 대부분 실리카처럼 모래와 암석에 갇혀 있습니다.","초순수 실리콘 결정은 컴퓨터 칩의 기초이며 실리콘 밸리라는 이름을 갖게 되었습니다.","실리콘은 준금속 반도체로, 절연체보다 전기 전도율은 좋지만 금속보다는 전기 전도성이 떨어집니다.","석영, 단백석 및 대부분의 모래는 규소 화합물이며, 유리는 주로 실리카를 녹여 만들어집니다.","태양광 패널은 햇빛을 직접 전기로 변환하기 위해 실리콘을 사용합니다.","이름의 유사성에도 불구하고 실리콘(원소)은 이를 함유한 유연한 고무 중합체인 실리콘과 다릅니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 'silex' 또는 'silicis'(부싯돌 또는 단단한 돌)에서 유래했습니다. 규소는 부싯돌과 규산염 암석에서 풍부하게 발견되기 때문입니다. '실리콘'이라는 이름은 1817년 토마스 톰슨(Thomas Thomson)이 제안했습니다."},"Silver":{"name":"은","summary":"은은 어떤 원소보다 가장 높은 전기 및 열 전도성을 지닌 부드럽고 흰색이며 광택이 나는 금속으로 보석, 전자제품, 거울에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["은은 모든 원소 중에서 최고의 전기 및 열 전도체입니다.","천연 항균 특성을 갖고 있어 현대 의학 이전부터 상처와 물을 깨끗하게 유지하는 데 사용되었습니다.","은은 반사율이 가장 높은 금속이므로 전통적으로 백미러로 사용되었습니다.","사진 필름은 감광성 은 화합물을 사용하여 이미지를 포착했습니다.","화학 기호 Ag는 라틴어 'argentum'에서 유래되었으며 국가 아르헨티나는 그 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","은은 공기 중의 소량의 황 화합물과 반응하면 검은색으로 변색됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 단어 'silver'는 출처가 불확실한 게르만조어 'silubra'와 관련된 고대 영어 'seolfor'에서 유래했습니다. 기호 Ag와 국가 이름 Argentina는 모두 라틴어 'argentum'(은)에서 유래되었으며 원소의 눈부신 흰색 광택과 연결됩니다."},"Sodium":{"name":"나트륨","summary":"나트륨은 부드럽고 은백색의 반응성이 높은 금속으로 생명에 필수적인 원소입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속","interesting_facts":["나트륨은 반응성이 커서 기름 밑에 보관해야 하며, 물에 떨어뜨리면 거품이 나고 발화할 수 있습니다.","칼로 자를 수 있을 정도로 부드러워서 공기 중에서 빠르게 둔해지는 반짝이는 은빛 표면을 드러냅니다.","나트륨 증기 램프는 한때 거리 조명에서 흔히 볼 수 있었던 독특한 노란색-주황색 빛을 발산합니다.","일반적인 식용 소금은 염화나트륨이며, 나트륨은 신체의 신경 자극과 체액 균형에 필수적입니다.","나트륨은 밝은 노란색 불꽃으로 연소되는데, 이를 식별하기 위해 화염 테스트에 사용되는 특성입니다.","화학 기호 Na는 천연 소다 화합물을 가리키는 라틴어 '나트륨'에서 유래되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 이름은 'soda'(중세 라틴어 'sodanum, 두통 치료제)에서 유래한 반면, 기호 Na는 자연적으로 발생하는 탄산나트륨 광물인 natron을 뜻하는 아랍어/이집트어 'natrun'에서 유래한 라틴어 'natrium'에서 유래했습니다."},"Strontium":{"name":"스트론튬","summary":"스트론튬은 불꽃 놀이, 세라믹 및 방사선 응용 분야에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 금속성","interesting_facts":["스트론튬염은 불꽃놀이와 비상 조명탄에서 눈부신 붉은색을 발산합니다.","광석이 처음 발견된 스코틀랜드의 Strontian 마을의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","핵 낙진으로 인한 방사성 동위원소 스트론튬-90은 칼슘과 유사하기 때문에 뼈에 쌓일 수 있습니다.","스트론튬은 치아 민감도를 줄이기 위해 일부 치약에 사용됩니다.","스트론튬 알루미네이트는 어둠 속에서 몇 시간 동안 빛을 내며 현대의 야광 페인트에 사용됩니다.","칼슘과 마찬가지로 스트론튬은 물과 반응하며 자연에서는 결코 자유로이 발견되지 않습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1790년경 지역 납 광산에서 광물 스트론티아나이트(탄산스트론튬)가 처음 발견된 스코틀랜드 아길셔(Argyllshire)의 한 마을인 스트론시안(Strontian)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다."},"Sulfur":{"name":"황","summary":"유황은 화산 지역에서 흔히 발견되는 노란색의 비금속 원소이며 생명체에 필수적입니다.","appearance":"밝은 노란색 결정","interesting_facts":["유황은 고대부터 알려져 왔으며 성경에서는 '불타는 돌'을 의미하는 '유황'으로 불린다.","황화수소의 썩은 계란 냄새로 유명하지만 순수한 유황 자체는 무취입니다.","유황은 푸른 불꽃으로 타면서 질식하는 이산화황 가스를 생성합니다.","대부분의 채굴된 황은 세계에서 가장 많이 생산되는 산업용 화학물질 중 하나인 황산을 만드는 데 사용됩니다.","화산 분출구와 온천 주변에는 밝은 노란색 유황 퇴적물이 형성됩니다.","유황은 단백질 접힘을 돕는 아미노산인 시스테인과 메티오닌에서 발견되는 생명의 필수 요소입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"라틴어 '황'(유황)에서 유래. 산스크리트어 'sulvere'와 연결되었을 가능성이 있는 기원 불확실한 단어. 유황은 고대부터 성경 본문에서 '유황'이라고 불리는 화산 주변에서 발견되는 자극적인 노란색 돌로 알려져 왔습니다."},"Tantalum":{"name":"탄탈럼","summary":"탄탈륨은 전자제품, 수술용 임플란트 및 고온 합금에 사용되는 밀도가 높고 부식에 강한 금속입니다.","appearance":"그레이 블루","interesting_facts":["탄탈륨 커패시터는 작지만 많은 양의 전하를 저장하며 거의 모든 휴대폰과 노트북에서 볼 수 있습니다.","이는 산에 용해되는 것에 대한 '감질나는' 저항성을 반영하여 그리스 신화의 탄탈로스(Tantalus)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","탄탈륨은 생체 적합성이 있어 수술용 임플란트, 플레이트, 핀에 사용됩니다.","3,000°C 이상으로 금속 중 가장 높은 녹는점 중 하나입니다.","탄탈륨은 견고한 산화물 층 덕분에 부식에 대한 저항력이 뛰어납니다.","전 세계 탄탈륨의 대부분은 콜탄 광석에서 나오므로 윤리적 조달 문제가 제기됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"탄탈로스의 이름을 딴 그리스 신화의 왕은 손을 뻗을 때마다 물러나는 과일나무 아래 물웅덩이에 서 있어야 한다는 저주를 받았습니다. 안데르스 에케베르그(Anders Ekeberg)는 1802년에 탄탈루스가 그의 갈증을 결코 만족시킬 수 없었던 것처럼 이 원소가 산 흡수를 애타게 거부했기 때문에 이 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Technetium":{"name":"테크네튬","summary":"테크네튬은 주로 의료 영상 및 산업용 방사선 촬영에 사용되는 은회색 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회색 금속성","interesting_facts":["테크네튬은 인공적으로 만들어진 최초의 원소로, 그 이름은 '인공'을 뜻하는 그리스어에서 유래되었습니다.","안정한 동위원소가 없으므로 본질적으로 지구상에는 자연적으로 존재하는 것이 없습니다.","Technetium-99m은 의료 영상 분야에서 가장 널리 사용되는 방사성 추적기로 매년 수천만 건의 스캔에 사용됩니다.","멘델레예프는 주기율표의 간격을 '에카-망간'으로 예측했습니다.","테크네튬은 특정 먼 별의 스펙트럼에서 발견되었으며, 이는 여전히 그 별에서 원소가 생성되고 있음을 증명합니다.","소량의 테크네튬으로 강철을 부식에 대한 저항력을 현저하게 높일 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1937년 Carlo Perrier와 Emilio Segrè에 의해 명명된 그리스어 'technetos'(인공 또는 인공)에서 유래했습니다. 사이클로트론에서 중수소와 몰리브덴을 충돌시켜 생성된 인공적으로 생산된 최초의 원소이기 때문입니다."},"Tellurium":{"name":"텔루륨","summary":"텔루르(Tellurium)는 부서지기 쉬운 은백색 준금속으로 합금, 반도체, 열전 장치에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"은빛 광택이 나는 회색","interesting_facts":["텔루르(Tellurium)는 라틴어로 지구를 의미하는 'tellus'에서 이름을 따왔습니다.","아주 적은 양이라도 노출되면 몇 주 동안 지속될 수 있는 강력한 마늘 냄새인 '텔루르 호흡'이 발생합니다.","이는 지각에서 백금만큼 희귀한 희귀 준금속입니다.","카드뮴 텔루라이드는 박막 태양광 패널을 만드는 데 사용됩니다.","텔루르(Tellurium)는 강철 및 구리 합금의 가공성을 향상시킵니다.","유리 상태와 결정 상태 사이를 전환할 수 있기 때문에 재기록 가능한 광 디스크에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1798년 Martin Heinrich Klaproth가 명명한 라틴어 'tellus'(지구)에서 유래. 셀레늄(달의 이름을 따서 명명)과 의도적으로 짝을 이루는 이름은 두 원소가 화학적으로 유사하고 종종 함께 발견되기 때문입니다."},"Tennessine":{"name":"테네신","summary":"테네신은 초중원소를 연구하기 위한 과학 연구에 사용되는 합성 방사성 원소입니다.","appearance":"알 수 없음, 금속성 또는 반금속일 가능성이 있음","interesting_facts":["테네신(Tennesine)은 오크리지 국립연구소(Oak Ridge National Laboratory)가 있는 미국 테네시주의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","두 번째로 무거운 알려진 원소이며 2010년에 확인되었습니다.","17족 할로겐 기둥에 위치하기 때문에 이름은 '-ine'으로 끝납니다.","그것을 만들기 위해서는 오크리지에서 생산된 희귀한 베르켈륨에 칼슘 이온을 주입해야 했습니다.","테네신 원자는 이제까지 몇 개만 만들어졌습니다.","그 원자는 몇 분의 1초 안에 붕괴됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"오크리지 국립 연구소(필수 베르켈륨 표적을 생산함), 밴더빌트 대학, 테네시 대학이 있는 미국 테네시 주의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 2010년에 합성되었으며 2016년 IUPAC에 의해 공식적으로 명명되었으며, 할로겐족 17에서의 위치를 ​​반영하는 접미사 '-ine'을 사용했습니다."},"Terbium":{"name":"터븀","summary":"테르븀(Terbium)은 녹색 조명, 레이저 및 광자기 장치용 형광체에 사용되는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["테르븀은 조명 및 구형 디스플레이에 사용되는 많은 형광체에 녹색을 제공합니다.","이 이름은 이 단일 마을을 기리는 4가지 요소 중 하나인 스웨덴 마을 Ytterby의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","테르븀 합금은 자기장에서 모양이 바뀌며 센서와 소나 시스템에 사용됩니다.","자외선을 받으면 선명한 녹색으로 빛나며 보안잉크에 사용됩니다.","테르븀(Terbium)은 칼로 절단할 수 있는 부드러운 은빛 희토류 금속입니다.","고체 장치 및 에너지 효율적인 형광등에 사용됩니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"가돌리나이트 광석이 원래 수집되었던 스웨덴 레사뢰(Resarö) 섬의 마을인 Ytterby의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Carl Gustaf Mosander는 1843년에 이트리아에서 분리했으며, '테르븀'은 'Ytterby'의 음절 재배열입니다."},"Thallium":{"name":"탈륨","summary":"탈륨은 전자, 광학 시스템 및 일부 의료 응용 분야에 사용되는 부드러운 회색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["탈륨은 한때 선호되는 독이었으며 무취, 무미하여 '독극물의 독'이라는 별명을 얻었습니다.","그 이름은 스펙트럼의 밝은 녹색 선을 따라 녹색 새싹인 그리스어 'thallos'에서 유래되었습니다.","탈륨 중독은 탈모를 유발하며 때로는 의사가 이를 진단하는 데 도움이 됩니다.","방사성 탈륨 동위원소는 심장 영상 스트레스 테스트에 사용됩니다.","탈륨 화합물은 특수 적외선 광학 및 전자공학에 사용됩니다.","1861년에 화염 분광학이라는 새로운 방법을 사용하여 발견되었습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'녹색 새싹' 또는 '녹색 나뭇가지'를 의미하는 그리스어 'thallos'(θαλλός)에서 명명되었습니다. William Crookes는 새로 개발된 화염 분광학 기술을 사용하여 셀렌산 잔류물을 분석할 때 본 특유의 밝은 녹색 스펙트럼 선을 따서 1861년에 이 이름을 붙였습니다."},"Thorium":{"name":"토륨","summary":"토륨은 원자로, 합금, 가스 맨틀에 사용되는 약한 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛, 종종 검은 변색이 있음","interesting_facts":["토륨(Thorium)은 북유럽 천둥의 신인 토르(Thor)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","우라늄보다 더 안전하고 더 풍부한 핵연료로 연구되고 있다.","토륨은 우라늄보다 지각에 약 3~4배 더 풍부합니다.","토륨 가스 맨틀은 밝게 빛나며 100년 넘게 랜턴에 사용되었습니다.","한때 고품질 카메라 렌즈에 추가되었는데, 방사선으로 인해 시간이 지남에 따라 약간 누렇게 변할 수 있습니다.","거의 모든 토륨은 반감기가 우주 나이보다 긴 수명이 긴 동위원소인 토륨-232입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1828년에 스웨덴의 화학자 Jöns Jacob Berzelius가 발견한 천둥의 신인 Thor의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Berzelius는 신화 속 인물을 기리는 전통에 따라 토라이트(thorite)라고 부르는 노르웨이 광물에서 이를 발견하고 신의 이름을 따서 새로운 원소의 이름을지었습니다."},"Thulium":{"name":"툴륨","summary":"툴륨은 휴대용 X선 장치, 레이저 및 일부 핵 응용 분야에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회색","interesting_facts":["툴륨은 안정적인 희토류 원소 중 가장 희귀하고 가장 비싼 원소 중 하나입니다.","먼 북쪽에 있는 신화의 땅 툴레(Thule)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","방사성 툴륨-170은 전기가 필요 없는 휴대용 엑스레이 장치에 사용됩니다.","툴륨은 자외선 아래에서 파란색으로 빛나며 지폐의 위조 방지 표시에 사용됩니다.","툴륨 레이저는 일부 의료 수술 절차에 사용됩니다.","희귀함에도 불구하고 툴륨은 여전히 ​​금보다 지각에 더 풍부합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"알려진 세계의 북쪽 끝자락에 있는 신화 속의 땅에 대한 고대 그리스 및 로마 이름인 툴레(Thule)의 이름을 따서 명명되었으며, 종종 스칸디나비아 또는 아이슬란드와 동일시됩니다. Per Teodor Cleve는 원소의 스칸디나비아 기원을 기리기 위해 1879년에 이름을 선택했습니다."},"Tin":{"name":"주석","summary":"주석은 땜납, 코팅, 청동과 같은 합금에 사용되는 가단성이 있는 은백색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색 금속","interesting_facts":["주석과 구리를 혼합하면 인류 역사의 한 시대를 정의하는 합금인 청동이 만들어집니다.","주석 막대를 구부리면 결정이 재배열되면서 '주석 울음'이라는 딱딱거리는 소리가 납니다.","극한의 추위에서는 일반 주석이 회색 분말로 부서질 수 있는데, 이 과정을 '주석 해충'이라고 합니다.","주석 캔은 강철 위에 얇은 주석 코팅을 함으로써 내식성을 갖습니다.","주석은 다른 어떤 원소보다 더 안정한 동위원소(10개)를 가지고 있습니다.","백랍과 땜납은 수세기 동안 사용되는 일반적인 주석 기반 합금입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"영어 단어 'tin'은 기원이 불확실한 게르만조어 'tinam'과 관련된 고대 영어 'tin'에서 유래했습니다. Sn 기호는 원래 주석에 적용되기 전의 은-납 합금을 가리키는 라틴어 'stannum'에서 유래되었습니다."},"Titanium":{"name":"타이타늄","summary":"티타늄은 항공우주, 의료기기, 합금에 널리 사용되는 강하고 가벼운 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회백색","interesting_facts":["티타늄은 금속 원소 중 가장 높은 강도 대 밀도 비율을 갖고 있어 강철만큼 강하지만 약 45% 더 가볍습니다.","생체 적합성이므로 신체가 거부하지 않으므로 고관절 교체 및 치과 임플란트에 이상적입니다.","이산화티타늄은 페인트, 자외선 차단제, 심지어 치약에도 사용되는 빛나는 흰색 안료입니다.","해수에 의한 부식에 강해 선박 부품, 잠수함 선체 등에 사용됩니다.","티타늄은 뛰어난 강도 때문에 그리스 신화의 타이탄의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","티타늄은 지각에서 9번째로 풍부한 원소이지만 광석에서 추출하기 어렵기 때문에 비용이 많이 듭니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1795년 Martin Heinrich Klaproth가 지리적 또는 개인적 연관성이 없는 이름을 원했던 그리스 신화의 타이탄(강력한 원시 신)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다."},"Tungsten":{"name":"텅스텐","summary":"텅스텐은 모든 원소 중에서 융점이 가장 높은 단단하고 밀도가 높은 금속으로 필라멘트, 절단 도구, 갑옷 관통 발사체에 사용됩니다.","appearance":"회백색, 광택이 난다.","interesting_facts":["텅스텐의 녹는점은 약 3,422°C로 모든 금속 중에서 가장 높습니다.","백열전구의 빛나는 필라멘트에 사용되었습니다.","이름은 '무거운 돌'을 의미하는 스웨덴어에서 유래되었으며, 기호 W는 'wolfram'에서 유래되었습니다.","텅스텐 카바이드는 다이아몬드만큼 단단하며 드릴 비트, 톱, 철갑탄에 사용됩니다.","밀도가 가장 높은 원소 중 하나이며 밀도는 금과 거의 같습니다.","텅스텐은 열을 좋아하는 특정 미생물의 일부 효소에 필수적이며 생명체가 사용하는 것으로 알려진 가장 무거운 원소입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'텅스텐'은 스웨덴어 'tung'(무거움)과 'sten'(돌)에서 유래되었으며 광물 회중석을 나타냅니다. 기호 W는 광물인 철망간석에서 파생된 'wolfram'에서 유래합니다. 제련 중에 주석을 '먹어' 늑대를 연상시키기 때문에 이름이 붙여졌습니다(독일어: Wolf Rahm, 늑대의 크림 또는 거품)."},"Uranium":{"name":"우라늄","summary":"우라늄은 원자로와 핵무기의 연료로 사용되는 밀도가 높은 방사성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은회색 금속성","interesting_facts":["우라늄은 자연계에 존재하는 가장 무거운 원소입니다.","이 이름은 불과 8년 전에 발견된 천왕성의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","1kg의 우라늄-235는 수천 톤의 석탄과 같은 에너지를 방출할 수 있습니다.","우라늄의 방사능은 1896년 앙리 베크렐이 어둠 속에서 사진 건판에 안개를 뿌렸을 때 발견되었습니다.","열화우라늄은 밀도가 매우 높아 갑옷과 갑옷 관통 탄약에 사용됩니다.","1800년대에 인기를 끌었던 우라늄 유리는 자외선을 받으면 밝은 녹색으로 빛납니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1789년 마틴 하인리히 클라프로트(Martin Heinrich Klaproth)가 불과 8년 전에 발견한 행성 천왕성의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 그는 텔루르(그 이전의 원소)가 지구의 이름을 따서 명명된 것처럼 천체의 이름을 따서 원소의 이름을 지정하는 전통을 따랐습니다."},"Vanadium":{"name":"바나듐","summary":"바나듐은 강철 합금 및 기타 재료를 강화하는 데 주로 사용되는 단단한 은회색 금속입니다.","appearance":"은빛 회색","interesting_facts":["바나듐은 아름다운 색상의 화합물로 인해 북유럽 여신 프레이야의 이름인 Vanadis의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","그 화합물은 산화 상태에 따라 보라색, 파란색, 녹색, 노란색 등 무지개색으로 나타납니다.","강철에 소량의 바나듐을 첨가하면 강철이 훨씬 더 단단해지고 단단해지며 도구와 자동차 부품에 사용됩니다.","헨리 포드(Henry Ford)는 모델 T를 더 가볍고 강하게 만들기 위해 바나듐 강철을 사용했습니다.","바나듐 산화환원 흐름 배터리는 전력망에 필요한 많은 양의 에너지를 저장할 수 있습니다.","멍게라고 불리는 일부 바다 생물은 주변 바닷물보다 훨씬 높은 수준으로 혈액 내 바나듐을 농축합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"바나듐의 화합물이 놀랍도록 아름답고 다양한 색상의 용액을 형성하기 때문에 1830년 Nils Gabriel Sefström이 선택한 여신 Freyja에 대한 고대 북유럽 별명인 Vanadis의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다."},"Xenon":{"name":"제논","summary":"크세논은 조명, 의료 영상 및 우주선 추진에 사용되는 무색, 밀도, 무취의 비활성 가스입니다.","appearance":"무색의 기체로 흥분하면 푸른 빛을 낸다.","interesting_facts":["제논이라는 이름은 '낯선 사람'을 뜻하는 그리스어에서 유래했는데, 공기 중에 아주 드물게 발견되었기 때문입니다.","눈부신 백색광을 내며 자동차 헤드라이트, 카메라 플래시, 영화 프로젝터 램프에 사용됩니다.","크세논은 비싸긴 하지만 안전하고 강력한 마취제로 사용할 수 있습니다.","비활성 기체임에도 불구하고 크세논은 1962년에 최초로 실제 화합물을 형성했습니다.","우주선의 이온 추진기는 크세논을 추진제로 사용하여 태양계를 가로질러 탐사선을 부드럽게 밀어냅니다.","크세논은 눈에 보이지 않는 가스 위에 가벼운 물체를 띄울 수 있을 만큼 밀도가 높습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898년 윌리엄 램지(William Ramsay)와 모리스 트래버스(Morris Travers)가 이름을 붙인 그리스어 'xenos'(낯선 사람 또는 낯선 사람)에서 유래했습니다. 크세논은 액체 크립톤을 증발시킨 후 잔류물에 숨겨져 있던 전혀 생소한 원소로 나타났기 때문입니다."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"이터븀","summary":"이테르븀(Ytterbium)은 레이저, 원자시계, 재료의 응력 측정기에 사용되는 부드러운 은빛 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["이테르븀(Ytterbium)은 스웨덴의 작은 마을인 이터비(Ytterby)의 이름을 딴 4가지 원소 중 하나입니다.","이테르븀 원자시계는 지금까지 만들어진 시계 중 가장 정확한 시계 중 하나입니다.","스트레스 게이지로 사용되는 고압에서는 전기 저항이 급격히 증가합니다.","이테르븀 첨가 섬유는 금속 절단 및 용접을 위한 고에너지 산업용 레이저에 전력을 공급합니다.","부드럽고 가단성이 있는 은빛 희토류 금속입니다.","일반적으로 란탄족 원소의 경우 이테르븀은 안정적인 +2 산화 상태를 취할 수 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"스웨덴 스톡홀름 근처 레사뢰(Resarö) 섬에 있는 마을 Ytterby의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. Jean Charles de Marignac은 1878년에 광물 에르비아로부터 처음으로 산화물을 분리했으며, 이테르븀은 스웨덴의 한 마을 이름을 딴 4가지 원소 중 하나입니다."},"Yttrium":{"name":"이트륨","summary":"이트륨은 형광체, 초전도체 및 LED 기술에 사용되는 은빛 금속 원소입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["이트륨(Yttrium)은 네 가지 다른 원소에 이름을 붙인 스웨덴 마을 이터비(Ytterby)의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다.","YAG(이트륨-알루미늄-가넷) 결정은 의학 및 산업 분야에서 강력한 레이저를 만드는 데 사용됩니다.","이는 질소의 끓는점 이상에서 작동하는 최초의 고온 초전도체를 만드는 데 도움이 되었습니다.","이트륨 화합물은 오래된 컬러 TV 화면의 적색 형광체를 생산했습니다.","알루미늄 및 마그네슘 합금을 강화하는 데 사용됩니다.","희토류라고 불리기는 하지만 이트륨은 은이나 납보다 지각에 더 많이 함유되어 있습니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1787년에 가돌리나이트 광석이 처음 수집된 스웨덴 레사뢰(Resarö) 섬의 작은 마을인 Ytterby의 이름을 따서 명명되었습니다. 같은 마을 이름은 이테르븀(ytterbium), 에르븀(erbium), 테르븀(terbium)의 이름에도 영감을 주었습니다."},"Zinc":{"name":"아연","summary":"아연은 아연 도금, 합금 및 생물학적 공정의 필수 광물로 일반적으로 사용되는 청은색 금속입니다.","appearance":"청은색 금속","interesting_facts":["아연은 강철을 녹으로부터 보호하기 위해 아연 도금이라는 공정을 통해 강철을 코팅합니다.","이는 인간의 면역체계에 필수적이며, 아연 사탕은 감기 퇴치에 사용됩니다.","아연은 밝은 청록색 불꽃을 내며 타며, 흰색 산화물이 수집될 때 한때 '철학자의 양모'라고 불렸습니다.","기구와 부속품에 사용되는 황동은 구리와 아연의 합금입니다.","대부분의 현대 1센트 동전과 기타 많은 동전은 주로 얇은 구리 코팅이 된 아연으로 만들어집니다.","산화아연은 ​​많은 자외선 차단제와 기저귀 발진 크림의 활성 성분입니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"16세기 파라켈수스(Paracelsus)가 처음 사용한 독일어 'Zink'(아연)에서 유래. 기원은 제련 중에 형성되는 뾰족한 결정을 설명하는 'Zinke'(갈래 또는 스파이크)와 관련이 있거나 페르시아어 '노래'(돌)와 관련이 있을 수 있습니다."},"Zirconium":{"name":"지르코늄","summary":"지르코늄은 원자로, 수술 기구, 세라믹 재료에 사용되는 내식성 금속입니다.","appearance":"은백색","interesting_facts":["지르코늄은 부식에 대한 저항력이 뛰어나고 중성자를 거의 흡수하지 않아 핵연료봉 피복재로 이상적입니다.","지르코늄 화합물인 큐빅 지르코니아는 보석의 다이아몬드 대체물로 널리 사용됩니다.","규산지르코늄의 일종인 보석 지르콘은 40억년 이상 된 지구상에서 가장 오래된 것으로 알려진 광물 중 일부를 함유하고 있습니다.","지르코늄 분말은 가연성이 높으며 한때 플래시 전구에 사용되었습니다.","생체적합성이 있어 치아 크라운과 관절 임플란트에 사용됩니다.","이산화지르코늄 세라믹은 날카롭게 할 필요가 거의 없는 칼날을 만들기에 충분히 견고합니다."],"naming_origin_explanation":"아랍어 'zarqun'(주홍색 또는 황금색)에서 유래. 페르시아어 'zargun'(금색)에서 유래. 보석 지르콘이 황금색을 띠기 때문임. 이 이름은 1789년에 마틴 하인리히 클라프로트(Martin Heinrich Klaproth)에 의해 붙여졌습니다."}},"nb":{"Actinium":{"name":"Aktinium","summary":"Aktinium er et mykt, sølvfarget radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i forskning og som nøytronkilde.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Navnet kommer fra gresk 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), som betyr 'stråle' eller 'bølge'; André-Louis Debierne isolerte det først i 1899 fra uranmalm og ga det navn etter den kraftige radioaktiviteten; det har gitt navn til aktinid-serien av tunge grunnstoffer.","interesting_facts":["Aktinium lyser med et uhyggelig blekt blått skjær i mørket på grunn av den intense radioaktiviteten.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'aktis', som betyr stråle eller bølge.","Det har gitt navn til aktinid-serien av grunnstoffer.","Actinium-225 studeres for målrettet alfapartikkelterapi mot kreft.","Det er omtrent 150 ganger mer radioaktivt enn radium.","Aktinium er ekstremt sjeldent og forekommer bare i spor i uranmalm."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium er et sølvhvitt, lett og korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i et bredt spekter av anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvgrått metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'alumen' (alun, et forbindelse som har vært brukt siden antikken til farging og garving); Humphry Davy myntet 'alumium' i 1807 og endret det senere til 'aluminum', mens store deler av verden tok i bruk stavemåten 'aluminium'.","interesting_facts":["Aluminium er det mest utbredte metallet i jordskorpen, men det var en gang så vanskelig å rense at det var mer verdt enn gull.","Ved et bankett på 1880-tallet spiste Frankrikes mest ærede gjester angivelig med aluminiumsbestikk, mens andre brukte gull.","Det er fullt ut resirkulerbart, og resirkulering av aluminium bruker bare omtrent 5 % av energien som trengs for å lage det fra råmalm.","Et tynt, selvhelende oksidsjikt dannes umiddelbart på aluminium og beskytter det mot korrosjon.","Hall-Heroult-prosessen, oppfunnet i 1886, gjorde aluminium billig ved å bruke elektrisitet til å utvinne det fra alumina.","Aluminium er lett, sterkt og ikke-magnetisk, noe som gjør det ideelt til fly, bokser og folie."]},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i røykvarslere og som nøytronkilde i industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt, misfarges langsomt i luft","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Amerika, kontinentene der det først ble produsert, av Glenn Seaborg i 1944; Seaborg ga det navn ved bevisst analogi med europium (oppkalt etter Europa), ettersom americium inntar samme plass i aktinid-serien som europium gjør i lantanid-serien.","interesting_facts":["Americium brukes i små mengder i de fleste husholdningsrøykvarslere.","Det er oppkalt etter Amerika, på samme måte som europium er oppkalt etter Europa.","Americium ble først produsert under Manhattan-prosjektet i 1944.","I en røykvarsler sender americium ut alfapartikler som ioniserer luft; røyk forstyrrer strømmen og utløser alarmen.","Det lyser svakt i mørket på grunn av sin egen intense radioaktivitet.","Americium studeres som en mulig langvarig strømkilde for fremtidige romferder."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimon","summary":"Antimon er et skjørt, blåhvitt halvmetall som brukes i flammehemmere, legeringer og halvledere.","appearance":"Sølvfarget, blåhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navnet kommer fra middelaldersk latin 'antimonium', av usikker opprinnelse (muligens fra arabisk 'ithmid' eller en latinsk frase som betyr 'ikke alene', ettersom antimon sjelden forekommer i ren form); symbolet Sb kommer fra latin 'stibium', navnet på sulfidmalmen som har vært brukt som kosmetikk siden det gamle Egypt.","interesting_facts":["Antimon har vært brukt siden det gamle Egypt som kohl, en svart øyekosmetikk.","Det er et halvmetall som, uvanlig nok, utvider seg når det størkner, noe som gjør det nyttig til skarpe støpegods og blytype.","Antimonforbindelser brukes i stor utstrekning som flammehemmere i plast og tekstiler.","Det kjemiske symbolet Sb kommer fra latin 'stibium'.","Middelalderens alkymister brukte antimonpiller som gjenbrukbar avføringsmiddel, som ble samlet inn og gitt videre som 'evigvarende piller'.","Antimon legeres med bly for å gjøre det hardere, som i gammel boktrykkertype og batteriplater."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon er en fargeløs, luktfri edelgass som utgjør omtrent 1 % av jordens atmosfære.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'argon' (lat eller inaktiv, nøytrum av 'argos'), navngitt av William Ramsay og Lord Rayleigh i 1894 fordi gassen er kjemisk inert og ekstremt motvillig til å reagere med noe som helst.","interesting_facts":["Argon utgjør nesten 1 % av jordens atmosfære, noe som gjør det til den mest utbredte edelgassen i luften.","Navnet kommer fra det greske ordet for 'lat', fordi det er så kjemisk ureaktivt.","Argon brukes til å fylle glødelamper fordi det ikke reagerer med den varme tråden.","Sveiser bruker argon som beskyttelsesgass for å hindre at varmt metall reagerer med oksygen i luften.","Det meste av jordens argon er argon-40, produsert ved radioaktivt forfall av kalium-40 i bergarter.","Dobbeltglass vinduer fylles ofte med argon fordi det isolerer bedre enn vanlig luft."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsen","summary":"Arsen er et giftig halvmetall som historisk ble brukt i plantevernmidler, og nå i halvledere og glassproduksjon.","appearance":"Metallisk grått","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'arsenikon' (gul orpiment, en sulfidmalm av arsen), muligens fra persisk 'zarnikh' (arsenmalm); ordet kan også knyttes til gresk 'arrhen' (mannlig eller kraftfull), som gjenspeiler de kraftfulle egenskapene til arsenforbindelser.","interesting_facts":["Arsen er berømt som 'kongenes gift og giftenes konge', uoppdagbar i århundrer og en favoritt i historiske mord.","Til tross for giftigheten kan spor av arsen være et nødvendig næringsstoff for enkelte dyr.","Galliumarsenid og andre arsenforbindelser er avgjørende for moderne halvledere og LED-er.","Arsenforurensning av grunnvann rammer drikkevannet til millioner av mennesker verden over.","Det sublimerer, går direkte fra fast form til gass når det varmes opp, med en hvitløksaktig lukt.","Grønne pigmenter som inneholdt arsen ble en gang brukt i tapeter og kan ha sakte forgiftet victorianske hjem."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astat","summary":"Astat er et sjeldent, radioaktivt grunnstoff som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning og potensielt i kreftbehandling.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Navnet kommer fra gresk 'astatos' (ἄστατος), som betyr 'ustabil'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie og Emilio Segrè syntetiserte det i 1940 ved Berkeley og valgte navnet fordi alle astat-isotoper er radioaktive og forfaller raskt, noe som gjør grunnstoffet iboende ustabilt.","interesting_facts":["Astat er det sjeldneste naturlig forekommende grunnstoffet; mindre enn et gram finnes i jordskorpen til enhver tid.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'astatos', som betyr 'ustabil'.","Ingen har noen gang sett en synlig prøve fordi den ville fordampet på grunn av sin egen intense radioaktivitet.","Det er det tyngste av halogenene og ble først syntetisert i 1940.","Astatine-211 studeres for målrettet alfapartikkelterapi mot kreft.","Den mest stabile isotopen har en halveringstid på bare omtrent 8 timer."]},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium er et mykt, sølvfarget metall som brukes i borevæsker, maling og medisinsk avbildning.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'barys' (tung), navngitt av Humphry Davy i 1808 fordi bariumsulfat (barytt, den vanlige malmen) er uvanlig tett for et ikke-metallisk mineral.","interesting_facts":["Pasienter drikker et 'barymmåltid' eller 'barymsvelg' fordi barium blokkerer røntgenstråler og avslører fordøyelseskanalen.","Bariumforbindelser gir fyrverkeri deres klare grønne farger.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'barys', som betyr tung.","Selv om metallet er giftig, passerer det uløselige bariumsulfatet som brukes i medisinske undersøkelser trygt gjennom kroppen.","Barium er så reaktivt at det må oppbevares under olje og finnes aldri fritt i naturen.","Mineralen barytt (bariumsulfat) brukes til å veie opp borevæsker i oljeindustrien."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium er et radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning og produksjon av tyngre grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Sølvfarget","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Berkeley i California, der det ble syntetisert første gang i 1949 ved University of California Radiation Laboratory; navngivningen speiler bevisst terbium, oppkalt etter den svenske byen Ytterby — begge grunnstoffene inntar matchende plasser i henholdsvis lantanid- og aktinid-serien.","interesting_facts":["Berkelium er oppkalt etter Berkeley i California, der det ble laget første gang i 1949.","Det er et ekstremt sjeldent syntetisk grunnstoff, og bare bittelitte mengder har noen gang blitt produsert.","Berkelium ble brukt som målmateriale for å syntetisere det supertunge grunnstoffet tennessine.","Det kan ta mange måneder i en høyfluksreaktor å produsere en liten prøve av berkelium.","Det er høyst radioaktivt og har ingen bruksområder utenfor vitenskapelig forskning.","Berkelium fullfører et sett sammen med terbium; begge grunnstoffene er oppkalt etter byer og plassert i matchende posisjoner."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium er et hardt, gråaktig metall som naturlig finnes i mineraler, kull, jord og vulkansk støv.","appearance":"Stålgrått","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter beryl, edelstenen, fra gresk 'beryllos', fordi Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin isolerte beryllium fra beryl- og smaragdmineraler første gang i 1798.","interesting_facts":["Beryllium er bemerkelsesverdig transparent for røntgenstråler, og brukes derfor til vinduer i røntgenrør og detektorer.","Det er et av de letteste konstruksjonsmetallene, men har et høyere stivhets-til-vekt-forhold enn stål.","Edelstenene smaragd og akvamarin er begge former for mineralet beryl, et beryllium-aluminium-silikat.","Berylliumstøv er svært giftig og kan forårsake en kronisk lungesykdom som kalles berylliose.","Speilene på James Webb Space Telescope er laget av gullbelagt beryllium fordi det beholder formen ved ekstremt lave temperaturer.","I 1932 oppdaget James Chadwick nøytronet ved å bombardere beryllium med alfapartikler."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Vismut","summary":"Vismut er et skjørt metall med lav giftighet, brukt i kosmetikk, medisinske prosedyrer og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt med iriserende skjær","naming_origin_explanation":"Stammer fra gammelt tysk 'Wismut' eller 'Wismuth', muligens fra 'weiße Masse' (hvit masse) eller et gruvearbeideruttrykk av usikker opprinnelse; kjent siden 1400-tallet som et eget metall, noen ganger forvekslet med bly eller tinn, og latinisert til 'bisemutum' før det ble 'bismuth' i moderne bruk.","interesting_facts":["Vismut danner fantastiske, iriserende regnbuekrystaller med trappeformet, hopper-form.","Det er det tyngste grunnstoffet som i praksis er stabilt, med en nesten utenkelig lang halveringstid.","Vismut er hovedingrediensen i Pepto-Bismol, som brukes til å lindre magesmerter.","Som vann utvider vismut seg når det størkner.","Det brukes i legeringer med lavt smeltepunkt til brannsprinklere og sikkerhetsanordninger.","Vismut er et av få metaller som er mindre tette i enkelte legeringer, og er en ikke-giftig erstatning for bly i mange produkter."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Niels Bohr, den danske fysikeren som utviklet atomets kvantemodell og gjorde grunnleggende bidrag til forståelsen av atomstruktur; GSI Darmstadt i Tyskland syntetiserte det i 1981 og foreslo navnet til hans ære, offisielt vedtatt av IUPAC i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Bohrium er oppkalt etter Niels Bohr, fysikeren som modellerte atomets struktur.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som produseres bare noen få atomer om gangen.","Bohrium ble først laget i 1981 i Tyskland.","Isotopene er intenst radioaktive og forfaller på sekunder eller kortere.","Eksperimenter tyder på at bohrium kjemisk ligner rhenium, i gruppe 7.","Det har ingen bruksområder utenfor grunnleggende forskning på de tyngste grunnstoffene."]},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor er et halvmetall som er essensielt for plantevekst, men som kan være giftig i overskudd.","appearance":"Svartbrunt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter boraks, mineralet det først ble isolert fra, med 'borax' avledet fra arabisk 'buraq' eller persisk 'burah', som betyr boraks eller salpeter.","interesting_facts":["Borforbindelser gir en karakteristisk klar grønn farge til flammer, noe som gjør det nyttig i pyroteknikk.","Bor er essensielt for plantevekst, men bare i bittelitte mengder; for mye er giftig for avlinger.","Borosilikatglass, laget med bor, tåler termisk sjokk og brukes i kokekar og laboratorieglass.","Isotopen bor-10 absorberer nøytroner lett, så bor brukes i kontrollstenger og avskjerming for atomreaktorer.","Boraks, et bormineral, har vært brukt i tusenvis av år som rengjøringsmiddel og fluss til lodding av metaller.","Bor er et halvmetall som deler egenskaper med både metaller og ikke-metaller, og er en dårlig leder ved romtemperatur."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom er en rødbrun væske ved romtemperatur og brukes i flammehemmere, vannbehandling og legemidler.","appearance":"Rødbrun væske","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'bromos' (stank eller ubehagelig lukt), navngitt av Antoine Jérôme Balard i 1826 fordi flytende brom produserer en dypt ubehagelig, kvelende lukt.","interesting_facts":["Brom er ett av bare to grunnstoffer som er flytende ved romtemperatur, sammen med kvikksølv.","Det er en tett, rødbrun væske som avgir kvelende, giftige damper.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'bromos', som betyr 'stank'.","Oldtidens folk utvannet en verdifull lilla farge, tyrisk purpur, fra sjøsnegler ved hjelp av bromforbindelser.","Bromforbindelser ble i stor utstrekning brukt som flammehemmere i elektronikk og møbler.","Det meste av brom utvinnes fra sjøvann og saltrike brinelager."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Kadmium","summary":"Kadmium er et mykt, blåhvitt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i batterier, pigmenter og elektroplatering.","appearance":"Sølvblågrått metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'cadmia' (kalamin, en sinkkarbonatmalm), til slutt fra gresk 'kadmeia' (thebisk jord, oppkalt etter Kadmos, den mytiske grunnleggeren av Theben), ettersom kadmium ble oppdaget i 1817 som en urenhet i sinkmalm.","interesting_facts":["Kadmium gir levende gule, oransje og røde pigmenter som lenge ble verdsatt av kunstnere som Monet og Van Gogh.","Det er giftig og akkumuleres i kroppen, og forårsaket den smertefulle 'itai-itai'-beinsykdommen i Japan på 1900-tallet.","Oppladbare nikkel-kadmium-batterier (NiCd) var en gang svært utbredte.","Kadmiumbelegg beskytter stål mot korrosjon, særlig i flydeler.","Det ble oppdaget i 1817 som en urenhet i sinkmalm.","Kadmium absorberer nøytroner lett, og brukes derfor i kontrollstenger for atomreaktorer."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Kalsium","summary":"Kalsium er et mykt grått metall som er essensielt for levende organismer, særlig i cellefysiologi og beindannelse.","appearance":"Matt grått, sølvfarget","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'calx' eller 'calcis' (kalk eller kalkstein), fordi Humphry Davy isolerte det første gang i 1808 ved elektrolyse av kalsiumoksid (brent kalk), et materiale romerne lenge hadde brukt i byggverk.","interesting_facts":["Kalsium er det mest utbredte metallet i menneskekroppen, med omtrent 99 % lagret i bein og tenner.","Kalkstein, kritt og marmor er alle former for kalsiumkarbonat.","Det er det femte mest utbredte grunnstoffet i jordskorpen.","Kalsiumioner fungerer som et universelt signal inne i celler og utløser alt fra muskelsammentrekning til befruktning.","Brent kalk (kalsiumoksid) lyste sterkt når det ble varmet opp og ble brukt til å lyse opp scener, noe som ga oss uttrykket 'i rampelyset'.","Korallrev og skjell bygges i stor grad av kalsiumkarbonat utvunnet fra sjøvann."]},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i nøytronkilder, kreftbehandling og materialanalyse.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metall, lyser i mørket på grunn av radioaktiviteten","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter delstaten California og University of California, der det ble syntetisert i 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street og Ghiorso valgte navnet og bemerket at de hadde gått tom for nærliggende himmellegemer og bestemte seg for å hedre oppdagelsesstedet i stedet.","interesting_facts":["Californium er ett av de dyreste stoffene på jorden, og koster millioner av dollar per gram.","Det er oppkalt etter delstaten California, der det ble oppdaget i 1950.","Californium-252 er en kraftig nøytronemitter som brukes til å starte atomreaktorer og i industrielle skannere.","Det brukes til å oppdage gull og olje gjennom nøytronanalyse av berg.","Et enkelt mikrogram avgir et enormt antall nøytroner hvert sekund.","Californium brukes også til å identifisere metallutmattelse og finne svake punkter i fly og maskineri."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Karbon","summary":"Karbon er en grunnleggende byggestein for livet og finnes i alle kjente organiske forbindelser.","appearance":"Varierer (grafitt er svart, diamant er klar)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'carbo' (kull eller trekull), som gjenspeiler at karbon har vært kjent siden antikken i form av trekull, grafitt og diamant.","interesting_facts":["Karbon danner flere forbindelser enn alle andre grunnstoffer til sammen, og er det kjemiske grunnlaget for alt kjent liv.","Diamant og grafitt er begge rent karbon, men diamant er det hardeste naturlige materialet mens grafitt er mykt nok til å skrive med.","Grafen, ett enkelt lag karbonatomer, er omtrent 200 ganger sterkere enn stål og leder elektrisitet bedre enn kobber.","Karbon-14-datering bruker det jevne forfallet av en radioaktiv karbonisotop til å bestemme alderen på engang levende materiale opptil omtrent 50 000 år gammelt.","Karbonatomer smidd inne i stjerner spres gjennom universet når disse stjernene eksploderer, noe som gjør at vi bokstavelig talt er laget av stjernestøv.","Buckminsterfulleren, et fotballformet molekyl av 60 karbonatomer, ble oppdaget i 1985 og oppkalt etter arkitekten Buckminster Fuller."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium er et mykt, sølvfarget metall som brukes i katalysatorer, glasspolering og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvgrått","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter dvergplaneten Ceres, oppdaget i 1801 og selv oppkalt etter den romerske jordbruksgudinnen; Martin Heinrich Klaproth og Jöns Jacob Berzelius ga det navn i 1803, i tråd med moten med å navngi nye grunnstoffer etter himmellegemer.","interesting_facts":["Cerium er det mest utbredte av alle sjeldne jordarter, mer vanlig enn kobber.","Det er oppkalt etter dvergplaneten Ceres, oppdaget to år tidligere.","Cerium er den viktigste gnistdannende ingrediensen i 'flint'-legeringer til lightere og ildstartere.","Ceriumoksid er det fine poleringspulveret som brukes til å gi glass og edelstener en glatt finish.","Det tilsettes katalysatorer for å hjelpe til med å lagre og frigjøre oksygen.","Nyskjært cerium kan antenne spontant i luft og er derfor pyroforisk."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium er et mykt, gullfarget metall kjent for bruk i atomklokker og ulike elektroniske anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølv-gullfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'caesius' (himmelblå eller blågrå), navngitt av Robert Bunsen og Gustav Kirchhoff i 1860 etter de to karakteristiske klare blå spektrallinjene de brukte til å identifisere grunnstoffet.","interesting_facts":["Sekunden er offisielt definert av vibrasjonene i cesiumatomer, grunnlaget for atomklokker.","Cesium er et av de mest reaktive metallene og eksploderer voldsomt ved kontakt med vann.","Det smelter ved omtrent 28 °C, så det er flytende en varm dag.","Det har en gull-sølvfarget farge, ett av få metaller som ikke er sølv eller grå.","Cesium var det første grunnstoffet som ble oppdaget ved spektroskopi, av Bunsen og Kirchhoff i 1860.","Radioaktivt cesium-137 er et kjent produkt av atomkjernefission og en bekymring ved atomulykker."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Klor","summary":"Klor er en svært reaktiv, grøngul gass som brukes som desinfeksjonsmiddel og i ulike industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Grøngul gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'chloros' (blekgul eller grønngul), navngitt av Humphry Davy i 1810 for å gjenspeile den karakteristiske gulgrønne fargen til gassen.","interesting_facts":["Klor er en grøngul gass som ble brukt som kjemisk våpen i første verdenskrig.","Små mengder tilsatt drikkevann og svømmebassenger dreper bakterier og har reddet utallige liv fra vannbårne sykdommer.","Kombinert med natrium danner klor vanlig bordsalt, som er essensielt for livet.","Det er så reaktivt at det lett bleker fargestoffer og desinfiserer, noe som er grunnen til at det brukes i husholdningsblekemiddel.","Klor ble først isolert i 1774 av Carl Wilhelm Scheele, som ikke skjønte at det var et nytt grunnstoff.","Selv om det er giftig som gass, er kloridioner i kroppen viktige for fordøyelse og nervefunksjon."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Krom","summary":"Krom er et hardt, glansende og korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i rustfritt stål og forkromming.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'chroma' (farge), navngitt av Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin i 1798 fordi kromforbindelser viser et bredt spekter av levende farger — rødt i rubiner, grønt i smaragder, oransje i krokoitt.","interesting_facts":["Krom gir rustfritt stål glansen og rustbestandigheten ved å danne et usynlig beskyttende oksidsjikt.","Navnet kommer fra det greske ordet 'chroma' som betyr farge, fordi forbindelsene er levende fargede.","Krom er det som gjør rubiner røde og smaragder grønne som en spor-urenhet i krystallene.","Forkromming gir en blank, hard, speillignende finish til bildetrim og verktøy.","Krom er et av de hardeste metallene og er svært motstandsdyktig mot korrosjon.","Enkelte kromforbindelser er essensielle næringsstoffer i spor, mens andre (krom-6) er giftige og kreftfremkallende."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobolt","summary":"Kobolt er et hardt, glansende, sølvgrått metall som brukes i legeringer og batterier og er essensielt for vitamin B12.","appearance":"Glansende grått metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra tysk 'Kobold' (nisse eller skapning), fordi tyske gruvearbeidere skyldte en plagsom underjordisk ånd for den vanskelige koboltmalmen som slapp ut giftig arsen-damp og ikke ga kobber til tross for at den lignet kobbermalm.","interesting_facts":["Kobolt har vært brukt i over 2000 år til å gi glass og keramikk en dyp, strålende blå farge.","Navnet kommer fra 'kobold', en plagsom nisse som tyske gruvearbeidere skyldte for vanskelig malm.","Kobolt er en nøkkelingrediens i de oppladbare litium-ion-batteriene som driver telefoner og elbiler.","Det er ett av bare tre naturlig magnetiske grunnstoffer ved romtemperatur, sammen med jern og nikkel.","Den radioaktive isotopen kobolt-60 brukes til å behandle kreft og til å sterilisere medisinsk utstyr.","Kobolt er essensielt for livet som metallatomet i hjertet av vitamin B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Nicolaus Copernicus, den polsk-tyske astronomen som foreslo at jorden kretser rundt solen; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserte det i 1996 og foreslo navnet til ære for Copernicus, med IUPAC som offisielt vedtok det i 2010 i anledning 537-årsdagen for hans fødsel.","interesting_facts":["Copernicium er oppkalt etter astronomen Nicolaus Copernicus, som plasserte solen i sentrum av solsystemet.","Det ble først laget i 1996 i Tyskland.","Copernicium forventes å være en flyktig væske eller gass ved romtemperatur og oppfører seg noe som kvikksølv.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff laget ett atom om gangen.","Isotopene er høyst radioaktive og kortlivede.","Det ligger under kvikksølv i gruppe 12 i det periodiske system."]},"Copper":{"name":"Kobber","summary":"Kobber er et rødgylt metall kjent for sin høye termiske og elektriske ledningsevne, og brukes i stor utstrekning i elektriske ledninger og rørleggerarbeid.","appearance":"Rødaktig metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'cuprum', avledet fra gresk 'Kypros' (Kypros), øya som var den antikke verdens viktigste kilde til kobber; symbolet Cu kan også spores tilbake til dette latinske navnet.","interesting_facts":["Kobber var et av de første metallene mennesker brukte, bearbeidet i over 10 000 år.","Det er en utmerket leder av elektrisitet, bare overgått av sølv, noe som er grunnen til at det fyller ledninger og kabler våre.","Kobberoverflater dreper naturlig mange bakterier og virus, noe som gjør det nyttig til dørhåndtak og sykehusinnredning.","Frihetsgudinnen er dekket av kobber som ble grønt over tid da det dannet en beskyttende patina.","Blanding av kobber med tinn gir bronse, og med sink gir messing — to legeringer som formet menneskets historie.","Kobber er et essensielt spor-næringsstoff som hjelper kroppen med å danne røde blodceller og opprettholde nerver."]},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i romforskning som strømkilde og i vitenskapelig forskning.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk, misfarges i luft","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Marie og Pierre Curie, pionerene innen radioaktivitetsforskning; Glenn Seaborg ga det navn i 1944 for å hedre paret hvis oppdagelser gjorde kjernkjemien mulig, og bemerket at curiums plass i aktinid-serien speiler gadolinium i lantanidene — selv oppkalt etter en kjemiker, i et parallelt mønster.","interesting_facts":["Curium er oppkalt etter Marie og Pierre Curie, pionerene innen radioaktivitetsforskning.","Det lyser med et mykt lilla eller rødt skjær i mørket på grunn av den intense radioaktiviteten.","Curium er så radioaktivt at det genererer betydelig varme og ble vurdert som strømkilde for romfartøy.","Det ble syntetisert første gang i 1944, før det lettere americium.","Curium-baserte instrumenter har analysert den kjemiske sammensetningen på Mars og andre planetoverflater.","Alt curium er laget kunstig; ingenting finnes i naturen."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å undersøke egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter byen Darmstadt i Tyskland, der det ble syntetisert første gang i 1994 ved GSI Darmstadt; det følger tradisjonen med å navngi nylig skapte grunnstoffer etter oppdagelsesstedene, og IUPAC vedtok navnet offisielt i 2003.","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium er oppkalt etter byen Darmstadt i Tyskland, der det ble oppdaget i 1994.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff laget i partikkelakseleratorer.","Bare noen få atomer av darmstadtium har noen gang blitt laget.","Atomene overlever i mindre enn et sekund før de forfaller.","Det forventes å kjemisk ligne platina, i gruppe 10.","Darmstadtium har ingen praktiske bruksområder utenfor vitenskapelig forskning."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å utforske egenskapene til tunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Dubna i Russland, hjemsted for Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; navnet løste en kaldkrigstvist der amerikanske forskere kalte det 'hahnium' og sovjetiske forskere kalte det 'nielsbohrium', før IUPAC vedtok det nøytrale bybaserte navnet i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Dubnium er oppkalt etter Dubna i Russland, hjemsted for et berømt atomforskningsinstitutt.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff laget bare i partikkelakseleratorer.","Oppdagelsen var en del av 'Transfermium-krigene', en navnetvist under den kalde krigen.","Dubnium-atomer eksisterer bare i sekunder eller kortere før de forfaller.","Bare et lite antall dubnium-atomer har noen gang blitt skapt.","Det forventes å kjemisk ligne tantal, i gruppe 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium er et sølvhvitt metall som brukes i magneter, lasere og kontrollstenger i atomreaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Navnet kommer fra gresk 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), som betyr 'vanskelig å få tak i'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran myntet navnet i 1886, noe som gjenspeiler den ekstreme vanskeligheten med å isolere det fra malmen — en prosess som krevde nitten presipiteringer.","interesting_facts":["Dysprosiums navn kommer fra gresk 'dysprositos', som betyr 'vanskelig å få tak i', fordi det var så vanskelig å isolere.","Det tilsettes neodymmagneter slik at de beholder styrken ved høye temperaturer i motorer og vindturbiner.","Dysprosium har en av de høyeste magnetstyrkene blant alle grunnstoffer ved lave temperaturer.","Det absorberer nøytroner godt og brukes i kontrollstenger for atomreaktorer.","Dysprosium-baserte legeringer endrer form i magnetfelt, nyttig i aktuatorer og omformere.","Det regnes som et kritisk materiale for ren energi-teknologi."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium er et svært radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes til vitenskapelig forskning og produksjon av tyngre grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk, lyser på grunn av radioaktiviteten","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Albert Einstein, som formulerte den spesielle relativitetsteorien og ligningen E=mc² som ligger til grunn for atomenergi; Albert Ghiorso og kollegene ga det navn i 1955 etter å ha oppdaget det i restene av det første hydrogenbombeeksplosjonen i 1952, holdt hemmelig i flere år.","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium ble oppdaget i 1952 i restene av det første hydrogenbombeeksplosjonen.","Det er oppkalt etter Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium lyser blått i mørket på grunn av den intense radioaktiviteten.","Det er så sjeldent at veibare mengder bare av og til har blitt produsert.","Det er ekstremt vanskelig å studere einsteinium fordi det skader sin egen beholder og instrumenter.","Det har ingen praktiske bruksområder utenfor grunnleggende vitenskapelig forskning."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i optiske fibre, laser og nukleær teknologi.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ytterby, en landsby på øya Resarö i Sverige, der mineralet gadolinit som inneholder det ble utvunnet for første gang; Carl Gustaf Mosander skilte det fra yttria i 1843, og «erbium» er ett av fire grunnstoffnavn som stammer fra det ene stedsnavnet «Ytterby».","interesting_facts":["Erbiumdopede fibre forsterker lyssignaler og gjør langdistanse fiberoptisk internett mulig.","Det gir glass og glasurer en myk rosa farge og brukes i solbriller og dekorativt glass.","Erbiumlaser brukes innen tannbehandling og kosmetisk hudresurfacing.","Det er oppkalt etter Ytterby i Sverige og deler dette opphavet med flere andre sjeldenjordsmetaller.","Erbium tilsettes noen metalllegeringer, inkludert vanadium, for å gjøre dem mer bearbeidbare.","Det absorberer infrarødt lys effektivt, noe som ligger til grunn for mange av dets laseranvendelser."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i fosforescerende materialer, kontrollstenger og kjernereaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter kontinentet Europa av Eugène-Anatole Demarçay i 1901, som isolerte det spektroskopisk; det var blant flere grunnstoff som ble oppkalt etter geografiske regioner på slutten av 1800-tallet og begynnelsen av 1900-tallet.","interesting_facts":["Europium gir de røde og blå fosforene som produserte farge på gamle TV- og dataskjermer.","Det brukes som anti-forfalskningsmerke i euro-sedler og lyser under ultrafiolett lys.","Europium er det mest reaktive av sjeldenjordsmetallene og belegges raskt i luft.","Det er oppkalt etter kontinentet Europa.","Europiumdopede fosforer får energieffektive fluorescerende og LED-lys til å lyse sterkt.","Det er ett av de minst forekommende sjeldenjordsmetallene i skorpen."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning og studier av transuraniske grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis sølvmetallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Enrico Fermi, den italiensk-amerikanske fysikeren som bygde den første kunstige kjernereaktoren i 1942 og gjorde grunnleggende bidrag til kjernefysikk og partikkelfysikk; Albert Ghiorso og kolleger navnga det i 1953 etter å ha oppdaget det i det samme hydrogenbombe-testfalloutet som ga einsteinium.","interesting_facts":["Fermium ble også oppdaget i fallout fra den første hydrogenbombetesten i 1952.","Det er oppkalt etter fysikeren Enrico Fermi, en pioner innen kjernereaksjoner.","Fermium er det tyngste grunnstoffet som kan fremstilles i veibare mengder ved nøytronbeskytning.","Utover fermium må grunnstoff fremstilles ett atom om gangen ved hjelp av partikkelakseleratorer.","Bare bittesmå, usynlige mengder fermium har noen gang blitt produsert.","Det finnes bare som et syntetisk grunnstoff og har ingen kommersielle anvendelser."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å utforske egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions i Dubna, Russland, som selv er oppkalt etter den sovjetiske fysikeren Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov medgrunnla laboratoriet og gjorde store bidrag til kjernefysikk, og hans team syntetiserte grunnstoffet for første gang i 1998, med IUPAC som offisielt vedtok navnet i 2012.","interesting_facts":["Flerovium er oppkalt etter Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions i Russland.","Det ble først skapt i 1998 av et team i Dubna, Russland.","Noen spådommer antydet at flerovium kunne være uvanlig stabilt eller til og med gassaktig, selv om det fortsatt er radioaktivt.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som fremstilles ett atom om gangen.","Flerovium ligger under bly i gruppe 14 i det periodiske systemet.","Dets isotoper brytes ned i løpet av sekunder, men lever lenger enn mange naboer, noe som antyder «øya av stabilitet»."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor er en svært reaktiv, blekgul gass og er det mest elektronegative grunnstoffet.","appearance":"Blekgul gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin «fluere» (å flyte), fordi mineralet fluoritt ble mye brukt som smeltefluss; navnet på grunnstoffet ble foreslått av André-Marie Ampère i 1812.","interesting_facts":["Fluor er det mest reaktive og elektronegative av alle grunnstoff og reagerer med nesten alle andre stoffer, noen ganger eksplosivt.","Det er så aggressivt at det kan få materialer som asbest og til og med vann til å bryte ut i flammer.","Spor av fluorid tilsatt drikkevann og tannkrem bidrar til å forebygge tannråte.","Teflon, det antiheftende belegget på kokekar, er en fluorholdig polymer (PTFE).","Mange kjemikere ble forgiftet eller drept i forsøk på å isolere fluor, noe som ga dem kallenavnet «fluormartyrer» før Henri Moissan lyktes i 1886.","Fluor er en blekgul gass ved romtemperatur og er det letteste av halogenene."]},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium er et ekstremt sjeldent og radioaktivt metall uten betydelige anvendelser på grunn av sin ustabilitet.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Frankrike, landet der Marguerite Perey oppdaget det i 1939 ved Curie-instituttet i Paris; hun navnga grunnstoffet til ære for hjemlandet sitt, i tråd med tradisjonen med å oppkalle grunnstoff etter steder, og ble den første kvinnen valgt inn i Det franske vitenskapsakademi.","interesting_facts":["Francium er det nest sjeldneste naturlig forekommende grunnstoffet, etter astat.","Det var det siste grunnstoffet oppdaget i naturen, av Marguerite Perey i Frankrike i 1939.","Det er oppkalt etter Frankrike, hennes hjemland.","Francium er så radioaktivt at enhver synlig mengde umiddelbart ville fordampes fra sin egen varme.","Dens mest stabile isotop har en halveringstid på bare omtrent 22 minutter.","Det er det mest reaktive av alkalimetallene, men er så sjeldent at dets bulk-egenskaper aldri har blitt observert."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium er et sølvhvitt metall som brukes i MRI-kontrastmidler, fosforer og nøytronfangsterapi.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter gadolinit, mineralet der oksidet ble identifisert for første gang; gadolinit var oppkalt etter Johan Gadolin, en finsk kjemiker som først analyserte det; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerte det nye jordelementet i 1880.","interesting_facts":["Gadoliniumforbindelser injiseres som kontrastmidler for å gjøre MRI-skanninger mye tydeligere.","Det har en ekstraordinær evne til å absorbere nøytroner, den høyeste av alle stabile grunnstoff, nyttig i kjernereaktorer.","Gadolinium er magnetisk rett under romtemperatur og studeres for magnetisk kjøling.","Det er oppkalt etter den finske kjemikeren Johan Gadolin, en pioner innen sjeldenjordsforskning.","Gadolinium varmes opp når det plasseres i et magnetfelt og kjøles ned når det fjernes – magnetokalorisk effekt.","Det brukes i noen typer medisinske og sikkerhetsmessige bildedetektorer."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som smelter rett over romtemperatur og brukes i elektronikk og halvledere.","appearance":"Sølvblå","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Gallia, det latinske navnet på Frankrike, av oppdageren Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran i 1875; navnet kan også være et ordspill på «gallus» (latin for hane), en lek med Lecoqs etternavn som betyr «hanen» på fransk.","interesting_facts":["Gallium smelter ved omtrent 30 °C, så et fast stykke vil smelte i hånden din.","Dets eksistens ble forutsagt av Mendelejev som «eka-aluminium» før det ble oppdaget i 1875.","Galliumarsenid brukes i høyhastighetselektronikk, LED-er og solceller for romfartøy.","Selv om det smelter lett, koker gallium ved over 2 400 °C, en av de største væsketemperaturområdene for noe grunnstoff.","Gallium kan gjøre aluminium sprøtt ved å sive inn i korn-grensene og dramatisk svekke metallet.","I motsetning til de fleste stoffer utvider gallium seg når det fryser, som vann."]},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium er et hardt, gråhvitt metalloid som brukes i halvledere, fiberoptikk og infrarød optikk.","appearance":"Gråhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Germania, det latinske navnet på Tyskland, av Clemens Winkler, som oppdaget det i 1886; oppdagelsen bekreftet Mendelejevs forutsigelse om et manglende grunnstoff han hadde kalt «eka-silicon».","interesting_facts":["Germanium ble forutsagt av Mendelejev som «eka-silicon», og dets oppdagelse i 1886 bidro til å bekrefte det periodiske systemet.","De første transistorne på 1940- og 1950-tallet var laget av germanium før silisium tok over.","Det er gjennomsiktig for infrarødt lys, så det brukes i linser for nattsynsbriller og termiske kameraer.","Germanium er et metalloid-halvleder med et skinnende, gråhvitt utseende.","Optiske fibre bruker germaniumforbindelser for å kontrollere hvordan lys beveger seg gjennom glasset.","Som vann og silisium utvider germanium seg når det stivner."]},"Gold":{"name":"Gull","summary":"Gull er et tett, mykt metall som er svært verdsatt for bruk i smykker, elektronikk og valuta.","appearance":"Skinnende metallisk gul","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navnet «gold» kommer fra urgermansk «gulþą», beslektet med «yellow»; symbolet Au stammer fra latin «aurum», antatt å bety «skinnende daggry» eller «soloppgangens glød»; gull har vært kjent og verdsatt siden forhistorisk tid i nesten alle kulturer.","interesting_facts":["Gull er så ureaktivt at det kan forbli skinnende i tusenvis av år, noe som er grunnen til at gamle gullgjenstander fortsatt glitrer.","Det er utrolig formbart; ett enkelt gram kan hamres ut til et ark som dekker omtrent en kvadratmeter.","Nesten alt gullet på Jorden antas å ha kommet via asteroideimpakter etter at planeten ble dannet.","Gull leder elektrisitet godt og korroderer aldri, så det brukes til å belgge kritiske elektroniske kontakter.","Dets kjemiske symbol Au kommer fra latin «aurum», som betyr «skinnende daggry».","Astronautenes visirer er belagt med et ultratynt lag gull for å reflektere skadelig solstråling."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium er et skinnende, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i kjernereaktorer, kontrollstenger og høytemperaturlegeringer.","appearance":"Sølvgrå","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Hafnia, det latinske navnet på København, Danmark, der Dirk Coster og George de Hevesy oppdaget det i 1923 ved røntgenspektroskopi; de valgte navnet for å hedre byen der forskningen deres ble utført.","interesting_facts":["Hafniums eksistens ble forutsagt av atomteori, og det ble funnet i 1923 i zirkoniummalm.","Det er oppkalt etter Hafnia, det latinske navnet på København.","Hafnium absorberer nøytroner ekstremt godt og brukes i kontrollstengene til atomubåter.","Hafniumbaserte forbindelser erstattet silisiumdioksid som isolatorer i moderne datamaskinbrikker.","Det har ett av de høyeste smeltepunktene av alle grunnstoff og brukes i superlegeringer for jetmotorer.","Hafnium er kjemisk nesten identisk med zirkonium, noe som gjør de to svært vanskelige å skille."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter den tyske delstaten Hessen (latin: Hassia), der GSI Darmstadt – laboratoriet som først syntetiserte det i 1984 – ligger; navnet følger tradisjonen med å oppkalle grunnstoff etter oppdagelsesstedet og ble offisielt anerkjent av IUPAC i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Hassium er oppkalt etter den tyske delstaten Hessen, hjemstedet til laboratoriet der det ble oppdaget.","Det ble først syntetisert i 1984 ved å bombardere bly med jernioner.","Hassium er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som bare fremstilles i partikkelakseleratorer.","Til tross for sin knapphet bekreftet forskere at det oppfører seg som osmium, i gruppe 8.","Dets atomer eksisterer bare i brøkdeler av et sekund før de brytes ned.","Bare bittesmå antall hassiumatomer har noen gang blitt produsert."]},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium er en fargeløs, luktfri, smakløs, ikke-giftig, inert, monoatomisk gass som leder edelgassgruppen i det periodiske systemet.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk «helios» (sol), fordi helium ble først påvist i solspekteret under totalformørkelsen i 1868 før det ble bekreftet på Jorden.","interesting_facts":["Helium ble først påvist i Solens spektrum i 1868, før det noen gang ble funnet på Jorden, og er oppkalt etter den greske solguden Helios.","Det er det eneste grunnstoffet som ikke kan stivnes ved avkjøling ved normalt atmosfærisk trykk, uansett hvor kaldt det blir.","Under 2,17 K blir flytende helium en supervæske som kan flyte uten friksjon og til og med krype opp langs veggene av beholderen.","Å puste helium hever midlertidig stemmepitch fordi lyd beveger seg nesten tre ganger raskere gjennom det enn gjennom luft.","Det meste av Jordens helium kommer fra radioaktiv nedbrytning av uran og thorium dypt under bakken og utvinnes fra naturgass.","Helium er det nest mest forekommende grunnstoffet i universet, men er forholdsvis sjeldent og ikke-fornybart på Jorden."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i magneter, nukleære kontrollstenger og laser.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Holmia, det latinske navnet på Stockholm, Sverige, der Per Teodor Cleve – som identifiserte grunnstoffet i 1878 – var basert; det følger tradisjonen med å oppkalle sjeldenjordsmetaller etter stedene knyttet til oppdagelsen.","interesting_facts":["Holmium har de sterkeste magnetiske egenskapene av alle naturlig forekommende grunnstoff.","Holmiumlaser brukes i medisin til å knuse nyrestein og behandle forstørret prostata.","Det er oppkalt etter Holmia, det latinske navnet på Stockholm.","Holmium gir glass og kubisk zirkonia gule og røde fargetoner.","Det brukes til å skape de sterkeste kjente kunstige magnetfeltene som polstykker.","Holmiumoksidløsninger brukes som kalibreringsstandard for spektrofotometre."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hydrogen","summary":"Hydrogen er det letteste grunnstoffet og den mest forekommende kjemiske substansen i universet.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk «hydro» (vann) og «genes» (dannende), som betyr «vanndanner». Navngitt av Antoine Lavoisier i 1783 fordi forbrenning av hydrogen produserer vann.","interesting_facts":["Hydrogen er det mest forekommende grunnstoffet i universet og utgjør omtrent 75 % av all normal materie etter masse.","Det er det eneste grunnstoffet hvis tre isotoper (protium, deuterium og tritium) har egne distinkte navn.","Flytende hydrogen har vært brukt som rakettbrensel siden 1960-tallet og drev de øvre trinnene av Saturn V som fraktet astronauter til Månen.","Under ekstremt trykk, som inne i Jupiter, oppfører hydrogen seg som en flytende metall og kan lede elektrisitet.","Henry Cavendish identifiserte hydrogen som et distinkt stoff i 1766 og kalte det «inflammable air».","Et hydrogenatom er det enkleste atomet som finnes: en enkelt proton omløpt av en enkelt elektron."]},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium er et mykt, formbart metall som brukes i halvledere, berøringsskjermer og som beskyttende belegg for lagre.","appearance":"Sølvmetallisk glans","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin «indicum» (indigo), navngitt av Ferdinand Reich og Hieronymous Richter i 1863 etter den strålende indigoblå spektrallinjen de observerte da de analyserte sinkmalmrester med den daværende nye teknikken spektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Indium er så mykt at du kan lage en bulke i det med en fingernegl, og det lager en hørbar «skrik» når det bøyes, som tinn.","Indium-tinn-oksid danner det transparente, elektrisk ledende belegget på berøringsskjermer og flatskjermer.","Det er oppkalt etter den lyse indigolinjen i emisjonsspektret sitt.","Indium forblir mykt og bearbeidbart selv ved ekstremt lave temperaturer, nyttig for vakuumtetninger.","Det har et svært lavt smeltepunkt og brukes i spesielle lavtemperaturlodd og legeringer.","Etterspørselen etter indium har skutt i været med utbredelsen av smarttelefoner og LCD-skjermer."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Jod","summary":"Jod er et mørkt, skinnende, purpur-svart ikke-metall som er essensielt for skjoldbruskkjertelfunksjon og brukes som desinfeksjonsmiddel.","appearance":"Skinnende metallisk grå (fast), fiolett (gass)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra fransk «iode», avledet fra gresk «ioeides» (fiolettaktig), navngitt av Humphry Davy i 1813 etter den slående fiolette fargen på joddamp.","interesting_facts":["Jod er essensielt for skjoldbruskkjertelen din, noe som er grunnen til at bordsalt ofte er beriket med det.","Når det varmes opp, sublimerer fast jod til en slående fiolettfarget damp.","Navnet kommer fra gresk «iodes», som betyr fiolett.","Jodtinktur har lenge vært brukt som antiseptisk middel for å desinfisere sår.","Jod gjør stivelse dyp blå-svart, en reaksjon som brukes som en kjemisk test.","Radioaktivt jod-131 brukes til å diagnostisere og behandle skjoldbruskkjerteltilstander."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium er et tett, korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i tennplugger, smeltedigler og ulike industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Iris, den greske regnbuegudinnen (latin: iris), av Smithson Tennant i 1803; navnet gjenspeiler det slående mangfoldet av farger som iridiums salter og forbindelser viser, som minnet Tennant om regnbuens farger.","interesting_facts":["Et verdensomspennende lag av iridiumholdig leire er nøkkelbevis for at en asteroideimpakt drepte dinosaurene, siden iridium er sjeldent på Jorden men vanlig i asteroider.","Iridium er det mest korrosjonsbestandige metallet som er kjent og motstår syrer som løser opp nesten alt annet.","Det er ett av de tetteste grunnstoffene, nesten på nivå med osmium.","Standardkilogrammet var en gang en platina-iridium-sylinder oppbevart nær Paris.","Iridiumtupper på tennplugger fordi det tåler ekstrem varme uten å erodere.","Navnet kommer fra Iris, den greske regnbuegudinnen, for dets fargerike salter."]},"Iron":{"name":"Jern","summary":"Jern er et sterkt, formbart metall som er essensielt for produksjon av stål og en viktig komponent i hemoglobin.","appearance":"Skinnende metallisk med grålig tone","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ordet «iron» kommer fra gammelengelsk «iren», beslektet med urgermansk «isarno», muligens fra en keltisk rot for «hellig metall»; symbolet Fe stammer fra latin «ferrum» (jern), som har vært smeltet og brukt siden minst 1200 f.Kr.","interesting_facts":["Jern er det mest forekommende grunnstoffet på Jorden etter masse og utgjør mye av planetens smeltede kjerne.","Jordens roterende flytende jernkjerne genererer magnetfeltet som skjermer oss mot solstråling.","Jern er i sentrum av hemoglobin, molekylet som transporterer oksygen i blodet ditt og gjør det rødt.","Jern er det tyngste grunnstoffet som stjerner kan lage ved normal fusjon; tyngre grunnstoff krever supernovaeksplosjoner.","Jernalderen, som begynte rundt 1200 f.Kr., forvandlet menneskelig sivilisasjon med sterkere verktøy og våpen.","Rust er jernoksid, dannet når jern reagerer sakte med oksygen og vann."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton er en fargeløs, luktfri edelgass som brukes i fluorescerende lamper, fotografering og som fyllgass for energieffektive vinduer.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk «kryptos» (skjult), navngitt av William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898 fordi krypton var ekstremt vanskelig å påvise og isolere – det forble «skjult» i restene av flytende luft.","interesting_facts":["Kryptons navn kommer fra det greske ordet «kryptos», som betyr «skjult», fordi det var så vanskelig å finne i luft.","Fra 1960 til 1983 ble meteren offisielt definert av bølgelengden til lyset utsendt av krypton-86.","Krypton produserer et strålende hvitt lys og brukes i noen høyytelses fotografiske blitz og lamper.","Det er en edelgass og er nesten helt ureaktiv, selv om noen få kryptonforbindelser kan tvinges til å dannes.","Krypton brukes i noen energieffektive vinduer og fluorescerende lamper.","Til tross for tegneseriens «kryptonitt» er ekte krypton en ufarlig, fargeløs, luktfri gass."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantan","summary":"Lantan er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i kameralinser, katalysatorer og oppladbare batterier.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk «lanthanein» (å ligge skjult eller unnslippe oppmerksomhet), navngitt av Carl Gustaf Mosander i 1839 fordi lantan forble uoppdaget som en urenhet i ceriumoksid i årevis før han identifiserte det som et distinkt grunnstoff.","interesting_facts":["Lantans navn kommer fra gresk «lanthanein», som betyr «å ligge skjult», fordi det gjemte seg i ceriummalm.","Det gir den første av lantanidserien, sjeldenjordsmetallene, sitt navn.","Lantan brukes i glasset i høykvalitets kamera- og teleskoplinser for å bøye lys skarpt.","Nikkel-lantan-legeringer lagrer hydrogen og ble brukt i batteriene til mange hybridbiler.","Lantanforbindelser hjelper til med å raffinere petroleum til bensin som katalysatorer.","Det er mykt nok til å kuttes med en kniv og belegges raskt i luft."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff uten praktiske anvendelser utenfor vitenskapelig forskning.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis sølvmetallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ernest Orlando Lawrence, den amerikanske fysikeren som oppfant syklotron-partikkelakseleratoren i 1930 og gjorde fremstilling av transuraniske grunnstoff mulig; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory syntetiserte dette grunnstoffet i 1961 og navnga det for å hedre Lawrences grunnleggende bidrag.","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium er oppkalt etter Ernest Lawrence, oppfinneren av syklotron-partikkelakseleratoren.","Det er det siste grunnstoffet i aktinidserien.","Lawrencium kan bare skapes noen få atomer om gangen i akseleratorer.","Dens mest stabile isotop har en halveringstid på bare noen få timer.","Å måle lawrenciums egenskaper er ekstraordinært vanskelig fordi så få atomer eksisterer så kort tid.","Det har ingen anvendelser utenfor grunnleggende vitenskapelig forskning."]},"Lead":{"name":"Bly","summary":"Bly er et mykt, tungt metall som brukes i batterier, strålingsavskjerming og ulike industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Blågrå metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ordet «lead» kommer fra urgermansk «lauda»; symbolet Pb stammer fra latin «plumbum», sannsynligvis avledet fra et før-latinsk middelhavsspråk, som ga engelsk ordet «plumbing» fordi romerne brukte bly mye til vannrør.","interesting_facts":["Bly er tett og blokkerer stråling, noe som er grunnen til at det fôrer røntgenforklær og skjermer.","Romere brukte blyrør til rørleggerarbeid, og ordet «plumbing» kommer fra latin for bly, «plumbum» (symbol Pb).","Bly er giftig for nervesystemet, noe som er grunnen til at det ble fjernet fra bensin og maling.","Det er mykt, tungt og lett å forme, egenskaper som har vært verdsatt siden antikken.","Det meste av blyet i dag resirkuleres, hovedsakelig fra bilbatterier.","Bly er det tyngste grunnstoffet med en helt stabil isotop; alt tyngre er radioaktivt."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Litium","summary":"Litium er et mykt, sølvhvitt alkalimetall. Det er det letteste metallet og det minst tette faste grunnstoffet.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk «lithos» (stein), fordi Johan August Arfwedson oppdaget det i 1817 inne i faste steinmineraler (petalitt), i motsetning til natrium og kalium som ble funnet i planteasker.","interesting_facts":["Litium er det letteste metallet og det minst tette faste grunnstoffet, så lett at det kan flyte på vann mens det reagerer med det.","Oppladbare litium-ion-batterier driver de fleste moderne telefoner, bærbare datamaskiner og elektriske kjøretøy.","Litiumsalter har vært brukt siden 1940-tallet som stemningsstabiliserende middel for å behandle bipolar lidelse.","Det var ett av de tre første grunnstoffene (sammen med hydrogen og helium) skapt i Big Bang-nukleosyntesen.","Litium brenner med en slående karmosinrød flamme, en egenskap som brukes i fyrverkeri og nødbluss.","Mye av verdens litium utvinnes fra salte saltflater høyt oppe i Andesfjellene i Sør-Amerika."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i Livermore, California, som samarbeidet med Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for å syntetisere det i 2000; IUPAC offisielt anerkjente navnet i 2012, laboratoriets navn hedrer Robert Livermore, en tidlig bosetter i California.","interesting_facts":["Livermorium er oppkalt etter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i California.","Det ble først skapt i 2000 av et russisk-amerikansk team.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som bare fremstilles noen få atomer om gangen.","Livermoriumatomer eksisterer bare i millisekunder før de brytes ned.","Det er forutsagt å ligge under polonium i gruppe 16.","Å produsere det krever fusjon av kalsiumioner med curiummål."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium er et tett, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i PET-skannerdetektorer, katalysatorer og spesialiserte legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Lutetia, det antikke romerske navnet på Paris, Frankrike; Georges Urbain, som først isolerte det i 1907, valgte navnet for å hedre hjembyen sin, i tråd med den etablerte praksisen med å oppkalle sjeldenjordsmetaller etter steder.","interesting_facts":["Lutetium er det siste i lantanidserien og ett av de hardeste og tetteste sjeldenjordsmetallene.","Det er oppkalt etter Lutetia, det antikke romerske navnet på Paris.","Lutetiumbaserte krystaller brukes som detektorer i PET-skannere for medisinsk avbildning.","Det er ett av de sjeldneste og dyreste sjeldenjordsmetallene å skaffe i ren form.","Lutetium brukes som katalysator i petroleumsraffinering.","En radioaktiv lutetiumforbindelse brukes i målrettet terapi for noen kreftformer."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium er et skinnende grått metall og et essensielt grunnstoff for alle levende celler.","appearance":"Skinnende grå fast form","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Magnesia, et distrikt i Thessalia, Hellas, der beslektede magnesiumholdige mineraler ble funnet; det samme stedsnavnet ga også opphav til ordene «mangan» og «magnet».","interesting_facts":["Magnesium brenner med et blendende hvitt lys og ble en gang mye brukt i tidlig fotografisk blitzpulver og nødbluss.","Det er det letteste konstruksjonsmetallet og legeres med aluminium for å lage sterke, lette deler til biler og fly.","Magnesium sitter i sentrum av hvert klorophyllmolekyl og gjør det essensielt for fotosyntese i planter.","Menneskekroppen trenger magnesium for hundrevis av enzymreaksjoner, inkludert de som holder muskler og nerver i gang.","Magnesium er det åttende mest forekommende grunnstoffet i Jordens skorpe og det tredje mest forekommende oppløst i sjøvann.","Epsomsalt, brukt til å lindre ømme muskler, er magnesiumsulfat."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Mangan er et hardt, sprøtt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i stålproduksjon for å forbedre styrke og hardhet.","appearance":"Sølvmetallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Avledet fra Magnesia-distriktet i Thessalia, Hellas – den samme regionen som ga navn til magnesium – via middelalderlatin «manganese»; navnet ble muligens forsterket av latin «magnes» (magnet), siden manganmalm historisk ble forvekslet med magnetisk jernmalm.","interesting_facts":["Mangan er essensielt for å lage stål, fjerne oksygen og svovel og tilføre styrke; nesten alt stål inneholder det.","Det er en nøkkelingrediens i engangs alkaliske batterier.","Mangandioksid ble brukt av hulemaler for titusener av år siden for å lage svart pigment.","Den dype lilla fargen på kaliumpermanganat gjør det til et nyttig desinfeksjonsmiddel og kjemisk reagens.","Store felt med manganknoller dekker deler av dyphavsbunnen.","Mangan er et essensielt sporstoff som hjelper enzymer som beskytter celler mot skade."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som utelukkende brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Lise Meitner, den østerriksk-svenske fysikeren som medoppdaget kjernefisjon og medoppdaget protaktinium, men kontroversielt ble utelukket fra Nobelprisen i 1944; GSI Darmstadt foreslo navnet i 1992 som en lenge forsinket anerkjennelse av hennes enorme bidrag til kjernefysikk.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium er oppkalt etter Lise Meitner, en pioner innen kjernefisjon hvis bidrag lenge ble oversett.","Det er ett av få grunnstoff oppkalt etter en kvinne.","Meitnerium ble først skapt i 1982 i Tyskland.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som fremstilles ett atom om gangen.","Dets isotoper brytes ned ekstremt raskt, i løpet av millisekunder til sekunder.","Det er forutsagt å oppføre seg som iridium, i gruppe 9 i det periodiske systemet."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å undersøke egenskapene til tunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis sølvmetallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Dmitri Ivanovich Mendelejev, den russiske kjemikeren som skapte det periodiske systemet i 1869; Glenn Seaborg og kolleger navnga det i 1955 som en hyllest til vitenskapsmannen hvis visjonære organisering av grunnstoffene gjorde oppdagelsen av transuraniske grunnstoff konseptuelt mulig.","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium er oppkalt etter Dmitri Mendelejev, skaperen av det periodiske systemet.","Det ble først laget i 1955, bare noen få atomer om gangen.","Mendelevium kan bare produseres i partikkelakseleratorer ved å bombardere einsteinium.","Dets oppdagelseseksperimenter påviste først bare omtrent 17 atomer.","Det er intenst radioaktivt med kortlivede isotoper.","Mendelevium har ingen anvendelser utover grunnleggende forskning på tunge grunnstoff."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Kvikksølv","summary":"Kvikksølv er et tett, sølvfarget flytende metall som brukes i termometre, barometre og lysstoffrør.","appearance":"Sølvfarget","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Mercury, den raske romerske budbringerguden, som gjenspeiler grunnstoffets flytende og hurtigbevegelige natur; symbolet Hg kommer fra 'hydrargyrum', en latinisering av det greske 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), som betyr 'vannsølv' og viser til det flytende sølvaktige utseendet.","interesting_facts":["Kvikksølv er det eneste metallet som er flytende ved romtemperatur.","Det er oppkalt etter den romerske budbringerguden på grunn av sin hurtigbevegelige, flytende natur, og symbolet Hg kommer fra 'hydrargyrum', som betyr 'vannsølv'.","Kvikksølv ble tidligere brukt i termometre og barometre fordi det utvider seg jevnt med temperaturen.","Hattmakere som ble utsatt for kvikksølv utviklet skjelvinger og forvirring, noe som ga opphav til uttrykket 'gal som en hattemaker'.","Det er giftig og bioakkumulerer, og bygger seg opp i fisk og hos mennesker som spiser dem.","Kvikksølvdamp lyser blågrønt når den elektrifiseres, noe som ligger til grunn for lysstoffrør."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybden","summary":"Molybden er et hardt, sølvfarget metall som brukes i stållegeringer for å øke styrke, seighet og korrosjonsbestandighet.","appearance":"Grått metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'molybdos' (bly), fordi malmen molybditt lenge ble forvekslet med blymalmer; Carl Wilhelm Scheele viste at den var distinkt i 1778, og Peter Jacob Hjelm isolerte metallet i 1781.","interesting_facts":["Molybden har et av de høyeste smeltepunktene blant alle grunnstoff, på omtrent 2 623 °C.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'molybdos' (bly), fordi malmen lenge ble forvekslet med bly og grafitt.","Tilsetting av molybden i stål gir høystyrkelegeringer som brukes i fly, verktøy og panser.","Det er et essensielt sporstoff som hjelper enzymer hos planter, dyr og mennesker.","Nitrogenfikserende bakterier bruker molybden til å omdanne atmosfærisk nitrogen til en brukbar form.","Molybdendisulfid er et glatt fast stoff som brukes som høytemperatur tørt smøremiddel."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Moskva oblast (Moskva-regionen) i Russland, der Joint Institute for Nuclear Research i Dubna ligger; det ble først syntetisert i 2003 i et samarbeid mellom JINR og Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, og offisielt navngitt av IUPAC i 2016.","interesting_facts":["Moscovium er oppkalt etter Moskva-regionen i Russland, der laboratoriet i Dubna ligger.","Det ble først syntetisert i 2003 av et russisk-amerikansk samarbeid.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som produseres bare noen få atomer om gangen.","Moscovium-atomer henfaller innen en brøkdel av et sekund.","Det er forventet å ligge under vismut i gruppe 15.","Det ble offisielt navngitt i 2016 sammen med tre andre nye grunnstoff."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodym","summary":"Neodym er et mykt, sølvfarget metall som brukes i kraftige magneter, lasere og glassfarging.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'neos' (ny) og 'didymos' (tvilling), navngitt av Carl Auer von Welsbach i 1885 da han skilte didymium i praseodym og neodym — 'den nye tvillingen' i paret.","interesting_facts":["Neodymmagneter er de sterkeste permanente magnetene som er vanlig tilgjengelige, og kan løfte mange ganger sin egen vekt.","Disse magnetene finnes i alt fra ørepropper og harddisker til vindturbiner og elmotorer i biler.","Navnet betyr 'ny tvilling', ettersom det ble skilt ut fra 'didymium' sammen med praseodym i 1885.","Neodym gir glass en slående farge som skifter mellom lilla og blå avhengig av lyset.","Neodymdopede krystaller driver noen av de vanligste høyenergilaserne.","Det er et av de mer rikelige sjeldne jordartsgrunnstoffene til tross for sine spesialiserte bruksområder."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon er en fargeløs, luktfri edelgass som avgir en tydelig rødoransje glød når den elektrifiseres.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'neos' (ny), navngitt av William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898 for å gjenspeile at det var en nylig oppdaget edelgass.","interesting_facts":["Neon lyser kraftig oransjerødt når elektrisk strøm passerer gjennom det, noe som ligger til grunn for klassiske 'neon'-skilt.","Den er nesten helt inert og danner ingen stabile vanlige kjemiske forbindelser under normale forhold.","Neon ble oppdaget i 1898 av Ramsay og Travers, som navngav det fra det greske ordet 'neos', som betyr 'ny'.","Til tross for å være det femte mest rikelige grunnstoffet i universet, er neon sjelden på jorden og utgjør bare en liten brøkdel av atmosfæren.","Flytende neon er et utmerket kryogenisk kjølemiddel, med over 40 ganger kjølekapasiteten per volum sammenlignet med flytende helium.","De ulike fargene man ser i 'neon'-skilt kommer faktisk fra andre edelgasser; rent neon produserer alltid et rødoransje lys."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i nøytrondetektorer og studeres for sin rolle i kjernereaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter planeten Neptun, som ligger utenfor Uranus i solsystemet, akkurat som neptunium ligger utenfor uran i det periodiske systemet; Edwin McMillan og Philip Abelson syntetiserte det i 1940 og fortsatte den planetariske navngivingsserien som startet med uran.","interesting_facts":["Neptunium var det første transurane grunnstoffet som ble syntetisert, i 1940.","Det er oppkalt etter planeten Neptun og fortsetter rekken etter uran (Uranus).","Neptunium er et biprodukt av kjernereaktorer og regnes som et langtidsproblem knyttet til radioaktivt avfall.","Det er sølvfarget, radioaktivt og et av de tetteste aktinidmetallene.","Neptunium-237 kan brukes til å lage plutonium-238 til strømkilder for romfartøy.","Spor av neptunium forekommer naturlig i uranmalmer."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikkel","summary":"Nikkel er et sølvhvitt metall som brukes i rustfritt stål, batterier og ulike industrielle anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Forkortet fra tysk 'Kupfernickel' (djevelens kobber eller Old Nicks kobber), en gruvearbeiderforbannelse for en malm som så ut som kobber, men ikke ga noe; 'Nickel' er et tysk kallenavn for djevelen, avledet fra navnet Nicholas.","interesting_facts":["Nikkel er oppkalt etter et tysk gruvebegrep som betyr 'Old Nicks kobber', fordi malmen så ut som kobber, men ikke ga noe.","Det er svært korrosjonsbestandig og brukes til å elektroplate andre metaller for beskyttelse.","Rustfritt stål inneholder vanligvis nikkel, som forbedrer styrken og motstanden mot rust.","Til tross for navnet er moderne amerikanske 'nickel'-mynter for det meste kobber, med bare 25 % nikkel.","Jordens kjerne antas å være i stor grad en jern-nikkel-legering, og mange meteoritter er rike på nikkel.","Nikkel er et av få grunnstoff som er magnetisk ved romtemperatur."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra 'Nihon' (日本), det japanske ordet for Japan, som betyr 'soloppgangens land'; forskere ved RIKEN i Japan bekreftet syntesen i 2004 og valgte navnet for å hedre det første grunnstoffet oppdaget i Asia, med IUPAC som offisielt anerkjente det i 2016.","interesting_facts":["Nihonium er oppkalt etter Japan ('Nihon'), det første grunnstoffet oppdaget i et asiatisk land.","Det ble syntetisert ved RIKEN-laboratoriet i Japan, bekreftet rundt 2004.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som lages bare noen få atomer om gangen.","Nihonium-atomer henfaller innen sekunder etter at de er skapt.","Det er forventet å ligge under thallium i gruppe 13.","Oppdagelsen ga Japan æren av å navngi et nytt grunnstoff for første gang."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niob","summary":"Niob er et mykt, smidig metall som hovedsakelig brukes i legeringer, særlig i stålproduksjon for å forbedre styrken.","appearance":"Grått metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Niobe, datteren av Tantalus i gresk mytologi, av Heinrich Rose i 1844, fordi niob nesten alltid finnes sammen med tantal og de to grunnstoffene i utgangspunktet var så vanskelige å skille at det mytologiske foreldre-barn-paret virket passende.","interesting_facts":["Niob er oppkalt etter Niobe, datteren av Tantalus i gresk mytologi, noe som gjenspeiler den nære koblingen til tantal.","Det blir en superleder når det er kaldt og brukes i magnetene i MR-maskiner og partikkelakseleratorer.","Niob-legeringer kan anodiseres for å produsere en regnbue av farger, populært i smykker.","Små mengder niob gjør stål mye sterkere, og brukes i rørledninger og bilrammer.","Det ble tidligere kalt columbium i USA, og navnet hang ved inn på 1900-tallet.","Niob er hypoallergent, så det brukes til kroppspiercinger og medisinske implantater."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogen","summary":"Nitrogen er en fargeløs, luktfri gass som utgjør omtrent 78 % av jordens atmosfære.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'nitron' (niter/salpeter) og 'genes' (dannende), som betyr 'niter-danner', myntet av Jean-Antoine Chaptal i 1790 fordi både salpeter og salpetersyre inneholder nitrogen.","interesting_facts":["Nitrogen utgjør omtrent 78 % av luften du puster, men er så ureaktivt at vi for det meste puster det ut ubrukt.","Flytende nitrogen koker ved -196 °C og brukes til å hurtigfryse mat, bevare biologiske prøver og skape dramatiske tåkeeffekter.","Trippelbindingen som holder to nitrogenatomer sammen er en av de sterkeste kjente kjemiske bindingene, noe som gjør nitrogen gass svært stabil.","Haber-Bosch-prosessen, som omdanner atmosfærisk nitrogen til ammoniakk for gjødsel, bidrar til å fø omtrent halvparten av verdens befolkning.","Nitrogen er en nøkkelingrediens i sprengstoffer som TNT og nitroglyserin fordi bindingene frigir enorm energi når de brytes.","Bakterier i røttene til belgvekster 'fikserer' nitrogen fra luften til en form planter kan bruke, og beriker jorden naturlig."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff uten betydelige anvendelser utenfor vitenskapelig forskning.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Alfred Nobel, den svenske kjemikeren som oppfant dynamitt og grunnla Nobelprisene; navnet ble foreslått i 1957 da et team i Stockholm i utgangspunktet hevdet oppdagelsen, og ble beholdt da den bekreftede oppdagelsen ble tilskrevet laboratoriene i Dubna og Berkeley.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium er oppkalt etter Alfred Nobel, grunnleggeren av Nobelprisene.","Det kan bare lages atom for atom i partikkelakseleratorer.","Uvanlig for en aktinid er nobelium mest stabilt i +2 oksidasjonstilstand.","Oppdagelsen på slutten av 1950-tallet var omdiskutert mellom konkurrerende laboratorier i mange år.","Alle nobelium-isotoper er radioaktive og kortlivede.","Det finnes bare i forskningssammenheng og har ingen praktiske anvendelser."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis gassformig eller metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Yuri Oganessian, den russisk-armenske kjernefysikeren som banet vei for syntesen av supertunge grunnstoff og ledet teamet ved JINR Dubna som skapte oganesson i 2002; det er ett av bare to grunnstoff oppkalt etter en levende person, noe som gjenspeiler det ekstraordinære omfanget av hans bidrag til feltet.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson er det tyngste kjente grunnstoffet, med atomnummer 118.","Det er oppkalt etter fysikeren Yuri Oganessian, ett av få grunnstoff oppkalt etter en levende person.","Selv om det ligger i edelgasskolonnen, er oganesson forventet å være et fast stoff og muligens reaktivt, i motsetning til andre edelgasser.","Bare noen få atomer har noen gang blitt skapt, og hvert overlever mindre enn et millisekund.","Det ble først syntetisert i 2002 av et russisk-amerikansk samarbeid i Dubna.","Oganesson fullfører den syvende raden i det periodiske systemet."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium er et tett, blåhvitt metall kjent for sin hardhet og brukt i pennespisser, elektriske kontakter og instrumentpivoter.","appearance":"Blåhvitt, metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra gresk 'osmē' (ὀσμή), som betyr 'lukt' eller 'duft'; Smithson Tennant myntet navnet i 1803 fordi osmiumtetroksid, som dannes når metallet utsettes for luft, har en skarp og tydelig giftig lukt.","interesting_facts":["Osmium er det tetteste naturlig forekommende grunnstoffet, nesten dobbelt så tett som bly.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'osme', som betyr lukt, fordi oksiden har en skarp, giftig lukt.","Osmium er ekstremt hardt og ble brukt i tidlige grammofonnåler og pennespisser.","Det er et av platinametallene og har et blålig sølvaktig utseende.","Osmiumtetroksid brukes til å farge biologisk vev for elektronmikroskopi.","Det er et av de sjeldneste grunnstoffene i jordskorpen."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oksygen","summary":"Oksygen er en fargeløs, luktfri gass som er essensiell for respirasjon hos de fleste levende organismer.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'oxys' (skarp eller syrlig) og 'genes' (dannende), som betyr 'syre-danner', navngitt av Lavoisier i 1777 basert på den daværende oppfatningen om at oksygen er en essensiell del av alle syrer.","interesting_facts":["Oksygen utgjør omtrent 21 % av jordens atmosfære og er det mest rikelige grunnstoffet i jordskorpen etter masse.","Det meste av oksygenet vi puster, produseres av fotosyntese, med en stor andel fra havets fytoplankton.","Flytende og fast oksygen er blekblått og er magnetisk, og tiltrekkes av en magnet.","Ozon, et molekyl av tre oksygenatomer, danner et beskyttende lag i stratosfæren som absorberer skadelig ultrafiolett stråling.","Oksygen ble uavhengig oppdaget på 1770-tallet av Carl Wilhelm Scheele og Joseph Priestley, og navngitt av Antoine Lavoisier.","Selv om det er livsviktig, er oksygen også svært reaktivt og driver rusting av jern og forbrenning av brensel."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium er et edelt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i katalysatorer, elektronikk og hydrogenlagring.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter asteroiden Pallas, oppdaget i 1802 og selv oppkalt etter Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston myntet navnet i 1803, i tråd med datidens mote med å navngi nye grunnstoff etter nylig oppdagede himmellegemer.","interesting_facts":["Palladium er oppkalt etter asteroiden Pallas, oppdaget rett før metallet i 1803.","Hovedbruksområdet er i katalysatorer, der det hjelper med å omdanne giftige eksosgasser til ufarlige.","Palladium kan absorbere opptil 900 ganger sitt eget volum hydrogen gass, som en metallisk svamp.","Det er et edelt platinametall og brukes i hvitt gull, fine smykker og tannlegeringer.","Palladium er essensielt i mye elektronikk, inkludert de små kondensatorene inne i telefoner og datamaskiner.","Det spilte en sentral rolle i de berømte, senere avkreftede 'kaldfusjons'-eksperimentene i 1989."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor er et svært reaktivt, essensielt grunnstoff i biologiske molekyler som DNA og ATP.","appearance":"Fargen varierer (hvite, røde eller svarte former)","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'phosphoros' (lysbærer, fra 'phos' = lys og 'phoros' = bærende), fordi hvit fosfor svakt lyser i mørket når den oksiderer; navnet ble gitt av Hennig Brand da han oppdaget det i 1669.","interesting_facts":["Hvit fosfor lyser svakt i mørket når den reagerer med oksygen, et fenomen som ga 'fosforescens' navnet sitt.","Det var det første grunnstoffet oppdaget med en kjent oppdager, isolert av Hennig Brand i 1669 fra kokt ned urin.","Fosfor finnes i slående ulike former: hvit fosfor er farlig brennbar, mens rød fosfor er stabil og brukes på fyrstikkesker.","Hver celle bruker fosfor i DNA, RNA og ATP, molekylet som lagrer og overfører energi i levende organismer.","Omtrent 85 % av utvunnet fosfatstein omdannes til gjødsel, noe som gjør fosfor kritisk for global matproduksjon.","Bein og tenner styrkes av kalsiumfosfat, så mye av kroppens fosfor er lagret i skjelettet."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"Platina er et tett, smidig og korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i katalysatorer, smykker og elektronikk.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt","naming_origin_explanation":"Avledet fra spansk 'platina', en diminutiv av 'plata' (sølv), som betyr 'litesølv'; spanske oppdagelsesreisende i Sør-Amerika på 1500-tallet brukte dette avvisende begrepet om det bleke, sølvaktige metallet de fant blandet i gullforekomster, men som de ikke enkelt kunne bearbeide.","interesting_facts":["Platina er så korrosjonsbestandig at den aldri misfarges, selv ved høye temperaturer.","Det er en nøkkelkatalysator i katalysatorer som hjelper med å rense bilutslipp.","Platina er tyngre enn gull og er ettertraktet til fine smykker og gifteringer.","Noen platinforbindelser, som cisplatin, er kraftige kjemoterapi-medisiner.","Sør-Afrika produserer majoriteten av verdens platina.","Navnet kommer fra spansk 'platina', som betyr 'litesølv', et navn tidlige gruvearbeidere ga det avvisende."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i kjernereaktorer, atomvåpen og som strømkilde for romfartøy.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt, misfarges når det utsettes for luft","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Pluto (da regnet som den niende planeten), som ligger utenfor Neptun akkurat som plutonium ligger utenfor neptunium; Glenn Seaborg navngav det i 1942 og bemerket at den alternative formen 'plutium' ble vurdert, men forkastet til fordel for den mer klassiske '-onium'-endingen.","interesting_facts":["Plutonium er berømt for bruken i atomvåpen og kjernereaktorer.","Det er oppkalt etter dvergplaneten Pluto, etter neptunium og uran.","Plutonium-238 driver romfartøy som Voyager-sondene og Curiosity-roveren med sin jevne varme.","Et stykke plutonium er varmt å ta på på grunn av varmen fra sin egen radioaktive henfall.","Det har uvanlig kjemi og finnes i mange fargerike oksidasjonstilstander i løsning.","Plutonium utvider og krymper dramatisk mellom sine ulike faste former, noe som gjør det vanskelig å bearbeide."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium er et svært radioaktivt metall som brukes i antistatiske enheter og som varmekilde i romfart.","appearance":"Sølvfarget","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Polen (latin: Polonia), hjemlandet til Marie Curie, som oppdaget det sammen med Pierre Curie i 1898; Curie valgte navnet som en hyllest til sitt okkuperte hjemland, som da var delt mellom Russland, Preussen og Østerrike, i håp om å vekke internasjonal oppmerksomhet om dets sak.","interesting_facts":["Polonium ble oppdaget av Marie og Pierre Curie i 1898 og oppkalt etter Maries hjemland, Polen.","Det er intenst radioaktivt, så mye at et gram lyser blått og avgir nok varme til å holde seg varmt.","Polonium-210 ble brukt i det beryktede forgiftningsdrapet på Alexander Litvinenko i 2006.","Det har blitt brukt som en lett varmekilde i romsonder og som antistatisk enhet.","Polonium er ekstremt sjeldent og forekommer i uranmalmer i små mengder.","Et lite fnugg polonium kan gi en dødelig dose, noe som gjør det til et av de mest giftige stoffene som er kjent."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som er essensielt for plantevekst og avgjørende i biologiske prosesser.","appearance":"Sølvgrått metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navnet kommer fra 'potash' (treaske utvunnet i potter, en tidlig kilde til grunnstoffet), mens symbolet K kommer fra latin 'kalium', som i siste instans stammer fra arabisk 'al-qali' (alkali-plantaske brukt i såpeproduksjon).","interesting_facts":["Kalium er så reaktivt at det bryter ut i en lilla flamme når det kommer i kontakt med vann.","Det er mykt nok til å kuttes med en kniv og er lett nok til å flyte på vann mens det reagerer.","Kaliumioner er essensielle for nervesignaler og hjerteslag, og bananer er en velkjent kostholdskilde.","Det kjemiske symbolet K kommer fra 'kalium', den latiniserte formen av det arabiske ordet for plantaske.","Kalium var det første metallet isolert ved elektrolyse, av Humphry Davy i 1807.","Den radioaktive isotopen kalium-40 i kroppen gjør deg svært svakt radioaktiv hele livet."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodym","summary":"Praseodym er et mykt, sølvfarget metall som brukes i magneter, glassfarging og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'prasios' (purregrønn) og 'didymos' (tvilling), navngitt av Carl Auer von Welsbach i 1885 da han skilte didymium i to grunnstoff: praseodym, den grønnsaltede tvillingen, og neodym, den nye tvillingen.","interesting_facts":["Praseodyms navn betyr 'grønn tvilling', etter den grønne fargen på saltene.","Det brukes i spesialbriller som beskytter sveisere og glassblåsere mot intens gjenskinn og infrarødt lys.","Blandet med neodym danner det kraftige magneter som brukes i motorer og hodetelefoner.","Praseodym gir en ren gul farge til glass og keramiske glasurer.","Det ble skilt ut fra et stoff kalt 'didymium' i 1885, som viste seg å være to grunnstoff.","Praseodymdopede fibre kan forsterke lyssignaler i enkelte optiske systemer."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium er et radioaktivt metall som brukes i lysende maling, atombatterier og forskning.","appearance":"Sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Prometheus, titanen i gresk mytologi som stjal ild fra gudene og ga den til menneskene; passende nok ble promethium først framskaffet i 1945 fra uranfissionsprodukter i en kjernereaktor.","interesting_facts":["Promethium er det eneste sjeldne jordartsgrunnstoffet uten stabile isotoper; det er radioaktivt og i praksis fraværende i naturen.","Det er oppkalt etter Prometheus, den greske titanen som stjal ild fra gudene.","Promethium har blitt brukt i lysende maling og i små atombatterier til pacemakere og romfartøy.","Dets eksistens fylte et lenge stående hull ved grunnstoff 61 i det periodiske systemet, bekreftet i 1945.","Glødende promethium kan produsere et svakt blågrønt lys fra sin egen stråling.","Bare omtrent 500 gram promethium antas å finnes i hele jordskorpen til enhver tid."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protaktinium","summary":"Protaktinium er et tett, sølvgrått metall som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning på grunn av sin sjeldenhet og radioaktivitet.","appearance":"Lyst, sølvfarget metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra gresk 'protos' (πρῶτος), som betyr 'første', kombinert med 'actinium', som gir 'actiniums forelder'; navnet gjenspeiler at protactinium-231 henfaller til actinium-227; Kasper Fajans kalte det først 'brevium' i 1913, men 'protactinium' ble tatt i bruk da den lengrelevende isotopen ble identifisert.","interesting_facts":["Protaktinium er et av de sjeldneste og dyreste naturlig forekommende grunnstoffene.","Navnet betyr 'actiniums forelder', fordi det henfaller til actinium.","Det er svært radioaktivt og giftig, og krever forsiktig håndtering.","Protaktinium ble først identifisert i 1913 og isolert i 1934.","Forholdet mellom protactinium og thorium i havbunnsavsetninger hjelper forskere med å studere tidligere klima og havsirkulasjon.","Det har få bruksområder utenfor vitenskapelig forskning på grunn av sin sjeldenhet og radioaktivitet."]},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium er et svært radioaktivt metall som tidligere ble brukt i lysende maling, og som nå hovedsakelig studeres for sine radioaktive egenskaper.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra latin 'radius', som betyr 'stråle', av Marie og Pierre Curie som oppdaget det i 1898; navnet viser til den intense strålingen grunnstoffet avgir, som de observerte som et bemerkelsesverdig nytt fenomen da de isolerte det fra uranpechblende.","interesting_facts":["Radium ble oppdaget av Marie og Pierre Curie i 1898 og lyser med et svakt blått lys i mørket.","Det ble tidligere tilsatt lysende urskiver, og forgiftet tragisk 'Radium-jentene' som malte dem.","Produkter fra tidlig 1900-tall markedsførte radium i tannkrem, vann og kosmetikk før faren ble forstått.","Radium er omtrent en million ganger mer radioaktivt enn samme mengde uran.","Det ble historisk brukt i kreftstrålebehandling før tryggere kilder erstattet det.","Marie Curies notatbøker er fortsatt så radioaktive at de oppbevares i blybelagte esker."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon er en radioaktiv edelgass som brukes i strålebehandling og som sporstoff i geologisk forskning.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra 'radium' — grunnstoffet det produseres fra ved radioaktivt henfall — kombinert med '-on'-endelsen som brukes for edelgasser; Friedrich Dorn oppdaget det først i 1900 som en gass som strømmet ut fra radium, og det ble kalt 'radium emanation' før navnet 'radon' ble standardisert.","interesting_facts":["Radon er en radioaktiv edelgass produsert ved henfall av uran i jord og berg.","Det er den ledende årsaken til lungekreft blant ikke-røykere, og siver usynlig inn i kjellere.","Radon er fargeløs, luktfri og smakløs, så den kan bare oppdages med spesielle instrumenter.","Det er den tetteste gassen under normale forhold og en av de tyngste kjente gassene.","Radon ble tidligere brukt i enkelte tidlige medisinske strålebehandlinger.","Hjemmetestsett er allment tilgjengelige fordi radonnivåer kan reduseres med riktig ventilasjon."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium er et tett, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i jetmotorer, filamenter og katalysatorer.","appearance":"Sølvgrått","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Rhinen (latin: Rhenus), som renner gjennom Tyskland; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke og Otto Berg valgte navnet i 1925 da de oppdaget grunnstoffet, i tråd med tradisjonen med å navngi grunnstoff etter geografiske trekk i oppdagernes hjemland.","interesting_facts":["Rhenium var et av de siste stabile grunnstoffene som ble oppdaget, i 1925.","Det har et av de høyeste smelte- og kokepunktene blant alle grunnstoff.","Rhenium-superlegeringer lar turbinblad i jet- og rakettmotorer kjøre varmere og mer effektivt.","Det er oppkalt etter Rhinen i Tyskland.","Rhenium er ekstremt sjeldent og utvinnes hovedsakelig som biprodukt av kobber- og molybdendrift.","Det brukes som katalysator til å produsere høyoktan, blyfri bensin."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium er et sjeldent, sølvhvitt metall kjent for sin høye refleksjon og bruk i katalysatorer og smykker.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'rhodon' (rose), navngitt av William Hyde Wollaston i 1804 fordi løsninger av rhodiumsalter er karakteristisk roserøde i fargen.","interesting_facts":["Rhodium er et av de sjeldneste og mest verdifulle edelmetallene, og koster ofte langt mer enn gull.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'rhodon' (rose), etter den roserøde fargen på saltene.","Det meste av rhodium brukes i katalysatorer for å rense skadelige gasser fra bilutslipp.","Det gir en strålende, hard og reflekterende overflate og brukes til å plate hvitt gull-smykker og speil.","Rhodium er svært korrosjonsbestandig og misfarges ikke i luft.","Det er et av platinametallene og utvinnes hovedsakelig som biprodukt av platin- og nikkeldriving."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som hovedsakelig brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere supertunge grunnstoff.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, den tyske fysikeren som oppdaget røntgenstråler i 1895 og mottok den aller første Nobelprisen i fysikk i 1901; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserte det i 1994, foreslo navnet i 2004, og IUPAC vedtok det offisielt samme år.","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium er oppkalt etter Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, oppdageren av røntgenstråler.","Det ble først skapt i 1994 i Tyskland ved å smelte sammen nikkel- og vismutkjerner.","Det er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som produseres bare noen få atomer om gangen.","Roentgenium er forventet å ligge under gull i det periodiske systemet og kan dele noe av dets kjemi.","Atomene henfaller innen sekunder etter at de er dannet.","Det har ingen anvendelser utenfor grunnleggende forskning."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metallisk grunnstoff som brukes i elektronikk, forskning og atomklokker.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'rubidus' (dyp rød eller mørkerød), navngitt av Robert Bunsen og Gustav Kirchhoff i 1861 etter de to tydelige dyp-røde spektrallinjene de brukte til å identifisere det med den daværende nye teknikken spektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Rubidium antenner spontant i luft og reagerer voldsomt med vann.","Det er oppkalt fra latin 'rubidus' (dyp rød) etter de røde linjene i emisjonsspektret.","Rubidium ble oppdaget i 1861 av Bunsen og Kirchhoff ved hjelp av den nye teknikken spektroskopi.","Det smelter rett over kroppstemperatur, ved omtrent 39 °C.","Rubidiumatomer brukes i noen av verdens mest presise atomklokker.","Forskere brukte rubidium til å skape den første Bose-Einstein-kondensatet, en merkelig ny materietilstand, i 1995."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium er et sjeldent overgangsmetall som brukes i elektriske kontakter, tykkfilm-motstander og som katalysator.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ruthenia, det latinske navnet for Russland (russernes land), av Karl Ernst Claus i 1844, som gjorde oppdagelsen mens han arbeidet i Kazan i Det russiske keiserdømmet.","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium er oppkalt etter Ruthenia, det latinske navnet for Russland, der det ble oppdaget i 1844.","Det er et av platinametallene og er ekstremt hardt og sprøtt.","Tilsetting av en liten mengde ruthenium forbedrer hardheten og slitasjemotstanden til platin- og palladiumlegeringer betydelig.","Ruthenium brukes i de elektriske kontaktene og chip-motstandene inne i elektronikk.","Det fungerer som en allsidig katalysator, blant annet i prosesser for å lage ammoniakk og rense opp forurensning.","Rutheniumforbindelser forskes på som lysabsorberende fargestoffer til solceller."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til tunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis sølvaktig metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ernest Rutherford, den newzealandskfødte fysikeren som oppdaget atomkjernen og regnes som faren til kjernefysikken; navnet ble foreslått av amerikanske forskere ved Lawrence Berkeley og offisielt vedtatt av IUPAC i 1997 etter en navnestrid i den kalde krigen med sovjetiske forskere.","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium er oppkalt etter fysikeren Ernest Rutherford, faren til kjernefysikken.","Det er det første av transactinidene (supertunge grunnstoffer).","Rutherfordium lages ved å krasje lettere atomkjerner sammen i akseleratorer.","Oppdagelsen var gjenstand for en navnestrid i den kalde krigen mellom amerikanske og sovjetiske forskere.","Bare noen få atomer kan lages om gangen, og de henfaller innen sekunder.","Det forventes å oppføre seg kjemisk som hafnium, i gruppe 4 i det periodiske systemet."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium er et sølvhvitt metall som brukes i magneter, lasere og som nøytronabsorber i kjernereaktorer.","appearance":"Sølvaktig metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter samarskit, mineralet det først ble identifisert i av Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran i 1879; samarskit var oppkalt etter oberst Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, en russisk gruveoffiser — noe som gjør samarium til det første grunnstoffet som er oppkalt (indirekte) etter en virkelig person.","interesting_facts":["Samarium-koboltmagneter beholder styrken ved høye temperaturer og brukes i fly og militært utstyr.","Det var det første grunnstoffet oppkalt etter en person, via mineralet samarskit (etter gruveoffiseren Samarsky).","Samarium absorberer nøytroner lett, og brukes derfor i kontrollstenger i kjernereaktorer.","Et radioaktivt samariumforbindelse brukes til å lindre smerte fra kreft som har spredt seg til bein.","Samarium brukes som katalysator i kjemi og til å lage visse typer glass og lasere.","Det er moderat hardt og oksiderer langsomt i luft og danner et gulaktig belegg."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Skandium","summary":"Skandium er et mykt, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i romfartskomponenter og høyytelseslegeringer.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Skandinavia (latin 'Scandia'), regionen der Lars Fredrik Nilson oppdaget det i 1879 i mineralene euxenitt og gadolinit fra Skandinavia.","interesting_facts":["Skandiums eksistens og egenskaper ble forutsagt av Mendeleev i 1869 som 'eka-boron' før det ble oppdaget i 1879.","Tilsetting av en liten mengde skandium til aluminium skaper en sterk, lett legering som brukes i eksklusive sykkelrammer og romfartskomponenter.","Det er oppkalt etter Skandinavia, der mineralet det først ble funnet i ble utvunnet.","Skandium-aluminiumlegeringer ble brukt i noen sovjetiske MiG-kampfly.","Til tross for at det er ganske vanlig i skorpen, er skandium vanskelig å utvinne og sjelden konsentrert i malmer, noe som gjør det dyrt.","Skandiumjodid tilsettes noen metallhalogenlamper for å produsere lys som etterligner naturlig sollys."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere egenskapene til supertunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Glenn T. Seaborg, den amerikanske kjemikeren som medoppdaget ti transurane grunnstoffer; det var det første grunnstoffet oppkalt etter en levende person, foreslått av Lawrence Berkeley i 1994, selv om IUPAC først protesterte før navnet ble offisielt godkjent i 1997.","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium er oppkalt etter kjemikeren Glenn T. Seaborg, som bidro til å oppdage mange transurane grunnstoffer.","Det var det første grunnstoffet oppkalt etter en person som fortsatt var i live på den tiden.","Seaborgium er et syntetisk supertungt grunnstoff som bare lages i partikkelakseleratorer.","Atomene henfaller innen sekunder, så bare en håndfull har noen sinne blitt studert.","Kjemiske eksperimenter tyder på at det oppfører seg som wolfram, i gruppe 6 i det periodiske systemet.","Det ble først laget i 1974 ved å krasje oksygenioner inn i californium."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selen","summary":"Selen er et ikke-metall med egenskaper lik svovel og tellur, som brukes i elektronikk, glassproduksjon og som kosttilskudd.","appearance":"Svarte, røde og grå former","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'selene' (måne), navngitt av Jöns Jacob Berzelius i 1817 som følgesvenn til tellur (fra latin 'tellus,' jorden), ettersom begge grunnstoffene er kjemisk like og ble funnet sammen i de samme malmlagene.","interesting_facts":["Selen er oppkalt etter Selene, den greske månegudinnen.","Den elektriske ledningsevnen endres med lys, en egenskap som ble brukt i tidlige kopimaskiner og lysmålere.","Selen er et essensielt sporstoff som støtter antioksidant enzymer, men er giftig i større doser.","Det gir glass en rødfarge og brukes også til å fjerne den grønne tonen fra glass.","Paranøtter er usedvanlig rike på selen.","Selen finnes i flere former, inkludert et rødt pulver og en grå metallisk form som leder strøm."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Silisium","summary":"Silisium er et hardt, skjørt krystallinsk fast stoff og en nøkkelkomponent i halvledere og datamaskinbrikker.","appearance":"Grått krystallinsk fast stoff","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'silex' eller 'silicis' (flint eller hard stein), fordi silisium finnes i store mengder i flint og silikatbergarter; navnet 'silicon' ble foreslått av Thomas Thomson i 1817.","interesting_facts":["Silisium er det nest mest utbredte grunnstoffet i jordskorpen etter oksygen, for det meste bundet i sand og berg som silika.","Ultrarente silisiumkrystaller er grunnlaget for datamaskinbrikker, noe som ga Silicon Valley navnet sitt.","Silisium er et halvledermetalloid som leder strøm bedre enn isolatorer, men dårligere enn metaller.","Kvarts, opal og det meste av sand er silisiumforbindelser, og glass lages hovedsakelig ved å smelte silika.","Solcellepaneler er avhengige av silisium for å omdanne sollys direkte til elektrisitet.","Til tross for navnelikheten er silisium (grunnstoffet) forskjellig fra silikon, det fleksible gummiaktige polymeret som inneholder det."]},"Silver":{"name":"Sølv","summary":"Sølv er et mykt, hvitt, glansende metall med den høyeste elektriske og termiske ledningsevnen av alle grunnstoffer, som brukes i smykker, elektronikk og speil.","appearance":"Sølvaktig metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ordet 'silver' kommer fra gammelengelsk 'seolfor,' beslektet med urgermansk 'silubra,' av usikker opprinnelse videre; symbolet Ag og landnavnet Argentina stammer begge fra latin 'argentum' (sølv), knyttet til grunnstoffets strålende hvite glans.","interesting_facts":["Sølv er den beste elektriske og termiske lederen av alle grunnstoffene.","Det har naturlige antibakterielle egenskaper og ble brukt til å holde sår og vann rene lenge før moderne medisin.","Sølv er det mest reflekterende metallet, noe som er grunnen til at det tradisjonelt ble brukt som speilbakside.","Fotografisk film var avhengig av lyssensitive sølvforbindelser for å fange bilder.","Det kjemiske symbolet Ag kommer fra det latinske ordet 'argentum', og landet Argentina er oppkalt etter det.","Sølv misfarges svart når det reagerer med små mengder svovelforbindelser i luften."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium er et mykt, sølvhvitt, svært reaktivt metall og et essensielt grunnstoff for livet.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske navnet kommer fra 'soda' (middelalderlatin 'sodanum,' et hodepinepreparat), mens symbolet Na stammer fra latin 'natrium,' som igjen kommer fra arabisk/egyptisk 'natrun,' ordet for natron, et naturlig forekommende natriumkarbonatmineral.","interesting_facts":["Natrium er så reaktivt at det må oppbevares under olje, og det freser og kan antennes når det slippes i vann.","Det er mykt nok til å skjæres med en kniv, og avslører en blank sølvaktig overflate som raskt mister glansen i luft.","Natriumdamper produserer den karakteristiske gul-oransje gløden som en gang var vanlig i gatebelysning.","Vanlig bordsalt er natriumklorid, og natrium er essensielt for nerveimpulser og væskebalanse i kroppen.","Natrium brenner med en kraftig gul flamme, en egenskap som brukes i flammetester for å identifisere det.","Det kjemiske symbolet Na kommer fra det latinske ordet 'natrium', som refererer til et naturlig sodaprodukt."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium er et mykt, sølvaktig metall som brukes i fyrverkeri, keramikk og radiologiske anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvaktig metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Strontian, en landsby i Argyllshire, Skottland, der mineralet strontianitt (strontiumkarbonat) først ble oppdaget i lokale blygruver rundt 1790.","interesting_facts":["Strontiumsalt gir den strålende røde fargen i fyrverkeri og nødbluss.","Det er oppkalt etter den skotske landsbyen Strontian, der malmen først ble funnet.","Den radioaktive isotopen strontium-90 fra kjernefysisk nedfall kan feste seg i bein fordi den etterligner kalsium.","Strontium brukes i noen tannkremer for å redusere tannfølsomhet.","Strontiumaluminat lyser i mørket i timevis og brukes i moderne fosforescerende malinger.","Som kalsium reagerer strontium med vann og finnes aldri fritt i naturen."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Svovel","summary":"Svovel er et gult, ikke-metallisk grunnstoff som ofte finnes i vulkanske områder og er essensielt for livet.","appearance":"Skarpt gule krystaller","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'sulphur' (svovel), et ord av usikker opprinnelse, muligens knyttet til sanskrit 'sulvere'; svovel har vært kjent siden antikken som den skarpe gule steinen funnet rundt vulkaner, kalt 'brimstone' i bibelske tekster.","interesting_facts":["Svovel har vært kjent siden oldtiden og omtales som 'brimstone' i Bibelen, som betyr 'brennende stein'.","Det er kjent for den råtne egg-lukten fra hydrogensulfid, selv om rent svovel i seg selv er luktfritt.","Svovel brenner med en blå flamme og produserer kvelende svoveldioksidgass.","Det meste av utvunnet svovel brukes til å lage svovelsyre, en av verdens mest produserte industrikjemikalier.","Skarpt gule svovelforekomster dannes rundt vulkanventiler og varme kilder.","Svovel er et essensielt grunnstoff for livet, funnet i aminosyrene cystein og metionin som hjelper proteiner å brettes."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal er et tett, korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i elektronikk, kirurgiske implantater og høytemperaturlegeringer.","appearance":"Gråblå","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Tantalos, kongen i gresk mytologi som ble dømt til å stå i et vannbasseng under frukttrær som trakk seg tilbake hver gang han strakte seg etter dem; Anders Ekeberg valgte navnet i 1802 fordi grunnstoffet på en 'fristende' måte nektet å ta opp syre, akkurat som Tantalos aldri kunne slukke tørsten.","interesting_facts":["Tantalkondensatorer er små, men lagrer mye ladning, og finnes i nesten alle telefoner og bærbare datamaskiner.","Det er oppkalt etter Tantalos fra gresk mytologi, som gjenspeiler dets 'fristende' motstand mot å løse seg i syre.","Tantal er biokompatibelt og brukes i kirurgiske implantater, plater og pinner.","Det har et av de høyeste smeltepunktene av alle metaller, over 3 000 °C.","Tantal er svært motstandsdyktig mot korrosjon takket være et tøft oksidlag.","Mye av verdens tantal kommer fra malmen coltan, noe som reiser etiske bekymringer om innkjøp."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium er et sølvgrått, radioaktivt metall som hovedsakelig brukes i medisinsk avbildning og industriell radiografi.","appearance":"Sølvgrått metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'technetos' (kunstig eller menneskeskapt), navngitt av Carlo Perrier og Emilio Segrè i 1937 fordi det var det første grunnstoffet som ble produsert kunstig, laget ved å bombardere molybden med deuteroner i en syklotron.","interesting_facts":["Technetium var det første grunnstoffet som ble laget kunstig, og navnet kommer fra gresk for 'kunstig'.","Det har ingen stabile isotoper, så det finnes i praksis ikke naturlig på jorden.","Technetium-99m er den mest brukte radioaktive sporstoffet i medisinsk avbildning, brukt i titalls millioner undersøkelser årlig.","Mangelen i det periodiske systemet ble forutsagt av Mendeleev som 'eka-mangan'.","Technetium er påvist i spektra fra visse fjerne stjerner, noe som beviser at grunnstoffer fortsatt smeltes sammen i dem.","Små mengder technetium kan gjøre stål bemerkelsesverdig motstandsdyktig mot korrosjon."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellur","summary":"Tellur er et skjørt, sølvhvitt halvmetall som brukes i legeringer, halvledere og termoelektriske enheter.","appearance":"Sølvaktig grå med glans","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra latin 'tellus' (jorden), navngitt av Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1798; navnet var bevisst paret med selen (oppkalt etter månen) ettersom de to grunnstoffene er kjemisk like og ofte ble funnet sammen.","interesting_facts":["Tellur er oppkalt etter det latinske ordet for jorden, 'tellus'.","Personer eksponert for selv små mengder utvikler 'tellurånde', en kraftig hvitløkslignende lukt som kan vare i uker.","Det er et sjeldent halvmetall, omtrent like sjelden i jordskorpen som platina.","Kadmiumtellurid brukes til å lage tynnfilm solcellepaneler.","Tellur forbedrer bearbeidbarheten til stål og kobberlegeringer.","Det brukes i omskrivbare optiske plater fordi det kan veksle mellom glassaktige og krystallinske tilstander."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine er et syntetisk, radioaktivt grunnstoff som brukes i vitenskapelig forskning for å studere supertunge grunnstoffer.","appearance":"Ukjent, sannsynligvis metallisk eller halvmetallisk","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter delstaten Tennessee i USA, hjemsted til Oak Ridge National Laboratory (som produserte det essensielle berkelium-målet), Vanderbilt University og University of Tennessee; det ble syntetisert i 2010 og offisielt navngitt av IUPAC i 2016, med suffikset '-ine' som gjenspeiler plasseringen i halogengruppen 17.","interesting_facts":["Tennessine er oppkalt etter delstaten Tennessee i USA, hjemsted til Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","Det er det nest tyngste kjente grunnstoffet og ble bekreftet i 2010.","Navnet ender på '-ine' fordi det sitter i halogenkolonnen, gruppe 17.","Å lage det krevde sjeldent berkelium produsert ved Oak Ridge, bombardert med kalsiumioner.","Bare noen få atomer av tennessine har noen sinne blitt laget.","Atomene henfaller innen en brøkdel av et sekund."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium er et sølvhvitt metall som brukes i fosforer for grønt lys, lasere og magnetooptiske enheter.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ytterby, en landsby på den svenske øya Resarö, der malmen gadolinit opprinnelig ble samlet inn; Carl Gustaf Mosander skilte det fra yttria i 1843, og 'terbium' er en stavelsesomstilling av 'Ytterby.'","interesting_facts":["Terbium gir den grønne fargen i mange fosforer som brukes i belysning og eldre skjermer.","Det er oppkalt etter den svenske landsbyen Ytterby, en av fire grunnstoffer som hedrer den ene byen.","Terbiumlegeringer endrer form i et magnetfelt og brukes i sensorer og sonarsystemer.","Det lyser kraftig grønt under ultrafiolett lys og brukes i sikkerhetsblekk.","Terbium er et mykt, sølvaktig sjelden jordmetall som kan skjæres med en kniv.","Det brukes i faststoffenheter og energieffektive lysstoffrør."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium er et mykt, grått metall som brukes i elektronikk, optiske systemer og enkelte medisinske anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Navngitt fra gresk 'thallos' (θαλλός), som betyr 'grønn skudd' eller 'grønn kvist'; William Crookes navnga det i 1861 etter den karakteristiske grønne spektrallinjen han så da han analyserte selenholdige syrerester med den nylig utviklede teknikken flammespektroskopi.","interesting_facts":["Thallium var en gang et foretrukket gift, luktfritt og smakløst, og fikk kallenavnet 'giftmakerens gift'.","Navnet kommer fra gresk 'thallos', en grønn skudd, etter den lysegrønne linjen i spekteret.","Thalliumforgiftning forårsaker hårtap, noe som noen ganger hjelper leger med å diagnostisere det.","En radioaktiv thalliumisotop brukes i belastningstester for hjerteavbildning.","Thalliumforbindelser brukes i spesialisert infrarød optikk og elektronikk.","Det ble oppdaget i 1861 ved hjelp av den nye metoden flammespektroskopi."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Torium","summary":"Torium er et svakt radioaktivt metall som brukes i kjernereaktorer, legeringer og gassmantler.","appearance":"Sølvaktig, ofte med svart misfarging","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Tor, den norrøne tordenguden, av den svenske kjemikeren Jöns Jacob Berzelius som oppdaget det i 1828; Berzelius fant det i et norsk mineral han kalte thoritt og navnga det nye grunnstoffet etter guden, i tråd med tradisjonen med å hedre mytologiske figurer.","interesting_facts":["Torium er oppkalt etter Tor, den norrøne tordenguden.","Det forskes på som et tryggere, mer rikelig kjernefysisk brensel enn uran.","Torium er omtrent tre til fire ganger mer utbredt i skorpen enn uran.","Toriumholdige gassmantler glødde kraftig og ble brukt i lykter i over et århundre.","Det ble en gang tilsettes høykvalitets kameraobjektiver, som kan bli litt gule over tid fra stråling.","Nesten alt torium er den langlivede isotopen torium-232, med en halveringstid lengre enn universets alder."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium er et mykt, sølvaktig metall som brukes i bærbare røntgenapparater, lasere og enkelte kjernefysiske anvendelser.","appearance":"Sølvgrå","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Thule, det antikke greske og romerske navnet på et mytisk land ved den ytterste nordlige kanten av den kjente verden, ofte identifisert med Skandinavia eller Island; Per Teodor Cleve valgte navnet i 1879 for å hedre grunnstoffets skandinaviske opprinnelse.","interesting_facts":["Thulium er det sjeldneste av de stabile sjelden jordmetallene og et av de dyreste.","Det er oppkalt etter Thule, et mytisk land langt i nord.","Radioaktiv thulium-170 brukes i bærbare røntgenapparater som ikke trenger strøm.","Thulium lyser blått under ultrafiolett lys og brukes i antipiratmerker på sedler.","Thuliumlasere brukes i enkelte medisinske kirurgiske prosedyrer.","Til tross for sin sjeldenhet er thulium fortsatt mer utbredt i skorpen enn gull."]},"Tin":{"name":"Tinn","summary":"Tinn er et smidig, sølvhvitt metall som brukes i lodding, belegg og legeringer som bronse.","appearance":"Sølvhvitt metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelske ordet 'tin' kommer fra gammelengelsk 'tin,' beslektet med urgermansk 'tinam,' av usikker opprinnelse videre; symbolet Sn kommer fra latin 'stannum,' som opprinnelig refererte til en sølv-bly-legering før det ble brukt om tinn.","interesting_facts":["Blanding av tinn med kobber lager bronse, legeringen som definerte en hel epoke i menneskets historie.","Når en tinnstang bøyes, lager den en knitrende lyd kalt 'tinngråt' når krystallene omorganiseres.","I ekstrem kulde kan vanlig tinn smuldre til et grått pulver, en prosess kalt 'tinnpest'.","Tindåser får sin korrosjonsbestandighet fra et tynt tinnbelegg over stål.","Tinn har flest stabile isotoper (ti) av alle grunnstoffene.","Pewter og lodding er vanlige tinnbaserte legeringer som har vært brukt i århundrer."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Titan","summary":"Titan er et sterkt, lett metall som brukes i stor utstrekning i romfart, medisinske implantater og legeringer.","appearance":"Sølvgrå-hvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter titanene i gresk mytologi — mektige urkraftige guddommer — av Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1795, som ønsket et navn uten geografiske eller personlige assosiasjoner.","interesting_facts":["Titan har det høyeste styrke-til-tykkelsesforholdet av alle metalliske grunnstoffer, like sterkt som stål, men omtrent 45 % lettere.","Det er biokompatibelt, så kroppen avviser det ikke, noe som gjør det ideelt for hofteproteser og tannimplantater.","Titandioksid er et strålende hvitt pigment som brukes i maling, solkrem og til og med tannkrem.","Det motstår korrosjon fra sjøvann så godt at det brukes i skipsdeler og undervannsbåthyl.","Titan er oppkalt etter titanene i gresk mytologi på grunn av sin store styrke.","Selv om det er det niende mest utbredte grunnstoffet i skorpen, er titan kostbart fordi det er vanskelig å utvinne fra malmene."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolfram","summary":"Wolfram er et hardt, tett metall med det høyeste smeltepunktet av alle grunnstoffer, som brukes i tråder, skjæreverktøy og panseringsprosjektiler.","appearance":"Gråhvit, glansende","naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' kommer fra de svenske ordene 'tung' (tung) og 'sten' (stein), som refererer til mineralet scheelitt; symbolet W kommer fra 'wolfram', avledet fra mineralet wolframitt — oppkalt fordi det 'fortærte' tinn under smelting, noe som minnet om en ulv (tysk: Wolf Rahm, ulvens krem eller skum).","interesting_facts":["Wolfram har det høyeste smeltepunktet av alle metaller, ved omtrent 3 422 °C.","Det ble brukt til de glødende trådene i glødelamper.","Navnet kommer fra svensk for 'tung stein', mens symbolet W kommer fra 'wolfram'.","Wolframkarbid er nesten like hardt som diamant og brukes i borebiter, sager og panseringsprosjektiler.","Det er et av de tetteste grunnstoffene, omtrent samme tetthet som gull.","Wolfram er essensielt for enkelte enzymer i visse varmeelskende mikrober, det tyngste grunnstoffet kjent for å brukes av livet."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uran","summary":"Uran er et tett, radioaktivt metall som brukes som brensel i kjernereaktorer og i atomvåpen.","appearance":"Sølvgrått metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter planeten Uranus, som var oppdaget bare åtte år tidligere, av Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1789; han fulgte tradisjonen med å navngi grunnstoffer etter himmellegemer, akkurat som tellur (grunnstoffet før det) var oppkalt etter jorden.","interesting_facts":["Uran er det tyngste grunnstoffet som forekommer i betydelige mengder i naturen.","Det ble oppkalt etter planeten Uranus, oppdaget bare åtte år tidligere.","Ett kilogram uran-235 kan frigjøre like mye energi som flere tusen tonn kull.","Uranes radioaktivitet ble oppdaget av Henri Becquerel i 1896 da det tåkete fotografiske plater i mørket.","Uran av lavt berikelsesgrad er ekstremt tett og brukes i panser og panseringsprosjektiler.","Uranglass, populært på 1800-tallet, lyser kraftig grønt under ultrafiolett lys."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium er et hardt, sølvgrått metall som hovedsakelig brukes til å styrke stållegeringer og andre materialer.","appearance":"Sølvgrå","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Vanadis, et gammelnorsk tilnavn for gudinnen Freyja, valgt av Nils Gabriel Sefström i 1830 fordi vanadiums forbindelser danner slående vakre, flerfargede løsninger.","interesting_facts":["Vanadium er oppkalt etter Vanadis, et navn på den norrøne gudinnen Freyja, på grunn av sine vakre fargede forbindelser.","Forbindelsene viser en regnbue av farger avhengig av oksidasjonstilstand: lilla, blå, grønn og gul.","Tilsetting av små mengder vanadium til stål gjør det mye hardere og tøffere, brukt i verktøy og bildeler.","Henry Ford brukte vanadiumstål i Model T for å gjøre den lettere og sterkere.","Vanadium redox-flytbatterier kan lagre store mengder energi for strømnettet.","Noen sjødyr kalt sjøpølser konsentrerer vanadium i blodet sitt i nivåer langt høyere enn det omkringliggende sjøvannet."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon er en fargeløs, tett, luktfri edelgass som brukes i belysning, medisinsk avbildning og romfartpropulsjon.","appearance":"Fargeløs gass, avgir blå glød når den exciteres","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra gresk 'xenos' (fremmed), navngitt av William Ramsay og Morris Travers i 1898 fordi xenon viste seg som et fullstendig ukjent grunnstoff skjult i restene etter fordamping av flytende krypton.","interesting_facts":["Xenons navn kommer fra det greske ordet for 'fremmed', fordi det var en så sjelden funn i luft.","Det produserer et strålende hvitt lys og brukes i bilfrontlykter, kamerablitz og filmprojektorlamper.","Xenon kan brukes som et trygt, kraftig anestetikum, selv om det er dyrt.","Til tross for at det er en edelgass, var xenon den første som dannet en ekte kjemisk forbindelse, i 1962.","Ionmotorer på romfartøy bruker xenon som drivstoff og skyver forsiktig sonder gjennom solsystemet.","Xenon er tett nok til at du kan få et lett objekt til å flyte på den usynlige gassen."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium er et mykt, sølvaktig metall som brukes i lasere, atomklokker og spenningsmålere i materialer.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ytterby, en landsby på øya Resarö nær Stockholm i Sverige; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerte først oksidet i 1878 fra mineralet erbia, og ytterbium er ett av fire grunnstoffer oppkalt etter den ene svenske landsbyen.","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium er ett av fire grunnstoffer oppkalt etter den lille svenske landsbyen Ytterby.","Ytterbiumatomklokker er blant de mest presise tidsmålerne som noen sinne er bygget.","Den elektriske motstanden øker kraftig under høyt trykk og brukes som spenningsmåler.","Ytterbiumdopede fibre driver høyenergiske industrielle lasere for skjæring og sveising av metall.","Det er et mykt, smidig, sølvaktig sjelden jordmetall.","Uvanlig for et lantanoid kan ytterbium ta en stabil +2 oksidasjonstilstand."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium er et sølvaktig grunnstoff som brukes i fosforer, superledere og LED-teknologi.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Oppkalt etter Ytterby, en liten landsby på øya Resarö i Sverige, der malmen gadolinit først ble samlet inn i 1787; det samme stedsnavnet inspirerte også navnene på ytterbium, erbium og terbium.","interesting_facts":["Yttrium er oppkalt etter den svenske landsbyen Ytterby, som ga navn til fire forskjellige grunnstoffer.","Yttrium-aluminium-granat (YAG)-krystaller brukes til å lage kraftige lasere for medisin og industri.","Det bidro til å skape de første høytemperatur-superlederne som fungerer over nitrogenets kokepunkt.","Yttriumforbindelser produserte de røde fosforene i eldre fargeskjermer.","Det brukes til å styrke aluminium- og magnesiumlegeringer.","Selv om det kalles et sjelden jordmetall, er yttrium mer utbredt i skorpen enn sølv eller bly."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Sink","summary":"Sink er et blålig-sølvaktig metall som ofte brukes i galvanisering, legeringer og som et essensielt mineral for biologiske prosesser.","appearance":"Blålig-sølvaktig metall","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra tysk 'Zink' (sink), først brukt av Paracelsus på 1500-tallet; opprinnelsen kan knyttes til 'Zinke' (tann eller spiss), som beskriver de piggete krystallene som dannes under smelting, eller muligens til persisk 'sing' (stein).","interesting_facts":["Sink belegger stål i en prosess kalt galvanisering og ofrer seg selv for å beskytte stålet mot rust.","Det er essensielt for menneskets immunsystem, og sinkpastiller brukes til å bekjempe forkjølelse.","Sink brenner med en kraftig blågrønn flamme og ble en gang kalt 'filosofull' da oksidet ble samlet inn som hvitt pulver.","Messing, brukt i instrumenter og beslag, er en legering av kobber og sink.","De fleste moderne én-cent og mange andre mynter er laget hovedsakelig av sink med et tynt kobberbelegg.","Sinkoksid er den aktive ingrediensen i mange solkremer og bleiekremer."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirkonium","summary":"Zirkonium er et korrosjonsbestandig metall som brukes i kjernereaktorer, kirurgiske instrumenter og keramiske materialer.","appearance":"Sølvhvit","naming_origin_explanation":"Fra arabisk 'zarqun' (cinnabar eller gullfarget), avledet fra persisk 'zargun' (gullaktig), fordi edelstenen zirkon har gullaktige nyanser; navnet ble gitt av Martin Heinrich Klaproth i 1789.","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium er svært motstandsdyktig mot korrosjon og absorberer knapt nøytroner, noe som gjør det ideelt til kledning av kjernefysisk brenselstaver.","Kubisk zirkonia, en zirkoniumforbindelse, er en populær diamanterstatning i smykker.","Edelstenen zirkon, et zirkoniumsilikat, inneholder noen av de eldste kjente mineralene på jorden, over 4 milliarder år gamle.","Zirkoniumpulver er svært brennbart og ble en gang brukt i blitzpærer.","Det er biokompatibelt og brukes i tannkroner og leddimplantater.","Zirkoniumdioksidkeramikk er tøff nok til å lage knivblader som sjelden trenger sliping."]}},"nl":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actinium","summary":"Actinium is een zacht, zilverachtig radioactief metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in onderzoek en als neutronenbron.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Actinium gloeit in het donker met een griezelig lichtblauw licht vanwege de intense radioactiviteit.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'aktis', wat straal of straal betekent.","Het geeft zijn naam aan de actinidereeks elementen.","Actinium-225 wordt onderzocht voor gerichte alfadeeltjestherapie tegen kanker.","Het is ongeveer 150 maal radioactiefer dan radium.","Actinium is uiterst zeldzaam en komt slechts in sporenhoeveelheden voor in uraniumertsen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), wat 'straal' of 'straal' betekent; André-Louis Debierne isoleerde het voor het eerst in 1899 uit uraniumerts en noemde het vanwege zijn krachtige radioactiviteit; het geeft zijn naam aan de actinidereeks van zware elementen."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium is een zilverwit, lichtgewicht en corrosiebestendig metaal dat in een breed scala aan toepassingen wordt gebruikt.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs metaal","interesting_facts":["Aluminium is het meest voorkomende metaal in de aardkorst, maar het was ooit zo moeilijk te zuiveren dat het waardevoller was dan goud.","Tijdens een banket in de jaren 1880 aten de meest geëerde gasten van Frankrijk naar verluidt met aluminium bestek, terwijl anderen goud gebruikten.","Het is volledig recyclebaar en het recyclen van aluminium kost slechts ongeveer 5% van de energie die nodig is om het uit ruw erts te maken.","Er vormt zich onmiddellijk een dunne, zelfherstellende oxidelaag op aluminium, die het beschermt tegen corrosie.","Het Hall-Heroult-proces, uitgevonden in 1886, maakte aluminium goedkoop door het met behulp van elektriciteit uit aluminiumoxide te halen.","Aluminium is licht, sterk en niet-magnetisch, waardoor het ideaal is voor vliegtuigen, blikjes en folie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'alumen' (aluin, een verbinding die sinds de oudheid wordt gebruikt bij het verven en looien); Humphry Davy bedacht 'aluminium' in 1807 en herzag het later in 'aluminium', terwijl een groot deel van de wereld de spelling 'aluminium' overnam."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in rookmelders en als neutronenbron voor industriële toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverwit, wordt langzaam dof in de lucht","interesting_facts":["Americium wordt in kleine hoeveelheden gebruikt in de meeste huishoudelijke rookmelders.","Het is vernoemd naar Amerika, een weerspiegeling van de naam van europium naar Europa.","Americium werd voor het eerst geproduceerd tijdens het Manhattan Project in 1944.","In een rookmelder zendt americium alfadeeltjes uit die de lucht ioniseren; rook verstoort de stroom en activeert het alarm.","Het gloeit zwakjes in het donker door zijn eigen intense radioactiviteit.","Americium wordt bestudeerd als een mogelijke duurzame energiebron voor toekomstige ruimtemissies."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Amerika, de continenten waar het voor het eerst werd geproduceerd, door Glenn Seaborg in 1944; Seaborg noemde het naar analogie met europium (genoemd naar Europa), aangezien americium dezelfde positie inneemt in de actinidereeks als europium in de lanthanidereeks."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimoon","summary":"Antimoon is een bros, blauwachtig wit metalloïde dat wordt gebruikt in vlamvertragers, legeringen en halfgeleiders.","appearance":"Zilverachtig, blauwachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Antimoon wordt al sinds het oude Egypte gebruikt als kohl, een cosmetisch middel tegen blauwe ogen.","Het is een metalloïde die, ongebruikelijk genoeg, uitzet als het bevriest, waardoor het bruikbaar is voor scherpe gietstukken en typemetaal.","Antimoonverbindingen worden veel gebruikt als vlamvertragers in kunststoffen en textiel.","Het chemische symbool Sb komt van het Latijnse 'stibium'.","Middeleeuwse alchemisten gebruikten antimoonpillen als herbruikbaar laxeermiddel, werden teruggewonnen en doorgegeven als 'eeuwige pillen'.","Antimoon is gelegeerd met lood om het harder te maken, zoals bij oude drukletters en batterijplaten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De Engelse naam komt van het middeleeuwse Latijnse 'antimonium', van onzekere oorsprong (mogelijk van het Arabische 'ithmid' of een Latijnse uitdrukking die 'niet alleen' betekent, aangezien antimoon zelden in zuivere vorm voorkomt); het symbool Sb komt van het Latijnse 'stibium', de naam voor het zwarte sulfide-erts dat sinds het oude Egypte als cosmetisch middel wordt gebruikt."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon is een kleurloos, geurloos edelgas dat ongeveer 1% van de atmosfeer van de aarde uitmaakt.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Argon maakt bijna 1% van de atmosfeer van de aarde uit, waardoor het het meest voorkomende edelgas in de lucht is.","De naam komt van het Griekse woord voor 'lui' omdat het chemisch zo niet-reactief is.","Argon wordt gebruikt om gloeilampen te vullen, omdat het niet reageert met de hete gloeidraad.","Lassers gebruiken argon als beschermgas om heet metaal te beschermen tegen reactie met zuurstof in de lucht.","Het grootste deel van het argon op aarde is argon-40, geproduceerd door het radioactieve verval van kalium-40 in gesteenten.","Ramen met dubbele beglazing zijn vaak gevuld met argon omdat dit beter isoleert dan gewone lucht."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'argon' (inactief of inactief, onzijdig van 'argos'), genoemd door William Ramsay en Lord Rayleigh in 1894 omdat het gas chemisch inert is en uiterst onwillig om ergens mee te reageren."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arseen","summary":"Arseen is een giftig metalloïde dat van oudsher werd gebruikt in pesticiden en nu in de productie van halfgeleiders en glas.","appearance":"Metaalgrijs","interesting_facts":["Arseen staat bekend als het 'gif der koningen en de koning der vergiften', eeuwenlang niet op te sporen en een favoriet bij historische moorden.","Ondanks de giftigheid kunnen kleine sporen van arseen voor sommige dieren een noodzakelijke voedingsstof zijn.","Galliumarsenide en andere arseenverbindingen zijn essentieel voor moderne halfgeleiders en LED's.","Arseenverontreiniging van het grondwater heeft gevolgen voor het drinkwater van miljoenen mensen wereldwijd.","Het sublimeert en verandert bij verhitting direct van vast in gas, met een knoflookachtige geur.","Groene pigmenten die arseen bevatten, werden ooit in behang gebruikt en hebben mogelijk Victoriaanse huishoudens langzaam vergiftigd."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'arsenikon' (geel orpiment, een sulfide-erts van arseen), mogelijk zelf van het Perzische 'zarnikh' (arseenerts); het woord kan ook verband houden met het Griekse 'arrhen' (mannelijk of krachtig), wat de krachtige eigenschappen van arseenverbindingen weerspiegelt."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astaat","summary":"Astatine is een zeldzaam, radioactief element dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek en mogelijk bij kankerbehandelingen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Astatine is het zeldzaamste natuurlijk voorkomende element; Er zit op elk moment minder dan een gram in de aardkorst.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'astatos', wat 'onstabiel' betekent.","Niemand heeft ooit een zichtbaar monster gezien omdat het zou verdampen door zijn eigen intense radioactiviteit.","Het is de zwaarste van de halogenen en werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 1940.","Astatine-211 wordt onderzocht voor gerichte kankertherapie met alfadeeltjes.","De meest stabiele isotoop heeft een halfwaardetijd van slechts ongeveer 8 uur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'astatos' (ἄστατος), wat 'onstabiel' betekent; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie en Emilio Segrè synthetiseerden het in 1940 in Berkeley en kozen de naam omdat alle astatine-isotopen radioactief zijn en snel vervallen, waardoor het element inherent onstabiel wordt."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in boorvloeistoffen, verven en medische beeldvorming.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Patiënten drinken een 'bariummaaltijd' of 'bariumslik' omdat barium röntgenfoto's blokkeert, waardoor het spijsverteringskanaal zichtbaar wordt.","Bariumverbindingen geven vuurwerk hun felgroene kleuren.","De naam komt van het Griekse ‘barys’, wat zwaar betekent.","Hoewel het metaal giftig is, gaat het onoplosbare bariumsulfaat dat in medische scans wordt gebruikt veilig door het lichaam.","Barium is zo reactief dat het onder olie moet worden opgeslagen en wordt nooit vrij in de natuur aangetroffen.","Het mineraal bariet (bariumsulfaat) wordt gebruikt om boorvloeistoffen in de olie-industrie te verzwaren."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'barys' (zwaar), genoemd door Humphry Davy in 1808 omdat bariumsulfaat (bariet, het gewone erts) een ongebruikelijke dichtheid heeft voor een niet-metaalachtig mineraal."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium is een radioactief metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt bij wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de productie van zwaardere elementen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig","interesting_facts":["Berkelium is vernoemd naar Berkeley, Californië, waar het voor het eerst werd gemaakt in 1949.","Het is een uiterst zeldzaam synthetisch element, waarvan slechts kleine hoeveelheden ooit zijn geproduceerd.","Berkelium werd gebruikt als doelmateriaal om het superzware element tennessine te synthetiseren.","Het produceren van een klein monster berkelium kan in een hogefluxreactor vele maanden duren.","Het is zeer radioactief en heeft geen toepassingen buiten wetenschappelijk onderzoek.","Berkelium completeert een set met terbium, beide elementen vernoemd naar steden en op bijpassende posities geplaatst."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Berkeley, Californië, waar het voor het eerst werd gesynthetiseerd in 1949 in het Radiation Laboratory van de University of California; de naamgeving weerspiegelt opzettelijk terbium, genoemd naar de Zweedse stad Ytterby - beide elementen bezetten respectievelijk overeenkomstige posities in de lanthanide- en actinidereeks."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium is een hard, grijsachtig metaal dat van nature voorkomt in mineraalgesteente, steenkool, aarde en vulkanisch stof.","appearance":"Staalgrijs","interesting_facts":["Beryllium is opmerkelijk transparant voor röntgenstraling en wordt daarom gebruikt om vensters voor röntgenbuizen en detectoren te maken.","Het is een van de lichtste structurele metalen en heeft toch een hogere stijfheid-gewichtsverhouding dan staal.","De edelstenen smaragd en aquamarijn zijn beide vormen van het mineraal beryl, een berylliumaluminiumsilicaat.","Berylliumstof is zeer giftig en kan een chronische longziekte veroorzaken, berylliose genaamd.","De spiegels van de James Webb Space Telescope zijn gemaakt van goudgecoat beryllium omdat het zijn vorm behoudt bij extreem koude temperaturen.","In 1932 ontdekte James Chadwick het neutron door beryllium te bombarderen met alfadeeltjes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar beryl, de edelsteen, van het Griekse 'beryllos', omdat Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 voor het eerst beryllium isoleerde uit beryl- en smaragdgroene mineralen."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismut","summary":"Bismut is een bros metaal met een lage toxiciteit, dat wordt gebruikt in cosmetica, medische procedures en legeringen.","appearance":"Zilverwit met een iriserende tint","interesting_facts":["Bismut vormt prachtige, iriserende regenboogkristallen met een trapvormige trechtervorm.","Het is het zwaarste element dat, voor praktische doeleinden, stabiel is, met een bijna onvoorstelbaar lange halfwaardetijd.","Bismut is het hoofdingrediënt in Pepto-Bismol en wordt gebruikt om maagklachten te verzachten.","Net als water zet bismut uit als het bevriest.","Het wordt gebruikt in legeringen met een laag smeltpunt voor sprinklers en veiligheidsvoorzieningen.","Bismut is een van de weinige metalen met een lagere dichtheid in sommige legeringen, en is in veel producten een niet-giftige vervanger voor lood."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het oud-Duitse 'Wismut' of 'Wismuth', mogelijk van 'weiße Masse' (witte massa) of een mijnwerkersterm van onzekere oorsprong; sinds de 15e eeuw bekend als een apart metaal, soms verward met lood of tin, en gelatiniseerd tot 'bisemutum' voordat het in modern gebruik 'bismuth' werd."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Bohrium is vernoemd naar Niels Bohr, de natuurkundige die de structuur van het atoom modelleerde.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat slechts een paar atomen tegelijk produceert.","Bohrium werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 1981 in Duitsland.","De isotopen zijn intens radioactief en vervallen binnen enkele seconden of minder.","Experimenten geven aan dat bohrium chemisch lijkt op renium, in groep 7.","Het heeft geen nut buiten fundamenteel onderzoek naar de zwaarste elementen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Niels Bohr, de Deense natuurkundige die het kwantummodel van het atoom ontwikkelde en fundamentele bijdragen leverde aan het begrijpen van de atomaire structuur; GSI Darmstadt, Duitsland, synthetiseerde het in 1981 en stelde ter ere van hem de naam voor, die in 1997 officieel door IUPAC werd aangenomen."},"Boron":{"name":"Boor","summary":"Borium is een metalloïde element dat essentieel is voor de plantengroei, maar bij overmaat giftig kan zijn.","appearance":"Zwartbruin","interesting_facts":["Boriumverbindingen geven een opvallende heldergroene kleur aan vlammen, waardoor het nuttig is bij pyrotechniek.","Borium is essentieel voor de plantengroei, zij het slechts in kleine hoeveelheden; te veel is giftig voor gewassen.","Borosilicaatglas, gemaakt met boor, is bestand tegen thermische schokken en wordt gebruikt in kookgerei en laboratoriumglaswerk.","De isotoop boor-10 absorbeert gemakkelijk neutronen, dus wordt boor gebruikt in regelstaven en afschermingen voor kernreactoren.","Borax, een boormineraal, wordt al duizenden jaren gebruikt als reinigingsmiddel en vloeimiddel voor het solderen van metalen.","Borium is een metalloïde, die de eigenschappen van zowel metalen als niet-metalen deelt, en is een slechte geleider bij kamertemperatuur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar borax, het mineraal waaruit het voor het eerst werd geïsoleerd, waarbij 'borax' is afgeleid van het Arabische 'buraq' of Perzische 'burah', wat borax of salpeter betekent."},"Bromine":{"name":"Broom","summary":"Broom is een roodbruine vloeistof bij kamertemperatuur en wordt gebruikt in vlamvertragers, waterbehandeling en farmaceutische producten.","appearance":"Roodbruine vloeistof","interesting_facts":["Broom is, samen met kwik, een van de slechts twee elementen die bij kamertemperatuur vloeibaar zijn.","Het is een dichte, roodbruine vloeistof die verstikkende, giftige dampen afgeeft.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'bromos', wat 'stank' betekent.","Oude volkeren haalden een kostbare paarse kleurstof, Tyrisch paars, uit zeeslakken met behulp van broomverbindingen.","Broomverbindingen werden veel gebruikt als vlamvertragers in elektronica en meubels.","Het meeste broom wordt gewonnen uit zeewater en zoutrijke pekelafzettingen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'bromos' (stank of vieze geur), genoemd door Antoine Jérôme Balard in 1826 omdat vloeibaar broom een ​​zeer onaangename, verstikkende geur produceert."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cadmium","summary":"Cadmium is een zacht, blauwachtig wit metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in batterijen, pigmenten en galvaniseren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig blauwgrijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Cadmium geeft levendige gele, oranje en rode pigmenten die al lang worden gewaardeerd door kunstenaars als Monet en Van Gogh.","Het is giftig en hoopt zich op in het lichaam, waardoor de pijnlijke 'itai-itai'-botziekte ontstaat die in de 20e eeuw in Japan werd waargenomen.","Oplaadbare nikkel-cadmium (NiCd) batterijen waren ooit heel gebruikelijk.","Cadmiumcoatings beschermen staal tegen corrosie, vooral in vliegtuigonderdelen.","Het werd in 1817 ontdekt als een onzuiverheid in zinkertsen.","Cadmium absorbeert gemakkelijk neutronen en wordt daarom gebruikt in regelstaven voor kernreactoren."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Latijnse 'cadmia' (calamine, een zinkcarbonaaterts), uiteindelijk van het Griekse 'kadmeia' (Thebaanse aarde, genoemd naar Cadmus, de mythische grondlegger van Thebe), aangezien cadmium in 1817 werd ontdekt als een onzuiverheid in zinkertsen."},"Calcium":{"name":"Calcium","summary":"Calcium is een zachtgrijs metaal dat essentieel is voor levende organismen, vooral bij de celfysiologie en botvorming.","appearance":"Dofgrijs, zilver","interesting_facts":["Calcium is het meest voorkomende metaal in het menselijk lichaam, waarvan ongeveer 99% wordt opgeslagen in botten en tanden.","Kalksteen, krijt en marmer zijn allemaal vormen van calciumcarbonaat.","Het is het vijfde meest voorkomende element in de aardkorst.","Calciumionen fungeren als een universeel signaal in de cellen en veroorzaken alles, van spiercontractie tot bevruchting.","Ongebluste kalk (calciumoxide) gloeide helder bij verhitting en werd gebruikt om podia te verlichten, wat ons de uitdrukking 'in de schijnwerpers' gaf.","Koraalriffen en schelpen zijn grotendeels opgebouwd uit calciumcarbonaat dat uit zeewater wordt gewonnen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'calx' of 'calcis' (kalk of kalksteen), omdat Humphry Davy het voor het eerst isoleerde in 1808 door elektrolyse van calciumoxide (ongebluste kalk), een materiaal dat de Romeinen al lang in de bouw gebruikten."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in neutronenbronnen, kankerbehandeling en materiaalanalyse.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig, gloeit in het donker vanwege de radioactiviteit","interesting_facts":["Californium is een van de duurste stoffen op aarde en kost miljoenen dollars per gram.","Het is vernoemd naar de Amerikaanse staat Californië, waar het in 1950 werd ontdekt.","Californium-252 is een krachtige neutronenemitter die wordt gebruikt bij het opstarten van kernreactoren en in industriële scanners.","Het wordt gebruikt om goud en olie te detecteren door middel van neutronenanalyse van gesteente.","Eén microgram geeft elke seconde een enorm aantal neutronen vrij.","Californium wordt ook gebruikt om metaalmoeheid te identificeren en zwakke punten in vliegtuigen en machines te vinden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Amerikaanse staat Californië en de Universiteit van Californië, waar het in 1950 werd gesynthetiseerd; Thompson, Seaborg, Street en Ghiorso kozen de naam omdat ze opmerkten dat ze geen nabijgelegen hemellichamen meer hadden en besloten in plaats daarvan de plaats van ontdekking te eren."},"Carbon":{"name":"Koolstof","summary":"Koolstof is een fundamentele bouwsteen van het leven en wordt aangetroffen in alle bekende organische verbindingen.","appearance":"Varieert (grafiet is zwart, diamant is helder)","interesting_facts":["Koolstof vormt meer verbindingen dan alle andere elementen samen, en is de chemische basis van al het bekende leven.","Diamant en grafiet zijn beide pure koolstof, maar diamant is het hardste natuurlijke materiaal, terwijl grafiet zacht genoeg is om mee te schrijven.","Grafeen, een enkele laag koolstofatomen, is ongeveer 200 keer sterker dan staal en geleidt elektriciteit beter dan koper.","Koolstof-14-datering maakt gebruik van het gestage verval van een radioactieve koolstofisotoop om de leeftijd te bepalen van ooit levend materiaal tot ongeveer 50.000 jaar oud.","Koolstofatomen die in sterren zijn gesmeed, worden door het universum verspreid wanneer die sterren exploderen, waardoor we letterlijk uit sterrenstof bestaan.","Buckminsterfullereen, een voetbalvormig molecuul van 60 koolstofatomen, werd ontdekt in 1985 en vernoemd naar architect Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'carbo' (steenkool of houtskool), wat aangeeft dat koolstof al sinds de oudheid bekend is in de vorm van houtskool, grafiet en diamant."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in katalysatoren, glaspolijsten en legeringen.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs","interesting_facts":["Cerium is het meest voorkomende van alle zeldzame aardelementen en komt vaker voor dan koper.","Het is vernoemd naar de dwergplaneet Ceres, die twee jaar eerder werd ontdekt.","Cerium is het belangrijkste vonkproducerende ingrediënt in 'vuursteen'-aansteker- en vuurstarterlegeringen.","Ceriumoxide is het fijne polijstpoeder dat wordt gebruikt om glas en edelstenen een gladde afwerking te geven.","Het wordt toegevoegd aan katalysatoren om zuurstof op te slaan en vrij te geven.","Vers gesneden cerium kan in de lucht spontaan ontbranden, waardoor het pyrofoor wordt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de dwergplaneet Ceres, ontdekt in 1801 en zelf vernoemd naar de Romeinse godin van de landbouw; Martin Heinrich Klaproth en Jöns Jacob Berzelius noemden het in 1803, in navolging van de mode om nieuwe elementen naar hemellichamen te vernoemen."},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium is een zacht, goudkleurig metaal dat bekend staat om zijn gebruik in atoomklokken en diverse elektronische toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig goud metallic","interesting_facts":["De tweede wordt officieel gedefinieerd door de trillingen van cesiumatomen, de basis van atoomklokken.","Cesium is een van de meest reactieve metalen en explodeert hevig bij contact met water.","Het smelt bij ongeveer 28 °C en is dus vloeibaar op een warme dag.","Het heeft een goudzilverachtige kleur, een van de weinige metalen die niet zilver of grijs zijn.","Cesium was het eerste element dat in 1860 door spectroscopie werd ontdekt door Bunsen en Kirchhoff.","Radioactief cesium-137 is een opmerkelijk product van kernsplijting en een punt van zorg bij kernongevallen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Latijnse 'caesius' (hemelsblauw of grijsachtig blauw), genoemd door Robert Bunsen en Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 naar de twee kenmerkende helderblauwe spectraallijnen die ze gebruikten om het element te identificeren."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chloor","summary":"Chloor is een zeer reactief, groengeel gas dat wordt gebruikt als desinfectiemiddel en in verschillende industriële toepassingen.","appearance":"Groenachtig geel gas","interesting_facts":["Chloor is een groengeel gas dat in de Eerste Wereldoorlog als chemisch wapen werd gebruikt.","Kleine hoeveelheden die aan drinkwater en zwembaden worden toegevoegd, doden bacteriën en hebben talloze levens gered van door water overgedragen ziekten.","Gecombineerd met natrium vormt chloor gewoon keukenzout, dat essentieel is voor het leven.","Het is zo reactief dat het kleurstoffen gemakkelijk bleekt en desinfecteert. Daarom wordt het gebruikt in huishoudelijk bleekmiddel.","Chloor werd voor het eerst geïsoleerd in 1774 door Carl Wilhelm Scheele, die niet besefte dat het een nieuw element was.","Hoewel ze giftig zijn als gas, zijn chloride-ionen in uw lichaam essentieel voor de spijsvertering en de zenuwfunctie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'chloros' (lichtgroen of groengeel), genoemd door Humphry Davy in 1810 om de kenmerkende geelgroene kleur van het gas weer te geven."},"Chromium":{"name":"Chroom","summary":"Chroom is een hard, glanzend en corrosiebestendig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in roestvrij staal en verchromen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Chroom geeft roestvrij staal zijn glans en roestbestendigheid en vormt een onzichtbare beschermende oxidelaag.","De naam komt van het Griekse woord 'chroma' dat kleur betekent, omdat de verbindingen ervan levendig gekleurd zijn.","Chroom maakt robijnen rood en smaragden groen als een spoor van onzuiverheid in de kristallen.","Verchromen geeft een heldere, harde, spiegelachtige afwerking aan autobekleding en gereedschappen.","Chroom is een van de hardste metalen en is zeer goed bestand tegen corrosie.","Sommige chroomverbindingen zijn essentiële voedingsstoffen in sporenhoeveelheden, terwijl andere (chroom-6) giftig en kankerverwekkend zijn."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afkomstig van het Griekse 'chroma' (kleur), genoemd door Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798 omdat chroomverbindingen een breed scala aan levendige kleuren vertonen: rood in robijnen, groen in smaragden, oranje in crocoiet."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobalt","summary":"Kobalt is een hard, glanzend, zilvergrijs metaal dat wordt gebruikt in legeringen en batterijen en essentieel is voor vitamine B12.","appearance":"Glanzend grijs metaal","interesting_facts":["Kobalt wordt al meer dan 2000 jaar gebruikt om glas en keramiek een diepe, briljante blauwe kleur te geven.","De naam komt van 'kobold', een ondeugende Duitse mijnwerker die de schuld krijgt van lastige ertsen.","Kobalt is een belangrijk ingrediënt in de oplaadbare lithium-ionbatterijen die telefoons en elektrische auto's van stroom voorzien.","Het is een van de slechts drie natuurlijk magnetische elementen bij kamertemperatuur, samen met ijzer en nikkel.","De radioactieve isotoop kobalt-60 wordt gebruikt om kanker te behandelen en medische apparatuur te steriliseren.","Kobalt is essentieel voor het leven als metaalatoom dat de kern vormt van vitamine B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Duitse 'Kobold' (kobold of imp), omdat Duitse mijnwerkers een ondeugende ondergrondse geest de schuld gaven van het lastige kobalterts dat giftige arseendampen vrijgaf en geen koper opleverde ondanks dat het op kopererts leek."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Copernicium is vernoemd naar astronoom Nicolaus Copernicus, die de zon in het centrum van het zonnestelsel plaatste.","Het werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 1996 in Duitsland.","Er wordt voorspeld dat copernicium bij kamertemperatuur een vluchtige vloeistof of gas is en zich enigszins als kwik gedraagt.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat atoom voor atoom wordt gemaakt.","De isotopen zijn zeer radioactief en hebben een korte levensduur.","Het bevindt zich onder kwik in groep 12 van het periodiek systeem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Nicolaus Copernicus, de Pools-Duitse astronoom die voorstelde dat de aarde om de zon draait; GSI Darmstadt synthetiseerde het in 1996 en stelde de naam voor ter ere van Copernicus, waarbij IUPAC het officieel aannam in 2010 ter gelegenheid van de 537e verjaardag van zijn geboorte."},"Copper":{"name":"Koper","summary":"Koper is een roodachtig goudkleurig metaal dat bekend staat om zijn hoge thermische en elektrische geleidbaarheid en dat veel wordt gebruikt in elektrische bedrading en loodgieterswerk.","appearance":"Roodachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Koper was een van de eerste metalen die door mensen werden gebruikt en werkte al meer dan 10.000 jaar.","Het is een uitstekende geleider van elektriciteit, na zilver, en daarom vult het onze draden en kabels.","Koperen oppervlakken doden op natuurlijke wijze veel bacteriën en virussen, waardoor het bruikbaar is voor deurknoppen en ziekenhuisinrichting.","Het Vrijheidsbeeld is bedekt met koper dat in de loop van de tijd groen werd omdat het een beschermende patina vormde.","Door koper met tin te mengen ontstaat brons, en met zink messing, twee legeringen die de menselijke geschiedenis hebben gevormd.","Koper is een essentiële sporenvoedingsstof en helpt uw ​​lichaam rode bloedcellen aan te maken en de zenuwen in stand te houden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'cuprum', afgeleid van het Griekse 'Kypros' (Cyprus), het eiland dat in de oudheid de belangrijkste bron van koper was; het symbool Cu is ook terug te voeren op deze Latijnse naam."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt bij ruimteverkenning als krachtbron en bij wetenschappelijk onderzoek.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metallic, dof in de lucht","interesting_facts":["Curium is vernoemd naar Marie en Pierre Curie, pioniers op het gebied van radioactiviteitsonderzoek.","Het gloeit met een zacht paars of rood licht in het donker vanwege de intense radioactiviteit.","Curium is zo radioactief dat het aanzienlijke hitte genereert en werd overwogen voor de kracht van ruimtevaartuigen.","Het werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 1944, vóór het lichtere americium.","Op curium gebaseerde instrumenten hebben de chemische samenstelling van Mars en andere planetaire oppervlakken geanalyseerd.","Alle curium wordt kunstmatig gemaakt; niets wordt in de natuur gevonden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Marie en Pierre Curie, de pioniers van het onderzoek naar radioactiviteit; Glenn Seaborg noemde het in 1944 ter ere van het echtpaar wiens ontdekkingen de nucleaire chemie mogelijk maakten, waarbij hij opmerkte dat de positie van curium in de actinidereeks een weerspiegeling is van gadolinium in de lanthaniden - zelf vernoemd naar een scheikundige, volgens een parallel patroon."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te onderzoeken.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium is vernoemd naar de stad Darmstadt, Duitsland, waar het in 1994 werd ontdekt.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat wordt gemaakt in deeltjesversnellers.","Er zijn ooit slechts enkele atomen van darmstadtium gemaakt.","De atomen overleven minder dan een seconde voordat ze vervallen.","Er wordt verwacht dat het chemisch lijkt op platina, in groep 10.","Darmstadtium heeft buiten wetenschappelijk onderzoek geen praktisch nut."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de stad Darmstadt, Duitsland, waar het voor het eerst werd gesynthetiseerd in 1994 bij GSI Darmstadt; het volgt de traditie om nieuw gecreëerde elementen te vernoemen naar de locaties van ontdekking, en IUPAC nam de naam officieel aan in 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat in wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gebruikt om de eigenschappen van zware elementen te onderzoeken.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Dubnium is vernoemd naar Dubna, Rusland, de thuisbasis van een beroemd nucleair onderzoeksinstituut.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat alleen in deeltjesversnellers wordt gemaakt.","De ontdekking ervan maakte deel uit van de 'Transfermium Wars', een naamgevingsconflict tijdens de Koude Oorlog.","Dubniumatomen bestaan ​​slechts enkele seconden of minder voordat ze vervallen.","Er is ooit slechts een klein aantal dubniumatomen gemaakt.","Er wordt voorspeld dat het chemisch lijkt op tantaal in groep 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Dubna, Rusland, de thuisbasis van het Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; de naam loste een geschil uit de Koude Oorlog op waarin Amerikaanse wetenschappers het 'hahnium' noemden en Sovjetwetenschappers het 'nielsbohrium', voordat IUPAC in 1997 de neutrale, in de stad gevestigde naam aannam."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium is een zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in magneten, lasers en regelstaven voor kernreactoren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["De naam Dysprosium komt van het Griekse 'dysprositos', wat 'moeilijk te verkrijgen' betekent, omdat het zo moeilijk te isoleren was.","Het wordt toegevoegd aan neodymiummagneten zodat deze bij hoge temperaturen in motoren en windturbines hun kracht behouden.","Dysprosium heeft een van de hoogste magnetische sterkten van alle elementen bij lage temperaturen.","Het absorbeert neutronen goed en wordt gebruikt in regelstaven van kernreactoren.","Op dysprosium gebaseerde legeringen veranderen van vorm in magnetische velden, wat nuttig is in actuatoren en transducers.","Het wordt beschouwd als een cruciaal materiaal voor schone energietechnologie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), wat 'moeilijk te bereiken' betekent; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran bedacht de naam in 1886, als gevolg van de extreme moeilijkheid om het te isoleren van zijn erts – een proces dat negentien neerslag vereist."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium is een hoogradioactief metaal, dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek en bij de productie van zwaardere elementen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig, gloeit vanwege de radioactiviteit","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium werd in 1952 ontdekt in het puin van de eerste waterstofbomtest.","Het is vernoemd naar Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium gloeit blauw in het donker vanwege de intense radioactiviteit.","Het is zo zeldzaam dat er slechts af en toe weegbare hoeveelheden zijn geproduceerd.","Het bestuderen van einsteinium is buitengewoon moeilijk omdat het zijn eigen container en instrumenten beschadigt.","Het heeft geen praktische toepassingen buiten fundamenteel wetenschappelijk onderzoek."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Albert Einstein, die de speciale relativiteitstheorie formuleerde en de vergelijking E=mc² die ten grondslag ligt aan kernenergie; Albert Ghiorso en zijn collega's noemden het in 1955 nadat ze het hadden ontdekt in het puin van de eerste waterstofbomtest in 1952, dat jarenlang geheim werd gehouden."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in optische vezels, lasers en nucleaire technologie.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Erbium-gedoteerde vezels versterken lichtsignalen, waardoor glasvezelinternet over lange afstanden mogelijk wordt.","Het geeft glas en glazuren een zachtroze kleur en wordt gebruikt in zonnebrillen en decoratief glas.","Erbium-lasers worden gebruikt in de tandheelkunde en cosmetische huidvernieuwing.","Het is vernoemd naar Ytterby, Zweden, en deelt die oorsprong met verschillende andere zeldzame aardmetalen.","Erbium wordt aan sommige metaallegeringen, waaronder vanadium, toegevoegd om ze beter verwerkbaar te maken.","Het absorbeert infrarood licht efficiënt, wat ten grondslag ligt aan veel van zijn lasertoepassingen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ytterby, een dorp op het eiland Resarö in Zweden, waar het mineraal gadoliniet dat het bevatte voor het eerst werd gewonnen; Carl Gustaf Mosander scheidde het in 1843 van yttria, en 'erbium' is een van de vier elementnamen die zijn afgeleid van de enkele plaatsnaam 'Ytterby'."},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in fosforescerende materialen, regelstaven en kernreactoren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Europium levert de rode en blauwe fosforen die kleur produceerden in oude tv- en computerschermen.","Het wordt gebruikt als marker tegen namaak in eurobankbiljetten en gloeit onder ultraviolet licht.","Europium is het meest reactieve van de zeldzame aardelementen en wordt snel dof in de lucht.","Het is vernoemd naar het continent Europa.","Europium-gedoteerde fosforen zorgen ervoor dat energiezuinige fluorescentie- en LED-lampen helder gloeien.","Het is een van de minst voorkomende zeldzame aardmetalen in de aardkorst."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Europa, het continent, door Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1901, die het spectroscopisch isoleerde; het was een van de vele elementen die vernoemd waren naar geografische regio's aan het einde van de 19e en het begin van de 20e eeuw."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium is een synthetisch, radioactief metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de studie van transuraniumelementen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Fermium werd ook ontdekt tijdens de gevolgen van de eerste waterstofbomtest in 1952.","Het is vernoemd naar natuurkundige Enrico Fermi, een pionier op het gebied van kernreacties.","Fermium is het zwaarste element dat door neutronenbombardement in weegbare hoeveelheden kan worden gemaakt.","Naast fermium moeten elementen atoom voor atoom worden gemaakt met behulp van deeltjesversnellers.","Er zijn ooit slechts kleine, onzichtbare hoeveelheden fermium geproduceerd.","Het bestaat alleen als synthetisch element en heeft geen commerciële toepassingen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Enrico Fermi, de Italiaans-Amerikaanse natuurkundige die in 1942 de eerste kunstmatige kernreactor bouwde en fundamentele bijdragen leverde aan de kern- en deeltjesfysica; Albert Ghiorso en collega's noemden het in 1953 nadat ze het hadden ontdekt in hetzelfde waterstofbom-testafval dat einsteinium opleverde."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat in wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gebruikt om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te onderzoeken.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Flerovium is vernoemd naar het Flerov Laboratorium voor Kernreacties in Rusland.","Het werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 1998 door een team in Dubna, Rusland.","Sommige voorspellingen suggereerden dat flerovium ongebruikelijk stabiel of zelfs gasachtig zou kunnen zijn, hoewel het nog steeds radioactief is.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat atoom voor atoom wordt gemaakt.","Flerovium ligt onder leiding in groep 14 van het periodiek systeem.","De isotopen vervallen binnen enkele seconden, maar hebben een langere levensduur dan veel buurlanden, wat duidt op het 'eiland van stabiliteit'."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar het Flerov Laboratorium voor Kernreacties in Dubna, Rusland, zelf vernoemd naar de Sovjet-natuurkundige Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov was medeoprichter van het laboratorium en leverde een belangrijke bijdrage aan de kernfysica. Zijn team synthetiseerde het element voor het eerst in 1998, waarna IUPAC de naam officieel aannam in 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor is een zeer reactief, lichtgeel gas en het meest elektronegatieve element.","appearance":"Lichtgeel gas","interesting_facts":["Fluor is het meest reactieve en elektronegatieve van alle elementen en reageert met bijna elke andere stof, soms explosief.","Het is zo agressief dat materialen als asbest en zelfs water in brand kunnen vliegen.","Sporenhoeveelheden fluoride die aan drinkwater en tandpasta worden toegevoegd, helpen tandbederf te voorkomen.","Teflon, de antiaanbaklaag op kookgerei, is een fluorhoudend polymeer (PTFE).","Veel scheikundigen werden vergiftigd of gedood toen ze probeerden fluor te isoleren, wat hen de bijnaam 'fluormartelaren' opleverde voordat Henri Moissan daarin slaagde in 1886.","Fluor is bij kamertemperatuur een lichtgeel gas en is de lichtste van de halogenen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'fluere' (vloeien), omdat het mineraal fluoriet op grote schaal werd gebruikt als metallurgisch vloeimiddel; de naam voor het element werd in 1812 voorgesteld door André-Marie Ampère."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium is een uiterst zeldzaam en radioactief metaal, dat vanwege zijn instabiliteit geen noemenswaardige toepassingen kent.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Francium is het tweede zeldzaamste natuurlijk voorkomende element, na astatine.","Het was het laatste element dat in de natuur werd ontdekt, door Marguerite Perey in 1939 in Frankrijk.","Het is vernoemd naar Frankrijk, haar thuisland.","Francium is zo radioactief dat elke zichtbare hoeveelheid onmiddellijk door zijn eigen hitte zou verdampen.","De meest stabiele isotoop heeft een halfwaardetijd van slechts ongeveer 22 minuten.","Het is het meest reactieve van de alkalimetalen, maar de bulkeigenschappen ervan zijn nog nooit waargenomen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Frankrijk, het land waar Marguerite Perey het in 1939 ontdekte op het Curie Instituut in Parijs; ze noemde het element ter ere van haar thuisland, in navolging van de traditie om elementen naar plaatsen te vernoemen en de eerste vrouw te worden die werd verkozen tot lid van de Franse Academie van Wetenschappen."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium is een zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in MRI-contrastmiddelen, fosforen en neutronenvangsttherapie.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Gadoliniumverbindingen worden als contrastmiddelen ingespoten om MRI-scans veel duidelijker te maken.","Het heeft een buitengewoon vermogen om neutronen te absorberen, het hoogste van alle stabiele elementen, nuttig in kernreactoren.","Gadolinium is net onder kamertemperatuur magnetisch en wordt bestudeerd voor magnetische koeling.","Het is vernoemd naar de Finse chemicus Johan Gadolin, een pionier op het gebied van onderzoek naar zeldzame aardmetalen.","Gadolinium warmt op als het in een magnetisch veld wordt geplaatst en koelt af als het wordt verwijderd, het magnetocalorische effect.","Het wordt gebruikt in sommige soorten medische en beveiligingsbeelddetectoren."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar gadoliniet, het mineraal waarin het oxide voor het eerst werd geïdentificeerd; gadoliniet is vernoemd naar Johan Gadolin, een Finse scheikundige die het voor het eerst analyseerde; Jean Charles de Marignac isoleerde het nieuwe element aarde in 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat smelt net boven kamertemperatuur en wordt gebruikt in elektronica en halfgeleiders.","appearance":"Zilverachtig blauw","interesting_facts":["Gallium smelt bij ongeveer 30 °C, dus een stevig stuk smelt in je hand.","Het bestaan ​​ervan werd door Mendelejev voorspeld als 'eka-aluminium' voordat het in 1875 werd ontdekt.","Galliumarsenide wordt gebruikt in snelle elektronica, LED's en zonnecellen voor ruimtevaartuigen.","Hoewel het gemakkelijk smelt, kookt gallium bij meer dan 2400 °C, een van de grootste vloeistoftemperatuurbereiken van welk element dan ook.","Gallium kan aluminium bros maken door in de korrelgrenzen te sijpelen, waardoor het metaal dramatisch wordt verzwakt.","In tegenstelling tot de meeste stoffen zet gallium uit als het bevriest, net als water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Gallia, de Latijnse naam voor Frankrijk, door ontdekker Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875; de naam kan ook een woordspeling zijn op 'gallus' (Latijn voor haan), een woordspeling op de achternaam van Lecoq die in het Frans 'de haan' betekent."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium is een harde, grijsachtig witte metalloïde die wordt gebruikt in halfgeleiders, glasvezel en infraroodoptiek.","appearance":"Grijsachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Germanium werd door Mendelejev voorspeld als 'eka-silicium' en de ontdekking ervan in 1886 hielp het periodiek systeem te bevestigen.","De eerste transistors in de jaren veertig en vijftig waren gemaakt van germanium voordat silicium het overnam.","Het is transparant voor infrarood licht en wordt daarom gebruikt in lenzen voor nachtkijkers en thermische camera's.","Germanium is een metalloïde halfgeleider met een glanzend, grijsachtig wit uiterlijk.","Optische vezels gebruiken germaniumverbindingen om te bepalen hoe licht door het glas reist.","Net als water en silicium zet germanium uit als het stolt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Germania, de Latijnse naam voor Duitsland, door Clemens Winkler, die het in 1886 ontdekte; de ontdekking bevestigde Mendelejevs voorspelling van een ontbrekend element dat hij 'eka-silicium' had genoemd."},"Gold":{"name":"Goud","summary":"Goud is een compact, zacht metaal dat zeer gewaardeerd wordt vanwege het gebruik ervan in sieraden, elektronica en valuta.","appearance":"Helder metallic geel","interesting_facts":["Goud is zo weinig reactief dat het duizenden jaren lang kan blijven glanzen. Daarom glanzen oude goudartefacten nog steeds.","Het is ongelooflijk kneedbaar; een enkele gram kan in een plaat van ongeveer een vierkante meter worden geslagen.","Aangenomen wordt dat bijna al het goud op aarde is aangekomen via asteroïde-inslagen nadat de planeet was gevormd.","Goud geleidt elektriciteit goed en corrodeert nooit, dus wordt het gebruikt om kritische elektronische contacten te plateren.","Het chemische symbool Au komt van het Latijnse 'aurum', wat 'stralende dageraad' betekent.","De vizieren van astronauten zijn bedekt met een ultradun laagje goud om schadelijke zonnestraling te reflecteren."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De Engelse naam 'gold' komt van het Proto-Germaanse 'gulþą', gerelateerd aan 'geel'; het symbool Au is afgeleid van het Latijnse 'aurum', dat vermoedelijk 'stralende dageraad' of 'gloed van zonsopgang' betekent; Goud is al sinds de prehistorie in vrijwel alle culturen bekend en gewaardeerd."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium is een glanzend, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in kernreactoren, regelstaven en hogetemperatuurlegeringen.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs","interesting_facts":["Het bestaan ​​van Hafnium werd voorspeld door de atoomtheorie en werd in 1923 gevonden in zirkoniumerts.","Het is vernoemd naar Hafnia, de Latijnse naam voor Kopenhagen.","Hafnium absorbeert neutronen buitengewoon goed en wordt gebruikt in de regelstaven van kernonderzeeërs.","Op hafnium gebaseerde verbindingen vervingen siliciumdioxide als isolatoren in moderne computerchips.","Het heeft een van de hoogste smeltpunten van alle elementen en wordt gebruikt in superlegeringen voor straalmotoren.","Hafnium is chemisch vrijwel identiek aan zirkonium, waardoor de twee zeer moeilijk te scheiden zijn."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Hafnia, de Latijnse naam voor Kopenhagen, Denemarken, waar Dirk Coster en George de Hevesy het in 1923 ontdekten door röntgenspectroscopie; ze kozen de naam ter ere van de stad waar hun onderzoek werd uitgevoerd."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Hassium is vernoemd naar de Duitse deelstaat Hessen, de thuisbasis van het laboratorium waar het werd ontdekt.","Het werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 1984 door lood te bombarderen met ijzerionen.","Hassium is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat alleen in deeltjesversnellers wordt gemaakt.","Ondanks de schaarste hebben wetenschappers bevestigd dat het zich gedraagt ​​als osmium, in groep 8.","De atomen bestaan ​​slechts fracties van een seconde voordat ze vervallen.","Er zijn ooit slechts kleine aantallen hassiumatomen geproduceerd."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Duitse deelstaat Hessen (Latijn: Hassia), waar GSI Darmstadt – het laboratorium dat het voor het eerst synthetiseerde in 1984 – is gevestigd; de naam volgt de traditie van het benoemen van elementen naar hun ontdekkingsplaatsen en werd in 1997 officieel erkend door IUPAC."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium is een kleurloos, geurloos, smaakloos, niet-giftig, inert, mono-atomair gas dat aan het hoofd staat van de edelgasgroep in het periodiek systeem.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Helium werd voor het eerst gedetecteerd in het spectrum van de zon in 1868, voordat het ooit op aarde werd gevonden, en is vernoemd naar de Griekse zonnegod Helios.","Het is het enige element dat niet kan worden gestold door afkoeling bij normale atmosferische druk, hoe koud het ook wordt.","Onder de 2,17 K wordt vloeibaar helium een ​​supervloeistof die zonder wrijving kan stromen en zelfs langs de wanden van de container kan kruipen.","Het inademen van helium verhoogt tijdelijk de toonhoogte van je stem, omdat geluid er bijna drie keer sneller doorheen gaat dan door lucht.","Het grootste deel van het helium op aarde is afkomstig van het radioactieve verval van uranium en thorium diep onder de grond en wordt gewonnen uit aardgas.","Helium is het op één na meest voorkomende element in het universum, maar is op aarde relatief zeldzaam en niet-hernieuwbaar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'helios' (zon), omdat helium voor het eerst werd gedetecteerd in het zonnespectrum tijdens de totale zonsverduistering van 1868 voordat het op aarde werd bevestigd."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in magneten, nucleaire regelstaven en lasers.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Holmium heeft de sterkste magnetische eigenschappen van alle natuurlijk voorkomende elementen.","Holmiumlasers worden in de geneeskunde gebruikt om nierstenen af ​​te breken en vergrote prostaat te behandelen.","Het is vernoemd naar Holmia, de Latijnse naam voor Stockholm.","Holmium geeft glas en zirkonia gele en rode kleurstoffen.","Het wordt gebruikt om de sterkste bekende kunstmatige magnetische velden als poolstukken te creëren.","Holmiumoxide-oplossingen worden gebruikt als kalibratiestandaard voor spectrofotometers."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Holmia, de Latijnse naam voor Stockholm, Zweden, waar Per Teodor Cleve – die het element in 1878 identificeerde – was gevestigd; het volgt de traditie van het vernoemen van zeldzame aardelementen naar de plaatsen die verband houden met hun ontdekking."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Waterstof","summary":"Waterstof is het lichtste element en de meest voorkomende chemische stof in het universum.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Waterstof is het meest voorkomende element in het universum en vormt qua massa ongeveer 75% van alle normale materie.","Het is het enige element waarvan de drie isotopen (protium, deuterium en tritium) hun eigen verschillende namen hebben.","Vloeibare waterstof wordt sinds de jaren zestig gebruikt als raketbrandstof en drijft de bovenste trappen van de Saturn V aan die astronauten naar de maan bracht.","Onder extreme druk, zoals in Jupiter, gedraagt ​​waterstof zich als een vloeibaar metaal en kan het elektriciteit geleiden.","Henry Cavendish identificeerde waterstof in 1766 als een afzonderlijke stof en noemde het 'ontvlambare lucht'.","Een waterstofatoom is het eenvoudigste atoom dat bestaat: een enkel proton waar één enkel elektron omheen draait."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'hydro' (water) en 'genen' (vormend), wat 'watervormer' betekent. Genoemd door Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 omdat de verbranding van waterstof water produceert."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium is een zacht, kneedbaar metaal dat wordt gebruikt in halfgeleiders, touchscreens en als beschermende coating voor lagers.","appearance":"Zilverachtige metaalglans","interesting_facts":["Indium is zo zacht dat je er met een vingernagel in kunt deuken, en het maakt een hoorbare 'kreet' als het wordt gebogen, net als tin.","Indiumtinoxide vormt de transparante, elektrisch geleidende coating op touchscreens en platte beeldschermen.","Het is vernoemd naar de heldere indigolijn in zijn emissiespectrum.","Indium blijft zelfs bij extreem lage temperaturen zacht en verwerkbaar, handig voor vacuümafdichtingen.","Het heeft een zeer laag smeltpunt en wordt gebruikt in speciale soldeermiddelen en legeringen voor lage temperaturen.","De vraag naar indium is enorm gestegen door de verspreiding van smartphones en LCD-schermen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Latijnse 'indicum' (indigo), genoemd door Ferdinand Reich en Hieronymous Richter in 1863 naar de briljante indigoblauwe spectraallijn die ze observeerden bij het analyseren van zinkertsresiduen met behulp van de toen nieuwe techniek van spectroscopie."},"Iodine":{"name":"Jood","summary":"Jodium is een donker, glanzend, paarszwart niet-metaal dat essentieel is voor de schildklierfunctie en wordt gebruikt als ontsmettingsmiddel.","appearance":"Glanzend metaalgrijs (vast), violet (gas)","interesting_facts":["Jodium is essentieel voor uw schildklier en daarom wordt keukenzout er vaak mee verrijkt.","Bij verhitting sublimeert vast jodium in een opvallende violetkleurige damp.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'iodes', wat violet betekent.","Jodiumtinctuur wordt al lang gebruikt als antisepticum om wonden te desinfecteren.","Jodium verandert zetmeel diep blauwzwart, een reactie die als chemische test wordt gebruikt.","Radioactief jodium-131 ​​wordt gebruikt om schildklieraandoeningen te diagnosticeren en te behandelen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Franse 'iode', afgeleid van het Griekse 'ioeides' (violetachtig), genoemd door Humphry Davy in 1813 naar de opvallende violette kleur van jodiumdamp."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium is een compact, corrosiebestendig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in bougies, smeltkroezen en diverse industriële toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Een wereldwijde laag iridiumrijke klei is het belangrijkste bewijs dat een asteroïde-inslag de dinosauriërs heeft gedood, aangezien iridium zeldzaam is op aarde, maar veel voorkomt in asteroïden.","Iridium is het meest corrosiebestendige metaal dat we kennen en is bestand tegen zuren die bijna al het andere oplossen.","Het is een van de dichtste elementen, bijna verbonden met osmium.","De standaardkilogram was ooit een platina-iridiumcilinder die in de buurt van Parijs werd bewaard.","Iridium tipt bougies omdat het bestand is tegen extreme hitte zonder te eroderen.","De naam komt van Iris, de Griekse godin van de regenboog, vanwege zijn kleurrijke zouten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Iris, de Griekse godin van de regenboog (Latijn: iris), door Smithson Tennant in 1803; de naam weerspiegelt de opvallende verscheidenheid aan kleuren die worden weergegeven door de zouten en verbindingen van iridium, die Tennant deden denken aan de kleuren van een regenboog."},"Iron":{"name":"IJzer","summary":"IJzer is een sterk, kneedbaar metaal dat essentieel is voor de productie van staal en een essentieel onderdeel van hemoglobine.","appearance":"Glanzend metallic met een grijsachtige tint","interesting_facts":["IJzer is qua massa het meest voorkomende element op aarde en vormt een groot deel van de gesmolten kern van de planeet.","De draaiende kern van vloeibaar ijzer op aarde genereert het magnetische veld dat ons beschermt tegen zonnestraling.","IJzer bevindt zich in het centrum van hemoglobine, het molecuul dat zuurstof in uw bloed transporteert en het rood maakt.","IJzer is het zwaarste element dat sterren kunnen maken door normale fusie; zwaardere elementen vereisen supernova-explosies.","De ijzertijd, die rond 1200 vGT begon, transformeerde de menselijke beschaving met sterkere gereedschappen en wapens.","Roest is ijzeroxide, gevormd wanneer ijzer langzaam reageert met zuurstof en water."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Het Engelse woord 'ijzer' komt van het Oud-Engelse 'iren', gerelateerd aan het Proto-Germaanse 'isarno', mogelijk van een Keltische wortel voor 'heilig metaal'; het symbool Fe is afgeleid van het Latijnse 'ferrum' (ijzer), dat al sinds minstens 1200 v.Chr. wordt gesmolten en gebruikt."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton is een kleurloos, geurloos edelgas dat wordt gebruikt in fluorescentielampen, fotografie en als vulgas voor energiezuinige ramen.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["De naam Krypton komt van het Griekse woord 'kryptos', wat 'verborgen' betekent, omdat het zo moeilijk te vinden was in de lucht.","Van 1960 tot 1983 werd de meter officieel gedefinieerd door de golflengte van het licht dat door krypton-86 werd uitgezonden.","Krypton produceert een briljant wit licht en wordt gebruikt in sommige hoogwaardige fotografische flitsers en lampen.","Het is een edelgas en is vrijwel volledig niet-reactief, hoewel er enkele kryptonverbindingen kunnen worden gevormd.","Krypton wordt gebruikt in sommige energiezuinige ramen en fluorescentielampen.","Ondanks het 'kryptoniet' uit het stripboek is echt krypton een onschadelijk, kleurloos en geurloos gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'kryptos' (verborgen), genoemd door William Ramsay en Morris Travers in 1898 omdat krypton buitengewoon moeilijk te detecteren en te isoleren was - het bleef 'verborgen' in de resten van vloeibare lucht."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lanthaan","summary":"Lanthaan is een zacht, zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in cameralenzen, katalysatoren en oplaadbare batterijen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["De naam Lanthanum komt van het Griekse 'lanthanein', wat 'verborgen liggen' betekent, omdat het zich verborg in ceriumerts.","Het geeft de eerste van de lanthanidereeks, de 'zeldzame aarde'-elementen, zijn naam.","Lanthaan wordt gebruikt in het glas van hoogwaardige camera- en telescooplenzen om het licht scherp te buigen.","Nikkel-lanthaanlegeringen slaan waterstof op en werden gebruikt in de batterijen van veel hybride auto's.","Lanthaanverbindingen helpen aardolie als katalysatoren tot benzine te raffineren.","Het is zacht genoeg om met een mes te snijden en wordt snel dof in de lucht."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'lanthaneïne' (verborgen liggen of aan de aandacht ontsnappen), genoemd door Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 omdat lanthaan jarenlang onopgemerkt bleef als onzuiverheid in ceriumoxide voordat hij het als een afzonderlijk element identificeerde."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium is een synthetisch, radioactief element zonder praktische toepassingen buiten wetenschappelijk onderzoek.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium is vernoemd naar Ernest Lawrence, uitvinder van de cyclotrondeeltjesversneller.","Het is het laatste element van de actinidenreeks.","Lawrencium kan in versnellers slechts met een paar atomen tegelijk worden gemaakt.","De meest stabiele isotoop heeft een halfwaardetijd van slechts enkele uren.","Het meten van de eigenschappen van lawrencium is buitengewoon moeilijk omdat er zo kortstondig zo weinig atomen bestaan.","Het heeft geen nut buiten fundamenteel wetenschappelijk onderzoek."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ernest Orlando Lawrence, de Amerikaanse natuurkundige die in 1930 de cyclotrondeeltjesversneller uitvond, waardoor de creatie van transurane elementen mogelijk werd; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synthetiseerde dit element in 1961 en noemde het ter ere van Lawrence's fundamentele bijdragen."},"Lead":{"name":"Lood","summary":"Lood is een zacht, zwaar metaal dat wordt gebruikt in batterijen, stralingsafscherming en diverse industriële toepassingen.","appearance":"Blauwgrijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Lood heeft een hoge dichtheid en blokkeert straling. Daarom bekleedt het röntgenschorten en -schermen.","De Romeinen gebruikten loden buizen voor loodgieterswerk, en het woord 'loodgieterswerk' komt van het Latijnse woord voor lood, 'plumbum' (symbool Pb).","Lood is giftig voor het zenuwstelsel en daarom werd het uit benzine en verf verwijderd.","Het is zacht, zwaar en gemakkelijk te vormen, eigenschappen die al sinds de oudheid worden gewaardeerd.","Het meeste lood wordt tegenwoordig gerecycled, grotendeels uit autobatterijen.","Lood is het zwaarste element met een volledig stabiele isotoop; alles wat zwaarder is, is radioactief."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Het Engelse woord 'lead' komt van het Proto-Germaanse 'lauda'; het symbool Pb komt van het Latijnse 'plumbum', waarschijnlijk afgeleid van een pre-Latijnse mediterrane taal, die het Engels het woord 'loodgieterswerk' gaf, omdat de Romeinen op grote schaal lood gebruikten voor waterleidingen."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lithium","summary":"Lithium is een zacht, zilverwit alkalimetaal. Het is het lichtste metaal en het minst dichte vaste element.","appearance":"Zilverwit","interesting_facts":["Lithium is het lichtste metaal en het minst dichte vaste element, zo licht dat het op water kan drijven terwijl het ermee reageert.","Oplaadbare lithium-ionbatterijen voeden de meeste moderne telefoons, laptops en elektrische voertuigen.","Lithiumzouten worden sinds de jaren veertig gebruikt als stemmingsstabilisator bij de behandeling van bipolaire stoornissen.","Het was een van de eerste drie elementen (met waterstof en helium) die ontstonden tijdens de Big Bang-nucleosynthese.","Lithium brandt met een opvallende karmozijnrode vlam, een eigenschap die wordt gebruikt in vuurwerk en fakkels.","Een groot deel van het lithium in de wereld wordt gewonnen uit zilte zoutvlakten hoog in het Andesgebergte van Zuid-Amerika."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afkomstig van Griekse 'lithos' (steen), omdat Johan August Arfwedson het in 1817 ontdekte in vaste steenmineralen (petaliet), in tegenstelling tot natrium en kalium die in plantenas werden aangetroffen."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat in wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gebruikt om superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Livermorium is vernoemd naar het Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Californië.","Het werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 2000 door een Russisch-Amerikaans team.","Het is een synthetisch, superzwaar element dat uit slechts een paar atomen tegelijk bestaat.","Livermorium-atomen bestaan ​​slechts enkele milliseconden voordat ze vervallen.","Er wordt voorspeld dat het onder polonium ligt in groep 16.","Voor de productie ervan zijn calciumionen en curiumdoelen nodig."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar het Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Californië, dat in 2000 samenwerkte met het Joint Institute for Nuclear Research om het te synthetiseren; IUPAC erkende de naam officieel in 2012, de naam van het laboratorium zelf ter ere van Robert Livermore, een vroege kolonist uit Californië."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium is een dicht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in PET-scandetectoren, katalysatoren en gespecialiseerde legeringen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Lutetium is de laatste van de lanthanidereeks en een van de hardste en dichtste zeldzame aardmetalen.","Het is vernoemd naar Lutetia, de oude Romeinse naam voor Parijs.","Op lutetium gebaseerde kristallen worden gebruikt als detectoren in PET-scanners voor medische beeldvorming.","Het is een van de zeldzaamste en duurste zeldzame aardmetalen die in pure vorm verkrijgbaar zijn.","Lutetium wordt gebruikt als katalysator bij de raffinage van aardolie.","Een radioactieve lutetiumverbinding wordt gebruikt bij gerichte therapie voor sommige vormen van kanker."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Lutetia, de oude Romeinse naam voor Parijs, Frankrijk; Georges Urbain, die het voor het eerst isoleerde in 1907, koos de naam om zijn geboortestad te eren, volgens de gevestigde praktijk om zeldzame aardelementen naar plaatsen te vernoemen."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium is een glanzend grijs metaal en is een essentieel element voor alle levende cellen.","appearance":"Glanzende grijze vaste stof","interesting_facts":["Magnesium brandt met een verblindend wit licht en werd ooit veel gebruikt in vroege fotografische flitspoeders en lichtflitsen.","Het is het lichtste structurele metaal en is gelegeerd met aluminium om sterke, lichtgewicht onderdelen voor auto's en vliegtuigen te maken.","Magnesium bevindt zich in het centrum van elk chlorofylmolecuul, waardoor het essentieel is voor de fotosynthese in planten.","Het menselijk lichaam heeft magnesium nodig voor honderden enzymreacties, waaronder reacties die de spieren en zenuwen aan het werk houden.","Magnesium is het achtste meest voorkomende element in de aardkorst en het derde meest voorkomende element opgelost in zeewater.","Epsom-zout, gebruikt om pijnlijke spieren te verzachten, is magnesiumsulfaat."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Magnesia, een district in Thessalië, Griekenland, waar verwante magnesiumhoudende mineralen werden gevonden; uit dezelfde plaatsnaam ontstonden ook de woorden 'mangaan' en 'magneet'."},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangaan","summary":"Mangaan is een hard, bros metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt bij de staalproductie om de sterkte en hardheid te verbeteren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Mangaan is essentieel voor het maken van staal, het verwijderen van zuurstof en zwavel en het toevoegen van sterkte; bijna al het staal bevat het.","Het is een belangrijk ingrediënt in wegwerp-alkalinebatterijen.","Mangaandioxide werd tienduizenden jaren geleden door grotschilders gebruikt om zwart pigment te maken.","Het dieppaarse karakter van kaliumpermanganaat maakt het tot een nuttig ontsmettingsmiddel en chemisch reagens.","Uitgestrekte velden met mangaanknollen bedekken delen van de diepe oceaanbodem.","Mangaan is een essentiële sporenvoedingsstof en helpt enzymen die cellen tegen schade beschermen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Magnesia-district van Thessalië, Griekenland – dezelfde regio die zijn naam aan magnesium gaf – via middeleeuws Latijns ‘mangaan’; de naam werd mogelijk versterkt door het Latijnse 'magnes' (magneet), aangezien mangaanerts historisch gezien werd verward met magnetisch ijzererts."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat uitsluitend wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium is vernoemd naar Lise Meitner, een pionier op het gebied van kernsplijting wiens bijdragen lange tijd over het hoofd werden gezien.","Het is een van de weinige elementen die naar een vrouw vernoemd zijn.","Meitnerium werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 1982 in Duitsland.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat atoom voor atoom wordt gemaakt.","De isotopen vervallen extreem snel, binnen milliseconden tot seconden.","Er wordt voorspeld dat het zich gedraagt ​​als iridium, in groep 9 van het periodiek systeem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Lise Meitner, de Oostenrijks-Zweedse natuurkundige die mede-ontdekker van kernsplijting en protactinium mede-ontdekte, maar controversieel werd uitgesloten van de Nobelprijs van 1944; GSI Darmstadt stelde de naam in 1992 voor als erkenning voor haar torenhoge bijdragen aan de nucleaire wetenschap."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium is een synthetisch, radioactief metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van zware elementen te onderzoeken.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium is vernoemd naar Dmitri Mendelejev, de schepper van het periodiek systeem.","Het werd voor het eerst gemaakt in 1955, met slechts een paar atomen tegelijk.","Mendelevium kan alleen worden geproduceerd in deeltjesversnellers door einsteinium te bombarderen.","De ontdekkingsexperimenten detecteerden aanvankelijk slechts ongeveer 17 atomen.","Het is intens radioactief met kortlevende isotopen.","Mendelevium heeft geen andere toepassingen dan fundamenteel onderzoek naar zware elementen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Dmitri Ivanovitsj Mendelejev, de Russische scheikundige die in 1869 het periodiek systeem creëerde; Glenn Seaborg en collega's noemden het in 1955 als eerbetoon aan de wetenschapper wiens visionaire organisatie van de elementen de ontdekking van transurane elementen conceptueel mogelijk maakte."},"Mercury":{"name":"Kwik","summary":"Kwik is een dicht, zilverachtig vloeibaar metaal dat wordt gebruikt in thermometers, barometers en fluorescentielampen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig","interesting_facts":["Kwik is het enige metaal dat vloeibaar is bij kamertemperatuur.","Het is vernoemd naar de Romeinse boodschappergod vanwege zijn snel bewegende, vloeiende aard, en het symbool Hg komt van 'hydrargyrum', wat 'waterzilver' betekent.","Kwik werd ooit gebruikt in thermometers en barometers omdat het gelijkmatig uitzet met de temperatuur.","Hoedenmakers die aan kwik werden blootgesteld, ontwikkelden trillingen en verwarring, wat de inspiratie vormde voor de uitdrukking 'gek als een hoedenmaker'.","Het is giftig en bioaccumuleert, waardoor het zich ophoopt in vissen en de mensen die ze eten.","Kwikdamp gloeit blauwgroen wanneer hij wordt geëlektrificeerd, de basis van fluorescentielampen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Mercurius, de snelle Romeinse boodschappergod, die de vloeiende, snel bewegende aard van het element weerspiegelt; het symbool Hg komt van 'hydrargyrum', een Latinisering van het Griekse 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), wat 'waterzilver' betekent, verwijzend naar het vloeibare zilveruiterlijk."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybdeen","summary":"Molybdeen is een hard, zilverachtig metaal dat in staallegeringen wordt gebruikt om de sterkte, taaiheid en corrosieweerstand te vergroten.","appearance":"Grijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Molybdeen heeft een van de hoogste smeltpunten van alle elementen, namelijk ongeveer 2.623 °C.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'molybdos' (lood), omdat het erts lange tijd werd verward met lood en grafiet.","Door molybdeen aan staal toe te voegen, ontstaan ​​zeer sterke legeringen die worden gebruikt in vliegtuigen, gereedschappen en bepantsering.","Het is een essentiële sporenvoedingsstof en helpt enzymen in planten, dieren en mensen.","Stikstofbindende bacteriën gebruiken molybdeen om stikstof uit de lucht om te zetten in een bruikbare vorm.","Molybdeendisulfide is een gladde vaste stof die wordt gebruikt als droog smeermiddel bij hoge temperaturen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'molybdos' (lood), omdat het erts molybdeniet lange tijd werd verward met loodertsen; Carl Wilhelm Scheele toonde aan dat het onderscheidend was in 1778, en Peter Jacob Hjelm isoleerde het metaal in 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Moscovium is vernoemd naar de regio Moskou in Rusland, waar het Dubna-laboratorium is gevestigd.","Het werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 2003 door een Russisch-Amerikaanse samenwerking.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat slechts een paar atomen tegelijk produceert.","Moscovium-atomen vervallen binnen een fractie van een seconde.","Er wordt voorspeld dat het onder bismut ligt in groep 15.","Het werd officieel genoemd in 2016, samen met drie andere nieuwe elementen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Oblast Moskou (regio Moskou) van Rusland, waar het Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is gevestigd; het werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 2003 in een samenwerking tussen JINR en Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, en officieel benoemd door IUPAC in 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodymium","summary":"Neodymium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in krachtige magneten, lasers en glaskleuring.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Neodymiummagneten zijn de sterkste permanente magneten die algemeen verkrijgbaar zijn en kunnen vele malen hun eigen gewicht tillen.","Deze magneten zijn te vinden in alles, van oordopjes en harde schijven tot windturbines en elektrische automotoren.","De naam betekent 'nieuwe tweeling', aangezien het in 1885 naast praseodymium werd afgesplitst van 'didymium'.","Neodymium geeft glas een opvallende kleur die afhankelijk van de lichtinval tussen paars en blauw verschuift.","Neodymium-gedoteerde kristallen drijven enkele van de meest voorkomende hoogenergetische lasers aan.","Het is een van de meest voorkomende zeldzame aardmetalen, ondanks zijn gespecialiseerde toepassingen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'neos' (nieuw) en 'didymos' (tweeling), genoemd door Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 toen hij didymium scheidde in praseodymium en neodymium - de 'nieuwe tweeling' van het paar."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon is een kleurloos, geurloos edelgas dat bij elektriciteit een opvallende roodoranje gloed afgeeft.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Neon gloeit helder oranjerood op als er elektrische stroom doorheen gaat, de basis van klassieke 'neon'-borden.","Het is vrijwel volledig inert en vormt onder normale omstandigheden geen stabiele gewone chemische verbindingen.","Neon werd in 1898 ontdekt door Ramsay en Travers, die het vernoemden naar het Griekse woord 'neos', dat 'nieuw' betekent.","Ondanks dat neon het vijfde meest voorkomende element in het universum is, is het zeldzaam op aarde en vormt het slechts een klein deel van de atmosfeer.","Vloeibare neon is een uitstekend cryogeen koelmiddel, met meer dan 40 keer de koelcapaciteit per volume vloeibaar helium.","De verschillende kleuren die in 'neon'-reclameborden te zien zijn, zijn feitelijk afkomstig van andere edelgassen; pure neon produceert altijd een roodoranje licht."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'neos' (nieuw), genoemd door William Ramsay en Morris Travers in 1898 om aan te geven dat het een nieuw ontdekt edelgas was."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in neutronendetectie-instrumenten en wordt bestudeerd vanwege zijn rol in kernreactoren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Neptunium was het eerste transurane element dat in 1940 werd gesynthetiseerd.","Het is vernoemd naar de planeet Neptunus en zet de reeks voort naar uranium (Uranus).","Neptunium is een bijproduct van kernreactoren en wordt beschouwd als een langlevend kernafvalprobleem.","Het is zilverachtig, radioactief en een van de dichtste actinidemetalen.","Neptunium-237 kan worden gebruikt om plutonium-238 te maken voor energiebronnen voor ruimtevaartuigen.","Sporen van neptunium komen van nature voor in uraniumertsen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de planeet Neptunus, die voorbij Uranus in het zonnestelsel ligt, net zoals neptunium voorbij uranium in het periodiek systeem ligt; Edwin McMillan en Philip Abelson synthetiseerden het in 1940, waarbij ze de planetaire naamgevingsreeks voortzetten die begon met uranium."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikkel","summary":"Nikkel is een zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in roestvrij staal, batterijen en diverse industriële toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Nikkel is vernoemd naar een Duitse mijnbouwterm die 'Oude Nick's koper' betekent, omdat het erts eruitzag als koper maar niets opleverde.","Het is zeer goed bestand tegen corrosie en wordt gebruikt om andere metalen te galvaniseren ter bescherming.","Roestvrij staal bevat doorgaans nikkel, wat de sterkte en weerstand tegen roest verbetert.","Ondanks de naam zijn moderne Amerikaanse 'nikkel'-munten meestal van koper, met slechts 25% nikkel.","Men denkt dat de kern van de aarde grotendeels een ijzer-nikkellegering is, en veel meteorieten zijn rijk aan nikkel.","Nikkel is een van de weinige elementen die magnetisch is bij kamertemperatuur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgekort van het Duitse 'Kupfernickel' (duivelskoper of Old Nick's koper), een mijnwerkersvloek voor een erts dat op koper leek maar niets opleverde; 'Nikkel' is een Duitse bijnaam voor de duivel, afgeleid van de naam Nicolaas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Nihonium is vernoemd naar Japan ('Nihon'), het eerste element dat in een Aziatisch land werd ontdekt.","Het werd gesynthetiseerd in het RIKEN-laboratorium in Japan en rond 2004 bevestigd.","Het is een synthetisch, superzwaar element dat uit slechts een paar atomen tegelijk bestaat.","Nihoniumatomen vervallen binnen enkele seconden nadat ze zijn gemaakt.","Er wordt voorspeld dat het onder thallium in groep 13 ligt.","De ontdekking ervan gaf Japan de eer om voor het eerst een nieuw element te benoemen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar 'Nihon' (日本), het Japanse woord voor Japan, wat 'land van de rijzende zon' betekent; wetenschappers van RIKEN in Japan bevestigden de synthese ervan in 2004 en kozen de naam ter ere van het eerste element dat in Azië werd ontdekt, waarbij IUPAC het officieel erkende in 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niobium","summary":"Niobium is een zacht, ductiel metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in legeringen, vooral bij de staalproductie, om de sterkte te verbeteren.","appearance":"Grijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Niobium is vernoemd naar Niobe, dochter van Tantalus in de Griekse mythologie, wat de nauwe band met tantaal weerspiegelt.","Als het koud is, wordt het een supergeleider en wordt het gebruikt in de magneten van MRI-machines en deeltjesversnellers.","Niobiumlegeringen kunnen worden geanodiseerd om een ​​regenboog van kleuren te produceren, populair in sieraden.","Kleine hoeveelheden niobium maken staal veel sterker, dat wordt gebruikt in pijpleidingen en autoframes.","In de Verenigde Staten heette het ooit columbium, en de naam bleef bestaan ​​tot in de 20e eeuw.","Niobium is hypoallergeen en wordt daarom gebruikt voor lichaamspiercings en medische implantaten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Niobe, de dochter van Tantalus in de Griekse mythologie, door Heinrich Rose in 1844, omdat niobium bijna altijd naast tantaal wordt aangetroffen en de twee elementen aanvankelijk zo moeilijk te onderscheiden waren dat de mythologische ouder-kind-koppeling passend leek."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Stikstof","summary":"Stikstof is een kleurloos en geurloos gas dat ongeveer 78% van de atmosfeer van de aarde uitmaakt.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Stikstof maakt ongeveer 78% uit van de lucht die je inademt, maar het is zo weinig reactief dat we het meestal ongebruikt weer uitademen.","Vloeibare stikstof kookt bij -196 °C en wordt gebruikt om voedsel snel in te vriezen, biologische monsters te bewaren en dramatische misteffecten te creëren.","De drievoudige binding die twee stikstofatomen bij elkaar houdt, is een van de sterkste chemische bindingen die we kennen, waardoor stikstofgas zeer stabiel is.","Het Haber-Bosch-proces, waarbij stikstof uit de lucht wordt omgezet in ammoniak voor kunstmest, draagt ​​bij aan het voeden van ongeveer de helft van de wereldbevolking.","Stikstof is een belangrijk ingrediënt in explosieven zoals TNT en nitroglycerine, omdat de bindingen ervan enorme energie vrijgeven wanneer ze breken.","Bacteriën in de wortels van peulvruchten 'binden' stikstof uit de lucht in een vorm die planten kunnen gebruiken, waardoor de bodem op natuurlijke wijze wordt verrijkt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'nitron' (nitre/salpeter) en 'genen' (vormend), wat 'nitervormer' betekent, bedacht door Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1790 omdat salpeter en salpeterzuur beide stikstof bevatten."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium is een synthetisch, radioactief element zonder noemenswaardige toepassingen buiten wetenschappelijk onderzoek.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Nobelium is vernoemd naar Alfred Nobel, grondlegger van de Nobelprijzen.","Het kan alleen atoom voor atoom worden gemaakt in deeltjesversnellers.","Ongebruikelijk voor een actinide is nobelium het meest stabiel in de +2 oxidatietoestand.","De ontdekking ervan eind jaren vijftig werd jarenlang betwist door concurrerende laboratoria.","Alle nobeliumisotopen zijn radioactief en hebben een korte levensduur.","Het bestaat alleen in onderzoeksomgevingen en heeft geen praktische toepassingen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Alfred Nobel, de Zweedse scheikundige die dynamiet uitvond en de Nobelprijzen oprichtte; De naam werd voorgesteld in 1957 toen een team in Stockholm aanvankelijk de ontdekking claimde, en werd behouden toen de bevestigde ontdekking werd toegeschreven aan de laboratoria van Dubna en Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk gasvormig of metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Oganesson is het zwaarste bekende element, met atoomnummer 118.","Het is vernoemd naar natuurkundige Yuri Oganessian, een van de weinige elementen vernoemd naar een levend persoon.","Hoewel het zich in de edelgaskolom bevindt, wordt voorspeld dat oganesson een vaste stof en mogelijk reactief is, in tegenstelling tot andere edelgassen.","Er zijn ooit slechts een paar atomen gemaakt, die elk minder dan een milliseconde overleefden.","Het werd voor het eerst gesynthetiseerd in 2002 door een Russisch-Amerikaanse samenwerking in Dubna.","Oganesson voltooit de zevende rij van het periodiek systeem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Yuri Oganessian, de Russisch-Armeense kernfysicus die pionierde in de synthese van superzware elementen en leiding gaf aan het team van JINR Dubna dat in 2002 oganesson oprichtte; het is een van de slechts twee elementen die naar een levend persoon zijn vernoemd en die de buitengewone reikwijdte van zijn bijdragen aan het vakgebied weerspiegelen."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium is een dicht, blauwachtig wit metaal dat bekend staat om zijn hardheid en wordt gebruikt in vulpenpunten, elektrische contacten en draaipunten van instrumenten.","appearance":"Blauwachtig wit, metallic","interesting_facts":["Osmium is het dichtste natuurlijk voorkomende element, bijna twee keer zo dicht als lood.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'osme', wat geur betekent, omdat het oxide een scherpe, giftige geur heeft.","Osmium is extreem hard en werd gebruikt in vroege grammofoonnaalden en vulpenpunten.","Het is een metaal uit de platinagroep en ziet er blauwachtig zilver uit.","Osmiumtetroxide wordt gebruikt om biologisch weefsel te kleuren voor elektronenmicroscopie.","Het is een van de zeldzaamste elementen in de aardkorst."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'osmē' (ὀσμή), wat 'geur' of 'geur' betekent; Smithson Tennant bedacht de naam in 1803 omdat osmiumtetroxide, gevormd wanneer het metaal wordt blootgesteld aan lucht, een scherpe en kenmerkende giftige geur heeft."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Zuurstof","summary":"Zuurstof is een kleurloos en geurloos gas dat essentieel is voor de ademhaling van de meeste levende organismen.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Zuurstof maakt ongeveer 21% uit van de atmosfeer van de aarde en is qua massa het meest voorkomende element in de aardkorst.","Het grootste deel van de zuurstof die we inademen wordt geproduceerd door fotosynthese, waarbij een groot deel afkomstig is van fytoplankton uit de oceaan.","Vloeibare en vaste zuurstof zijn lichtblauw en magnetisch en worden aangetrokken door een magneet.","Ozon, een molecuul van drie zuurstofatomen, vormt een beschermende laag in de stratosfeer die schadelijke ultraviolette straling absorbeert.","Zuurstof werd in de jaren 1770 onafhankelijk ontdekt door Carl Wilhelm Scheele en Joseph Priestley, en benoemd door Antoine Lavoisier.","Hoewel zuurstof van levensbelang is, is het ook zeer reactief en drijft het het roesten van ijzer en de verbranding van brandstoffen aan."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'oxys' (scherp of zuur) en 'genen' (vormend), wat 'zuurvormer' betekent, genoemd door Lavoisier in 1777 gebaseerd op de toenmalige overtuiging dat zuurstof een essentieel onderdeel is van alle zuren."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium is een kostbaar, zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in katalysatoren, elektronica en waterstofopslag.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Palladium is vernoemd naar de asteroïde Pallas, die vlak voor het metaal in 1803 werd ontdekt.","Het wordt vooral gebruikt in katalysatoren, waar het helpt giftige uitlaatgassen om te zetten in onschadelijke uitlaatgassen.","Palladium kan tot 900 keer zijn eigen volume waterstofgas absorberen, net als een metalen spons.","Het is een kostbaar metaal uit de platinagroep en wordt gebruikt in witgoud, fijne sieraden en tandheelkundige legeringen.","Palladium is essentieel voor veel elektronica, inclusief de kleine condensatoren in telefoons en computers.","Het speelde een centrale rol in de beroemde, later in diskrediet gebrachte 'koude kernfusie'-experimenten van 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de asteroïde Pallas, ontdekt in 1802 en zelf vernoemd naar Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston bedacht de naam in 1803, in navolging van de hedendaagse mode om nieuwe elementen te vernoemen naar onlangs ontdekte hemellichamen."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor is een zeer reactief, essentieel element in biologische moleculen zoals DNA en ATP.","appearance":"Kleur varieert (witte, rode of zwarte vormen)","interesting_facts":["Witte fosfor gloeit zwakjes op in het donker terwijl het reageert met zuurstof, een fenomeen waaraan 'fosforescentie' zijn naam dankt.","Het was het eerste element dat samen met een bekende ontdekker werd ontdekt en in 1669 door Hennig Brand werd geïsoleerd uit ingekookte urine.","Fosfor bestaat in opvallend verschillende vormen: witte fosfor is gevaarlijk brandbaar, terwijl rode fosfor stabiel is en wordt gebruikt op luciferdoosjes.","Elke cel gebruikt fosfor in DNA, RNA en ATP, het molecuul dat energie in levende wezens opslaat en overdraagt.","Ongeveer 85% van het gewonnen fosfaatgesteente wordt omgezet in kunstmest, waardoor fosfor van cruciaal belang is voor de mondiale voedselproductie.","Je botten en tanden worden versterkt door calciumfosfaat, waardoor een groot deel van de fosfor in je lichaam in je skelet wordt opgeslagen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'fosfor' (lichtdrager, van 'phos' = licht en 'phoros' = dragend), omdat witte fosfor zwak gloeit in het donker tijdens het oxideren; de naam werd toegepast door Hennig Brand toen hij hem in 1669 ontdekte."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"Platina is een compact, kneedbaar en corrosiebestendig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in katalysatoren, sieraden en elektronica.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Platina is zo goed bestand tegen corrosie dat het nooit verkleurt, zelfs niet bij hoge temperaturen.","Het is een belangrijke katalysator in katalysatoren en helpt bij het opruimen van uitlaatgassen van voertuigen.","Platina heeft een grotere dichtheid dan goud en wordt gewaardeerd voor fijne sieraden en trouwringen.","Sommige platinaverbindingen, zoals cisplatine, zijn krachtige chemotherapiemedicijnen.","Zuid-Afrika produceert het grootste deel van het platina in de wereld.","De naam komt van het Spaanse 'platina', wat 'klein zilver' betekent, een naam die de vroege mijnwerkers er afwijzend aan gaven."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Spaanse 'platina', een verkleinwoord van 'plata' (zilver), wat 'klein zilver' betekent; Spaanse ontdekkingsreizigers in Zuid-Amerika in de 16e eeuw gebruikten deze afwijzende term voor het bleke, zilverachtige metaal dat ze gemengd in goudafzettingen aantroffen, maar dat niet gemakkelijk kon werken."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in kernreactoren, kernwapens en als energiebron voor ruimtevaartuigen.","appearance":"Zilverwit, wordt dof bij blootstelling aan lucht","interesting_facts":["Plutonium staat bekend om zijn gebruik in kernwapens en reactoren.","Het is vernoemd naar de dwergplaneet Pluto, in navolging van neptunium en uranium.","Plutonium-238 drijft ruimtevaartuigen zoals de Voyager-sondes en de Curiosity-rover aan met zijn constante hitte.","Een stuk plutonium voelt warm aan vanwege de hitte van zijn eigen radioactieve verval.","Het heeft een ongebruikelijke chemie, die in oplossing in veel kleurrijke oxidatietoestanden voorkomt.","Plutonium zet dramatisch uit en krimpt in tussen de verschillende vaste vormen, waardoor het lastig te bewerken is."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Pluto (toen beschouwd als de negende planeet), die voorbij Neptunus ligt, net zoals plutonium voorbij neptunium ligt; Glenn Seaborg noemde het in 1942 en merkte op dat de alternatieve vorm 'plutium' werd overwogen, maar afgewezen ten gunste van het meer klassieke '-onium'-einde."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium is een zeer radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in antistatische apparaten en als warmtebron in ruimtetoepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig","interesting_facts":["Polonium werd in 1898 ontdekt door Marie en Pierre Curie en vernoemd naar het thuisland van Marie, Polen.","Het is intens radioactief, zozeer zelfs dat een gram ervan blauw gloeit en voldoende warmte afgeeft om warm te blijven.","Polonium-210 werd gebruikt bij de beruchte vergiftiging van Alexander Litvinenko in 2006.","Het is gebruikt als lichtgewicht warmtebron in ruimtesondes en als antistatisch apparaat.","Polonium is uiterst zeldzaam en komt in kleine hoeveelheden voor in uraniumertsen.","Een stukje polonium kan een dodelijke dosis afgeven, waardoor het een van de meest giftige stoffen is die we kennen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Polen (Latijn: Polonia), het thuisland van Marie Curie, die het samen met Pierre Curie in 1898 ontdekte; Curie koos de naam als eerbetoon aan haar bezette thuisland, dat toen verdeeld was onder Rusland, Pruisen en Oostenrijk, in de hoop internationale aandacht voor de zaak te vestigen."},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium is een zacht, zilverwit metaal dat essentieel is voor de plantengroei en cruciaal is in biologische processen.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs metaal","interesting_facts":["Kalium is zo reactief dat het in een lila vlam barst als het in contact komt met water.","Het is zacht genoeg om met een mes te snijden en licht genoeg om op water te drijven terwijl het reageert.","Kaliumionen zijn essentieel voor zenuwsignalen en hartslag, en bananen zijn een bekende voedingsbron.","Het chemische symbool K komt van 'kalium', de gelatiniseerde vorm van het Arabische woord voor plantenas.","Kalium was het eerste metaal dat door elektrolyse werd geïsoleerd, door Humphry Davy in 1807.","De radioactieve isotoop kalium-40 in uw lichaam zorgt ervoor dat u uw hele leven licht radioactief bent."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De Engelse naam is afgeleid van 'potash' (houtas uitgeloogd in potten, een vroege bron van het element), terwijl het symbool K afkomstig is van het Latijnse 'kalium', uiteindelijk van het Arabische 'al-qali' (de alkalische plantenas die wordt gebruikt bij het maken van zeep)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodymium","summary":"Praseodymium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in magneten, glaskleuring en legeringen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["De naam Praseodymium betekent 'groene tweeling', vanwege de groene kleur van zijn zouten.","Het wordt gebruikt in speciale veiligheidsbrillen die lassers en glasblazers beschermen tegen intense verblinding en infrarood licht.","Gemengd met neodymium vormt het krachtige magneten die worden gebruikt in motoren en hoofdtelefoons.","Praseodymium geeft een puur gele kleur aan glas en keramische glazuren.","Het werd in 1885 gescheiden van een stof genaamd 'didymium', wat uit twee elementen bleek te bestaan.","Met praseodymium gedoteerde vezels kunnen in sommige optische systemen lichtsignalen versterken."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'prasios' (preigroen) en 'didymos' (tweeling), genoemd door Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 toen hij didymium in twee elementen splitste: praseodymium, de groengezouten tweeling, en neodymium, de nieuwe tweeling."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promethium","summary":"Promethium is een radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in lichtgevende verven, atoombatterijen en onderzoek.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Promethium is het enige zeldzame aardelement zonder stabiele isotopen; het is radioactief en vrijwel afwezig in de natuur.","Het is vernoemd naar Prometheus, de Griekse Titaan die het vuur van de goden stal.","Promethium is gebruikt in lichtgevende verf en in kleine atoombatterijen voor pacemakers en ruimtevaartuigen.","Het bestaan ​​ervan vulde een al lang bestaande leemte op bij element 61 in het periodiek systeem, bevestigd in 1945.","Gloeiend promethium kan door zijn eigen straling een zwak blauwgroen licht produceren.","Er wordt aangenomen dat er op elk moment slechts ongeveer 500 gram promethium in de hele aardkorst aanwezig is."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Prometheus, de Titaan uit de Griekse mythologie die het vuur van de goden stal en het aan de mensheid gaf; Het is toepasselijk dat promethium voor het eerst werd verkregen in 1945 uit de splijtingsproducten van uranium in een kernreactor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactinium","summary":"Protactinium is een compact, zilvergrijs metaal dat vanwege zijn schaarste en radioactiviteit voornamelijk in wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gebruikt.","appearance":"Helder, zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Protactinium is een van de zeldzaamste en duurste natuurlijk voorkomende elementen.","De naam betekent 'ouder van actinium', omdat het vervalt tot actinium.","Het is zeer radioactief en giftig en vereist een zorgvuldige omgang.","Protactinium werd voor het eerst geïdentificeerd in 1913 en geïsoleerd in 1934.","De verhouding tussen protactinium en thorium in oceaansedimenten helpt wetenschappers het klimaat en de oceaancirculatie in het verleden te bestuderen.","Het heeft weinig toepassingen buiten wetenschappelijk onderzoek vanwege de schaarste en radioactiviteit."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'protos' (πρῶτος), wat 'eerste' betekent, gecombineerd met 'actinium', wat 'ouder van actinium' oplevert; de naam geeft aan dat protactinium-231 vervalt tot actinium-227; Kasper Fajans noemde het voor het eerst 'brevium' in 1913, maar 'protactinium' werd aangenomen toen de langer levende isotoop werd geïdentificeerd."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium is een zeer radioactief metaal dat ooit in lichtgevende verven werd gebruikt en nu vooral wordt bestudeerd vanwege zijn radioactieve eigenschappen.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Radium werd in 1898 ontdekt door Marie en Pierre Curie en gloeit met een zwak blauw licht in het donker.","Het werd ooit toegevoegd aan glow-in-the-dark-wijzerplaten, waardoor de 'Radium Girls' die ze schilderden op tragische wijze werden vergiftigd.","Producten uit het begin van de 20e eeuw brachten radium op de markt in tandpasta, water en cosmetica voordat de gevaren ervan werden begrepen.","Radium is ongeveer een miljoen keer radioactiefer dan dezelfde hoeveelheid uranium.","Het werd van oudsher gebruikt bij kankerradiotherapie voordat veiliger bronnen het vervingen.","De notitieboekjes van Marie Curie zijn nog steeds zo radioactief dat ze in met lood beklede dozen worden bewaard."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Latijnse 'straal', wat 'straal' of 'straal' betekent, door Marie en Pierre Curie die het in 1898 ontdekten; de naam verwijst naar de intense straling die het element uitzendt, wat ze als een opmerkelijk nieuw fenomeen waarnamen bij het isoleren van het element uit pekblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon is een radioactief edelgas dat wordt gebruikt bij bestralingstherapie en als tracer in geologisch onderzoek.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas","interesting_facts":["Radon is een radioactief edelgas dat wordt geproduceerd door het verval van uranium in de bodem en het gesteente.","Het is de belangrijkste oorzaak van longkanker onder niet-rokers en sijpelt onzichtbaar in kelders door.","Radon is kleurloos, geurloos en smaakloos en kan daarom alleen met speciale instrumenten worden gedetecteerd.","Het is het dichtste gas onder normale omstandigheden en een van de zwaarste bekende gassen.","Radon werd ooit gebruikt bij sommige vroege medische bestralingsbehandelingen.","Thuistestkits zijn overal verkrijgbaar omdat de radonniveaus kunnen worden verlaagd met goede ventilatie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar 'radium' — het element waaruit het wordt geproduceerd door radioactief verval — gecombineerd met het achtervoegsel '-on' dat wordt gebruikt voor edelgassen; Friedrich Dorn ontdekte het voor het eerst in 1900 als een gas afkomstig van radium, en het werd 'radium-emanatie' genoemd voordat de naam 'radon' werd gestandaardiseerd."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renium","summary":"Rhenium is een dicht, zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in straalmotoren, filamenten en katalysatoren.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs","interesting_facts":["Rhenium was een van de laatste stabiele elementen die in 1925 werd ontdekt.","Het heeft een van de hoogste smelt- en kookpunten van alle elementen.","Rhenium-superlegeringen laten turbinebladen van straal- en raketmotoren heter en efficiënter draaien.","Het is vernoemd naar de Rijn in Duitsland.","Rhenium is uiterst zeldzaam en wordt voornamelijk teruggewonnen als bijproduct van de koper- en molybdeenmijnbouw.","Het wordt gebruikt als katalysator om loodvrije benzine met een hoog octaangehalte te maken."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Rijn (Latijn: Rhenus), die door Duitsland stroomt; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke en Otto Berg kozen de naam in 1925 toen ze het element ontdekten, in navolging van de traditie om elementen te vernoemen naar geografische kenmerken van het thuisland van de ontdekkers."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rhodium","summary":"Rhodium is een zeldzaam, zilverwit metaal dat bekend staat om zijn hoge reflectievermogen en gebruik in katalysatoren en sieraden.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Rhodium is een van de zeldzaamste en meest waardevolle edelmetalen en kost vaak veel meer dan goud.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'rhodon' (roos), naar de rozerode kleur van de zouten.","Het meeste rhodium wordt gebruikt in katalysatoren om schadelijke gassen uit auto-uitlaatgassen te verwijderen.","Het geeft een briljante, harde, reflecterende afwerking en wordt gebruikt voor het plateren van witgouden sieraden en spiegels.","Rhodium is zeer goed bestand tegen corrosie en verkleurt niet in de lucht.","Het is een van de metalen uit de platinagroep en wordt voornamelijk teruggewonnen als bijproduct van de platina- en nikkelmijnbouw."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Griekse 'rhodon' (roos), genoemd door William Hyde Wollaston in 1804 omdat oplossingen van rhodiumzouten karakteristiek rozerood van kleur zijn."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Röntgenium","summary":"Roentgenium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium is vernoemd naar Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, de ontdekker van röntgenstraling.","Het werd voor het eerst gecreëerd in 1994 in Duitsland door het samensmelten van nikkel- en bismutkernen.","Het is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat slechts een paar atomen tegelijk produceert.","Er wordt voorspeld dat Roentgenium onder goud in het periodiek systeem zit en mogelijk een deel van zijn chemie deelt.","De atomen vervallen binnen enkele seconden nadat ze zijn gevormd.","Het heeft geen toepassingen buiten fundamenteel onderzoek."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, de Duitse natuurkundige die in 1895 röntgenstraling ontdekte en in 1901 de allereerste Nobelprijs voor de natuurkunde ontving; GSI Darmstadt synthetiseerde het in 1994, stelde de naam voor in 2004 en IUPAC adopteerde het officieel in hetzelfde jaar."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium is een zacht, zilverwit metaalachtig element dat wordt gebruikt in elektronica, onderzoek en atoomklokken.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Rubidium ontbrandt spontaan in de lucht en reageert heftig met water.","Het is genoemd naar het Latijnse 'rubidus' (dieprood) vanwege de rode lijnen in het emissiespectrum.","Rubidium werd in 1861 ontdekt door Bunsen en Kirchhoff met behulp van de nieuwe techniek van spectroscopie.","Het smelt net boven de lichaamstemperatuur, ongeveer 39 °C.","Rubidiumatomen worden gebruikt in enkele van 's werelds meest nauwkeurige atoomklokken.","Wetenschappers gebruikten rubidium om in 1995 het eerste Bose-Einstein-condensaat te creëren, een vreemde nieuwe toestand van materie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Latijnse 'rubidus' (dieprood of donkerrood), genoemd door Robert Bunsen en Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 naar de twee kenmerkende dieprode spectraallijnen die ze gebruikten om het te identificeren via de toen nieuwe techniek van spectroscopie."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruthenium","summary":"Ruthenium is een zeldzaam overgangsmetaal dat wordt gebruikt in elektrische contacten, dikkefilmweerstanden en als katalysator.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium is vernoemd naar Ruthenia, de Latijnse naam voor Rusland, waar het in 1844 werd ontdekt.","Het is een metaal uit de platinagroep en is extreem hard en bros.","Het toevoegen van een kleine hoeveelheid ruthenium verbetert de hardheid en slijtvastheid van platina- en palladiumlegeringen aanzienlijk.","Ruthenium wordt gebruikt in de elektrische contacten en chipweerstanden in de elektronica.","Het fungeert als een veelzijdige katalysator, onder meer bij processen om ammoniak te maken en verontreinigende stoffen op te ruimen.","Er wordt onderzoek gedaan naar rutheniumverbindingen als lichtabsorberende kleurstoffen voor zonnecellen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ruthenia, de Latijnse naam voor Rusland (het land van het Russische volk), door Karl Ernst Claus in 1844, die de ontdekking deed terwijl hij in Kazan in het Russische rijk werkte."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van zware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk zilverachtig metallic","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium is vernoemd naar natuurkundige Ernest Rutherford, de vader van de kernfysica.","Het is het eerste van de transactinide (superzware) elementen.","Rutherfordium wordt gemaakt door lichtere atoomkernen in versnellers tegen elkaar te slaan.","De ontdekking ervan was het onderwerp van een naamgeschil uit de Koude Oorlog tussen Amerikaanse en Sovjet-wetenschappers.","Er kunnen slechts een paar atomen tegelijk worden gemaakt, en ze vervallen binnen enkele seconden.","Er wordt verwacht dat het zich chemisch gedraagt ​​als hafnium, in groep 4 van het periodiek systeem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ernest Rutherford, de in Nieuw-Zeeland geboren natuurkundige die de atoomkern ontdekte en wordt beschouwd als de vader van de kernfysica; De naam werd voorgesteld door Amerikaanse onderzoekers van Lawrence Berkeley en officieel aangenomen door IUPAC in 1997 na een naamgevingsgeschil uit de Koude Oorlog met Sovjetwetenschappers."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium is een zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in magneten, lasers en als neutronenabsorbeerder in kernreactoren.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Samarium-kobaltmagneten behouden hun kracht bij hoge temperaturen, gebruikt in vliegtuigen en militaire hardware.","Het was het eerste element dat naar een persoon werd vernoemd, via het mineraal samarskiet (naar mijnambtenaar Samarsky).","Samarium absorbeert gemakkelijk neutronen en wordt daarom gebruikt in regelstaven voor kernreactoren.","Een radioactieve samariumverbinding wordt gebruikt om de pijn te verlichten van kanker die zich naar de botten heeft verspreid.","Samarium wordt gebruikt als katalysator in de chemie en om bepaalde soorten glas en lasers te maken.","Het is matig hard en oxideert langzaam in de lucht, waardoor een gelige coating ontstaat."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar samarskiet, het mineraal waarin het voor het eerst werd geïdentificeerd door Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879; samarskiet is vernoemd naar kolonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, een Russische mijnambtenaar, waardoor samarium het eerste element is dat (indirect) naar een echt persoon is vernoemd."},"Scandium":{"name":"Scandium","summary":"Scandium is een zacht, zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in lucht- en ruimtevaartcomponenten en hoogwaardige legeringen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Het bestaan ​​en de eigenschappen van Scandium werden in 1869 door Mendelejev voorspeld als 'eka-boor' voordat het in 1879 werd ontdekt.","Door een kleine hoeveelheid scandium aan aluminium toe te voegen, ontstaat een sterke, lichtgewicht legering die wordt gebruikt in hoogwaardige fietsframes en ruimtevaartonderdelen.","Het is vernoemd naar Scandinavië, waar het mineraal waarin het voor het eerst werd gevonden, werd gedolven.","Scandium-aluminiumlegeringen werden gebruikt in sommige Sovjet MiG-straaljagers.","Ondanks dat het vrij algemeen voorkomt in de korst, is scandium moeilijk te winnen en zelden geconcentreerd in ertsen, waardoor het duur wordt.","Scandiumjodide wordt aan sommige metaalhalogenidelampen toegevoegd om licht te produceren dat natuurlijk zonlicht nabootst."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Scandinavië (Latijn 'Scandia'), de regio waar Lars Fredrik Nilson het in 1879 ontdekte in de mineralen euxeniet en gadoliniet uit Scandinavië."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat wordt gebruikt in wetenschappelijk onderzoek om de eigenschappen van superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk van metaal","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium is vernoemd naar scheikundige Glenn T. Seaborg, die heeft geholpen bij het ontdekken van veel transurane elementen.","Het was het eerste element vernoemd naar een persoon die toen nog leefde.","Seaborgium is een synthetisch superzwaar element dat alleen in deeltjesversnellers wordt gemaakt.","De atomen vervallen binnen enkele seconden, dus slechts een handvol is ooit bestudeerd.","Chemische experimenten suggereren dat het zich gedraagt ​​als wolfraam, in groep 6 van het periodiek systeem.","Het werd voor het eerst gecreëerd in 1974 door zuurstofionen in Californië te vernietigen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Glenn T. Seaborg, de Amerikaanse chemicus die mede-ontdekte tien transurane elementen; het was het eerste element vernoemd naar een levend persoon, voorgesteld door Lawrence Berkeley in 1994, hoewel IUPAC aanvankelijk bezwaar maakte voordat de naam officieel werd goedgekeurd in 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Seleen","summary":"Selenium is een niet-metaal met eigenschappen die vergelijkbaar zijn met zwavel en tellurium, dat wordt gebruikt in de elektronica, de glasproductie en als voedingssupplement.","appearance":"Zwarte, rode en grijze vormen","interesting_facts":["Selenium is vernoemd naar Selene, de Griekse godin van de maan.","De elektrische geleidbaarheid verandert met licht, een eigenschap die werd gebruikt in vroege kopieerapparaten en lichtmeters.","Selenium is een essentiële sporenvoedingsstof die antioxiderende enzymen ondersteunt, maar is giftig in grotere doses.","Het geeft glas een rode kleur en wordt ook gebruikt om de groene tint uit glas te verwijderen.","Paranoten zijn uitzonderlijk rijk aan selenium.","Selenium is er in verschillende vormen, waaronder een rood poeder en een grijze metaalachtige vorm die elektriciteit geleidt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'selene' (maan), door Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 genoemd als begeleider van tellurium (van het Latijnse 'tellus', de aarde), aangezien beide elementen chemisch vergelijkbaar zijn en samen in dezelfde ertsafzettingen werden aangetroffen."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silicium","summary":"Silicium is een harde, broze kristallijne vaste stof en een sleutelcomponent in halfgeleiders en computerchips.","appearance":"Grijze kristallijne vaste stof","interesting_facts":["Silicium is na zuurstof het meest voorkomende element in de aardkorst en zit grotendeels opgesloten in zand en gesteente als silica.","Ultrazuivere siliciumkristallen vormen de basis van computerchips en geven Silicon Valley zijn naam.","Silicium is een metalloïde halfgeleider, die elektriciteit beter geleidt dan isolatoren, maar slechter dan metalen.","Kwarts, opaal en het meeste zand zijn siliciumverbindingen, en glas wordt voornamelijk gemaakt door silica te smelten.","Zonnepanelen zijn afhankelijk van silicium om zonlicht direct om te zetten in elektriciteit.","Ondanks de gelijkenis in de naam verschilt silicium (het element) van siliconen, het flexibele rubberachtige polymeer dat het bevat."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'silex' of 'silicis' (vuursteen of harde steen), omdat silicium overvloedig voorkomt in vuursteen- en silicaatgesteenten; de naam 'silicium' werd in 1817 door Thomas Thomson voorgesteld."},"Silver":{"name":"Zilver","summary":"Zilver is een zacht, wit, glanzend metaal met de hoogste elektrische en thermische geleidbaarheid van alle elementen, dat wordt gebruikt in sieraden, elektronica en spiegels.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Zilver is de beste elektrische en thermische geleider van alle elementen.","Het heeft natuurlijke antibacteriële eigenschappen en werd lang vóór de moderne geneeskunde gebruikt om wonden en water schoon te houden.","Zilver is het meest reflecterende metaal en werd daarom traditioneel gebruikt voor de achterkant van spiegels.","Fotografische film was afhankelijk van lichtgevoelige zilververbindingen om beelden vast te leggen.","Het chemische symbool Ag komt van het Latijnse woord 'argentum', en het land Argentinië is ernaar vernoemd.","Zilver wordt zwart als het reageert met kleine hoeveelheden zwavelverbindingen in de lucht."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Het Engelse woord 'zilver' komt van het Oud-Engelse 'seolfor', gerelateerd aan het Proto-Germaanse 'silubra', van onzekere verdere oorsprong; het symbool Ag en de landsnaam Argentinië zijn beide afgeleid van het Latijnse 'argentum' (zilver), gekoppeld aan de schitterende witte glans van het element."},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium is een zacht, zilverwit, zeer reactief metaal en een essentieel element voor het leven.","appearance":"Zilverwit metaal","interesting_facts":["Natrium is zo reactief dat het onder olie moet worden bewaard, en het bruist en kan ontbranden als het in water valt.","Het is zacht genoeg om met een mes te snijden, waardoor een glanzend zilverachtig oppervlak zichtbaar wordt dat snel dof wordt in de lucht.","Natriumdamplampen produceren de kenmerkende geeloranje gloed die ooit gebruikelijk was bij straatverlichting.","Gewoon tafelzout is natriumchloride en natrium is essentieel voor zenuwimpulsen en de vochtbalans in uw lichaam.","Natrium brandt met een felgele vlam, een eigenschap die wordt gebruikt bij vlamtests om het te identificeren.","Het chemische symbool Na komt van het Latijnse woord 'natrium', verwijzend naar een natuurlijke sodaverbinding."],"naming_origin_explanation":"De Engelse naam komt van 'soda' (middeleeuws Latijn 'sodanum', een middel tegen hoofdpijn), terwijl het symbool Na is afgeleid van het Latijnse 'natrium', zelf van het Arabisch/Egyptische 'natrun', het woord voor natron, een natuurlijk voorkomend natriumcarbonaatmineraal."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in vuurwerk, keramiek en radiologische toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig metaalachtig","interesting_facts":["Strontiumzouten produceren de schitterende rode kleur in vuurwerk en noodfakkels.","Het is vernoemd naar het Schotse dorp Strontian, waar het erts voor het eerst werd gevonden.","De radioactieve isotoop strontium-90, afkomstig van nucleaire neerslag, kan zich in botten nestelen omdat het calcium nabootst.","Strontium wordt in sommige tandpasta's gebruikt om de gevoeligheid van de tanden te verminderen.","Strontiumaluminaat gloeit urenlang in het donker en wordt gebruikt in moderne lichtgevende verven.","Net als calcium reageert strontium met water en wordt het nooit vrij in de natuur aangetroffen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Strontian, een dorp in Argyllshire, Schotland, waar het mineraal strontianiet (strontiumcarbonaat) voor het eerst werd ontdekt in lokale loodmijnen rond 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Zwavel","summary":"Zwavel is een geel, niet-metaalachtig element dat veel voorkomt in vulkanische gebieden en essentieel is voor het leven.","appearance":"Heldergele kristallen","interesting_facts":["Zwavel is al sinds de oudheid bekend en wordt in de Bijbel 'zwavel' genoemd, wat 'brandende steen' betekent.","Het staat bekend om de rotte-eierengeur van waterstofsulfide, hoewel zuivere zwavel zelf geurloos is.","Zwavel brandt met een blauwe vlam en produceert verstikkend zwaveldioxidegas.","Het meeste gewonnen zwavel wordt gebruikt om zwavelzuur te maken, een van de meest geproduceerde industriële chemicaliën ter wereld.","Rond vulkanische bronnen en warmwaterbronnen vormen zich felgele zwavelafzettingen.","Zwavel is een essentieel onderdeel van het leven en wordt aangetroffen in de aminozuren cysteïne en methionine die eiwitten helpen vouwen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'zwavel' (zwavel), een woord van onzekere oorsprong dat mogelijk verband houdt met het Sanskriet 'sulvere'; Zwavel staat al sinds de oudheid bekend als de scherpe gele steen die rond vulkanen wordt aangetroffen en die in bijbelteksten 'zwavel' wordt genoemd."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantaal","summary":"Tantaal is een compact, corrosiebestendig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in elektronica, chirurgische implantaten en hogetemperatuurlegeringen.","appearance":"Grijs blauw","interesting_facts":["Tantaalcondensatoren zijn klein, maar slaan veel lading op, die je in bijna elke telefoon en laptop aantreft.","Het is vernoemd naar Tantalus uit de Griekse mythe en weerspiegelt zijn 'prikkelende' weerstand tegen oplossen in zuur.","Tantaal is biocompatibel en wordt gebruikt in chirurgische implantaten, platen en pinnen.","Het heeft een van de hoogste smeltpunten van alle metalen, meer dan 3.000 °C.","Tantaal is zeer goed bestand tegen corrosie dankzij een taaie oxidelaag.","Een groot deel van het tantaal in de wereld is afkomstig van het erts coltan, wat aanleiding geeft tot ethische inkoopproblemen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Tantalus, de koning die in de Griekse mythologie veroordeeld was om in een waterplas te staan ​​onder fruitbomen die zich terugtrokken wanneer hij ernaar reikte; Anders Ekeberg koos de naam in 1802 omdat het element verleidelijk weigerde zuur te absorberen, net zoals Tantalus zijn dorst nooit kon stillen."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Technetium is een zilvergrijs radioactief metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt in medische beeldvorming en industriële radiografie.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Technetium was het eerste element dat kunstmatig werd gemaakt en de naam komt van het Griekse woord voor 'kunstmatig'.","Het heeft geen stabiele isotopen, dus in wezen bestaat er geen van nature op aarde.","Technetium-99m is de meest gebruikte radioactieve tracer in de medische beeldvorming en wordt jaarlijks in tientallen miljoenen scans gebruikt.","Het gat in het periodiek systeem werd door Mendelejev voorspeld als 'eka-mangaan'.","Technetium is gedetecteerd in de spectra van bepaalde verre sterren, wat bewijst dat er nog steeds elementen in worden gesmeed.","Kleine hoeveelheden technetium kunnen staal opmerkelijk corrosiebestendig maken."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afgeleid van het Griekse 'technetos' (kunstmatig of door de mens gemaakt), genoemd door Carlo Perrier en Emilio Segrè in 1937 omdat het het eerste element was dat kunstmatig werd geproduceerd, gecreëerd door molybdeen te bombarderen met deuteronen in een cyclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Telluur","summary":"Tellurium is een bros, zilverwit metalloïde dat wordt gebruikt in legeringen, halfgeleiders en thermo-elektrische apparaten.","appearance":"Zilverachtig glanzend grijs","interesting_facts":["Tellurium is vernoemd naar het Latijnse woord voor aarde, 'tellus'.","Mensen die aan zelfs kleine hoeveelheden worden blootgesteld, ontwikkelen 'telluriumadem', een krachtige, knoflookachtige geur die weken kan aanhouden.","Het is een zeldzame metalloïde, ongeveer net zo schaars in de aardkorst als platina.","Cadmiumtelluride wordt gebruikt om dunnefilmzonnepanelen te maken.","Tellurium verbetert de bewerkbaarheid van staal en koperlegeringen.","Het wordt gebruikt in herschrijfbare optische schijven omdat het kan schakelen tussen glasachtige en kristallijne toestanden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Latijnse 'tellus' (de aarde), genoemd door Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798; de naam is opzettelijk gecombineerd met selenium (genoemd naar de maan), omdat de twee elementen chemisch vergelijkbaar zijn en vaak samen worden aangetroffen."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessin","summary":"Tennessine is een synthetisch, radioactief element dat in wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gebruikt om superzware elementen te bestuderen.","appearance":"Onbekend, waarschijnlijk metaalachtig of metalloïde","interesting_facts":["Tennessine is vernoemd naar de Amerikaanse staat Tennessee, de thuisbasis van het Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","Het is het op een na zwaarste bekende element en werd in 2010 bevestigd.","De naam eindigt op '-ine' omdat hij in de halogeenkolom zit, groep 17.","Om het te maken was zeldzaam berkelium nodig, geproduceerd in Oak Ridge, gebombardeerd met calciumionen.","Er zijn ooit slechts een paar atomen tennessine gemaakt.","De atomen vervallen binnen een fractie van een seconde."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Amerikaanse staat Tennessee, de thuisbasis van het Oak Ridge National Laboratory (dat het essentiële berkeliumdoelwit produceerde), Vanderbilt University en de University of Tennessee; het werd gesynthetiseerd in 2010 en officieel genoemd door IUPAC in 2016, waarbij het achtervoegsel '-ine' zijn positie in de halogeengroep 17 weerspiegelt."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium is een zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in fosforen voor groene verlichting, lasers en magneto-optische apparaten.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Terbium zorgt voor de groene kleur in veel fosforen die worden gebruikt in verlichting en oudere beeldschermen.","Het is vernoemd naar het Zweedse dorp Ytterby, een van de vier elementen ter ere van die ene stad.","Terbiumlegeringen veranderen van vorm in een magnetisch veld dat wordt gebruikt in sensoren en sonarsystemen.","Het gloeit schitterend groen op onder ultraviolet licht en wordt gebruikt in veiligheidsinkten.","Terbium is een zacht, zilverachtig zeldzaam aardmetaal dat met een mes kan worden gesneden.","Het wordt gebruikt in solid-state apparaten en energiezuinige fluorescentielampen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ytterby, een dorp op het Zweedse eiland Resarö, waar het ertsgadoliniet oorspronkelijk werd verzameld; Carl Gustaf Mosander scheidde het in 1843 van yttria, en 'terbium' is een syllabische herschikking van 'Ytterby'."},"Thallium":{"name":"Thallium","summary":"Thallium is een zacht, grijs metaal dat wordt gebruikt in elektronica, optische systemen en sommige medische toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Thallium was ooit een favoriet gif, geur- en smaakloos, waardoor het de bijnaam 'het gif van de gifmenger' kreeg.","De naam komt van het Griekse 'thallos', een groene scheut, naar de heldergroene lijn in het spectrum.","Thalliumvergiftiging veroorzaakt haaruitval, waardoor artsen soms een diagnose kunnen stellen.","Een radioactieve thalliumisotoop wordt gebruikt bij stresstests voor hartbeeldvorming.","Thalliumverbindingen worden gebruikt in gespecialiseerde infraroodoptica en elektronica.","Het werd ontdekt in 1861 met behulp van de nieuwe methode van vlamspectroscopie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Genoemd naar het Griekse 'thallos' (θαλλός), wat 'groene scheut' of 'groene takje' betekent; William Crookes noemde het in 1861 naar de kenmerkende heldergroene spectraallijn die hij zag bij het analyseren van seleenzuurresiduen met behulp van de nieuw ontwikkelde techniek van vlamspectroscopie."},"Thorium":{"name":"Thorium","summary":"Thorium is een zwak radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt in kernreactoren, legeringen en gasmantels.","appearance":"Zilverachtig, vaak met zwarte aanslag","interesting_facts":["Thorium is vernoemd naar Thor, de Noorse god van de donder.","Er wordt onderzoek gedaan naar het als een veiligere, overvloedigere nucleaire brandstof dan uranium.","Thorium komt ongeveer drie tot vier keer vaker voor in de korst dan uranium.","Thoriated gasmantels gloeiden helder en werden meer dan een eeuw lang in lantaarns gebruikt.","Het werd ooit toegevoegd aan hoogwaardige cameralenzen, die na verloop van tijd enigszins kunnen vergelen door straling.","Bijna al het thorium is de langlevende isotoop thorium-232, met een halfwaardetijd langer dan de leeftijd van het universum."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Thor, de Noorse god van de donder, door de Zweedse chemicus Jöns Jacob Berzelius die het in 1828 ontdekte; Berzelius vond het in een Noors mineraal dat hij thoriet noemde en noemde het nieuwe element naar de godheid, volgens een traditie van het eren van mythologische figuren."},"Thulium":{"name":"Thulium","summary":"Thulium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in draagbare röntgenapparatuur, lasers en sommige nucleaire toepassingen.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs","interesting_facts":["Thulium is het zeldzaamste van de stabiele zeldzame aardmetalen en een van de duurste.","Het is vernoemd naar Thule, een mythisch land in het verre noorden.","Radioactief thulium-170 wordt gebruikt in draagbare röntgenapparatuur die geen elektriciteit nodig heeft.","Thulium gloeit blauw onder ultraviolet licht en wordt gebruikt in markeringen tegen namaak op bankbiljetten.","Thuliumlasers worden bij sommige medisch-chirurgische procedures gebruikt.","Ondanks zijn zeldzaamheid is thulium nog steeds overvloediger aanwezig in de korst dan goud."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Thule, de oude Griekse en Romeinse naam voor een mythisch land aan de uiterste noordelijke rand van de bekende wereld, vaak geïdentificeerd met Scandinavië of IJsland; Per Teodor Cleve koos de naam in 1879 om de Scandinavische oorsprong van het element te eren."},"Tin":{"name":"Tin","summary":"Tin is een kneedbaar, zilverwit metaal dat wordt gebruikt in soldeer, coatings en legeringen zoals brons.","appearance":"Zilverwit metallic","interesting_facts":["Door tin met koper te mengen ontstaat brons, de legering die een heel tijdperk in de menselijke geschiedenis heeft bepaald.","Wanneer een stuk tin wordt gebogen, maakt het een knetterend geluid dat de 'tincry' wordt genoemd, terwijl de kristallen zich herschikken.","Bij extreme kou kan gewoon tin verbrokkelen tot een grijs poeder, een proces dat ‘tin pest’ wordt genoemd.","Blikjes krijgen hun corrosieweerstand door een dunne tinlaag over staal.","Tin heeft stabielere isotopen (tien) dan enig ander element.","Tinnen en soldeer zijn veelgebruikte legeringen op tinbasis die al eeuwenlang worden gebruikt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Het Engelse woord 'tin' komt van het Oud-Engelse 'tin', gerelateerd aan het Proto-Germaanse 'tinam', van onzekere verdere oorsprong; het symbool Sn komt van het Latijnse 'stannum', dat oorspronkelijk verwees naar een zilver-loodlegering voordat het op tin werd aangebracht."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titaan","summary":"Titanium is een sterk, lichtgewicht metaal dat veel wordt gebruikt in de ruimtevaart, medische apparatuur en legeringen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig grijswit","interesting_facts":["Titanium heeft de hoogste sterkte-dichtheidsverhouding van alle metalen elementen: het is net zo sterk als staal, maar ongeveer 45% lichter.","Het is biocompatibel, zodat het lichaam het niet afstoot, waardoor het ideaal is voor heupprothesen en tandheelkundige implantaten.","Titaandioxide is een briljant wit pigment dat wordt gebruikt in verf, zonnebrandcrème en zelfs tandpasta.","Het is zo goed bestand tegen corrosie door zeewater dat het wordt gebruikt in scheepsonderdelen en onderzeeërrompen.","Titanium is vernoemd naar de Titanen uit de Griekse mythologie vanwege zijn grote kracht.","Hoewel titanium het negende meest voorkomende element in de korst is, is het kostbaar omdat het moeilijk uit de ertsen te winnen is."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de Titanen uit de Griekse mythologie – krachtige oergoden – door Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795, die een naam wilde die vrij was van geografische of persoonlijke associaties."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolfraam","summary":"Wolfraam is een hard, dicht metaal met het hoogste smeltpunt van alle elementen, dat wordt gebruikt in filamenten, snijgereedschappen en pantserdoordringende projectielen.","appearance":"Grijsachtig wit, glanzend","interesting_facts":["Wolfraam heeft het hoogste smeltpunt van alle metalen, namelijk ongeveer 3.422 °C.","Het werd gebruikt voor de gloeiende gloeidraden in gloeilampen.","De naam komt uit het Zweeds voor 'zware steen', terwijl het symbool W afkomstig is van 'wolfram'.","Wolfraamcarbide is bijna net zo hard als diamant en wordt gebruikt in boren, zagen en pantserdoordringende kogels.","Het is een van de dichtste elementen, ongeveer dezelfde dichtheid als goud.","Wolfraam is essentieel voor sommige enzymen in bepaalde warmteminnende microben, het zwaarste element waarvan bekend is dat het door het leven wordt gebruikt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' komt van de Zweedse woorden 'tung' (zwaar) en 'sten' (steen), verwijzend naar het mineraal scheeliet; het symbool W komt van 'wolfram', afgeleid van het mineraal wolframiet - zo genoemd omdat het tijdens het smelten tin 'verslond', wat doet denken aan een wolf (Duits: Wolf Rahm, wolvencrème of schuim)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranium","summary":"Uranium is een compact, radioactief metaal dat wordt gebruikt als brandstof in kernreactoren en kernwapens.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs metallic","interesting_facts":["Uranium is het zwaarste element dat in aanzienlijke hoeveelheden in de natuur voorkomt.","Het is vernoemd naar de planeet Uranus, die slechts acht jaar eerder werd ontdekt.","Uit één kilogram uranium-235 kan evenveel energie vrijkomen als enkele duizenden tonnen steenkool.","De radioactiviteit van uranium werd in 1896 ontdekt door Henri Becquerel toen het in het donker fotografische platen besloeg.","Verarmd uranium heeft een extreem hoge dichtheid en wordt gebruikt in pantser- en pantserdoordringende munitie.","Uraniumglas, populair in de 19e eeuw, gloeit heldergroen op onder ultraviolet licht."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar de planeet Uranus, die slechts acht jaar eerder was ontdekt door Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789; hij volgde de traditie om elementen naar hemellichamen te vernoemen, net zoals tellurium (het element ervoor) naar de aarde was vernoemd."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadium","summary":"Vanadium is een hard, zilvergrijs metaal dat voornamelijk wordt gebruikt om staallegeringen en andere materialen te versterken.","appearance":"Zilvergrijs","interesting_facts":["Vanadium is vernoemd naar Vanadis, een naam voor de Noorse godin Freyja, vanwege de prachtig gekleurde verbindingen.","De verbindingen verschijnen in een regenboog van kleuren, afhankelijk van de oxidatietoestand: paars, blauw, groen en geel.","Door kleine hoeveelheden vanadium aan staal toe te voegen, wordt het veel harder en taaier en wordt het gebruikt in gereedschappen en auto-onderdelen.","Henry Ford gebruikte vanadiumstaal in de Model T om hem lichter en sterker te maken.","Vanadium-redoxstroombatterijen kunnen grote hoeveelheden energie opslaan voor het elektriciteitsnet.","Sommige zeedieren, zakpijpen genoemd, concentreren vanadium in hun bloed op een niveau dat veel hoger is dan dat van het omringende zeewater."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Vanadis, een Oudnoors epitheton voor de godin Freyja, gekozen door Nils Gabriel Sefström in 1830 omdat de verbindingen van vanadium opvallend mooie, veelkleurige oplossingen vormen."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon is een kleurloos, dicht en geurloos edelgas dat wordt gebruikt in verlichting, medische beeldvorming en voortstuwing van ruimtevaartuigen.","appearance":"Kleurloos gas, straalt een blauwe gloed uit bij opwinding","interesting_facts":["De naam Xenon komt van het Griekse woord voor 'vreemdeling', omdat het zo'n zeldzame vondst in de lucht was.","Het produceert een briljant wit licht en wordt gebruikt in autokoplampen, cameraflitsers en filmprojectorlampen.","Xenon kan worden gebruikt als een veilig, krachtig verdovingsmiddel, hoewel het duur is.","Ondanks dat het een edelgas is, was xenon in 1962 de eerste die een echte chemische verbinding vormde.","Ionenstuwraketten op ruimtevaartuigen gebruiken xenon als drijfgas en duwen sondes zachtjes door het zonnestelsel.","Xenon is zo compact dat je een lichtgewicht voorwerp op het onzichtbare gas kunt laten drijven."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Afkomstig van het Griekse 'xenos' (vreemdeling of buitenlander), genoemd door William Ramsay en Morris Travers in 1898 omdat xenon als een volkomen onbekend element verscheen dat verborgen was in de residuen na het verdampen van vloeibaar krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium is een zacht, zilverachtig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in lasers, atoomklokken en spanningsmeters in materialen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium is een van de vier elementen vernoemd naar het kleine Zweedse dorpje Ytterby.","Ytterbium-atoomklokken behoren tot de meest nauwkeurige tijdwaarnemers die ooit zijn gebouwd.","De elektrische weerstand neemt scherp toe onder hoge druk, gebruikt als spanningsmeter.","Met ytterbium gedoteerde vezels drijven hoogenergetische industriële lasers aan voor het snijden en lassen van metaal.","Het is een zacht, kneedbaar, zilverachtig zeldzaam aardmetaal.","Ongebruikelijk voor een lanthanide kan ytterbium een ​​stabiele +2 oxidatietoestand aannemen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ytterby, een dorp op het eiland Resarö bij Stockholm, Zweden; Jean Charles de Marignac isoleerde het oxide voor het eerst in 1878 uit het mineraal erbia, en ytterbium is een van de vier elementen die naar dat ene Zweedse dorp zijn genoemd."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium is een zilverachtig metaalachtig element dat wordt gebruikt in fosforen, supergeleiders en LED-technologie.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Yttrium is vernoemd naar het Zweedse dorp Ytterby, dat zijn naam gaf aan vier verschillende elementen.","Yttrium-aluminium-granaatkristallen (YAG) worden gebruikt om krachtige lasers te maken voor de geneeskunde en de industrie.","Het hielp bij het creëren van de eerste hogetemperatuur-supergeleiders die boven het kookpunt van stikstof werken.","Yttriumverbindingen produceerden de rode fosforen in oude kleurentelevisieschermen.","Het wordt gebruikt om aluminium- en magnesiumlegeringen te versterken.","Hoewel het een zeldzame aarde wordt genoemd, komt yttrium overvloediger voor in de korst dan zilver of lood."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Vernoemd naar Ytterby, een klein dorp op het eiland Resarö in Zweden, waar het ertsgadoliniet voor het eerst werd verzameld in 1787; dezelfde dorpsnaam inspireerde ook de namen ytterbium, erbium en terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zink","summary":"Zink is een blauwachtig zilvermetaal dat veel wordt gebruikt bij galvanisatie, legeringen en als een essentieel mineraal voor biologische processen.","appearance":"Blauwachtig zilver metaal","interesting_facts":["Zink bedekt staal in een proces dat galvaniseren wordt genoemd, waarbij het zichzelf opoffert om het staal tegen roest te beschermen.","Het is essentieel voor het menselijke immuunsysteem en zinktabletten worden gebruikt om verkoudheid te helpen bestrijden.","Zink brandt met een heldere blauwgroene vlam en werd ooit 'filosofenwol' genoemd toen het witte oxide ervan werd verzameld.","Messing, gebruikt in instrumenten en fittingen, is een legering van koper en zink.","De meeste moderne munten van één cent en vele andere munten zijn grotendeels gemaakt van zink met een dunne koperen coating.","Zinkoxide is het actieve ingrediënt in veel zonnebrandmiddelen en luieruitslagcrèmes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Duitse 'Zink' (zink), voor het eerst gebruikt door Paracelsus in de 16e eeuw; de oorsprong kan betrekking hebben op 'Zinke' (tand of spijker), die de stekelige kristallen beschrijft die zich tijdens het smelten vormen, of mogelijk op Perzisch 'zingen' (steen)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirconium","summary":"Zirkonium is een corrosiebestendig metaal dat wordt gebruikt in kernreactoren, chirurgische instrumenten en keramische materialen.","appearance":"Zilverachtig wit","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium is zeer goed bestand tegen corrosie en absorbeert nauwelijks neutronen, waardoor het ideaal is voor het bekleden van splijtstofstaven.","Zirkonia, een zirkoniumverbinding, is een populaire diamantvervanger in sieraden.","De edelsteen zirkoon, een zirkoniumsilicaat, bevat enkele van de oudst bekende mineralen op aarde, meer dan 4 miljard jaar oud.","Zirkoniumpoeder is licht ontvlambaar en werd ooit gebruikt in flitslampen.","Het is biocompatibel en wordt gebruikt in tandkronen en gewrichtsimplantaten.","Zirkoniumdioxide-keramiek is sterk genoeg om mesbladen te maken die zelden geslepen hoeven te worden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Van het Arabische 'zarqun' (vermiljoen of goudkleurig), afgeleid van het Perzische 'zargun' (goudachtig), omdat de edelsteen zirkoon gouden tinten heeft; de naam werd in 1789 gegeven door Martin Heinrich Klaproth."}},"pl":{"Actinium":{"name":"Aktyn","summary":"Aktyn to miękki, srebrzysty metal radioaktywny używany głównie w badaniach i jako źródło neutronów.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „aktis” (ἀκτίς), oznaczającego „promień” lub „promień”; André-Louis Debierne po raz pierwszy wyizolował go w 1899 r. z rudy uranu i nazwał go ze względu na jego silną radioaktywność; daje nazwę serii aktynowców ciężkich pierwiastków.","interesting_facts":["Aktyn świeci w ciemności niesamowitym bladoniebieskim światłem ze względu na swoją intensywną radioaktywność.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „aktis”, co oznacza promień lub promień.","Daje nazwę serii aktynowców pierwiastków.","Aktyn-225 jest badany pod kątem ukierunkowanej terapii cząsteczkami alfa przeciwko nowotworowi.","Jest około 150 razy bardziej radioaktywny niż rad.","Aktyn jest niezwykle rzadki, występuje jedynie w śladowych ilościach w rudach uranu."]},"Aluminum":{"name":"Glin","summary":"Aluminium to srebrzystobiały, lekki i odporny na korozję metal stosowany w szerokiej gamie zastosowań.","appearance":"Metal w kolorze srebrzystoszarym","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „alumen” (ałun, związek używany od starożytności do farbowania i garbowania); Humphry Davy ukuł słowo „alumium” w 1807 r., a później poprawił je na „aluminium”, podczas gdy większość świata przyjęła pisownię „aluminium”.","interesting_facts":["Aluminium jest najobficiej występującym metalem w skorupie ziemskiej, choć kiedyś było tak trudne do oczyszczenia, że ​​było cenniejsze niż złoto.","Według doniesień, na bankiecie w latach osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku najbardziej zaszczyceni goście Francji jedli sztućcami aluminiowymi, podczas gdy inni używali złotych.","W pełni nadaje się do recyklingu, a recykling aluminium wymaga jedynie około 5% energii potrzebnej do jego wytworzenia z surowej rudy.","Na aluminium natychmiast tworzy się cienka, samoregenerująca się warstwa tlenku, chroniąca je przed korozją.","Proces Halla-Heroulta, wynaleziony w 1886 r., sprawił, że aluminium stało się tanie dzięki wykorzystaniu energii elektrycznej do ekstrakcji go z tlenku glinu.","Aluminium jest lekkie, mocne i niemagnetyczne, dzięki czemu idealnie nadaje się do produkcji samolotów, puszek i folii."]},"Americium":{"name":"Ameryk","summary":"Ameryk to metal radioaktywny stosowany w czujnikach dymu oraz jako źródło neutronów w zastosowaniach przemysłowych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiała, matowieje powoli na powietrzu","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć obu Ameryk, kontynentów, na których został wyprodukowany po raz pierwszy, przez Glenna Seaborga w 1944 roku; Seaborg nazwał go przez celową analogię do europu (nazwanego na cześć Europy), ponieważ ameryk zajmuje tę samą pozycję w szeregu aktynowców, co europ w szeregu lantanowców.","interesting_facts":["W większości domowych czujników dymu w niewielkich ilościach stosuje się ameryk.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od obu Ameryk, co odzwierciedla nazwę europu na cześć Europy.","Ameryk został po raz pierwszy wyprodukowany podczas Projektu Manhattan w 1944 roku.","W czujniku dymu ameryk emituje cząstki alfa, które jonizują powietrze; dym zakłóca prąd i uruchamia alarm.","Świeci słabo w ciemności dzięki własnej intensywnej radioaktywności.","Ameryk jest badany jako potencjalne, długotrwałe źródło energii dla przyszłych misji kosmicznych."]},"Antimony":{"name":"Antymon","summary":"Antymon to kruchy, niebieskawo-biały metaloid stosowany w środkach zmniejszających palność, stopach i półprzewodnikach.","appearance":"Srebrzyste, niebieskawo-białe","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielska nazwa pochodzi od średniowiecznego łacińskiego „antimonium” o niepewnym pochodzeniu (prawdopodobnie od arabskiego „ithmid” lub łacińskiego wyrażenia oznaczającego „nie sam”, ponieważ antymon rzadko występuje w czystej postaci); symbol Sb pochodzi od łacińskiego „stibium”, nazwy czarnej rudy siarczkowej używanej jako kosmetyk od starożytnego Egiptu.","interesting_facts":["Antymon był używany od starożytnego Egiptu jako kohl, kosmetyk pod oczy.","Jest to metaloid, który niezwykle rozszerza się po zamrożeniu, dzięki czemu jest przydatny do ostrych odlewów i metalu typu.","Związki antymonu są szeroko stosowane jako środki zmniejszające palność w tworzywach sztucznych i tekstyliach.","Jego symbol chemiczny Sb pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „stibium”.","Średniowieczni alchemicy używali tabletek antymonu jako środka przeczyszczającego wielokrotnego użytku, odzyskiwali je i przekazywali jako „wieczne pigułki”.","Antymon jest dodawany do ołowiu, aby uczynić go twardszym, jak w przypadku starych typów drukarskich i płyt akumulatorowych."]},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon to bezbarwny i bezwonny gaz szlachetny, który stanowi około 1% atmosfery ziemskiej.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „argon” (bezczynny lub nieaktywny, nijaki od „argos”), nazwany przez Williama Ramsaya i Lorda Rayleigha w 1894 r., ponieważ gaz jest chemicznie obojętny i niezwykle niechętnie reaguje z czymkolwiek.","interesting_facts":["Argon stanowi prawie 1% ziemskiej atmosfery, co czyni go najobficiej występującym gazem szlachetnym w powietrzu.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa oznaczającego „leniwy”, ponieważ jest chemicznie niereaktywny.","Argon jest używany do napełniania żarówek, ponieważ nie reaguje z gorącym żarnikiem.","Spawacze używają argonu jako gazu osłonowego, aby chronić gorący metal przed reakcją z tlenem z powietrza.","Większość ziemskiego argonu to argon-40, powstający w wyniku radioaktywnego rozpadu potasu-40 w skałach.","Okna z podwójnymi szybami są często wypełnione argonem, ponieważ izoluje on lepiej niż zwykłe powietrze."]},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsen","summary":"Arsen to toksyczny metaloid stosowany w przeszłości w pestycydach, a obecnie w półprzewodnikach i produkcji szkła.","appearance":"Metaliczny szary","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „arsenikon” (żółty orpiment, siarczkowa ruda arsenu), prawdopodobnie od perskiego „zarnikh” (ruda arsenu); słowo to może również łączyć się z greckim „arrhen” (męski lub silny), co odzwierciedla potężne właściwości związków arsenu.","interesting_facts":["Arsen jest znany jako „trucizna królów i król trucizn”, niewykrywalna od wieków i ulubiona w historycznych morderstwach.","Pomimo swojej toksyczności, drobne ślady arsenu mogą być niezbędnym składnikiem odżywczym dla niektórych zwierząt.","Arsenek galu i inne związki arsenu są niezbędne w nowoczesnych półprzewodnikach i diodach LED.","Zanieczyszczenie wód gruntowych arsenem ma wpływ na wodę pitną milionów ludzi na całym świecie.","Sublimuje, przechodząc bezpośrednio ze stanu stałego w gazowy po podgrzaniu, z zapachem czosnkowym.","Kiedyś w tapetach używano zielonych pigmentów zawierających arszenik, które mogły powoli zatruwać wiktoriańskie domy."]},"Astatine":{"name":"Astat","summary":"Astat jest rzadkim, radioaktywnym pierwiastkiem stosowanym głównie w badaniach naukowych i potencjalnie w leczeniu raka.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „astatos” (ἄστατος), co oznacza „niestabilny”; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie i Emilio Segrè zsyntetyzowali go w 1940 roku w Berkeley i wybrali tę nazwę, ponieważ wszystkie izotopy astatyny są radioaktywne i szybko się rozpadają, co sprawia, że ​​pierwiastek jest z natury niestabilny.","interesting_facts":["Astat jest najrzadszym naturalnie występującym pierwiastkiem; w skorupie ziemskiej w dowolnym momencie znajduje się mniej niż gram.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „astatos”, co oznacza „niestabilny”.","Nikt nigdy nie widział widocznej próbki, ponieważ wyparowałaby w wyniku własnej intensywnej radioaktywności.","Jest to najcięższy z halogenów i został po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzowany w 1940 roku.","Astatine-211 jest badany pod kątem ukierunkowanej terapii raka opartej na cząsteczkach alfa.","Jego najbardziej stabilny izotop ma okres półtrwania wynoszący tylko około 8 godzin."]},"Barium":{"name":"Bar","summary":"Bar to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w płuczkach wiertniczych, farbach i obrazowaniu medycznym.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „barys” (ciężki), nazwanego przez Humphry'ego Davy'ego w 1808 r., ponieważ siarczan baru (baryt, zwykła ruda) jest niezwykle gęsty jak na minerał niemetaliczny.","interesting_facts":["Pacjenci piją „posiłek barowy” lub „jaskółkę barową”, ponieważ bar blokuje promienie rentgenowskie, odsłaniając przewód pokarmowy.","Związki baru nadają fajerwerkom jasnozielony kolor.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „barys”, co oznacza ciężki.","Chociaż metal jest toksyczny, nierozpuszczalny siarczan baru używany w skanach medycznych bezpiecznie przechodzi przez organizm.","Bar jest tak reaktywny, że należy go przechowywać w oleju i nigdy nie występuje w naturze w postaci wolnej.","Baryt mineralny (siarczan baru) służy do ważenia płynów wiertniczych w przemyśle naftowym."]},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkel","summary":"Berkel jest metalem radioaktywnym stosowanym głównie w badaniach naukowych i produkcji cięższych pierwiastków.","appearance":"Srebrzysty","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Berkeley w Kalifornii, gdzie został po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzowany w 1949 roku w Laboratorium Promieniowania Uniwersytetu Kalifornijskiego; nazewnictwo celowo odzwierciedla terb, nazwany na cześć szwedzkiego miasta Ytterby — oba pierwiastki zajmują pasujące pozycje odpowiednio w szeregu lantanowców i aktynowców.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Berkelium pochodzi od Berkeley w Kalifornii, gdzie została po raz pierwszy wyprodukowana w 1949 roku.","Jest to niezwykle rzadki pierwiastek syntetyczny, wyprodukowany w niewielkich ilościach.","Jako materiał docelowy do syntezy superciężkiego pierwiastka tennessyny wykorzystano berkel.","Wyprodukowanie małej próbki berkelium może zająć wiele miesięcy w reaktorze wysokostrumieniowym.","Jest wysoce radioaktywny i nie ma zastosowania poza badaniami naukowymi.","Berkelium uzupełnia zestaw terbem, oba elementy nazwane na cześć miast i umieszczone w pasujących pozycjach."]},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryl","summary":"Beryl to twardy, szarawy metal występujący naturalnie w skałach mineralnych, węglu, glebie i pyle wulkanicznym.","appearance":"Stalowo-szary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć berylu, kamienia szlachetnego, od greckiego „beryllos”, ponieważ Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin po raz pierwszy wyizolował beryl z minerałów berylu i szmaragdu w 1798 roku.","interesting_facts":["Beryl jest wyjątkowo przezroczysty dla promieni rentgenowskich, dlatego wykorzystuje się go do produkcji okienek do lamp rentgenowskich i detektorów.","Jest to jeden z najlżejszych metali konstrukcyjnych, a jednocześnie ma wyższy stosunek sztywności do masy niż stal.","Kamienie szlachetne, szmaragd i akwamaryn, są formami mineralnego berylu, krzemianu berylu i glinu.","Pył berylu jest wysoce toksyczny i może powodować przewlekłą chorobę płuc zwaną berylozą.","Zwierciadła Kosmicznego Teleskopu Jamesa Webba są wykonane z berylu pokrytego złotem, ponieważ zachowuje on swój kształt w ekstremalnie niskich temperaturach.","W 1932 roku James Chadwick odkrył neutron bombardując beryl cząstkami alfa."]},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bizmut","summary":"Bizmut to kruchy metal o niskiej toksyczności, stosowany w kosmetykach, procedurach medycznych i stopach.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiała z opalizującym odcieniem","naming_origin_explanation":"Pochodzi od staroniemieckiego słowa „Wismut” lub „Wismuth”, prawdopodobnie od „weiße Masse” (biała masa) lub określenia górniczego o niepewnym pochodzeniu; znany od XV wieku jako odrębny metal, czasami mylony z ołowiem lub cyną i zlatynizowany na „bisemutum”, zanim stał się „bizmutem” we współczesnym użyciu.","interesting_facts":["Bizmut tworzy wspaniałe, opalizujące tęczowe kryształy o schodkowym kształcie leja.","Jest to najcięższy pierwiastek, który ze względów praktycznych jest stabilny, o niemal niewyobrażalnie długim okresie półtrwania.","Bizmut jest głównym składnikiem Pepto-Bismolu, stosowanego w celu łagodzenia rozstroju żołądka.","Podobnie jak woda, bizmut rozszerza się podczas zamarzania.","Stosowany jest w stopach o niskiej temperaturze topnienia do instalacji tryskaczowych i urządzeń zabezpieczających.","Bizmut jest jednym z niewielu metali o mniejszej gęstości w niektórych stopach i jest nietoksycznym zamiennikiem ołowiu w wielu produktach."]},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohr","summary":"Bohr to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Nielsa Bohra, duńskiego fizyka, który opracował kwantowy model atomu i wniósł zasadniczy wkład w zrozumienie struktury atomu; GSI Darmstadt w Niemczech zsyntetyzował go w 1981 r. i zaproponował nazwę na jego cześć, oficjalnie przyjętą przez IUPAC w 1997 r.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Bohrium pochodzi od Nielsa Bohra, fizyka, który modelował strukturę atomu.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek wytwarzany tylko z kilku atomów na raz.","Bohrium powstało w 1981 roku w Niemczech.","Jego izotopy są silnie radioaktywne i rozpadają się w ciągu kilku sekund lub krócej.","Eksperymenty wskazują, że bohr pod względem chemicznym przypomina ren z grupy 7.","Nie ma ona żadnego zastosowania poza podstawowymi badaniami najcięższych pierwiastków."]},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor jest pierwiastkiem metaloidalnym niezbędnym do wzrostu roślin, ale w nadmiarze może być toksyczny.","appearance":"Czarno-brązowy","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć boraksu – minerału, z którego został po raz pierwszy wyizolowany, przy czym „boraks” pochodzi od arabskiego „buraq” lub perskiego „burah”, co oznacza boraks lub saletrę.","interesting_facts":["Związki boru nadają płomieniom charakterystyczny jasnozielony kolor, dzięki czemu są przydatne w pirotechnice.","Bor jest niezbędny do wzrostu roślin, choć tylko w niewielkich ilościach; w nadmiarze jest toksyczne dla upraw.","Szkło borokrzemowe wykonane z boru jest odporne na szok termiczny i jest stosowane w naczyniach kuchennych i szkle laboratoryjnym.","Izotop boru-10 łatwo pochłania neutrony, dlatego bor jest stosowany w prętach regulacyjnych i osłonach reaktorów jądrowych.","Boraks, minerał boru, był używany od tysięcy lat jako środek czyszczący i topnik do lutowania metali.","Bor jest metaloidem mającym właściwości zarówno metali, jak i niemetali, a także jest słabym przewodnikiem w temperaturze pokojowej."]},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom jest czerwono-brązową cieczą w temperaturze pokojowej i jest stosowany w środkach zmniejszających palność, uzdatnianiu wody i środkach farmaceutycznych.","appearance":"Czerwono-brązowa ciecz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „bromos” (smród lub nieprzyjemny zapach), nazwanego przez Antoine'a Jérôme'a Balarda w 1826 roku, ponieważ ciekły brom wytwarza głęboko nieprzyjemny, duszący zapach.","interesting_facts":["Brom, obok rtęci, jest jednym z zaledwie dwóch pierwiastków, które w temperaturze pokojowej mają postać cieczy.","Jest to gęsta, czerwonawo-brązowa ciecz wydzielająca duszące, toksyczne opary.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „bromos”, co oznacza „smród”.","Starożytni ludzie pozyskiwali ze ślimaków morskich cenny fioletowy barwnik, fiolet tyryjski, za pomocą związków bromu.","Związki bromu były szeroko stosowane jako środki zmniejszające palność w elektronice i meblach.","Większość bromu wydobywa się ze złóż wody morskiej i solanki bogatej w sól."]},"Cadmium":{"name":"Kadm","summary":"Kadm to miękki, niebiesko-biały metal stosowany głównie w bateriach, pigmentach i galwanizacji.","appearance":"Srebrzystoniebiesko-szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiej „kadmii” (galamina, ruda węglanu cynku), ostatecznie od greckiej „kadmeia” (ziemia tebańska, nazwana na cześć Kadmusa, mitycznego założyciela Teb), ponieważ kadm odkryto w 1817 r. jako zanieczyszczenie rud cynku.","interesting_facts":["Kadm daje żywe żółte, pomarańczowe i czerwone pigmenty, od dawna cenione przez artystów takich jak Monet i Van Gogh.","Jest toksyczny i gromadzi się w organizmie, powodując bolesną chorobę kości „itai-itai”, występującą w Japonii w XX wieku.","Akumulatory niklowo-kadmowe (NiCd) były kiedyś niezwykle powszechne.","Powłoki kadmowe chronią stal przed korozją, zwłaszcza części samolotów.","Został odkryty w 1817 roku jako zanieczyszczenie rud cynku.","Kadm łatwo pochłania neutrony, dlatego wykorzystuje się go w prętach sterujących reaktorów jądrowych."]},"Calcium":{"name":"Wapń","summary":"Wapń to miękki szary metal niezbędny dla organizmów żywych, szczególnie w fizjologii komórek i tworzeniu kości.","appearance":"Matowa szarość, srebro","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „calx” lub „calcis” (wapno lub wapień), ponieważ Humphry Davy wyizolował go po raz pierwszy w 1808 roku w drodze elektrolizy tlenku wapnia (wapna palonego), materiału, którego Rzymianie od dawna używali w budownictwie.","interesting_facts":["Wapń jest najobficiej występującym metalem w organizmie człowieka, około 99% magazynuje się w kościach i zębach.","Wapień, kreda i marmur są formami węglanu wapnia.","Jest piątym pod względem liczebności pierwiastkiem w skorupie ziemskiej.","Jony wapnia działają jako uniwersalny sygnał wewnątrz komórek, wyzwalając wszystko, od skurczu mięśni po zapłodnienie.","Wapno palone (tlenek wapnia) świeciło jasno po podgrzaniu i było używane do oświetlania scen, co dało nam określenie „w centrum uwagi”.","Rafy koralowe i muszle zbudowane są głównie z węglanu wapnia wydobywanego z wody morskiej."]},"Californium":{"name":"Kaliforn","summary":"Kaliforn to metal radioaktywny stosowany w źródłach neutronów, leczeniu raka i analizie materiałów.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik, świeci w ciemności dzięki swojej radioaktywności","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć amerykańskiego stanu Kalifornia i Uniwersytetu Kalifornijskiego, gdzie został zsyntetyzowany w 1950 r.; Thompson, Seaborg, Street i Ghiorso wybrali tę nazwę, zauważając, że zabrakło im pobliskich ciał niebieskich i zamiast tego postanowili uhonorować miejsce odkrycia.","interesting_facts":["Kaliforn to jedna z najdroższych substancji na Ziemi, której gram kosztuje miliony dolarów.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od stanu Kalifornia w USA, gdzie została odkryta w 1950 roku.","Kaliforn-252 to potężny emiter neutronów używany do uruchamiania reaktorów jądrowych i skanerów przemysłowych.","Służy do wykrywania złota i ropy naftowej poprzez analizę neutronów skał.","Pojedynczy mikrogram uwalnia w ciągu sekundy ogromną liczbę neutronów.","Kaliforn jest również używany do identyfikacji zmęczenia metalu i znajdowania słabych punktów w samolotach i maszynach."]},"Carbon":{"name":"Węgiel","summary":"Węgiel jest podstawowym budulcem życia, występującym we wszystkich znanych związkach organicznych.","appearance":"Różnie (grafit jest czarny, diament jest przezroczysty)","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „carbo” (węgiel lub węgiel drzewny), co odzwierciedla fakt, że węgiel był znany od starożytności w postaci węgla drzewnego, grafitu i diamentu.","interesting_facts":["Węgiel tworzy więcej związków niż wszystkie inne pierwiastki razem wzięte i jest chemiczną podstawą całego znanego życia.","Zarówno diament, jak i grafit to czysty węgiel, jednak diament jest najtwardszym materiałem naturalnym, podczas gdy grafit jest wystarczająco miękki, aby można było po nim pisać.","Grafen, pojedyncza warstwa atomów węgla, jest około 200 razy mocniejszy niż stal i przewodzi prąd lepiej niż miedź.","Datowanie węglem-14 wykorzystuje stały rozpad radioaktywnego izotopu węgla w celu określenia wieku niegdyś żyjącego materiału do około 50 000 lat.","Atomy węgla wytworzone wewnątrz gwiazd rozprzestrzeniają się po wszechświecie, gdy gwiazdy te eksplodują, czyniąc nas dosłownie z pyłu gwiezdnego.","Buckminsterfulleren, cząsteczka w kształcie piłki nożnej, zawierająca 60 atomów węgla, została odkryta w 1985 roku i nazwana na cześć architekta Buckminstera Fullera."]},"Cerium":{"name":"Cer","summary":"Cer to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w katalizatorach, polerowaniu szkła i stopach.","appearance":"Srebrnoszary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwana na cześć planety karłowatej Ceres, odkrytej w 1801 roku, a sama nazwana na cześć rzymskiej bogini rolnictwa; Martin Heinrich Klaproth i Jöns Jacob Berzelius nazwali go w 1803 roku, zgodnie z modą nadawania nazw nowym pierwiastkom na cześć ciał niebieskich.","interesting_facts":["Cer jest najobficiej występującym ze wszystkich pierwiastków ziem rzadkich, występuje częściej niż miedź.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od planety karłowatej Ceres, odkrytej dwa lata wcześniej.","Cer jest kluczowym składnikiem wytwarzającym iskry w „krzemieniowych” stopach zapalniczek i podpałek.","Tlenek ceru to drobny proszek polerski stosowany do nadawania szkłu i kamieniom szlachetnym gładkiego wykończenia.","Jest dodawany do katalizatorów, aby pomóc w magazynowaniu i uwalnianiu tlenu.","Świeżo ścięty cer może samozapalić się w powietrzu, powodując jego samozapalenie."]},"Cesium":{"name":"Cez","summary":"Cez to miękki metal o złotym kolorze, znany z zastosowania w zegarach atomowych i różnych zastosowaniach elektronicznych.","appearance":"Srebrno-złoty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego słowa „caesius” (błękitny lub szarawoniebieski), nazwanego przez Roberta Bunsena i Gustava Kirchhoffa w 1860 r. na cześć dwóch charakterystycznych jasnoniebieskich linii widmowych, których używali do identyfikacji pierwiastka.","interesting_facts":["Drugi jest oficjalnie definiowany przez wibracje atomów cezu, będące podstawą zegarów atomowych.","Cez to jeden z najbardziej reaktywnych metali, który w kontakcie z wodą gwałtownie eksploduje.","Topi się w temperaturze około 28°C, zatem w ciepły dzień ma postać płynną.","Ma złoto-srebrzysty kolor i jest jednym z niewielu metali, które nie są srebrne ani szare.","Cez był pierwszym pierwiastkiem odkrytym metodą spektroskopii przez Bunsena i Kirchhoffa w 1860 roku.","Radioaktywny cez-137 jest godnym uwagi produktem rozszczepienia jądrowego i stwarza zagrożenie w przypadku awarii jądrowych."]},"Chlorine":{"name":"Chlor","summary":"Chlor to wysoce reaktywny, zielonkawo-żółty gaz stosowany jako środek dezynfekujący i w różnych zastosowaniach przemysłowych.","appearance":"Zielonkawo-żółty gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „chloros” (bladozielony lub zielonkawo-żółty), nazwanego przez Humphry'ego Davy'ego w 1810 r. w celu odzwierciedlenia charakterystycznego żółto-zielonego koloru gazu.","interesting_facts":["Chlor to zielonkawo-żółty gaz, który był używany jako broń chemiczna podczas I wojny światowej.","Niewielkie ilości dodane do wody pitnej i basenów zabijają bakterie i uratowały życie niezliczonej liczby osób przed chorobami przenoszonymi przez wodę.","W połączeniu z sodem chlor tworzy zwykłą sól kuchenną, niezbędną do życia.","Jest na tyle reaktywny, że łatwo wybiela barwniki i dezynfekuje, dlatego stosuje się go w wybielaczach domowych.","Chlor został po raz pierwszy wyizolowany w 1774 roku przez Carla Wilhelma Scheele, który nie zdawał sobie sprawy, że jest to nowy pierwiastek.","Chociaż są toksyczne jak gaz, jony chlorkowe w organizmie są niezbędne do trawienia i funkcjonowania nerwów."]},"Chromium":{"name":"Chrom","summary":"Chrom to twardy, błyszczący i odporny na korozję metal stosowany w stali nierdzewnej i chromowaniu.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „chroma” (kolor), nazwanego przez Louisa-Nicolasa Vauquelina w 1798 r., ponieważ związki chromu charakteryzują się szeroką gamą żywych kolorów - czerwony w rubinach, zielony w szmaragdach, pomarańczowy w krokoitach.","interesting_facts":["Chrom nadaje stali nierdzewnej połysk i odporność na rdzę, tworząc niewidoczną ochronną warstwę tlenku.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „chroma” oznaczającego kolor, ponieważ zawarte w nim związki charakteryzują się żywym zabarwieniem.","Chrom powoduje, że rubiny są czerwone, a szmaragdy zielone, co stanowi śladowe zanieczyszczenie kryształów.","Chromowanie zapewnia jasne, twarde i lustrzane wykończenie elementów wyposażenia samochodu i narzędzi.","Chrom jest jednym z najtwardszych metali i jest wysoce odporny na korozję.","Niektóre związki chromu są niezbędnymi składnikami odżywczymi w śladowych ilościach, podczas gdy inne (chrom-6) są toksyczne i rakotwórcze."]},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobalt","summary":"Kobalt to twardy, błyszczący, srebrnoszary metal stosowany w stopach i bateriach, niezbędny do produkcji witaminy B12.","appearance":"Błyszczący szary metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Od niemieckiego „Kobolda” (goblina lub chochlika), ponieważ niemieccy górnicy obwiniali złośliwego podziemnego ducha za kłopotliwą rudę kobaltu, która wydzielała trujące opary arsenu i nie dawała miedzi, mimo że przypominała rudę miedzi.","interesting_facts":["Kobalt jest używany od ponad 2000 lat, aby nadać szkłu i ceramice głęboki, jaskrawy niebieski kolor.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od „kobolda”, złośliwego goblina, niemieckich górników obwinianych za kłopotliwe rudy.","Kobalt jest kluczowym składnikiem akumulatorów litowo-jonowych, które zasilają telefony i samochody elektryczne.","Jest to jeden z zaledwie trzech pierwiastków naturalnie magnetycznych w temperaturze pokojowej, obok żelaza i niklu.","Radioaktywny izotop kobaltu-60 jest stosowany w leczeniu raka i sterylizacji sprzętu medycznego.","Kobalt jest niezbędny do życia jako atom metalu w sercu witaminy B12."]},"Copernicium":{"name":"Kopernik","summary":"Kopernik to syntetyczny, radioaktywny pierwiastek wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Mikołaja Kopernika, polsko-niemieckiego astronoma, który zaproponował, że Ziemia krąży wokół Słońca; GSI Darmstadt zsyntetyzowało ją w 1996 r. i zaproponowało nazwę na cześć Kopernika, a IUPAC oficjalnie przyjęła ją w 2010 r. z okazji 537. rocznicy jego urodzin.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Copernicium pochodzi od astronoma Mikołaja Kopernika, który umieścił Słońce w centrum Układu Słonecznego.","Po raz pierwszy powstał w 1996 roku w Niemczech.","Przewiduje się, że kopernik będzie lotną cieczą lub gazem w temperaturze pokojowej i zachowuje się podobnie do rtęci.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek powstający z jednego atomu na raz.","Jego izotopy są wysoce radioaktywne i krótkotrwałe.","Znajduje się poniżej rtęci w 12. grupie układu okresowego."]},"Copper":{"name":"Miedź","summary":"Miedź to czerwono-złoty metal znany z wysokiej przewodności cieplnej i elektrycznej, szeroko stosowany w instalacjach elektrycznych i wodno-kanalizacyjnych.","appearance":"Czerwonawy metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego słowa „cuprum”, pochodzącego od greckiego „Kypros” (Cypr), wyspy będącej głównym źródłem miedzi w starożytnym świecie; symbol Cu również wywodzi się z tej łacińskiej nazwy.","interesting_facts":["Miedź była jednym z pierwszych metali używanych przez człowieka, pracowała przez ponad 10 000 lat.","Jest doskonałym, zaraz po srebrze, przewodnikiem prądu elektrycznego, dlatego wypełnia nasze przewody i kable.","Powierzchnie miedziane w naturalny sposób zabijają wiele bakterii i wirusów, dzięki czemu są przydatne do klamek do drzwi i wyposażenia szpitali.","Statua Wolności pokryta jest miedzią, która z biegiem czasu zmieniła kolor na zielony, tworząc ochronną patynę.","Mieszanie miedzi z cyną daje brąz, a z cynkiem daje mosiądz, dwa stopy, które ukształtowały historię ludzkości.","Miedź jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem śladowym, pomagającym organizmowi w tworzeniu czerwonych krwinek i utrzymaniu nerwów."]},"Curium":{"name":"Kiur","summary":"Kur to radioaktywny metal stosowany w eksploracji kosmosu jako źródło energii oraz w badaniach naukowych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik, matowieje na powietrzu","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Marii i Piotra Curie, pionierów badań nad radioaktywnością; Glenn Seaborg nazwał go w 1944 r., aby uhonorować parę, której odkrycia umożliwiły chemię nuklearną, zauważając, że pozycja kurium w szeregu aktynowców odzwierciedla gadolin w lantanowcach – sama nazwa pochodzi od chemika, według równoległego wzoru.","interesting_facts":["Kurium zostało nazwane na cześć Marii i Piotra Curie, pionierów badań nad radioaktywnością.","Świeci w ciemności delikatnym fioletowym lub czerwonym światłem ze względu na intensywną radioaktywność.","Curium jest tak radioaktywny, że generuje znaczne ciepło i został uznany za źródło energii statków kosmicznych.","Po raz pierwszy został zsyntetyzowany w 1944 r., przed lżejszym amerykiem.","Instrumenty oparte na kiru przeanalizowały skład chemiczny Marsa i innych powierzchni planet.","Cały kurium jest wytwarzany sztucznie; żaden nie występuje w naturze."]},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmsztadt","summary":"Darmsztadt to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć miasta Darmstadt w Niemczech, gdzie został po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzowany w 1994 r. w GSI Darmstadt; jest to zgodne z tradycją nadawania nazw nowo powstałym pierwiastkom na cześć miejsc odkrycia, a IUPAC oficjalnie przyjął tę nazwę w 2003 roku.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Darmstadtium pochodzi od miasta Darmstadt w Niemczech, gdzie zostało odkryte w 1994 roku.","Jest to syntetyczny pierwiastek superciężki powstający w akceleratorach cząstek.","Dotychczas powstało tylko kilka atomów darmsztadu.","Jego atomy przeżywają krócej niż sekundę, zanim ulegną rozkładowi.","Oczekuje się, że chemicznie będzie przypominał platynę z grupy 10.","Darmstadtium nie ma żadnego praktycznego zastosowania poza badaniami naukowymi."]},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubn","summary":"Dubn jest syntetycznym pierwiastkiem radioaktywnym wykorzystywanym w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków ciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Dubnej w Rosji, siedziby Wspólnego Instytutu Badań Jądrowych; nazwa rozwiązała spór z czasów zimnej wojny, w którym amerykańscy naukowcy nazywali ją „hahnium”, a radzieccy naukowcy nazywali ją „nielsbohrium”, zanim w 1997 r. IUPAC przyjął neutralną nazwę miasta.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Dubnium pochodzi od Dubnej w Rosji, gdzie znajduje się słynny instytut badań nuklearnych.","Jest to syntetyczny pierwiastek superciężki wytwarzany wyłącznie w akceleratorach cząstek.","Jego odkrycie było częścią „wojen transferowych”, sporu o nazewnictwo podczas zimnej wojny.","Atomy dubnu istnieją tylko przez sekundy lub krócej, zanim ulegną rozkładowi.","Dotychczas utworzono tylko niewielką liczbę atomów dubnu.","Przewiduje się, że chemicznie będzie przypominał tantal z grupy 5."]},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysproz","summary":"Dysproz to srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w magnesach, laserach i prętach sterujących reaktorów jądrowych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „dysprositos” (δυσπρόσιτος), co oznacza „trudno dostępny”; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran ukuł tę nazwę w 1886 roku, odzwierciedlając ogromną trudność wyizolowania go z rudy – proces wymagający dziewiętnastu wytrąceń.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa dysprozu pochodzi od greckiego „dysprositos”, co oznacza „trudny do zdobycia”, ponieważ bardzo trudno go było wyizolować.","Jest dodawany do magnesów neodymowych, dzięki czemu zachowują swoją wytrzymałość w wysokich temperaturach w silnikach i turbinach wiatrowych.","Dysproz ma jedną z najwyższych sił magnetycznych spośród wszystkich pierwiastków w niskich temperaturach.","Dobrze pochłania neutrony i jest stosowany w prętach sterujących reaktorów jądrowych.","Stopy na bazie dysprozu zmieniają kształt w polach magnetycznych, co jest przydatne w siłownikach i przetwornikach.","Jest uważany za materiał krytyczny dla technologii czystej energii."]},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einstein jest wysoce radioaktywnym metalem, używanym głównie w badaniach naukowych i produkcji cięższych pierwiastków.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik, świeci dzięki swojej radioaktywności","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Alberta Einsteina, który sformułował szczególną teorię względności i równanie E=mc² leżące u podstaw energii jądrowej; Albert Ghiorso i współpracownicy nazwali go w 1955 r. po odkryciu go w gruzach pierwszego testu bomby wodorowej w 1952 r., który był utrzymywany w tajemnicy przez kilka lat.","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium odkryto w 1952 roku w gruzach pierwszego testu bomby wodorowej.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Alberta Einsteina.","Einsteinium świeci na niebiesko w ciemności dzięki intensywnej radioaktywności.","Jest to tak rzadkie, że tylko sporadycznie produkowane są ilości nadające się do zważenia.","Badanie einsteinium jest niezwykle trudne, ponieważ niszczy jego własny pojemnik i instrumenty.","Nie ma żadnego praktycznego zastosowania poza podstawowymi badaniami naukowymi."]},"Erbium":{"name":"Erb","summary":"Erb to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w światłowodach, laserach i technologii nuklearnej.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ytterby, wioski na wyspie Resarö w Szwecji, gdzie po raz pierwszy wydobywano zawierający go mineralny gadolinit; Carl Gustaf Mosander oddzielił go od itru w 1843 r., a „erb” to jedna z czterech nazw pierwiastków pochodzących od pojedynczej nazwy miejscowości „Ytterby”.","interesting_facts":["Włókna domieszkowane erbem wzmacniają sygnały świetlne, umożliwiając korzystanie z Internetu światłowodowego na duże odległości.","Nadaje szkłu i glazurom delikatny różowy kolor i jest stosowany w okularach przeciwsłonecznych i szkle dekoracyjnym.","Lasery erbowe znajdują zastosowanie w stomatologii i kosmetycznym resurfacingu skóry.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Ytterby w Szwecji i ma to samo pochodzenie z kilkoma innymi pierwiastkami ziem rzadkich.","Erb dodaje się do niektórych stopów metali, w tym wanadu, aby uczynić je bardziej urabialnymi.","Skutecznie pochłania światło podczerwone, co leży u podstaw wielu zastosowań lasera."]},"Europium":{"name":"Europ","summary":"Europ to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w materiałach fosforyzujących, prętach kontrolnych i reaktorach jądrowych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Europy, kontynentu, przez Eugène-Anatole Demarçay w 1901 roku, który wyizolował go spektroskopowo; był jednym z kilku elementów nazwanych na cześć regionów geograficznych końca XIX i początku XX wieku.","interesting_facts":["Europ dostarcza czerwonych i niebieskich luminoforów, które nadają kolor starym ekranom telewizorów i komputerów.","Stosowany jest jako znacznik zapobiegający fałszowaniu banknotów euro, świecący w świetle ultrafioletowym.","Europ jest najbardziej reaktywnym z pierwiastków ziem rzadkich, szybko matowiącym w powietrzu.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od kontynentu europejskiego.","Luminofory domieszkowane europem sprawiają, że energooszczędne świetlówki i diody LED świecą jasno.","Jest to jeden z najmniej występujących pierwiastków ziem rzadkich w skorupie ziemskiej."]},"Fermium":{"name":"Ferm","summary":"Ferm to syntetyczny, radioaktywny metal stosowany głównie w badaniach naukowych i badaniach pierwiastków transuranowych.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Enrico Fermiego, fizyka włosko-amerykańskiego, który zbudował pierwszy sztuczny reaktor jądrowy w 1942 roku i wniósł fundamentalny wkład w fizykę jądrową i cząstek elementarnych; Albert Ghiorso i współpracownicy nazwali go w 1953 r. po odkryciu go w tych samych pozostałościach testów bomby wodorowej, w wyniku których otrzymano einstein.","interesting_facts":["Ferm odkryto także podczas pierwszego testu bomby wodorowej w 1952 roku.","Został nazwany na cześć fizyka Enrico Fermiego, pioniera reakcji jądrowych.","Ferm jest najcięższym pierwiastkiem, jaki można wytworzyć w odważalnych ilościach w wyniku bombardowania neutronami.","Poza fermem pierwiastki muszą być wytwarzane po jednym atomie za pomocą akceleratorów cząstek.","Dotychczas wyprodukowano jedynie niewielkie, niewidoczne ilości fermu.","Istnieje wyłącznie jako element syntetyczny i nie ma zastosowań komercyjnych."]},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerow","summary":"Flerow to syntetyczny, radioaktywny pierwiastek wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Laboratorium Reakcji Jądrowych Flerov w Dubnej w Rosji, które z kolei zostało nazwane na cześć radzieckiego fizyka Georgija Flyorowa; Flyorov jest współzałożycielem laboratorium i wniósł znaczący wkład w fizykę jądrową, a jego zespół po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzował ten pierwiastek w 1998 r., a IUPAC oficjalnie przyjął nazwę w 2012 r.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Flerovium pochodzi od Laboratorium Reakcji Jądrowych Flerov w Rosji.","Po raz pierwszy został stworzony w 1998 roku przez zespół w Dubnej w Rosji.","Niektóre przewidywania sugerowały, że flerow może być niezwykle stabilny lub nawet gazopodobny, chociaż nadal jest radioaktywny.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek powstający z jednego atomu na raz.","Flerow leży poniżej ołowiu w grupie 14 układu okresowego.","Jego izotopy rozkładają się w ciągu kilku sekund, ale żyją dłużej niż wielu sąsiadów, co wskazuje na „wyspę stabilności”."]},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor jest wysoce reaktywnym, bladożółtym gazem i jest pierwiastkiem najbardziej elektroujemnym.","appearance":"Jasnożółty gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „fluere” (płynąć), ponieważ fluoryt mineralny był szeroko stosowany jako topnik metalurgiczny; nazwę pierwiastka zaproponował André-Marie Ampère w 1812 roku.","interesting_facts":["Fluor jest najbardziej reaktywnym i elektroujemnym ze wszystkich pierwiastków, reagującym z prawie każdą inną substancją, czasem wybuchowo.","Jest tak agresywny, że może spowodować zapalenie się materiałów takich jak azbest, a nawet woda.","Śladowe ilości fluoru dodawane do wody pitnej i pasty do zębów pomagają zapobiegać próchnicy.","Teflon, nieprzywierająca powłoka naczyń kuchennych, to polimer zawierający fluor (PTFE).","Wielu chemików zostało otrutych lub zabitych podczas prób wyizolowania fluoru, przez co zyskali przydomek „męczenników fluoru”, zanim Henri Moissan odniósł sukces w 1886 roku.","Fluor jest bladożółtym gazem w temperaturze pokojowej i jest najlżejszym z halogenów."]},"Francium":{"name":"Frans","summary":"Frans jest niezwykle rzadkim i radioaktywnym metalem, który ze względu na swoją niestabilność nie ma znaczących zastosowań.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Francji, kraju, w którym Marguerite Perey odkryła go w 1939 roku w Instytucie Curie w Paryżu; nazwała ten element na cześć swojej ojczyzny, zgodnie z tradycją nadawania nazw elementom według miejsc i stając się pierwszą kobietą wybraną do Francuskiej Akademii Nauk.","interesting_facts":["Frans jest drugim po astacie najrzadszym naturalnie występującym pierwiastkiem.","Był to ostatni pierwiastek odkryty w przyrodzie przez Marguerite Perey we Francji w 1939 roku.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od Francji, jej ojczyzny.","Frans jest tak radioaktywny, że każda widoczna ilość natychmiast wyparuje pod wpływem własnego ciepła.","Jego najbardziej stabilny izotop ma okres półtrwania wynoszący tylko około 22 minut.","Jest to najbardziej reaktywny z metali alkalicznych, ale nigdy nie zaobserwowano jego właściwości masowych."]},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolin","summary":"Gadolin to srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w środkach kontrastowych do rezonansu magnetycznego, luminoforach i terapii wychwytem neutronów.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć gadolinitu, minerału, w którym po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowano jego tlenek; gadolinit został nazwany na cześć Johana Gadolina, fińskiego chemika, który jako pierwszy go przeanalizował; Jean Charles de Marignac wyizolował nowy element ziemi w 1880 roku.","interesting_facts":["Związki gadolinu są wstrzykiwane jako środki kontrastowe, dzięki czemu skany MRI są znacznie wyraźniejsze.","Ma niezwykłą zdolność pochłaniania neutronów, najwyższą ze wszystkich stabilnych pierwiastków, przydatną w reaktorach jądrowych.","Gadolin ma właściwości magnetyczne nieco poniżej temperatury pokojowej i jest badany pod kątem chłodzenia magnetycznego.","Został nazwany na cześć fińskiego chemika Johana Gadolina, pioniera badań nad pierwiastkami ziem rzadkich.","Gadolin nagrzewa się po umieszczeniu w polu magnetycznym i ochładza się po usunięciu, co powoduje efekt magnetokaloryczny.","Jest stosowany w niektórych typach detektorów obrazu medycznego i bezpieczeństwa."]},"Gallium":{"name":"Gal","summary":"Gal to miękki, srebrzysty metal, który topi się w temperaturze nieco wyższej od temperatury pokojowej i jest stosowany w elektronice i półprzewodnikach.","appearance":"Srebrzystoniebieski","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Gallii, łacińskiej nazwy Francji, przez odkrywcę Paula-Émile'a Lecoqa de Boisbaudran w 1875 roku; nazwa może być również grą słów „gallus” (łac. Kogut), co jest grą nazwiska Lecoqa, oznaczającego po francusku „kogut”.","interesting_facts":["Gal topi się w temperaturze około 30°C, więc solidny kawałek topi się w dłoni.","Mendelejew przepowiedział jego istnienie jako „eka-aluminium”, zanim zostało odkryte w 1875 roku.","Arsenek galu jest stosowany w szybkich urządzeniach elektronicznych, diodach LED i ogniwach słonecznych do statków kosmicznych.","Chociaż gal łatwo się topi, wrze w temperaturze ponad 2400 ° C, co jest jednym z największych zakresów temperatur cieczy spośród wszystkich pierwiastków.","Gal może powodować kruchość aluminium, wnikając w granice jego ziaren, radykalnie osłabiając metal.","W przeciwieństwie do większości substancji gal rozszerza się po zamarznięciu, podobnie jak woda."]},"Germanium":{"name":"German","summary":"German to twardy, szaro-biały metaloid stosowany w półprzewodnikach, światłowodach i optyce podczerwieni.","appearance":"Szarawo-biały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Germania, łacińskiej nazwy Niemiec, przez Clemensa Winklera, który odkrył go w 1886 roku; odkrycie potwierdziło przewidywania Mendelejewa dotyczące brakującego pierwiastka, który nazwał „eka-krzemem”.","interesting_facts":["Mendelejew przewidywał, że german będzie „eka-krzemem”, a jego odkrycie w 1886 r. pomogło potwierdzić układ okresowy.","Pierwsze tranzystory w latach czterdziestych i pięćdziesiątych XX wieku były wykonane z germanu, zanim zapanował krzem.","Jest przezroczysty dla światła podczerwonego, dlatego wykorzystuje się go w soczewkach do gogli noktowizyjnych i kamer termowizyjnych.","German jest metaloidalnym półprzewodnikiem o błyszczącym, szaro-białym wyglądzie.","W światłowodach wykorzystuje się związki germanu do kontrolowania sposobu, w jaki światło przechodzi przez szkło.","Podobnie jak woda i krzem, german rozszerza się podczas zestalania."]},"Gold":{"name":"Złoto","summary":"Złoto to gęsty, miękki metal, wysoko ceniony ze względu na zastosowanie w biżuterii, elektronice i walucie.","appearance":"Jasno metaliczny żółty","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielska nazwa „złoto” pochodzi od pragermańskiego „gulþą”, spokrewnionego z „żółtym”; symbol Au wywodzi się od łacińskiego słowa „aurum”, które prawdopodobnie oznacza „lśniący świt” lub „blask wschodu słońca”; złoto było znane i cenione od czasów prehistorycznych, praktycznie we wszystkich kulturach.","interesting_facts":["Złoto jest tak niereaktywne, że może pozostać błyszczące przez tysiące lat, dlatego starożytne złote artefakty wciąż błyszczą.","Jest niezwykle plastyczny; z jednego grama można wbić arkusz o powierzchni około metra kwadratowego.","Uważa się, że prawie całe złoto na Ziemi przybyło w wyniku uderzeń asteroid po uformowaniu się planety.","Złoto dobrze przewodzi prąd i nigdy nie koroduje, dlatego służy do platerowania krytycznych styków elektronicznych.","Jego symbol chemiczny Au pochodzi od łacińskiego „aurum”, co oznacza „lśniący świt”.","Wizjery astronautów są pokryte ultracienką warstwą złota, która odbija szkodliwe promieniowanie słoneczne."]},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafn","summary":"Hafn to błyszczący, srebrzysty metal stosowany w reaktorach jądrowych, prętach regulacyjnych i stopach wysokotemperaturowych.","appearance":"Srebrnoszary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Hafni, łacińskiej nazwy Kopenhagi w Danii, gdzie Dirk Coster i George de Hevesy odkryli go w 1923 roku za pomocą spektroskopii rentgenowskiej; wybrali tę nazwę, aby uhonorować miasto, w którym prowadzono ich badania.","interesting_facts":["Istnienie hafnu przewidywała teoria atomowa i odkryto go w 1923 roku w rudzie cyrkonu.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od Hafni, łacińskiej nazwy Kopenhagi.","Hafn wyjątkowo dobrze absorbuje neutrony i jest stosowany w prętach sterujących atomowych łodzi podwodnych.","Związki na bazie hafnu zastąpiły dwutlenek krzemu jako izolatory w nowoczesnych chipach komputerowych.","Ma jedną z najwyższych temperatur topnienia ze wszystkich pierwiastków i jest stosowany w nadstopach do silników odrzutowych.","Hafn jest chemicznie prawie identyczny z cyrkonem, przez co bardzo trudno je rozdzielić."]},"Hassium":{"name":"Has","summary":"Has to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny, wykorzystywany głównie w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć niemieckiego kraju związkowego Hesja (łac. Hassia), w którym znajduje się GSI Darmstadt — laboratorium, które jako pierwsze zsyntetyzowało go w 1984 r.; nazwa jest zgodna z tradycją nadawania nazw pierwiastkom według miejsc ich odkrycia i została oficjalnie uznana przez IUPAC w 1997 roku.","interesting_facts":["Has wziął swoją nazwę od niemieckiego kraju związkowego Hesja, w którym znajduje się laboratorium, w którym go odkryto.","Po raz pierwszy został zsyntetyzowany w 1984 roku poprzez bombardowanie ołowiu jonami żelaza.","Has jest syntetycznym pierwiastkiem superciężkim wytwarzanym wyłącznie w akceleratorach cząstek.","Pomimo jego niedoboru naukowcy potwierdzili, że zachowuje się jak osm z grupy 8.","Jego atomy istnieją tylko przez ułamki sekundy, zanim ulegną rozkładowi.","Dotychczas wyprodukowano jedynie niewielką liczbę atomów hasu."]},"Helium":{"name":"Hel","summary":"Hel to bezbarwny, bezwonny, pozbawiony smaku, nietoksyczny, obojętny, jednoatomowy gaz, który stoi na czele grupy gazów szlachetnych w układzie okresowym.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „helios” (słońce), ponieważ hel został po raz pierwszy wykryty w widmie słonecznym podczas całkowitego zaćmienia słońca w 1868 r., zanim zostało to potwierdzone na Ziemi.","interesting_facts":["Hel został po raz pierwszy wykryty w widmie Słońca w 1868 roku, zanim w ogóle odkryto go na Ziemi, a jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego boga słońca Heliosa.","Jest to jedyny pierwiastek, którego nie można zestalić poprzez chłodzenie pod normalnym ciśnieniem atmosferycznym, niezależnie od tego, jak bardzo jest zimno.","Poniżej 2,17 K ciekły hel staje się nadciekły, który może przepływać bez tarcia, a nawet pełzać po ściankach pojemnika.","Wdychanie helu chwilowo podnosi ton głosu, ponieważ dźwięk przemieszcza się w nim prawie trzy razy szybciej niż w powietrzu.","Większość ziemskiego helu pochodzi z radioaktywnego rozpadu uranu i toru głęboko pod ziemią i jest wydobywana z gazu ziemnego.","Hel jest drugim najpowszechniej występującym pierwiastkiem we wszechświecie, a mimo to jest stosunkowo rzadki i nieodnawialny na Ziemi."]},"Holmium":{"name":"Holm","summary":"Holm to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w magnesach, prętach kontroli nuklearnej i laserach.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Holmii, łacińskiej nazwy Sztokholmu w Szwecji, gdzie miał siedzibę Per Teodor Cleve — który zidentyfikował pierwiastek w 1878 r.; jest to zgodne z tradycją nadawania nazw pierwiastkom ziem rzadkich od miejsc związanych z ich odkryciem.","interesting_facts":["Holm ma najsilniejsze właściwości magnetyczne spośród wszystkich naturalnie występujących pierwiastków.","Lasery holmowe są stosowane w medycynie do rozbijania kamieni nerkowych i leczenia powiększonej prostaty.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od Holmii, łacińskiej nazwy Sztokholmu.","Holm nadaje szkłu i cyrkonowi żółte i czerwone zabarwienie.","Służy do tworzenia najsilniejszych znanych sztucznych pól magnetycznych w postaci nabiegunników.","Roztwory tlenku holmu stosuje się jako wzorzec kalibracyjny w spektrofotometrach."]},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Wodór","summary":"Wodór jest najlżejszym pierwiastkiem i najobficiej występującą substancją chemiczną we wszechświecie.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „hydro” (woda) i „geny” (tworzenie), co oznacza „tworzący wodę”. Nazwany przez Antoine’a Lavoisiera w 1783 roku, ponieważ spalanie wodoru powoduje wytwarzanie wody.","interesting_facts":["Wodór jest najobficiej występującym pierwiastkiem we wszechświecie, stanowiącym około 75% masy całej normalnej materii.","Jest to jedyny pierwiastek, którego trzy izotopy (prot, deuter i tryt) mają swoje własne, odrębne nazwy.","Od lat 60. XX wieku ciekły wodór jest używany jako paliwo rakietowe do zasilania górnych stopni Saturna V, który przewoził astronautów na Księżyc.","Pod ekstremalnym ciśnieniem, takim jak we wnętrzu Jowisza, wodór zachowuje się jak ciekły metal i może przewodzić prąd.","Henry Cavendish zidentyfikował wodór jako odrębną substancję w 1766 roku, nazywając go „łatwopalnym powietrzem”.","Atom wodoru jest najprostszym istniejącym atomem: pojedynczym protonem, wokół którego krąży pojedynczy elektron."]},"Indium":{"name":"Ind","summary":"Ind to miękki, kowalny metal stosowany w półprzewodnikach, ekranach dotykowych oraz jako powłoka ochronna łożysk.","appearance":"Srebrzysty, metaliczny połysk","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „indicum” (indygo), nazwanego przez Ferdinanda Reicha i Hieronymousa Richtera w 1863 r. na cześć olśniewającej indygo-niebieskiej linii widmowej, którą zaobserwowali podczas analizy pozostałości rudy cynku przy użyciu nowej wówczas techniki spektroskopii.","interesting_facts":["Ind jest tak miękki, że można go wgniecić paznokciem, a przy zginaniu wydaje słyszalny „płacz” niczym cyna.","Tlenek indu i cyny tworzy przezroczystą, przewodzącą elektrycznie powłokę na ekranach dotykowych i wyświetlaczach z płaskim ekranem.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od jasnej linii indygo w widmie emisyjnym.","Ind pozostaje miękki i urabialny nawet w ekstremalnie niskich temperaturach, co jest przydatne do uszczelek próżniowych.","Ma bardzo niską temperaturę topnienia i jest stosowany w specjalnych lutach i stopach niskotemperaturowych.","Popyt na ind wzrósł wraz z upowszechnieniem się smartfonów i ekranów LCD."]},"Iodine":{"name":"Jod","summary":"Jod jest ciemnym, błyszczącym, fioletowo-czarnym niemetalem niezbędnym do funkcjonowania tarczycy i stosowanym jako środek dezynfekujący.","appearance":"Błyszczący metaliczny szary (stały), fioletowy (gaz)","naming_origin_explanation":"Od francuskiego „joda”, pochodzącego od greckiego „ioeides” (fioletowy), nazwanego przez Humphry'ego Davy'ego w 1813 r. na cześć uderzającego fioletowego koloru oparów jodu.","interesting_facts":["Jod jest niezbędny dla tarczycy, dlatego często wzbogaca się nim sól kuchenną.","Po podgrzaniu stały jod sublimuje do efektownej pary o fioletowej barwie.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „iodes”, oznaczającego fiolet.","Nalewka jodowa od dawna stosowana jest jako środek antyseptyczny do dezynfekcji ran.","Jod zmienia skrobię w kolor głęboko niebiesko-czarny, co jest reakcją stosowaną jako test chemiczny.","Radioaktywny jod-131 służy do diagnozowania i leczenia chorób tarczycy."]},"Iridium":{"name":"Iryd","summary":"Iryd to gęsty, odporny na korozję metal stosowany w świecach zapłonowych, tyglach i różnych zastosowaniach przemysłowych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Iris, greckiej bogini tęczy (łac. Iris), przez Smithsona Tennanta w 1803 roku; nazwa odzwierciedla uderzającą różnorodność kolorów soli i związków irydu, co przypominało Tennantowi kolory tęczy.","interesting_facts":["Ogólnoświatowa warstwa gliny bogatej w iryd jest kluczowym dowodem na to, że uderzenie asteroidy zabiło dinozaury, ponieważ iryd jest rzadki na Ziemi, ale powszechny w asteroidach.","Iryd jest najbardziej odpornym na korozję znanym metalem, odpornym na kwasy, które rozpuszczają prawie wszystko inne.","Jest to jeden z najgęstszych pierwiastków, prawie związany z osmem.","Standardowym kilogramem był kiedyś cylinder platynowo-irydowy przechowywany pod Paryżem.","Irydowe końcówki świec zapłonowych, ponieważ wytrzymują ekstremalne temperatury bez erozji.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Iris, greckiej bogini tęczy, ze względu na jej kolorowe sole."]},"Iron":{"name":"Żelazo","summary":"Żelazo to mocny, kowalny metal niezbędny do produkcji stali i istotny składnik hemoglobiny.","appearance":"Błyszczący metaliczny z szarawym odcieniem","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielskie słowo „żelazo” pochodzi od staroangielskiego „iren”, spokrewnionego z pragermańskim „isarno”, prawdopodobnie od celtyckiego rdzenia oznaczającego „święty metal”; symbol Fe pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „ferrum” (żelazo), które było wytapiane i używane co najmniej od 1200 roku p.n.e.","interesting_facts":["Żelazo jest najobficiej występującym pierwiastkiem na Ziemi pod względem masy, stanowiącym większość stopionego jądra planety.","Wirujący rdzeń Ziemi z ciekłego żelaza wytwarza pole magnetyczne, które chroni nas przed promieniowaniem słonecznym.","Żelazo znajduje się w centrum hemoglobiny, cząsteczki przenoszącej tlen we krwi i nadającej jej kolor czerwony.","Żelazo jest najcięższym pierwiastkiem, jaki gwiazdy mogą wytworzyć w wyniku normalnej syntezy; cięższe pierwiastki wymagają eksplozji supernowych.","Epoka żelaza, która rozpoczęła się około 1200 roku p.n.e., przekształciła cywilizację ludzką dzięki silniejszym narzędziom i broni.","Rdza to tlenek żelaza powstający, gdy żelazo powoli reaguje z tlenem i wodą."]},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton to bezbarwny, bezwonny gaz szlachetny stosowany w świetlówkach, fotografii oraz jako gaz wypełniający okna energooszczędne.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „kryptos” (ukryty), nazwanego przez Williama Ramsaya i Morrisa Traversa w 1898 r., ponieważ krypton był niezwykle trudny do wykrycia i wyizolowania — pozostawał „ukryty” w pozostałościach ciekłego powietrza.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Krypton pochodzi od greckiego słowa „kryptos”, co oznacza „ukryty”, ponieważ bardzo trudno było go znaleźć w powietrzu.","W latach 1960–1983 oficjalnie zdefiniowano metr na podstawie długości fali światła emitowanego przez krypton-86.","Krypton wytwarza wspaniałe białe światło i jest używany w niektórych wysokowydajnych lampach błyskowych i lampach fotograficznych.","Jest to gaz szlachetny i jest prawie całkowicie niereaktywny, chociaż może powstać kilka związków kryptonu.","Krypton jest stosowany w niektórych energooszczędnych oknach i świetlówkach.","Pomimo komiksowego „kryptonitu”, prawdziwy krypton jest nieszkodliwym, bezbarwnym i bezwonnym gazem."]},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantan","summary":"Lantan to miękki, srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w obiektywach aparatów, katalizatorach i akumulatorach.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „lanthanein” (oznaczać ukrywanie się lub ukrycie), nazwanego przez Carla Gustafa Mosandera w 1839 r., ponieważ lantan przez lata pozostawał niewykryty jako zanieczyszczenie tlenku ceru, zanim zidentyfikował go jako odrębny pierwiastek.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa lantanu pochodzi od greckiego słowa „lanthanein”, co oznacza „leżeć w ukryciu”, ponieważ ukrywał się w rudzie ceru.","Daje nazwę pierwszemu z szeregu lantanowców, pierwiastkom „ziem rzadkich”.","Lantan stosowany w szkle wysokiej jakości obiektywów do aparatów fotograficznych i teleskopów powoduje ostre załamanie światła.","Stopy niklowo-lantanowe magazynują wodór i były stosowane w akumulatorach wielu samochodów hybrydowych.","Związki lantanu pomagają rafinować ropę naftową w benzynę jako katalizatory.","Jest wystarczająco miękki, aby można go było kroić nożem i szybko matowieje na powietrzu."]},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lorens","summary":"Lawrencjum jest pierwiastkiem syntetycznym, radioaktywnym, nie mającym żadnego praktycznego zastosowania poza badaniami naukowymi.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ernesta Orlando Lawrence'a, amerykańskiego fizyka, który w 1930 roku wynalazł cyklotronowy akcelerator cząstek, umożliwiający tworzenie pierwiastków transuranowych; Laboratorium Narodowe Lawrence Berkeley zsyntetyzowało ten pierwiastek w 1961 roku i nazwało go na cześć podstawowego wkładu Lawrence'a.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Lawrencium pochodzi od Ernesta Lawrence'a, wynalazcy cyklotronowego akceleratora cząstek.","Jest to ostatni element szeregu aktynowców.","Lawrencjum można wytworzyć w akceleratorach tylko w kilku atomach na raz.","Jego najbardziej stabilny izotop ma okres półtrwania wynoszący zaledwie kilka godzin.","Pomiar właściwości lawrenu jest niezwykle trudny, ponieważ tak niewiele atomów istnieje tak krótko.","Nie ma żadnego zastosowania poza podstawowymi badaniami naukowymi."]},"Lead":{"name":"Ołów","summary":"Ołów to miękki metal ciężki stosowany w akumulatorach, osłonach przed promieniowaniem i różnych zastosowaniach przemysłowych.","appearance":"Niebiesko-szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielskie słowo „lead” pochodzi od proto-germańskiego słowa „lauda”; symbol Pb pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „plumbum”, prawdopodobnie wywodzącego się z przedłacińskiego języka śródziemnomorskiego, od którego angielskie słowo „hydraulika” pochodzi, ponieważ Rzymianie szeroko używali ołowiu w rurach wodociągowych.","interesting_facts":["Ołów jest gęsty i blokuje promieniowanie, dlatego wyściela fartuchy i osłony rentgenowskie.","Rzymianie używali rur ołowianych do instalacji wodno-kanalizacyjnych, a słowo „hydraulika” pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa oznaczającego ołów „plumbum” (symbol Pb).","Ołów jest toksyczny dla układu nerwowego, dlatego usuwano go z benzyny i farb.","Jest miękki, ciężki i łatwy w kształtowaniu, co jest cenione od czasów starożytnych.","Większość ołowiu jest obecnie poddawana recyklingowi, głównie z akumulatorów samochodowych.","Ołów jest najcięższym pierwiastkiem o całkowicie stabilnym izotopie; wszystko cięższe jest radioaktywne."]},"Lithium":{"name":"Lit","summary":"Lit jest miękkim, srebrzystobiałym metalem alkalicznym. Jest to najlżejszy metal i najmniej gęsty pierwiastek stały.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały","naming_origin_explanation":"Z greckiego „lithos” (kamień), ponieważ Johan August Arfwedson odkrył go w 1817 r. wewnątrz litych minerałów kamiennych (petalitu), w przeciwieństwie do sodu i potasu, które znajdowały się w popiele roślinnym.","interesting_facts":["Lit jest najlżejszym metalem i najmniej gęstym pierwiastkiem stałym, tak lekkim, że może unosić się na wodzie, reagując z nią.","Akumulatory litowo-jonowe zasilają większość nowoczesnych telefonów, laptopów i pojazdów elektrycznych.","Sole litu stosuje się od lat czterdziestych XX wieku jako stabilizator nastroju w leczeniu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej.","Był to jeden z pierwszych trzech pierwiastków (wraz z wodorem i helem) powstałych w nukleosyntezie Wielkiego Wybuchu.","Lit pali się uderzającym szkarłatno-czerwonym płomieniem, właściwością używaną do produkcji fajerwerków i flar.","Duża część litu na świecie jest wydobywana ze słonych równin solnych wysoko w Andach w Ameryce Południowej."]},"Livermorium":{"name":"Liwermorium","summary":"Livermorium to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny stosowany w badaniach naukowych do badania pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory w Livermore w Kalifornii, które współpracowało ze Joint Institute for Nuclear Research przy syntezie w 2000 roku; IUPAC oficjalnie uznał tę nazwę w 2012 r., a sama nazwa laboratorium na cześć Roberta Livermore'a, wczesnego osadnika z Kalifornii.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Livermorium pochodzi od Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory w Kalifornii.","Został stworzony w 2000 roku przez rosyjsko-amerykański zespół.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek składający się tylko z kilku atomów na raz.","Atomy wątroby istnieją zaledwie przez milisekundy, zanim ulegną rozkładowi.","Przewiduje się, że będzie on znajdował się poniżej polonu w grupie 16.","Jego produkcja wymaga fuzji jonów wapnia z cząsteczkami kuru."]},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutet","summary":"Lutet to gęsty, srebrzysty metal stosowany w detektorach skanujących PET, katalizatorach i specjalistycznych stopach.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Lutetii, starożytnej rzymskiej nazwy Paryża we Francji; Georges Urbain, który jako pierwszy wyizolował je w 1907 r., wybrał tę nazwę na cześć swojego rodzinnego miasta, zgodnie z ustaloną praktyką nadawania nazw pierwiastkom ziem rzadkich według miejsc.","interesting_facts":["Lutet jest ostatnim z szeregu lantanowców i jednym z najtwardszych i najgęstszych pierwiastków ziem rzadkich.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od Lutetii, starożytnej rzymskiej nazwy Paryża.","Kryształy na bazie lutetu są stosowane jako detektory w skanerach PET do obrazowania medycznego.","Jest to jeden z najrzadszych i najdroższych metali ziem rzadkich do uzyskania w czystej postaci.","Lutet stosowany jest jako katalizator w rafinacji ropy naftowej.","Radioaktywny związek lutetu jest stosowany w terapii celowanej niektórych nowotworów."]},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnez","summary":"Magnez jest błyszczącym, szarym metalem i jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem dla wszystkich żywych komórek.","appearance":"Błyszczące, szare ciało stałe","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Magnezji, dystryktu w Tesalii w Grecji, gdzie odkryto powiązane minerały zawierające magnez; z tej samej nazwy miejsca powstały także słowa „mangan” i „magnes”.","interesting_facts":["Magnez pali się oślepiającym białym światłem i był kiedyś szeroko stosowany we wczesnych fotograficznych prochach błyskowych i flarach.","Jest to najlżejszy metal konstrukcyjny, dodawany do aluminium w celu uzyskania mocnych i lekkich części do samochodów i samolotów.","Magnez znajduje się w centrum każdej cząsteczki chlorofilu, dzięki czemu jest niezbędny do fotosyntezy u roślin.","Organizm ludzki potrzebuje magnezu do setek reakcji enzymatycznych, w tym tych, które utrzymują pracę mięśni i nerwów.","Magnez jest ósmym pod względem liczebności pierwiastkiem w skorupie ziemskiej i trzecim pod względem ilości rozpuszczonym w wodzie morskiej.","Sól Epsom, stosowana do łagodzenia bólów mięśni, to siarczan magnezu."]},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Mangan to twardy, kruchy metal stosowany głównie w produkcji stali w celu poprawy wytrzymałości i twardości.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Pochodzi z dystryktu Magnesia w Tesalii w Grecji – tego samego regionu, który dał nazwę magnezowi – poprzez średniowieczny łaciński „mangan”; nazwę prawdopodobnie wzmocniono łacińskim „magnes” (magnes), ponieważ rudę manganu historycznie mylono z magnetyczną rudą żelaza.","interesting_facts":["Mangan jest niezbędny do produkcji stali, usuwania tlenu i siarki oraz dodawania wytrzymałości; zawiera go prawie cała stal.","Jest kluczowym składnikiem jednorazowych baterii alkalicznych.","Dwutlenek manganu był używany przez malarzy jaskiniowych dziesiątki tysięcy lat temu do produkcji czarnego pigmentu.","Głęboki fiolet nadmanganianu potasu sprawia, że ​​jest on użytecznym środkiem dezynfekującym i odczynnikiem chemicznym.","Rozległe pola konkrecji manganu pokrywają części głębokiego dna oceanu.","Mangan jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem śladowym, pomagającym enzymom chroniącym komórki przed uszkodzeniem."]},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitner","summary":"Meitner to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny stosowany wyłącznie w badaniach naukowych do badania pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Lise Meitner, austriacko-szwedzkiej fizyk, która była współodkrywcą rozszczepienia jądrowego i protaktynu, ale została kontrowersyjnie wykluczona z Nagrody Nobla w 1944 r.; GSI Darmstadt zaproponowała tę nazwę w 1992 r. w długo oczekiwanym uznaniu jej ogromnego wkładu w naukę nuklearną.","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium zostało nazwane na cześć Lise Meitner, pionierki rozszczepienia jądrowego, której wkład był długo przeoczany.","Jest to jeden z niewielu elementów nazwanych imieniem kobiety.","Meitnerium po raz pierwszy powstało w 1982 roku w Niemczech.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek powstający z jednego atomu na raz.","Jego izotopy rozpadają się niezwykle szybko, w ciągu milisekund do sekund.","Przewiduje się, że będzie zachowywał się jak iryd z 9. grupy układu okresowego."]},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelew","summary":"Mendelew jest syntetycznym, radioaktywnym metalem wykorzystywanym głównie w badaniach naukowych mających na celu badanie właściwości pierwiastków ciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Dmitrija Iwanowicza Mendelejewa, rosyjskiego chemika, który stworzył układ okresowy w 1869 roku; Glenn Seaborg i współpracownicy nazwali go w 1955 roku w hołdzie naukowcowi, którego wizjonerska organizacja pierwiastków umożliwiła koncepcyjnie odkrycie pierwiastków transuranowych.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Mendelevium pochodzi od Dmitrija Mendelejewa, twórcy układu okresowego.","Po raz pierwszy powstał w 1955 roku, składając się z zaledwie kilku atomów na raz.","Mendelew można wytworzyć w akceleratorach cząstek jedynie poprzez bombardowanie einsteinu.","W ramach swoich eksperymentów odkrywczych początkowo wykryto tylko około 17 atomów.","Jest silnie radioaktywny i ma krótkotrwałe izotopy.","Mendelew nie ma żadnego zastosowania poza podstawowymi badaniami nad pierwiastkami ciężkimi."]},"Mercury":{"name":"Rtęć","summary":"Rtęć to gęsty, srebrzysty ciekły metal stosowany w termometrach, barometrach i lampach fluorescencyjnych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Merkurego, szybkiego rzymskiego boga-posłańca, odzwierciedlającego płynną, szybko poruszającą się naturę żywiołu; symbol Hg pochodzi od słowa „hydrargyrum”, będącego latynizacją greckiego słowa „hydrargyros” (ὑδράργυρος), oznaczającego „wodne srebro”, nawiązującego do jego płynnego srebrnego wyglądu.","interesting_facts":["Rtęć jest jedynym metalem, który w temperaturze pokojowej ma postać cieczy.","Został nazwany na cześć rzymskiego boga-posłańca ze względu na jego szybko poruszającą się, płynną naturę, a jego symbol Hg pochodzi od słowa „hydrargyrum”, co oznacza „woda-srebro”.","Rtęć była kiedyś używana w termometrach i barometrach, ponieważ rozszerzała się równomiernie wraz z temperaturą.","U twórców kapeluszy narażonych na działanie rtęci wywołano drżenie i dezorientację, co zainspirowało sformułowanie „szalony jak kapelusznik”.","Jest toksyczny i ulega bioakumulacji, gromadząc się w rybach i ludziach, którzy je jedzą.","Opary rtęci świecą na niebiesko-zielono po naelektryzowaniu, co jest podstawą świetlówek."]},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibden","summary":"Molibden to twardy, srebrzysty metal stosowany w stopach stali w celu zwiększenia wytrzymałości, wytrzymałości i odporności na korozję.","appearance":"Szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Z greckiego „molybdos” (ołów), ponieważ ruda molibdenitowa była długo mylona z rudami ołowiu; Carl Wilhelm Scheele wykazał, że jest on odrębny w 1778 r., a Peter Jacob Hjelm wyizolował metal w 1781 r.","interesting_facts":["Molibden ma jedną z najwyższych temperatur topnienia spośród wszystkich pierwiastków i wynosi około 2623 °C.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „molybdos” (ołów), ponieważ jego ruda była długo mylona z ołowiem i grafitem.","Dodanie molibdenu do stali powoduje powstanie stopów o wysokiej wytrzymałości stosowanych w samolotach, narzędziach i zbrojach.","Jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem śladowym, wspomagającym enzymy u roślin, zwierząt i ludzi.","Bakterie wiążące azot wykorzystują molibden do przekształcania azotu atmosferycznego w użyteczną formę.","Dwusiarczek molibdenu jest śliską substancją stałą stosowaną jako suchy smar pracujący w wysokich temperaturach."]},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moskow","summary":"Moscovium to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć obwodu moskiewskiego (obwód moskiewski) w Rosji, gdzie znajduje się Wspólny Instytut Badań Jądrowych w Dubnej; został po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzowany w 2003 r. we współpracy pomiędzy JINR i Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i oficjalnie nazwany przez IUPAC w 2016 r.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Moscovium pochodzi od regionu moskiewskiego w Rosji, gdzie znajduje się laboratorium Dubna.","Po raz pierwszy został zsyntetyzowany w 2003 roku w ramach współpracy rosyjsko-amerykańskiej.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek wytwarzany tylko z kilku atomów na raz.","Atomy Moscovium rozpadają się w ułamku sekundy.","Przewiduje się, że będzie znajdować się poniżej bizmutu w grupie 15.","Został oficjalnie nazwany w 2016 roku wraz z trzema innymi nowymi elementami."]},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodym","summary":"Neodym to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w potężnych magnesach, laserach i barwieniu szkła.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckich słów „neos” (nowy) i „didymos” (bliźniak), nazwanych przez Carla Auera von Welsbacha w 1885 r., kiedy rozdzielił didym na prazeodym i neodym — „nowy bliźniak” tej pary.","interesting_facts":["Magnesy neodymowe to najsilniejsze powszechnie dostępne magnesy trwałe, zdolne do uniesienia wielokrotnie większej masy niż ich własny.","Magnesy te można znaleźć we wszystkim, od słuchawek dousznych i dysków twardych po turbiny wiatrowe i silniki samochodów elektrycznych.","Jego nazwa oznacza „nowy bliźniak”, ponieważ w 1885 roku oddzielono go od „dydymu” i prazeodymu.","Neodym nadaje szkłu uderzający kolor, który w zależności od światła zmienia się z fioletowego na niebieski.","Kryształy domieszkowane neodymem zasilają niektóre z najpopularniejszych laserów wysokoenergetycznych.","Pomimo specjalistycznych zastosowań jest to jeden z najliczniej występujących pierwiastków ziem rzadkich."]},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon to bezbarwny, bezwonny gaz szlachetny, który po naelektryzowaniu emituje wyraźną czerwono-pomarańczową poświatę.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „neos” (nowy), nazwanego przez Williama Ramsaya i Morrisa Traversa w 1898 r. w celu odzwierciedlenia faktu, że był to nowo odkryty gaz szlachetny.","interesting_facts":["Neon świeci jaskrawo pomarańczowo-czerwono, gdy przepływa przez niego prąd elektryczny, co jest podstawą klasycznych znaków „neonowych”.","Jest prawie całkowicie obojętny i w normalnych warunkach nie tworzy stabilnych, zwykłych związków chemicznych.","Neon został odkryty w 1898 roku przez Ramsaya i Traversa i nazwał go od greckiego słowa „neos”, oznaczającego „nowy”.","Pomimo tego, że neon jest piątym pod względem liczebności pierwiastkiem we wszechświecie, jest on rzadki na Ziemi i stanowi jedynie niewielki ułamek atmosfery.","Ciekły neon to doskonały kriogeniczny czynnik chłodniczy o ponad 40-krotnie większej wydajności chłodniczej na objętość ciekłego helu.","Różne kolory widoczne na „neonach” w rzeczywistości pochodzą od innych gazów szlachetnych; czysty neon zawsze daje czerwonawo-pomarańczowe światło."]},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptun","summary":"Neptun to radioaktywny metal stosowany w przyrządach do wykrywania neutronów i badany pod kątem jego roli w reaktorach jądrowych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć planety Neptun, która leży za Uranem w Układzie Słonecznym, tak jak neptun leży za uranem w układzie okresowym; Edwin McMillan i Philip Abelson zsyntetyzowali go w 1940 roku, kontynuując sekwencję nazewnictwa planet zapoczątkowaną przez uran.","interesting_facts":["Neptun był pierwszym pierwiastkiem transuranowym zsyntetyzowanym w 1940 roku.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od planety Neptun, kontynuując sekwencję po uranie (Uran).","Neptun jest produktem ubocznym reaktorów jądrowych i jest uważany za długowieczny problem odpadów nuklearnych.","Jest srebrzysty, radioaktywny i jest jednym z najgęstszych metali aktynowców.","Neptun-237 można wykorzystać do wytworzenia plutonu-238 do źródeł zasilania statków kosmicznych.","Śladowe ilości neptunu występują naturalnie w rudach uranu."]},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikiel","summary":"Nikiel to srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w stali nierdzewnej, bateriach i różnych zastosowaniach przemysłowych.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"W skrócie od niemieckiego „Kupfernickel” (miedź diabła lub miedź Starego Nicka), przekleństwo górników na rudę, która wyglądała jak miedź, ale nie dawała żadnego plonu; „Nikiel” to niemiecki przydomek diabła, wywodzący się od imienia Mikołaj.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa niklu pochodzi od niemieckiego terminu górniczego oznaczającego „miedź Starego Nicka”, ponieważ jego ruda wyglądała jak miedź, ale nie dawała żadnego plonu.","Jest wysoce odporny na korozję i służy do galwanizacji innych metali w celu ochrony.","Stal nierdzewna zazwyczaj zawiera nikiel, który poprawia jej wytrzymałość i odporność na rdzę.","Pomimo nazwy współczesne amerykańskie monety „niklowe” są w większości wykonane z miedzi i zawierają tylko 25% niklu.","Uważa się, że jądro Ziemi składa się głównie ze stopu żelaza i niklu, a wiele meteorytów jest bogatych w nikiel.","Nikiel jest jednym z niewielu pierwiastków magnetycznych w temperaturze pokojowej."]},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihon","summary":"Nihon to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany od „Nihon” (日本), japońskiego słowa oznaczającego Japonię, oznaczającego „kraj wschodzącego słońca”; naukowcy z RIKEN w Japonii potwierdzili jego syntezę w 2004 r. i wybrali tę nazwę na cześć pierwszego pierwiastka odkrytego w Azji, a IUPAC oficjalnie uznał go w 2016 r.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Nihonium pochodzi od Japonii („Nihon”), pierwszego pierwiastka odkrytego w kraju azjatyckim.","Został zsyntetyzowany w laboratorium RIKEN w Japonii, co potwierdzono około 2004 roku.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek składający się tylko z kilku atomów na raz.","Atomy nihonium rozpadają się w ciągu kilku sekund od powstania.","Przewiduje się, że w grupie 13 będzie on znajdować się poniżej talu.","Jego odkrycie dało Japonii zaszczyt po raz pierwszy nazwać nowy pierwiastek."]},"Niobium":{"name":"Niob","summary":"Niob to miękki, ciągliwy metal stosowany głównie w stopach, szczególnie w produkcji stali, w celu poprawy wytrzymałości.","appearance":"Szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Niobe, córki Tantala w mitologii greckiej, przez Heinricha Rose'a w 1844 r., ponieważ niob prawie zawsze występuje obok tantalu, a te dwa pierwiastki były początkowo tak trudne do rozróżnienia, że ​​mitologiczna para rodzic-dziecko wydawała się pasować.","interesting_facts":["Niob został nazwany na cześć Niobe, córki Tantala w mitologii greckiej, co odzwierciedla jego ścisły związek z tantalem.","Po ochłodzeniu staje się nadprzewodnikiem i jest stosowany w magnesach maszyn MRI i akceleratorach cząstek.","Stopy niobu można anodować, aby uzyskać tęczę kolorów, popularną w biżuterii.","Niewielkie ilości niobu sprawiają, że stal jest znacznie mocniejsza, stosowana w rurociągach i ramach samochodów.","W Stanach Zjednoczonych nazywano ją kiedyś kolumbium i nazwa ta przetrwała do XX wieku.","Niob jest hipoalergiczny, dlatego stosuje się go do piercingu i implantów medycznych."]},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Azot","summary":"Azot to bezbarwny i bezwonny gaz, który stanowi około 78% atmosfery ziemskiej.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „nitron” (niter/saletra) i „genes” (tworzenie), co oznacza „tworzący azot”, ukute przez Jean-Antoine'a Chaptala w 1790 r., ponieważ zarówno saletra, jak i kwas azotowy zawierają azot.","interesting_facts":["Azot stanowi około 78% powietrza, którym oddychasz, jest on jednak tak niereaktywny, że w większości wydychamy go w postaci niewykorzystanej.","Ciekły azot wrze w temperaturze -196°C i służy do błyskawicznego zamrażania żywności, konserwacji próbek biologicznych i tworzenia dramatycznych efektów mgły.","Potrójne wiązanie łączące dwa atomy azotu jest jednym z najsilniejszych znanych wiązań chemicznych, dzięki czemu azot jest bardzo stabilny.","Proces Habera-Boscha, który przekształca azot atmosferyczny w amoniak stosowany w nawozie, pomaga wyżywić mniej więcej połowę światowej populacji.","Azot jest kluczowym składnikiem materiałów wybuchowych, takich jak trotyl i nitrogliceryna, ponieważ jego wiązania uwalniają ogromną energię w przypadku rozerwania.","Bakterie w korzeniach roślin strączkowych „wiążą” azot z powietrza do postaci, którą rośliny mogą wykorzystać, w naturalny sposób wzbogacając glebę."]},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobel","summary":"Nobel jest pierwiastkiem syntetycznym, radioaktywnym, nie mającym znaczących zastosowań poza badaniami naukowymi.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Alfreda Nobla, szwedzkiego chemika, który wynalazł dynamit i ufundował Nagrodę Nobla; nazwa została zaproponowana w 1957 r., kiedy zespół w Sztokholmie początkowo ogłosił odkrycie, i została zachowana, gdy potwierdzone odkrycie zostało przypisane laboratoriom Dubna i Berkeley.","interesting_facts":["Nobelium nosi imię Alfreda Nobla, założyciela Nagród Nobla.","Można go wytworzyć jedynie atom po atomie w akceleratorach cząstek.","Co niezwykłe w przypadku aktynowca, nobel jest najbardziej stabilny na stopniu utlenienia +2.","Jego odkrycie pod koniec lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku było przez lata przedmiotem sporów między konkurującymi laboratoriami.","Wszystkie izotopy nobla są radioaktywne i krótkotrwałe.","Istnieje jedynie w warunkach badawczych i nie ma praktycznych zastosowań."]},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie gazowy lub metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Jurija Oganessiana, rosyjsko-ormiańskiego fizyka nuklearnego, który był pionierem syntezy pierwiastków superciężkich i kierował zespołem w ZIBJ Dubna, który stworzył oganesson w 2002 roku; jest to jeden z zaledwie dwóch elementów nazwanych imieniem żyjącej osoby, odzwierciedlający niezwykły zakres jego wkładu w tę dziedzinę.","interesting_facts":["Oganesson to najcięższy znany pierwiastek o liczbie atomowej 118.","Został nazwany na cześć fizyka Jurija Oganessiana, jednego z niewielu pierwiastków nazwanych na cześć żywej osoby.","Chociaż oganesson znajduje się w kolumnie gazu szlachetnego, przewiduje się, że jest ciałem stałym i prawdopodobnie reaktywnym, w przeciwieństwie do innych gazów szlachetnych.","Dotychczas powstało tylko kilka atomów, a każdy z nich przetrwał mniej niż milisekundę.","Po raz pierwszy został zsyntetyzowany w 2002 roku w ramach współpracy rosyjsko-amerykańskiej w Dubnej.","Oganesson uzupełnia siódmy wiersz układu okresowego."]},"Osmium":{"name":"Osm","summary":"Osm to gęsty, niebieskawo-biały metal znany ze swojej twardości i stosowany w stalówkach piór wiecznych, stykach elektrycznych i trzpieniach instrumentów.","appearance":"Niebiesko-biały, metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „osmē” (ὀσμή), co oznacza „zapach” lub „zapach”; Smithson Tennant ukuł tę nazwę w 1803 roku, ponieważ czterotlenek osmu, powstający pod wpływem powietrza, ma ostry i charakterystyczny toksyczny zapach.","interesting_facts":["Osm jest najgęstszym naturalnie występującym pierwiastkiem, prawie dwukrotnie gęstszym od ołowiu.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego „osme”, co oznacza zapach, ponieważ jego tlenek ma ostry, toksyczny zapach.","Osm jest niezwykle twardy i był używany we wczesnych igłach gramofonowych i końcówkach piór wiecznych.","Jest to jeden z metali z grupy platynowców i ma niebiesko-srebrny wygląd.","Czterotlenek osmu służy do barwienia tkanki biologicznej pod mikroskopem elektronowym.","Jest to jeden z najrzadszych pierwiastków w skorupie ziemskiej."]},"Oxygen":{"name":"Tlen","summary":"Tlen jest bezbarwnym i bezwonnym gazem niezbędnym do oddychania większości żywych organizmów.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego słowa „oxys” (ostry lub kwaśny) i „gens” (tworzenie), oznaczającego „tworzyciel kwasu”, nazwanego przez Lavoisiera w 1777 r. w oparciu o panujące wówczas przekonanie, że tlen jest istotną częścią wszystkich kwasów.","interesting_facts":["Tlen stanowi około 21% atmosfery ziemskiej i jest najliczniejszym masowo pierwiastkiem w skorupie planety.","Większość tlenu, którym oddychamy, wytwarzana jest w procesie fotosyntezy, a duża jego część pochodzi z fitoplanktonu oceanicznego.","Ciekły i stały tlen są bladoniebieskie i magnetyczne, przyciągane przez magnes.","Ozon, cząsteczka trzech atomów tlenu, tworzy w stratosferze warstwę ochronną, która pochłania szkodliwe promieniowanie ultrafioletowe.","Tlen został niezależnie odkryty w latach siedemdziesiątych XVIII wieku przez Carla Wilhelma Scheele i Josepha Priestleya i nazwany przez Antoine'a Lavoisiera.","Chociaż tlen jest niezbędny do życia, jest również wysoce reaktywny i powoduje rdzewienie żelaza i spalanie paliw."]},"Palladium":{"name":"Pallad","summary":"Pallad to szlachetny, srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w katalizatorach, elektronice i magazynowaniu wodoru.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć asteroidy Pallas, odkrytej w 1802 roku, a sama nazwana na cześć Pallas Ateny; Nazwę ukuł William Hyde Wollaston w 1803 roku, podążając za współczesną modą nadawania nazw nowym pierwiastkom na cześć niedawno odkrytych ciał niebieskich.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa palladu pochodzi od asteroidy Pallas, odkrytej tuż przed metalem w 1803 roku.","Jego głównym zastosowaniem są katalizatory, gdzie pomaga przekształcić toksyczne gazy spalinowe w nieszkodliwe.","Pallad może wchłonąć do 900 razy większą objętość wodoru niż metaliczna gąbka.","Jest to szlachetny metal z grupy platynowców, stosowany w białym złocie, szlachetnej biżuterii i stopach dentystycznych.","Pallad jest niezbędny w wielu urządzeniach elektronicznych, w tym w maleńkich kondensatorach wewnątrz telefonów i komputerów.","Odegrała kluczową rolę w słynnych, później zdyskredytowanych eksperymentach „zimnej fuzji” z 1989 roku."]},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor jest wysoce reaktywnym, niezbędnym pierwiastkiem w cząsteczkach biologicznych, takich jak DNA i ATP.","appearance":"Kolor jest zmienny (formy białe, czerwone lub czarne)","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „fosfor” (nośnik światła, od „phos” = światło i „phoros” = łożysko), ponieważ biały fosfor podczas utleniania świeci słabo w ciemności; nazwę tę zastosował Hennig Brand, gdy odkrył ją w 1669 roku.","interesting_facts":["Biały fosfor świeci słabo w ciemności w reakcji z tlenem. Od tego zjawiska wzięła się nazwa „fosforescencja”.","Był to pierwszy pierwiastek odkryty przez znanego odkrywcę, wyizolowany przez Henniga Branda w 1669 roku z przegotowanego moczu.","Fosfor występuje w uderzająco różnych formach: fosfor biały jest niebezpiecznie łatwopalny, podczas gdy fosfor czerwony jest trwały i stosowany w paskach pudełek zapałek.","Każda komórka wykorzystuje fosfor w DNA, RNA i ATP, cząsteczce przechowującej i przekazującej energię w żywych organizmach.","Około 85% wydobytego fosforytu przekształca się w nawóz, dzięki czemu fosfor ma kluczowe znaczenie dla światowej produkcji żywności.","Twoje kości i zęby są wzmacniane przez fosforan wapnia, więc duża część fosforu w organizmie jest magazynowana w szkielecie."]},"Platinum":{"name":"Platyna","summary":"Platyna to gęsty, kowalny i odporny na korozję metal stosowany w katalizatorach, biżuterii i elektronice.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Pochodzi od hiszpańskiego słowa „platina”, będącego zdrobnieniem od „plata” (srebro), oznaczającego „małe srebro”; Hiszpańscy odkrywcy w Ameryce Południowej w XVI wieku używali tego lekceważącego określenia na określenie bladego, srebrnego metalu, który znaleźli zmieszany ze złożami złota, ale który nie mógł łatwo pracować.","interesting_facts":["Platyna jest tak odporna na korozję, że nigdy nie matowieje, nawet w wysokich temperaturach.","Jest kluczowym katalizatorem w katalizatorach, pomagającym w oczyszczaniu spalin samochodowych.","Platyna jest gęstsza niż złoto i jest ceniona za wyrafinowaną biżuterię i obrączki ślubne.","Niektóre związki platyny, takie jak cisplatyna, są silnymi lekami chemioterapeutycznymi.","Republika Południowej Afryki produkuje większość platyny na świecie.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od hiszpańskiego słowa „platina”, co oznacza „małe srebro”, a pierwsi górnicy nadali mu tę nazwę lekceważąco."]},"Plutonium":{"name":"Pluton","summary":"Pluton to radioaktywny metal stosowany w reaktorach jądrowych, broni jądrowej oraz jako źródło energii dla statków kosmicznych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiała, matowieje pod wpływem powietrza","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Plutona (uważanego wówczas za dziewiątą planetę), który leży za Neptunem, tak jak pluton leży za Neptunem; Glenn Seaborg nazwał go w 1942 roku, zauważając, że rozważano alternatywną formę „plut”, ale odrzucono ją na rzecz bardziej klasycznej końcówki „-onium”.","interesting_facts":["Pluton słynie ze stosowania w broni nuklearnej i reaktorach.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od planety karłowatej Pluton, po neptunie i uranie.","Pluton-238 zasila statki kosmiczne, takie jak sondy Voyager i łazik Curiosity, zapewniając stałe ciepło.","Kawałek plutonu jest ciepły w dotyku ze względu na ciepło powstające w wyniku własnego rozpadu radioaktywnego.","Ma niezwykły skład chemiczny, występujący w roztworze na wielu kolorowych stopniach utlenienia.","Pluton znacznie się rozszerza i kurczy pomiędzy różnymi postaciami stałymi, co utrudnia jego obróbkę."]},"Polonium":{"name":"Polon","summary":"Polon to wysoce radioaktywny metal stosowany w urządzeniach antystatycznych oraz jako źródło ciepła w zastosowaniach kosmicznych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Polski (łac. Polonia), ojczyzny Marii Curie, która odkryła ją wraz z Pierrem Curie w 1898 roku; Curie wybrała tę nazwę jako hołd dla okupowanej ojczyzny, podzielonej następnie między Rosję, Prusy i Austrię, mając nadzieję, że zwróci uwagę międzynarodową na swoją sprawę.","interesting_facts":["Polon został odkryty przez Marię i Piotra Curie w 1898 roku i nazwany na cześć ojczyzny Marii, Polski.","Jest silnie radioaktywny do tego stopnia, że ​​jego gram świeci na niebiesko i wydziela wystarczającą ilość ciepła, aby się ogrzać.","Polon-210 został użyty w głośnym otruciu Aleksandra Litwinienki w 2006 roku.","Był używany jako lekkie źródło ciepła w sondach kosmicznych i jako urządzenie antystatyczne.","Polon jest niezwykle rzadki i występuje w rudach uranu w niewielkich ilościach.","Odrobina polonu może dostarczyć śmiertelną dawkę, co czyni go jedną z najbardziej toksycznych znanych substancji."]},"Potassium":{"name":"Potas","summary":"Potas jest miękkim, srebrzystobiałym metalem niezbędnym do wzrostu roślin i odgrywającym kluczową rolę w procesach biologicznych.","appearance":"Metal w kolorze srebrzystoszarym","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielska nazwa wywodzi się od słowa „potaż” (popiół drzewny ługowany w doniczkach, wczesne źródło pierwiastka), podczas gdy symbol K pochodzi od łacińskiego „kalium”, ostatecznie od arabskiego „al-qali” (popiół roślin alkalicznych używany do produkcji mydła).","interesting_facts":["Potas jest tak reaktywny, że w kontakcie z wodą wybucha liliowym płomieniem.","Jest wystarczająco miękki, aby można go było kroić nożem i wystarczająco lekki, aby w reakcji unosić się na wodzie.","Jony potasu są niezbędne dla sygnałów nerwowych i bicia serca, a banany są dobrze znanym ich źródłem w diecie.","Jego symbol chemiczny K pochodzi od „kalium”, zlatynizowanej formy arabskiego słowa oznaczającego popiół roślinny.","Potas był pierwszym metalem wyizolowanym metodą elektrolizy przez Humphry'ego Davy'ego w 1807 roku.","Radioaktywny izotop potasu-40 znajdujący się w Twoim organizmie powoduje, że przez całe życie jesteś bardzo nieznacznie radioaktywny."]},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Prazeodym","summary":"Prazeodym to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w magnesach, barwnikach do szkła i stopach.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckich słów „prasios” (por zielony) i „didymos” (bliźniak), nazwanych przez Carla Auera von Welsbacha w 1885 r., kiedy podzielił on didym na dwa pierwiastki: prazeodym, bliźniak solony na zielono i neodym, nowy bliźniak.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa prazeodymu oznacza „zielony bliźniak” ze względu na zielony kolor jego soli.","Stosowany jest w specjalnych goglach, które chronią spawaczy i dmuchaczy szkła przed intensywnym odblaskiem i światłem podczerwonym.","Zmieszany z neodymem tworzy potężne magnesy stosowane w silnikach i słuchawkach.","Prazeodym nadaje czysty żółty kolor glazurom szklanym i ceramicznym.","Został on oddzielony od substancji zwanej „dydymem” w 1885 roku, która okazała się być dwoma pierwiastkami.","Włókna domieszkowane prazeodymem mogą wzmacniać sygnały świetlne w niektórych układach optycznych."]},"Promethium":{"name":"Promet","summary":"Promet to radioaktywny metal stosowany w farbach świecących, bateriach atomowych i badaniach.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Prometeusza, Tytana z mitologii greckiej, który ukradł bogom ogień i dał go ludzkości; słusznie, promet otrzymano po raz pierwszy w 1945 r. z produktów rozszczepienia uranu w reaktorze jądrowym.","interesting_facts":["Promet jest jedynym pierwiastkiem ziem rzadkich, który nie ma stabilnych izotopów; jest radioaktywny i zasadniczo nieobecny w naturze.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Prometeusza, greckiego tytana, który ukradł bogom ogień.","Promet był używany w świetlistych farbach i maleńkich bateriach atomowych do rozruszników serca i statków kosmicznych.","Jego istnienie wypełniło wieloletnią lukę w pierwiastku 61 w układzie okresowym, potwierdzoną w 1945 roku.","Świecący promet może wytwarzać słabe niebiesko-zielone światło z własnego promieniowania.","Uważa się, że w każdej chwili w całej skorupie ziemskiej znajduje się tylko około 500 gramów prometu."]},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protaktyn","summary":"Protaktyn to gęsty, srebrzystoszary metal stosowany głównie w badaniach naukowych ze względu na jego niedobór i radioaktywność.","appearance":"Jasny, srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany od greckiego „protos” (πρῶτος), oznaczającego „pierwszy”, w połączeniu z „aktynem”, co daje „rodzic aktynu”; nazwa odzwierciedla, że ​​protaktyn-231 rozpada się na aktyn-227; Kasper Fajans po raz pierwszy nazwał go „brevium” w 1913 r., ale po zidentyfikowaniu dłużej żyjącego izotopu przyjęto nazwę „protaktyn”.","interesting_facts":["Protaktyn jest jednym z najrzadszych i najdroższych pierwiastków występujących w naturze.","Jego nazwa oznacza „rodzica aktynu”, ponieważ rozpada się na aktyn.","Jest wysoce radioaktywny i toksyczny, wymaga ostrożnego obchodzenia się.","Protaktyn został po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowany w 1913 r., a wyizolowany w 1934 r.","Stosunek protaktynu do toru w osadach oceanicznych pomaga naukowcom badać klimat i cyrkulację oceaniczną w przeszłości.","Ma niewiele zastosowań poza badaniami naukowymi ze względu na jego niedobór i radioaktywność."]},"Radium":{"name":"Rad","summary":"Rad to wysoce radioaktywny metal, niegdyś używany w farbach świecących, obecnie badany głównie pod kątem jego właściwości radioaktywnych.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany od łacińskiego „promień”, oznaczającego „promień” lub „promień”, przez Marię i Piotra Curie, którzy odkryli go w 1898 r.; nazwa odnosi się do intensywnego promieniowania emitowanego przez pierwiastek, które zaobserwowali jako niezwykłe nowe zjawisko podczas izolowania go z blendy smolistej.","interesting_facts":["Rad został odkryty przez Marię i Piotra Curie w 1898 roku i świeci w ciemności słabym niebieskim światłem.","Kiedyś dodawano go do świecących w ciemności tarcz zegarków, tragicznie zatruwając „Radium Girls”, które je malowały.","Produkty z początku XX wieku sprzedawały rad w pastach do zębów, wodzie i kosmetykach, zanim zrozumiano związane z nim zagrożenia.","Rad jest około milion razy bardziej radioaktywny niż taka sama ilość uranu.","W przeszłości był stosowany w radioterapii nowotworów, zanim zastąpiły go bezpieczniejsze źródła.","Notatniki Marii Curie są nadal tak radioaktywne, że przechowuje się je w pudełkach wyłożonych ołowiem."]},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon jest radioaktywnym gazem szlachetnym stosowanym w radioterapii oraz jako znacznik w badaniach geologicznych.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od „radu” – pierwiastka, z którego powstaje w wyniku rozpadu radioaktywnego – w połączeniu z przyrostkiem „-on” używanym w odniesieniu do gazów szlachetnych; Friedrich Dorn po raz pierwszy wykrył go w 1900 r. jako gaz wydzielający się z radu i zanim ujednolicono nazwę „radon”, nazwano go „emanacją radu”.","interesting_facts":["Radon to radioaktywny gaz szlachetny powstający w wyniku rozpadu uranu w glebie i skałach.","Jest to główna przyczyna raka płuc u osób niepalących, przenikająca niewidocznie do piwnic.","Radon jest bezbarwny, bezwonny i pozbawiony smaku, dlatego można go wykryć jedynie za pomocą specjalnych instrumentów.","Jest to najgęstszy gaz w normalnych warunkach i jeden z najcięższych znanych gazów.","Radon był kiedyś używany w niektórych wczesnych metodach radioterapii.","Domowe zestawy testowe są szeroko dostępne, ponieważ poziom radonu można zmniejszyć przy odpowiedniej wentylacji."]},"Rhenium":{"name":"Ren","summary":"Ren to gęsty, srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w silnikach odrzutowych, włóknach i katalizatorach.","appearance":"Srebrzysto-szary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć rzeki Ren (łac. Rhenus), która przepływa przez Niemcy; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke i Otto Berg wybrali tę nazwę w 1925 roku, kiedy odkryli pierwiastek, zgodnie z tradycją nadawania nazw elementom na podstawie cech geograficznych ojczyzny odkrywców.","interesting_facts":["Ren był jednym z ostatnich stabilnych pierwiastków odkrytych w 1925 roku.","Ma jedną z najwyższych temperatur topnienia i wrzenia spośród wszystkich pierwiastków.","Nadstopy renu sprawiają, że łopatki turbin silników odrzutowych i rakietowych pracują cieplej i wydajniej.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od rzeki Ren w Niemczech.","Ren jest niezwykle rzadki i odzyskiwany jest głównie jako produkt uboczny wydobycia miedzi i molibdenu.","Stosowany jest jako katalizator do produkcji wysokooktanowej benzyny bezołowiowej."]},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rod","summary":"Rod to rzadki, srebrzystobiały metal znany ze swojego wysokiego współczynnika odbicia i zastosowania w katalizatorach i biżuterii.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego rodonu (róża), nazwanego przez Williama Hyde'a Wollastona w 1804 roku, ponieważ roztwory soli rodu mają charakterystyczną różowoczerwoną barwę.","interesting_facts":["Rod to jeden z najrzadszych i najcenniejszych metali szlachetnych, często kosztujący znacznie więcej niż złoto.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „rodon” (róża), nawiązującego do różowoczerwonego koloru jego soli.","Większość rodu wykorzystuje się w katalizatorach do oczyszczania szkodliwych gazów ze spalin samochodowych.","Daje błyszczące, twarde, odblaskowe wykończenie i jest używany do platerowania biżuterii i luster z białego złota.","Rod jest wysoce odporny na korozję i nie matowieje na powietrzu.","Jest to jeden z metali z grupy platynowców, odzyskiwany głównie jako produkt uboczny wydobycia platyny i niklu."]},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgen","summary":"Roentgen to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny wykorzystywany głównie w badaniach naukowych do badania pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Wilhelma Conrada Röntgena, niemieckiego fizyka, który odkrył promieniowanie rentgenowskie w 1895 r. i otrzymał pierwszą Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w 1901 r.; GSI Darmstadt zsyntetyzowało go w 1994 r., zaproponowało nazwę w 2004 r., a IUPAC oficjalnie przyjął ją w tym samym roku.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Roentgenium pochodzi od nazwiska Wilhelma Conrada Roentgena, odkrywcy promieni rentgenowskich.","Po raz pierwszy powstał w 1994 roku w Niemczech w wyniku fuzji jąder niklu i bizmutu.","Jest to syntetyczny, superciężki pierwiastek wytwarzany tylko z kilku atomów na raz.","Przewiduje się, że roentgen będzie znajdować się w układzie okresowym poniżej złota i może mieć część swojego składu chemicznego.","Jego atomy rozpadają się w ciągu kilku sekund od powstania.","Nie ma ona żadnych zastosowań poza badaniami podstawowymi."]},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubid","summary":"Rubid to miękki, srebrzystobiały metaliczny pierwiastek stosowany w elektronice, badaniach i zegarach atomowych.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „rubidus” (głębokoczerwony lub ciemnoczerwony), nazwany przez Roberta Bunsena i Gustava Kirchhoffa w 1861 r. na cześć dwóch charakterystycznych ciemnoczerwonych linii widmowych, których używali do identyfikacji za pomocą nowej wówczas techniki spektroskopii.","interesting_facts":["Rubid zapala się samorzutnie w powietrzu i gwałtownie reaguje z wodą.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „rubidus” (głęboka czerwień) oznaczającego czerwone linie w widmie emisyjnym.","Rubid został odkryty w 1861 roku przez Bunsena i Kirchhoffa przy użyciu nowej techniki spektroskopii.","Topi się nieco powyżej temperatury ciała, w temperaturze około 39°C.","Atomy rubidu są wykorzystywane w niektórych z najdokładniejszych zegarów atomowych na świecie.","Naukowcy wykorzystali rubid do stworzenia w 1995 roku pierwszego kondensatu Bosego-Einsteina – dziwnego nowego stanu materii."]},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Ruten","summary":"Ruten jest rzadkim metalem przejściowym stosowanym w stykach elektrycznych, rezystorach grubowarstwowych i jako katalizator.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Rusi, łacińskiej nazwy Rosji (kraju Rusi), przez Karla Ernsta Clausa w 1844 roku, który dokonał odkrycia podczas pracy w Kazaniu w Imperium Rosyjskim.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa rutenu pochodzi od Rusi, łacińskiej nazwy Rosji, gdzie została odkryta w 1844 roku.","Jest to jeden z metali z grupy platynowców, niezwykle twardy i kruchy.","Dodanie niewielkiej ilości rutenu znacznie poprawia twardość i odporność na zużycie stopów platyny i palladu.","Ruten jest stosowany w stykach elektrycznych i rezystorach chipowych w elektronice.","Działa jako wszechstronny katalizator, w tym w procesach wytwarzania amoniaku i oczyszczania zanieczyszczeń.","Prowadzone są badania nad związkami rutenu jako barwnikami pochłaniającymi światło do ogniw słonecznych."]},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherford","summary":"Rutherford jest syntetycznym, radioaktywnym pierwiastkiem wykorzystywanym w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków ciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ernesta Rutherforda, fizyka urodzonego w Nowej Zelandii, który odkrył jądro atomowe i jest uważany za ojca fizyki jądrowej; nazwa została zaproponowana przez amerykańskich badaczy z Lawrence Berkeley i oficjalnie przyjęta przez IUPAC w 1997 r. w następstwie sporu nazewniczego z czasów zimnej wojny z naukowcami radzieckimi.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Rutherfordium pochodzi od fizyka Ernesta Rutherforda, ojca fizyki jądrowej.","Jest to pierwszy z pierwiastków transaktynidowych (superciężkich).","Rutherford powstaje w wyniku rozbicia lżejszych jąder atomowych w akceleratorach.","Jego odkrycie było przedmiotem zimnowojennego sporu na temat nazewnictwa między naukowcami amerykańskimi i radzieckimi.","Jednorazowo można utworzyć tylko kilka atomów, które rozpadają się w ciągu kilku sekund.","Oczekuje się, że będzie zachowywał się chemicznie jak hafn z 4. grupy układu okresowego."]},"Samarium":{"name":"Samar","summary":"Samar to srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w magnesach, laserach i jako pochłaniacz neutronów w reaktorach jądrowych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć samarskiego, minerału, w którym został po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowany przez Paula-Émile'a Lecoqa de Boisbaudran w 1879 roku; samarskite został nazwany na cześć pułkownika Wasilija Samarskiego-Bychowca, rosyjskiego urzędnika kopalni, co czyni samar pierwszym pierwiastkiem nazwanym (pośrednio) imieniem prawdziwej osoby.","interesting_facts":["Magnesy samarowo-kobaltowe zachowują swoją wytrzymałość w wysokich temperaturach, stosowane w samolotach i sprzęcie wojskowym.","Był to pierwszy pierwiastek nazwany imieniem człowieka poprzez minerał samarskit (od nazwiska urzędnika górniczego Samarskiego).","Samar łatwo pochłania neutrony, dlatego stosuje się go w prętach sterujących reaktorów jądrowych.","Radioaktywny związek samaru stosuje się w celu łagodzenia bólu spowodowanego rakiem, który rozprzestrzenił się na kości.","Samar jest stosowany jako katalizator w chemii oraz do produkcji niektórych rodzajów szkła i laserów.","Jest średnio twardy i powoli utlenia się na powietrzu, tworząc żółtawą powłokę."]},"Scandium":{"name":"Skand","summary":"Skand to miękki, srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w komponentach lotniczych i stopach o wysokiej wydajności.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Skandynawii (łac. „Scandia”), regionu, w którym Lars Fredrik Nilson odkrył go w 1879 roku w minerałach euksenit i gadolinit ze Skandynawii.","interesting_facts":["Istnienie i właściwości skandu zostały przepowiedziane przez Mendelejewa w 1869 r. jako „eka-bor”, zanim został odkryty w 1879 r.","Dodanie niewielkiej ilości skandu do aluminium tworzy mocny, lekki stop stosowany w wysokiej klasy ramach rowerowych i częściach lotniczych.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Skandynawii, gdzie wydobywano minerał, w którym został znaleziony po raz pierwszy.","W niektórych radzieckich myśliwcach MiG zastosowano stopy skandu i aluminium.","Pomimo tego, że skand występuje dość powszechnie w skorupie ziemskiej, jest trudny do wydobycia i rzadko koncentruje się w rudach, co czyni go kosztownym.","Do niektórych lamp metalohalogenkowych dodaje się jodek skandu, aby wytworzyć światło imitujące naturalne światło słoneczne."]},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborg","summary":"Seaborg jest syntetycznym, radioaktywnym pierwiastkiem wykorzystywanym w badaniach naukowych do badania właściwości pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznany, prawdopodobnie metaliczny","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Glenna T. Seaborga, amerykańskiego chemika, który był współodkrywcą dziesięciu pierwiastków transuranowych; był to pierwszy element nazwany imieniem żywej osoby, zaproponowany przez Lawrence'a Berkeleya w 1994 r., chociaż IUPAC początkowo sprzeciwił się przed oficjalnym zatwierdzeniem nazwy w 1997 r.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Seaborgium pochodzi od chemika Glenna T. Seaborga, który pomógł odkryć wiele pierwiastków transuranowych.","Był to pierwszy element nazwany imieniem żyjącej wówczas osoby.","Seaborgium to syntetyczny superciężki pierwiastek wytwarzany wyłącznie w akceleratorach cząstek.","Jego atomy rozpadają się w ciągu kilku sekund, dlatego zbadano tylko garstkę.","Eksperymenty chemiczne sugerują, że zachowuje się jak wolfram w 6. grupie układu okresowego.","Po raz pierwszy powstał w 1974 roku w wyniku rozbicia jonów tlenu w kaliforn."]},"Selenium":{"name":"Selen","summary":"Selen to niemetal o właściwościach podobnych do siarki i telluru, stosowany w elektronice, przemyśle szklarskim oraz jako suplement diety.","appearance":"Formy czarne, czerwone i szare","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „selene” (księżyc), nazwanego przez Jönsa Jacoba Berzeliusa w 1817 r. jako towarzysz telluru (od łacińskiego „tellus” – Ziemia), ponieważ oba pierwiastki są chemicznie podobne i znaleziono je razem w tych samych złożach rudy.","interesting_facts":["Selen został nazwany na cześć Seleny, greckiej bogini Księżyca.","Jego przewodność elektryczna zmienia się pod wpływem światła, co jest właściwością stosowaną we wczesnych kserokopiarkach i światłomierzach.","Selen jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem śladowym, wspierającym enzymy antyoksydacyjne, ale w większych dawkach jest toksyczny.","Nadaje szkłu czerwony kolor, a także służy do usuwania zielonego zabarwienia szkła.","Orzechy brazylijskie są wyjątkowo bogate w selen.","Selen występuje w kilku postaciach, w tym w postaci czerwonego proszku i szarej metalicznej postaci, która przewodzi prąd."]},"Silicon":{"name":"Krzem","summary":"Krzem to twarde, kruche, krystaliczne ciało stałe i kluczowy składnik półprzewodników i chipów komputerowych.","appearance":"Szare krystaliczne ciało stałe","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „silex” lub „silicis” (krzemień lub twardy kamień), ponieważ krzem występuje obficie w skałach krzemienowych i krzemianowych; nazwę „krzem” zaproponował Thomas Thomson w 1817 roku.","interesting_facts":["Krzem jest drugim po tlenie najpowszechniejszym pierwiastkiem w skorupie ziemskiej, występującym głównie w piasku i skałach w postaci krzemionki.","Ultraczyste kryształy krzemu są podstawą chipów komputerowych, od których wzięła się nazwa Doliny Krzemowej.","Krzem jest półprzewodnikiem metaloidalnym, przewodzącym prąd lepiej niż izolatory, ale gorzej niż metale.","Kwarc, opal i większość piasku to związki krzemu, a szkło powstaje głównie w wyniku topienia krzemionki.","Panele słoneczne wykorzystują krzem do przekształcania światła słonecznego bezpośrednio w energię elektryczną.","Pomimo podobieństwa nazwy, krzem (pierwiastek) różni się od silikonu, elastycznego gumowatego polimeru, który go zawiera."]},"Silver":{"name":"Srebro","summary":"Srebro to miękki, biały, błyszczący metal o najwyższej przewodności elektrycznej i cieplnej ze wszystkich elementów, stosowany w biżuterii, elektronice i lustrach.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielskie słowo „silver” pochodzi od staroangielskiego „seolfor”, spokrewnionego z pragermańskim „silubra”, którego dalsze pochodzenie jest niepewne; zarówno symbol Ag, jak i nazwa kraju Argentyna pochodzą od łacińskiego słowa „argentum” (srebro), co jest powiązane z olśniewającym białym połyskiem pierwiastka.","interesting_facts":["Srebro jest najlepszym przewodnikiem elektrycznym i cieplnym ze wszystkich pierwiastków.","Ma naturalne właściwości antybakteryjne i był używany do utrzymania czystości ran i wody na długo przed pojawieniem się współczesnej medycyny.","Srebro jest metalem najbardziej odblaskowym, dlatego tradycyjnie używano go do tylnych lusterek.","Film fotograficzny do przechwytywania obrazów opierał się na światłoczułych związkach srebra.","Jego symbol chemiczny Ag pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „argentum”, od którego pochodzi nazwa kraju, Argentyna.","Srebro matowieje na czarno, gdy reaguje z niewielkimi ilościami związków siarki w powietrzu."]},"Sodium":{"name":"Sód","summary":"Sód to miękki, srebrzystobiały, wysoce reaktywny metal, niezbędny do życia.","appearance":"Metal srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielska nazwa pochodzi od słowa „soda” (średniowieczne łacińskie „sodanum”, lek na ból głowy), podczas gdy symbol Na pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „natrium”, które samo w sobie pochodzi od arabsko-egipskiego słowa „natrun”, oznaczającego natron, naturalnie występujący minerał będący węglanem sodu.","interesting_facts":["Sód jest tak reaktywny, że należy go przechowywać pod olejem, a po wrzuceniu do wody musuje i może się zapalić.","Jest wystarczająco miękki, aby można go było kroić nożem, odsłaniając błyszczącą srebrzystą powierzchnię, która szybko matowieje na powietrzu.","Lampy sodowe wytwarzają charakterystyczną żółto-pomarańczową poświatę, niegdyś powszechną w oświetleniu ulicznym.","Powszechnie stosowaną solą kuchenną jest chlorek sodu, który jest niezbędny dla impulsów nerwowych i równowagi płynów w organizmie.","Sód pali się jasnożółtym płomieniem, co jest właściwością wykorzystywaną w testach płomienia w celu jego identyfikacji.","Symbol chemiczny Na pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „natrium”, odnoszącego się do naturalnego związku sody."]},"Strontium":{"name":"Stront","summary":"Stront to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w fajerwerkach, ceramice i zastosowaniach radiologicznych.","appearance":"Srebrzysty metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Strontian, wioski w Argyllshire w Szkocji, gdzie około 1790 roku w lokalnych kopalniach ołowiu po raz pierwszy odkryto minerał strontianit (węglan strontu).","interesting_facts":["Sole strontu nadają fajerwerkom i rozbłyskom awaryjnym jaskrawą czerwoną barwę.","Nazwa pochodzi od szkockiej wioski Strontian, gdzie po raz pierwszy odkryto rudę.","Radioaktywny izotop strontu-90 powstający w wyniku opadu jądrowego może osadzać się w kościach, ponieważ naśladuje wapń.","Stront jest stosowany w niektórych pastach do zębów w celu zmniejszenia nadwrażliwości zębów.","Glinian strontu świeci w ciemności przez wiele godzin i jest stosowany w nowoczesnych farbach świecących.","Podobnie jak wapń, stront reaguje z wodą i nigdy nie występuje w naturze w postaci wolnej."]},"Sulfur":{"name":"Siarka","summary":"Siarka jest żółtym, niemetalicznym pierwiastkiem powszechnie występującym na obszarach wulkanicznych i jest niezbędna do życia.","appearance":"Jasnożółte kryształy","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego słowa „siarka” (siarka), słowa o niepewnym pochodzeniu, prawdopodobnie powiązanego z sanskryckim „sulvere”; siarka jest znana od starożytności jako ostry żółty kamień występujący wokół wulkanów, zwany w tekstach biblijnych „siarką”.","interesting_facts":["Siarka jest znana od czasów starożytnych i w Biblii nazywana jest „siarką”, co oznacza „płonący kamień”.","Słynie z zapachu zgniłych jaj i siarkowodoru, chociaż sama czysta siarka jest bezwonna.","Siarka pali się niebieskim płomieniem i wytwarza dławiący dwutlenek siarki.","Większość wydobywanej siarki wykorzystywana jest do produkcji kwasu siarkowego, jednej z najczęściej produkowanych chemikaliów przemysłowych na świecie.","Wokół kominów wulkanicznych i gorących źródeł tworzą się jasnożółte osady siarki.","Siarka jest niezbędnym pierwiastkiem życia. Znajduje się w aminokwasach cysteinie i metioninie, które pomagają w fałdowaniu białek."]},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal to gęsty, odporny na korozję metal stosowany w elektronice, implantach chirurgicznych i stopach wysokotemperaturowych.","appearance":"Szary niebieski","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Tantala, króla w mitologii greckiej, skazanego na stanie w kałuży wody pod drzewami owocowymi, które cofały się za każdym razem, gdy po nie sięgnął; Anders Ekeberg wybrał tę nazwę w 1802 roku, ponieważ pierwiastek w kuszący sposób nie wchłaniał kwasu, podobnie jak Tantalus nigdy nie mógł zaspokoić swojego pragnienia.","interesting_facts":["Kondensatory tantalowe są małe, ale przechowują dużo ładunku i można je znaleźć w prawie każdym telefonie i laptopie.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od Tantala z mitu greckiego, co odzwierciedla jego „kuszącą” odporność na rozpuszczanie w kwasie.","Tantal jest biokompatybilny i jest stosowany w implantach chirurgicznych, płytkach i szpilkach.","Ma jedną z najwyższych temperatur topnienia spośród wszystkich metali, ponad 3000 °C.","Tantal jest wysoce odporny na korozję dzięki wytrzymałej warstwie tlenku.","Duża część tantalu na świecie pochodzi z rudy koltanu, co budzi obawy dotyczące etycznego zaopatrzenia."]},"Technetium":{"name":"Technet","summary":"Technet to srebrzystoszary metal radioaktywny stosowany głównie w obrazowaniu medycznym i radiografii przemysłowej.","appearance":"Srebrno-szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „technetos” (sztucznego lub wytworzonego przez człowieka), nazwanego przez Carlo Perriera i Emilio Segrè w 1937 r., ponieważ był to pierwszy sztucznie wyprodukowany pierwiastek, powstały w wyniku bombardowania molibdenu deuteronami w cyklotronie.","interesting_facts":["Technet był pierwszym pierwiastkiem wytworzonym sztucznie, a jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa oznaczającego „sztuczny”.","Nie ma stabilnych izotopów, więc w zasadzie żaden nie występuje naturalnie na Ziemi.","Technet-99m to najszerzej stosowany radioaktywny znacznik w obrazowaniu medycznym, wykorzystywany w dziesiątkach milionów skanów rocznie.","Mendelejew przewidział tę lukę w układzie okresowym jako „eka-mangan”.","W widmach niektórych odległych gwiazd wykryto technet, co dowodzi, że wciąż powstają w nich pierwiastki.","Niewielkie ilości technetu mogą sprawić, że stal będzie wyjątkowo odporna na korozję."]},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellur","summary":"Tellur to kruchy, srebrzystobiały metaloid stosowany w stopach, półprzewodnikach i urządzeniach termoelektrycznych.","appearance":"Srebrzysto-błyszcząca szarość","naming_origin_explanation":"Od łacińskiego „tellus” (Ziemia), nazwanego przez Martina Heinricha Klaprotha w 1798 r.; nazwa celowo połączona z selenem (nazwanym na cześć księżyca), ponieważ te dwa pierwiastki są chemicznie podobne i często występowały razem.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Tellur pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa oznaczającego Ziemię „tellus”.","U osób narażonych na nawet najmniejsze ilości pojawia się „oddech telluru” – silny, czosnkowy zapach, który może utrzymywać się przez tygodnie.","Jest to rzadki metaloid, występujący w skorupie ziemskiej równie rzadko jak platyna.","Tellurek kadmu służy do produkcji cienkowarstwowych paneli słonecznych.","Tellur poprawia skrawalność stali i stopów miedzi.","Jest stosowany w dyskach optycznych wielokrotnego zapisu, ponieważ może przełączać się między stanem szklistym i krystalicznym."]},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennesyn","summary":"Tennessine to syntetyczny pierwiastek radioaktywny stosowany w badaniach naukowych do badania pierwiastków superciężkich.","appearance":"Nieznane, prawdopodobnie metaliczne lub metaloidalne","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć amerykańskiego stanu Tennessee, siedziby Narodowego Laboratorium Oak Ridge (które wyprodukowało niezbędny cel berkelium), Uniwersytetu Vanderbilt i Uniwersytetu Tennessee; został zsyntetyzowany w 2010 r. i oficjalnie nazwany przez IUPAC w 2016 r., z przyrostkiem „-ine” odzwierciedlającym jego pozycję w 17. grupie halogenów.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Tennessine pochodzi od amerykańskiego stanu Tennessee, w którym znajduje się Narodowe Laboratorium Oak Ridge.","Jest to drugi najcięższy znany pierwiastek i został potwierdzony w 2010 roku.","Jego nazwa kończy się na „-ine”, ponieważ znajduje się w kolumnie halogenowej, grupa 17.","Do jego stworzenia potrzebne było rzadkie berkelium produkowane w Oak Ridge, bombardowane jonami wapnia.","Dotychczas powstało tylko kilka atomów tennessine’u.","Jego atomy rozpadają się w ułamku sekundy."]},"Terbium":{"name":"Terb","summary":"Terb to srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w luminoforach do zielonego oświetlenia, laserów i urządzeń magnetooptycznych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ytterby, wioski na szwedzkiej wyspie Resarö, gdzie pierwotnie wydobywano rudę gadolinitu; Carl Gustaf Mosander oddzielił go od itru w 1843 r., a „terb” jest sylabicznym przegrupowaniem słowa „Ytterby”.","interesting_facts":["Terb zapewnia zielony kolor wielu luminoforom używanym w oświetleniu i starszych wyświetlaczach.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od szwedzkiej wioski Ytterby, jednego z czterech elementów honorujących to jedno miasto.","Stopy terbu zmieniają kształt w polu magnetycznym, stosowane w czujnikach i systemach sonarowych.","Świeci na zielono w świetle ultrafioletowym i jest stosowany w farbach zabezpieczających.","Terb to miękki, srebrzysty metal ziem rzadkich, który można ciąć nożem.","Stosowany jest w urządzeniach półprzewodnikowych i energooszczędnych lampach fluorescencyjnych."]},"Thallium":{"name":"Tal","summary":"Tal to miękki, szary metal stosowany w elektronice, układach optycznych i niektórych zastosowaniach medycznych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „thallos” (θαλλός), oznaczającego „zielony pęd” lub „zielona gałązka”; William Crookes nazwał go w 1861 roku na cześć charakterystycznej jasnozielonej linii widmowej, którą dostrzegł podczas analizy reszt kwasu selenowego przy użyciu nowo opracowanej techniki spektroskopii płomieniowej.","interesting_facts":["Tal był niegdyś ulubioną trucizną, bezwonny i pozbawiony smaku, dlatego zyskał przydomek „trucizny truciciela”.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa „thallos”, oznaczającego zielony pęd, po jasnozielonej linii w jego widmie.","Zatrucie talem powoduje wypadanie włosów, co czasami pomaga lekarzom zdiagnozować tę przypadłość.","W testach wysiłkowych obrazowania serca wykorzystuje się radioaktywny izotop talu.","Związki talu są stosowane w specjalistycznej optyce i elektronice podczerwieni.","Odkryto go w 1861 roku przy użyciu nowej metody spektroskopii płomieniowej."]},"Thorium":{"name":"Tor","summary":"Tor jest słabo radioaktywnym metalem stosowanym w reaktorach jądrowych, stopach i płaszczach gazowych.","appearance":"Srebrzyste, często z czarnym nalotem","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Thora, nordyckiego boga piorunów, przez szwedzkiego chemika Jönsa Jacoba Berzeliusa, który odkrył go w 1828 roku; Berzelius znalazł go w norweskim minerale, który nazwał torytem, ​​i nazwał nowy pierwiastek imieniem bóstwa, zgodnie z tradycją oddawania czci postaciom mitologicznym.","interesting_facts":["Tor został nazwany na cześć Thora, nordyckiego boga piorunów.","Trwają badania nad tym, czy jest to bezpieczniejsze i powszechniejsze paliwo jądrowe niż uran.","Toru występuje w skorupie około trzy do czterech razy częściej niż uran.","Płaszcze gazowe torowane świeciły jasno i były używane w latarniach przez ponad sto lat.","Kiedyś dodawano go do wysokiej jakości obiektywów aparatów fotograficznych, które z biegiem czasu mogą lekko żółknąć pod wpływem promieniowania.","Prawie cały tor to długowieczny izotop toru-232, którego okres półtrwania jest dłuższy niż wiek wszechświata."]},"Thulium":{"name":"Tul","summary":"Tul to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w przenośnych urządzeniach rentgenowskich, laserach i niektórych zastosowaniach nuklearnych.","appearance":"Srebrnoszary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Thule, starożytnej greckiej i rzymskiej nazwy mitycznej krainy na dalekim północnym krańcu znanego świata, często utożsamianej ze Skandynawią lub Islandią; Per Teodor Cleve wybrał tę nazwę w 1879 roku, aby uhonorować skandynawskie pochodzenie elementu.","interesting_facts":["Tul jest najrzadszym ze stabilnych pierwiastków ziem rzadkich i jednym z najdroższych.","Jej nazwa pochodzi od Thule, mitycznej krainy na dalekiej północy.","Radioaktywny tul-170 jest stosowany w przenośnych urządzeniach rentgenowskich, które nie wymagają prądu.","Tul świeci na niebiesko w świetle ultrafioletowym i jest używany do oznaczeń banknotów zapobiegających fałszerstwom.","Lasery tulowe są wykorzystywane w niektórych medycznych zabiegach chirurgicznych.","Pomimo swojej rzadkości, tul występuje w skorupie w większej ilości niż złoto."]},"Tin":{"name":"Cyna","summary":"Cyna to kowalny, srebrzystobiały metal stosowany w lutowiu, powłokach i stopach, takich jak brąz.","appearance":"Srebrno-biały metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Angielskie słowo „tin” pochodzi od staroangielskiego słowa „tin”, spokrewnionego z pragermańskim „tinam”, którego dalsze pochodzenie jest niepewne; symbol Sn pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „stannum”, które pierwotnie odnosiło się do stopu srebra i ołowiu przed nałożeniem na cynę.","interesting_facts":["Zmieszanie cyny z miedzią daje brąz, stop, który zdefiniował całą epokę historii ludzkości.","Po zgięciu sztabka cyny wydaje trzaskający dźwięk zwany „płaczem cyny”, gdy jej kryształy przestawiają się.","Pod wpływem ekstremalnie niskich temperatur zwykła cyna może rozpaść się na szary proszek, co nazywa się „szkodnikiem cyny”.","Puszki blaszane uzyskują odporność na korozję dzięki cienkiej powłoce cyny na stali.","Cyna ma bardziej stabilne izotopy (dziesięć) niż jakikolwiek inny pierwiastek.","Cyna i lut to powszechnie stosowane stopy na bazie cyny, stosowane od wieków."]},"Titanium":{"name":"Tytan","summary":"Tytan to mocny, lekki metal szeroko stosowany w przemyśle lotniczym, urządzeniach medycznych i stopach.","appearance":"Srebrzysto-szaro-biały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwana na cześć Tytanów z mitologii greckiej – potężnych pierwotnych bóstw – przez Martina Heinricha Klaprotha w 1795 r., który chciał, aby nazwa była wolna od skojarzeń geograficznych lub osobistych.","interesting_facts":["Tytan ma najwyższy stosunek wytrzymałości do gęstości ze wszystkich pierwiastków metalicznych, jest tak mocny jak stal, ale około 45% lżejszy.","Jest biokompatybilny, więc organizm go nie odrzuca, dzięki czemu idealnie nadaje się do endoprotezoplastyki stawu biodrowego i implantów dentystycznych.","Dwutlenek tytanu to genialny biały pigment stosowany w farbach, filtrach przeciwsłonecznych, a nawet pastach do zębów.","Jest tak odporny na korozję powodowaną przez wodę morską, że jest stosowany w częściach statków i kadłubach łodzi podwodnych.","Tytan został nazwany na cześć tytanów z mitologii greckiej ze względu na jego wielką siłę.","Chociaż tytan jest dziewiątym najpopularniejszym pierwiastkiem w skorupie ziemskiej, jest kosztowny, ponieważ trudno go wydobyć z jego rud."]},"Tungsten":{"name":"Wolfram","summary":"Wolfram to twardy, gęsty metal o najwyższej temperaturze topnienia ze wszystkich pierwiastków, stosowany w włóknach, narzędziach tnących i pociskach przeciwpancernych.","appearance":"Szaro-biały, błyszczący","naming_origin_explanation":"„Wolfram” pochodzi od szwedzkich słów „tung” (ciężki) i „sten” (kamień), odnoszących się do mineralnego szeelitu; symbol W pochodzi od słowa „wolfram”, pochodzącego od minerału wolframitu — nazwanego tak, ponieważ „pożerał” cynę podczas wytapiania, przywołując na myśl wilka (niem. Wolf Rahm, wilcza śmietanka lub piana).","interesting_facts":["Wolfram ma najwyższą temperaturę topnienia ze wszystkich metali i wynosi około 3422 °C.","Stosowano go do świecących włókien żarówek.","Jego nazwa pochodzi od szwedzkiego i oznacza „ciężki kamień”, a symbol W pochodzi od „wolfram”.","Węglik wolframu jest prawie tak twardy jak diament i jest używany w wiertłach, piłach i pociskach przeciwpancernych.","Jest to jeden z najgęstszych pierwiastków, mniej więcej tej samej gęstości co złoto.","Wolfram jest niezbędny dla niektórych enzymów niektórych kochających ciepło drobnoustrojów i jest najcięższym pierwiastkiem wykorzystywanym przez życie."]},"Uranium":{"name":"Uran","summary":"Uran to gęsty, radioaktywny metal stosowany jako paliwo w reaktorach jądrowych i broni jądrowej.","appearance":"Srebrno-szary metalik","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć planety Uran, odkrytej zaledwie osiem lat wcześniej przez Martina Heinricha Klaprotha w 1789 roku; podążał za tradycją nadawania pierwiastkom nazw ciał niebieskich, tak jak tellur (pierwiastek poprzedzający) został nazwany imieniem Ziemi.","interesting_facts":["Uran jest najcięższym pierwiastkiem występującym w przyrodzie w znacznych ilościach.","Został nazwany na cześć planety Uran, odkrytej zaledwie osiem lat wcześniej.","Jeden kilogram uranu-235 może wyzwolić tyle samo energii, co kilka tysięcy ton węgla.","Radioaktywność uranu odkrył Henri Becquerel w 1896 roku, kiedy zaparowywał w ciemności klisze fotograficzne.","Zubożony uran jest niezwykle gęsty i jest używany w amunicji pancernej i przeciwpancernej.","Szkło uranowe, popularne w XIX wieku, świeci jasnozielono w świetle ultrafioletowym."]},"Vanadium":{"name":"Wanad","summary":"Wanad to twardy, srebrzystoszary metal stosowany głównie do wzmacniania stopów stali i innych materiałów.","appearance":"Srebrnoszary","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Vanadisa, staronordyckiego epitetu bogini Freyji, wybranego przez Nilsa Gabriela Sefströma w 1830 roku, ponieważ związki wanadu tworzą uderzająco piękne, wielokolorowe roztwory.","interesting_facts":["Wanad został nazwany na cześć Vanadis, imienia nordyckiej bogini Freyji, ze względu na jego pięknie zabarwione związki.","Jego związki pojawiają się w tęczy kolorów w zależności od stopnia utlenienia: fioletowego, niebieskiego, zielonego i żółtego.","Dodanie niewielkich ilości wanadu do stali sprawia, że ​​jest ona znacznie twardsza i twardsza, stosowana w narzędziach i częściach samochodowych.","Henry Ford zastosował stal wanadową w Modelu T, aby uczynić go lżejszym i mocniejszym.","Baterie przepływowe redoks wanadowe mogą magazynować duże ilości energii dla sieci elektrycznej.","Niektóre stworzenia morskie zwane żmijami morskimi koncentrują wanad we krwi na poziomie znacznie wyższym niż otaczająca woda morska."]},"Xenon":{"name":"Ksenon","summary":"Ksenon to bezbarwny, gęsty i bezwonny gaz szlachetny stosowany w oświetleniu, obrazowaniu medycznym i napędzie statków kosmicznych.","appearance":"Bezbarwny gaz, pod wpływem wzbudzenia emituje niebieską poświatę","naming_origin_explanation":"Od greckiego „xenos” (obcy lub obcy), nazwanego przez Williama Ramsaya i Morrisa Traversa w 1898 r., ponieważ ksenon pojawił się jako zupełnie nieznany pierwiastek ukryty w pozostałościach po odparowaniu ciekłego kryptonu.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa Xenon pochodzi od greckiego słowa oznaczającego „obcy”, ponieważ było to niezwykle rzadkie znalezisko w powietrzu.","Wytwarza wspaniałe białe światło i jest stosowany w reflektorach samochodowych, lampach błyskowych aparatów i lampach do projektorów filmowych.","Ksenon może być stosowany jako bezpieczny i silny środek znieczulający, choć jest drogi.","Mimo że jest gazem szlachetnym, ksenon jako pierwszy utworzył w 1962 r. prawdziwy związek chemiczny.","Silniki jonowe na statkach kosmicznych wykorzystują ksenon jako paliwo, delikatnie popychając sondy przez Układ Słoneczny.","Ksenon jest na tyle gęsty, że można unieść lekki obiekt na niewidzialnym gazie."]},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Iterb","summary":"Iterb to miękki, srebrzysty metal stosowany w laserach, zegarach atomowych i miernikach naprężenia w materiałach.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ytterby, wioski na wyspie Resarö niedaleko Sztokholmu w Szwecji; Jean Charles de Marignac po raz pierwszy wyizolował jego tlenek w 1878 r. z mineralnej erbii, a iterb jest jednym z czterech pierwiastków nazwanych na cześć tej jednej szwedzkiej wioski.","interesting_facts":["Iterb jest jednym z czterech pierwiastków nazwanych na cześć małej szwedzkiej wioski Ytterby.","Iterbowe zegary atomowe należą do najdokładniejszych liczników czasu, jakie kiedykolwiek zbudowano.","Jego opór elektryczny gwałtownie wzrasta pod wysokim ciśnieniem, co jest wykorzystywane jako miernik naprężenia.","Włókna domieszkowane iterbem zasilają wysokoenergetyczne lasery przemysłowe do cięcia i spawania metalu.","Jest to miękki, kowalny, srebrzysty metal ziem rzadkich.","Co niezwykłe w przypadku lantanowców, iterb może przyjąć stabilny stopień utlenienia +2."]},"Yttrium":{"name":"Itr","summary":"Itr to srebrzysto-metaliczny pierwiastek stosowany w luminoforach, nadprzewodnikach i technologii LED.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Nazwany na cześć Ytterby, małej wioski na wyspie Resarö w Szwecji, gdzie w 1787 roku po raz pierwszy zebrano rudę gadolinitu; ta sama nazwa wioski zainspirowała również nazwy iterbu, erbu i terbu.","interesting_facts":["Nazwa itru pochodzi od szwedzkiej wioski Ytterby, która dała nazwę czterem różnym pierwiastkom.","Kryształy itru, aluminium i granatu (YAG) wykorzystywane są do produkcji potężnych laserów dla medycyny i przemysłu.","Pomogło to w stworzeniu pierwszych nadprzewodników wysokotemperaturowych, które działają powyżej temperatury wrzenia azotu.","Związki itru wytwarzały czerwone luminofory w starych ekranach telewizorów kolorowych.","Służy do wzmacniania stopów aluminium i magnezu.","Chociaż itr nazywany jest pierwiastkiem ziem rzadkich, występuje w skorupie w większej ilości niż srebro czy ołów."]},"Zinc":{"name":"Cynk","summary":"Cynk jest niebiesko-srebrnym metalem powszechnie stosowanym w galwanizacji, stopach oraz jako minerał niezbędny w procesach biologicznych.","appearance":"Niebiesko-srebrny metal","naming_origin_explanation":"Z niemieckiego „cynku” (cynku), użytego po raz pierwszy przez Paracelsusa w XVI wieku; pochodzenie może odnosić się do „Zinke” (bolc lub kolec), opisującego kolczaste kryształy powstające podczas wytapiania, lub prawdopodobnie do perskiego „śpiewu” (kamienia).","interesting_facts":["Cynk pokrywa stal w procesie zwanym cynkowaniem, poświęcając się ochronie stali przed rdzą.","Jest niezbędny dla układu odpornościowego człowieka, a pastylki cynkowe pomagają w walce z przeziębieniem.","Cynk pali się jasnym, niebiesko-zielonym płomieniem i kiedyś nazywano go „wełną filozoficzną”, kiedy zebrano jego biały tlenek.","Mosiądz stosowany w instrumentach i armaturze jest stopem miedzi i cynku.","Większość nowoczesnych monet jednocentowych i wielu innych jest wykonana głównie z cynku z cienką powłoką miedzi.","Tlenek cynku jest aktywnym składnikiem wielu filtrów przeciwsłonecznych i kremów na pieluszkowe zapalenie skóry."]},"Zirconium":{"name":"Cyrkon","summary":"Cyrkon to metal odporny na korozję stosowany w reaktorach jądrowych, narzędziach chirurgicznych i materiałach ceramicznych.","appearance":"Srebrzystobiały","naming_origin_explanation":"Od arabskiego „zarqun” (cynobrowy lub złoty kolor), pochodzącego od perskiego „zargun” (podobny do złota), ponieważ cyrkonia z kamieni szlachetnych ma złote odcienie; nazwę nadał Martin Heinrich Klaproth w 1789 roku.","interesting_facts":["Cyrkon jest wysoce odporny na korozję i ledwo pochłania neutrony, dzięki czemu idealnie nadaje się do okładzin prętów paliwowych.","Cyrkonia, związek cyrkonu, jest popularnym substytutem diamentu w biżuterii.","Kamień szlachetny cyrkon, krzemian cyrkonu, zawiera jedne z najstarszych znanych minerałów na Ziemi, mające ponad 4 miliardy lat.","Proszek cyrkonu jest wysoce łatwopalny i był kiedyś używany w żarówkach błyskowych.","Jest biokompatybilny i stosowany w koronach zębów i implantach stawów.","Ceramika z dwutlenku cyrkonu jest wystarczająco wytrzymała, aby wykonać ostrza noży, które rzadko wymagają ostrzenia."]}},"pt-BR":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actínio","summary":"Actínio é um metal radioativo macio e prateado usado principalmente em pesquisas e como fonte de nêutrons.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Actínio brilha com uma estranha luz azul pálida no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘aktis’, que significa raio ou feixe.","Dá nome à série de elementos actinídeos.","Actínio-225 está sendo estudado para terapia direcionada de partículas alfa contra o câncer.","É cerca de 150 vezes mais radioativo que o rádio.","O actínio é extremamente raro, ocorrendo apenas em pequenas quantidades em minérios de urânio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), que significa 'raio' ou 'feixe'; André-Louis Debierne isolou-o pela primeira vez em 1899 a partir de minério de urânio e deu-lhe o nome devido à sua poderosa radioatividade; dá nome à série actinídeo de elementos pesados."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Alumínio","summary":"O alumínio é um metal branco prateado, leve e resistente à corrosão, usado em uma ampla variedade de aplicações.","appearance":"Metal cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O alumínio é o metal mais abundante na crosta terrestre, mas já foi tão difícil de purificar que era mais valioso que o ouro.","Num banquete de 1880, os convidados mais ilustres da França comeram com talheres de alumínio, enquanto outros usaram talheres de ouro.","É totalmente reciclável e a reciclagem do alumínio utiliza apenas cerca de 5% da energia necessária para produzi-lo a partir do minério bruto.","Uma fina camada de óxido autocurável se forma instantaneamente no alumínio, protegendo-o da corrosão.","O processo Hall-Heroult, inventado em 1886, tornou o alumínio barato ao usar eletricidade para extraí-lo da alumina.","O alumínio é leve, forte e não magnético, o que o torna ideal para aeronaves, latas e folhas metálicas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'alumen' (alúmen, composto utilizado desde a antiguidade em tinturaria e curtimento); Humphry Davy cunhou “alumium” em 1807 e mais tarde revisou-o para “alumínio”, enquanto grande parte do mundo adotou a grafia “alumínio”."},"Americium":{"name":"Amerício","summary":"O amerício é um metal radioativo usado em detectores de fumaça e como fonte de nêutrons para aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado, mancha lentamente ao ar","interesting_facts":["O amerício é usado em pequenas quantidades na maioria dos detectores de fumaça domésticos.","Tem o nome das Américas, espelhando o nome do európio em homenagem à Europa.","O amerício foi produzido pela primeira vez durante o Projeto Manhattan em 1944.","Num detector de fumaça, o amerício emite partículas alfa que ionizam o ar; a fumaça interrompe a corrente e aciona o alarme.","Ele brilha fracamente no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","O amerício está sendo estudado como uma possível fonte de energia duradoura para futuras missões espaciais."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem às Américas, continentes onde foi produzido pela primeira vez, por Glenn Seaborg em 1944; Seaborg nomeou-o por analogia deliberada com o európio (em homenagem à Europa), uma vez que o amerício ocupa a mesma posição na série dos actinídeos que o európio ocupa na série dos lantanídeos."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimônio","summary":"O antimônio é um metalóide branco-azulado quebradiço usado em retardadores de chama, ligas e semicondutores.","appearance":"Prateado, branco-azulado","interesting_facts":["O antimônio tem sido usado desde o antigo Egito como kohl, um cosmético para olhos roxos.","É um metalóide que, incomumente, se expande quando congela, tornando-o útil para fundições afiadas e tipos de metal.","Os compostos de antimônio são amplamente utilizados como retardadores de chama em plásticos e têxteis.","Seu símbolo químico Sb vem do latim ‘stibium’.","Os alquimistas medievais usavam pílulas de antimônio como laxante reutilizável, recuperadas e transmitidas como “pílulas eternas”.","O antimônio é ligado ao chumbo para torná-lo mais duro, como em tipos de impressão antigos e placas de bateria."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês vem do latim medieval 'antimonium', de origem incerta (possivelmente do árabe 'ithmid' ou de uma frase latina que significa 'não sozinho', uma vez que o antimônio raramente ocorre na forma pura); o símbolo Sb vem do latim 'stibium', nome do minério de sulfeto preto usado como cosmético desde o antigo Egito."},"Argon":{"name":"Argônio","summary":"O argônio é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro que constitui cerca de 1% da atmosfera da Terra.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O argônio representa quase 1% da atmosfera da Terra, tornando-o o gás nobre mais abundante no ar.","Seu nome vem da palavra grega para “preguiçoso”, porque é quimicamente pouco reativo.","O argônio é usado para encher lâmpadas incandescentes porque não reage com o filamento quente.","Os soldadores usam argônio como gás de proteção para proteger o metal quente de reagir com o oxigênio do ar.","A maior parte do argônio da Terra é argônio-40, produzido pela decomposição radioativa do potássio-40 nas rochas.","As janelas com vidros duplos costumam ser preenchidas com argônio porque isolam melhor do que o ar comum."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'argônio' (ocioso ou inativo, neutro de 'argos'), nomeado por William Ramsay e Lord Rayleigh em 1894 porque o gás é quimicamente inerte e extremamente relutante em reagir com qualquer coisa."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsênio","summary":"O arsênico é um metalóide tóxico usado historicamente em pesticidas e agora na produção de semicondutores e vidro.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O arsênico é famoso como o “veneno dos reis e rei dos venenos”, indetectável durante séculos e um dos favoritos em assassinatos históricos.","Apesar da sua toxicidade, pequenos vestígios de arsênico podem ser um nutriente necessário para alguns animais.","O arseneto de gálio e outros compostos de arsênico são vitais para os semicondutores e LEDs modernos.","A contaminação das águas subterrâneas por arsênico afeta a água potável de milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo.","Sublima, passando diretamente de sólido a gasoso quando aquecido, com odor de alho.","Pigmentos verdes contendo arsênico já foram usados ​​em papel de parede e podem ter envenenado lentamente as famílias vitorianas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'arsenikon' (orpimento amarelo, um minério de sulfeto de arsênico), possivelmente do persa 'zarnikh' (minério de arsênico); a palavra também pode se conectar ao grego 'arrhen' (masculino ou potente), refletindo as poderosas propriedades dos compostos de arsênico."},"Astatine":{"name":"Ástato","summary":"Ástato é um elemento radioativo raro usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e potencialmente em tratamentos de câncer.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Ástato é o elemento natural mais raro; menos de um grama existe na crosta terrestre a qualquer momento.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘astatos’, que significa ‘instável’.","Ninguém jamais viu uma amostra visível porque ela vaporizaria devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","É o mais pesado dos halogênios e foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1940.","Ástato-211 está sendo estudado para terapia direcionada ao câncer com partículas alfa.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas 8 horas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'astatos' (ἄστατος), que significa 'instável'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie e Emilio Segrè sintetizaram-no em 1940 em Berkeley e escolheram o nome porque todos os isótopos de astato são radioativos e decaem rapidamente, tornando o elemento inerentemente instável."},"Barium":{"name":"Bário","summary":"O bário é um metal macio e prateado usado em fluidos de perfuração, tintas e imagens médicas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Os pacientes bebem uma “refeição de bário” ou “andorinha de bário” porque o bário bloqueia os raios X, revelando o trato digestivo.","Os compostos de bário dão aos fogos de artifício suas cores verdes brilhantes.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘barys’, que significa pesado.","Embora o metal seja tóxico, o sulfato de bário insolúvel usado em exames médicos passa pelo corpo com segurança.","O bário é tão reativo que deve ser armazenado sob óleo e nunca é encontrado gratuitamente na natureza.","O mineral barita (sulfato de bário) é usado para pesar fluidos de perfuração na indústria petrolífera."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'barys' (pesado), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1808 porque o sulfato de bário (barita, o minério comum) é excepcionalmente denso para um mineral não metálico."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berquélio","summary":"O berquélio é um metal radioativo usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e na produção de elementos mais pesados.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O berquélio recebeu o nome de Berkeley, Califórnia, onde foi fabricado pela primeira vez em 1949.","É um elemento sintético extremamente raro, com apenas pequenas quantidades produzidas.","O berquélio foi usado como material alvo para sintetizar o elemento superpesado tennessina.","A produção de uma pequena amostra de berquélio pode levar muitos meses em um reator de alto fluxo.","É altamente radioativo e não tem uso fora da pesquisa científica.","O berquélio completa um conjunto com o térbio, ambos elementos com nomes de cidades e colocados em posições correspondentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Berkeley, Califórnia, onde foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1949 no Laboratório de Radiação da Universidade da Califórnia; a nomenclatura reflete deliberadamente o térbio, em homenagem à cidade sueca de Ytterby - ambos os elementos ocupam posições correspondentes nas séries dos lantanídeos e dos actinídeos, respectivamente."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berílio","summary":"O berílio é um metal duro e acinzentado naturalmente encontrado em rochas minerais, carvão, solo e poeira vulcânica.","appearance":"Cinza aço","interesting_facts":["O berílio é notavelmente transparente aos raios X, por isso é usado para fazer janelas para tubos e detectores de raios X.","É um dos metais estruturais mais leves, mas possui uma relação rigidez-peso maior que o aço.","As pedras preciosas esmeralda e água-marinha são formas do mineral berilo, um silicato de berílio e alumínio.","O pó de berílio é altamente tóxico e pode causar uma doença pulmonar crônica chamada beriliose.","Os espelhos do Telescópio Espacial James Webb são feitos de berílio revestido de ouro porque mantém sua forma em temperaturas extremamente baixas.","Em 1932, James Chadwick descobriu o nêutron bombardeando o berílio com partículas alfa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao berilo, a pedra preciosa, do grego 'beryllos', porque Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin isolou pela primeira vez o berílio dos minerais berilo e esmeralda em 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"O bismuto é um metal frágil e de baixa toxicidade, utilizado em cosméticos, procedimentos médicos e ligas.","appearance":"Branco prateado com tonalidade iridescente","interesting_facts":["O bismuto forma impressionantes cristais de arco-íris iridescentes em formato de escada.","É o elemento mais pesado que é, para fins práticos, estável, com uma meia-vida quase inimaginavelmente longa.","O bismuto é o principal ingrediente do Pepto-Bismol, usado para aliviar dores de estômago.","Assim como a água, o bismuto se expande quando congela.","É usado em ligas de baixo ponto de fusão para extintores de incêndio e dispositivos de segurança.","O bismuto é um dos poucos metais menos densos em algumas ligas e é um substituto não tóxico do chumbo em muitos produtos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva do antigo alemão 'Wismut' ou 'Wismuth', possivelmente de 'weiße Masse' (massa branca) ou de um termo mineiro de origem incerta; conhecido desde o século 15 como um metal distinto, às vezes confundido com chumbo ou estanho, e latinizado para 'bisemutum' antes de se tornar 'bismuto' no uso moderno."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bóhrio","summary":"Bóhrio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Bóhrio recebeu o nome de Niels Bohr, o físico que modelou a estrutura do átomo.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Bóhrio foi criado pela primeira vez em 1981 na Alemanha.","Seus isótopos são intensamente radioativos e decaem em segundos ou menos.","Experimentos indicam que o Bóhrio se assemelha quimicamente ao rênio, no grupo 7.","Não tem utilidade fora da pesquisa fundamental sobre os elementos mais pesados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Niels Bohr, o físico dinamarquês que desenvolveu o modelo quântico do átomo e fez contribuições fundamentais para a compreensão da estrutura atômica; GSI Darmstadt, Alemanha, sintetizou-o em 1981 e propôs o nome em sua homenagem, adotado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"O boro é um elemento metalóide essencial para o crescimento das plantas, mas pode ser tóxico em excesso.","appearance":"Preto-marrom","interesting_facts":["Os compostos de boro dão uma cor verde brilhante distinta às chamas, tornando-os úteis em pirotecnia.","O boro é essencial para o crescimento das plantas, embora apenas em pequenas quantidades; muito é tóxico para as colheitas.","O vidro borossilicato, feito com boro, resiste ao choque térmico e é utilizado em panelas e vidrarias de laboratório.","O isótopo boro-10 absorve nêutrons prontamente, então o boro é usado em barras de controle e blindagem de reatores nucleares.","O bórax, um mineral de boro, tem sido usado há milhares de anos como agente de limpeza e fundente para soldagem de metais.","O boro é um metalóide, compartilhando propriedades de metais e não metais, e é um mau condutor à temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao bórax, o mineral do qual foi isolado pela primeira vez, com 'bórax' derivado do árabe 'buraq' ou persa 'burah', que significa bórax ou salitre."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"O bromo é um líquido marrom-avermelhado à temperatura ambiente e é usado em retardadores de chama, tratamento de água e produtos farmacêuticos.","appearance":"Líquido marrom-avermelhado","interesting_facts":["O bromo é um dos dois únicos elementos líquidos à temperatura ambiente, junto com o mercúrio.","É um líquido denso, marrom-avermelhado, que emite gases tóxicos e sufocantes.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘bromos’, que significa ‘fedor’.","Os povos antigos extraíam um precioso corante roxo, a púrpura de Tiro, de caracóis marinhos usando compostos de bromo.","Os compostos de bromo foram amplamente utilizados como retardadores de chama em eletrônicos e móveis.","A maior parte do bromo é extraída da água do mar e de depósitos de salmoura ricos em sal."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'bromos' (fedor ou odor desagradável), nomeado por Antoine Jérôme Balard em 1826 porque o bromo líquido produz um cheiro profundamente desagradável e sufocante."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cádmio","summary":"O cádmio é um metal macio, branco-azulado, usado principalmente em baterias, pigmentos e galvanoplastia.","appearance":"Cinza azulado prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O cádmio fornece pigmentos amarelos, laranja e vermelhos vívidos há muito valorizados por artistas como Monet e Van Gogh.","É tóxico e se acumula no corpo, causando a dolorosa doença óssea 'itai-itai' observada no Japão no século XX.","As baterias recarregáveis ​​de níquel-cádmio (NiCd) já foram extremamente comuns.","Os revestimentos de cádmio protegem o aço da corrosão, especialmente em peças de aeronaves.","Foi descoberto em 1817 como uma impureza em minérios de zinco.","O cádmio absorve nêutrons prontamente, por isso é usado em barras de controle de reatores nucleares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'cadmia' (calamina, um minério de carbonato de zinco), em última análise, do grego 'kadmeia' (terra tebana, em homenagem a Cadmus, o mítico fundador de Tebas), uma vez que o cádmio foi descoberto em 1817 como uma impureza nos minérios de zinco."},"Calcium":{"name":"Cálcio","summary":"O cálcio é um metal macio e cinzento essencial para os organismos vivos, particularmente na fisiologia celular e na formação óssea.","appearance":"Cinza opaco, prateado","interesting_facts":["O cálcio é o metal mais abundante no corpo humano, sendo cerca de 99% armazenado nos ossos e dentes.","Calcário, giz e mármore são formas de carbonato de cálcio.","É o quinto elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre.","Os íons de cálcio atuam como um sinal universal dentro das células, desencadeando tudo, desde a contração muscular até a fertilização.","A cal viva (óxido de cálcio) brilhava intensamente quando aquecida e era usada para iluminar palcos, dando-nos a frase “no centro das atenções”.","Os recifes de coral e as conchas são construídos em grande parte a partir de carbonato de cálcio extraído da água do mar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'calx' ou 'calcis' (cal ou calcário), porque Humphry Davy o isolou pela primeira vez em 1808 por eletrólise de óxido de cálcio (cal virgem), um material que os romanos usavam há muito tempo na construção."},"Californium":{"name":"Califórnio","summary":"Califórnio é um metal radioativo usado em fontes de nêutrons, tratamento de câncer e análise de materiais.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, brilha no escuro devido à sua radioatividade","interesting_facts":["O Califórnio é uma das substâncias mais caras do planeta, custando milhões de dólares por grama.","Seu nome vem do estado da Califórnia, nos EUA, onde foi descoberto em 1950.","Califórnio-252 é um poderoso emissor de nêutrons usado para iniciar reatores nucleares e em scanners industriais.","É usado para detectar ouro e petróleo por meio da análise de nêutrons de rochas.","Um único micrograma libera um enorme número de nêutrons a cada segundo.","Califórnio também é usado para identificar fadiga de metais e encontrar pontos fracos em aeronaves e máquinas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado da Califórnia, nos EUA, e à Universidade da Califórnia, onde foi sintetizado em 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street e Ghiorso escolheram o nome observando que haviam ficado sem corpos celestes próximos e decidiram homenagear o local da descoberta."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbono","summary":"O carbono é um elemento fundamental da vida, encontrado em todos os compostos orgânicos conhecidos.","appearance":"Varia (o grafite é preto, o diamante é transparente)","interesting_facts":["O carbono forma mais compostos do que todos os outros elementos combinados e é a base química de toda a vida conhecida.","Diamante e grafite são carbono puro, mas o diamante é o material natural mais duro, enquanto o grafite é macio o suficiente para escrever.","O grafeno, uma única camada de átomos de carbono, é cerca de 200 vezes mais forte que o aço e conduz eletricidade melhor que o cobre.","A datação por carbono 14 utiliza o decaimento constante de um isótopo radioativo de carbono para determinar a idade de material que já viveu até cerca de 50.000 anos.","Os átomos de carbono forjados dentro das estrelas se espalham pelo universo quando essas estrelas explodem, tornando-nos literalmente feitos de poeira estelar.","Buckminsterfulereno, uma molécula em forma de bola de futebol com 60 átomos de carbono, foi descoberta em 1985 e recebeu o nome do arquiteto Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'carbo' (carvão ou carvão), refletindo que o carbono é conhecido desde a antiguidade na forma de carvão, grafite e diamante."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cério","summary":"O cério é um metal macio e prateado usado em conversores catalíticos, polimento de vidro e ligas.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O cério é o mais abundante de todos os elementos de terras raras, mais comum que o cobre.","Seu nome vem do planeta anão Ceres, descoberto dois anos antes.","O cério é o principal ingrediente produtor de faíscas em ligas de isqueiros e iniciadores de fogo.","O óxido de cério é o pó de polimento fino usado para dar um acabamento liso ao vidro e às pedras preciosas.","É adicionado aos conversores catalíticos para ajudar a armazenar e liberar oxigênio.","O cério recém-cortado pode inflamar-se espontaneamente no ar, tornando-o pirofórico."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta anão Ceres, descoberto em 1801 e nomeado em homenagem à deusa romana da agricultura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth e Jöns Jacob Berzelius nomearam-no em 1803, seguindo a moda de nomear novos elementos com nomes de corpos celestes."},"Cesium":{"name":"Césio","summary":"O césio é um metal macio e dourado conhecido por seu uso em relógios atômicos e diversas aplicações eletrônicas.","appearance":"Ouro prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A segunda é oficialmente definida pelas vibrações dos átomos de césio, base dos relógios atômicos.","O césio é um dos metais mais reativos, explodindo violentamente em contato com a água.","Ele derrete a cerca de 28 °C, por isso fica líquido em um dia quente.","Tem uma cor dourado-prateada, um dos poucos metais que não são prateados ou cinza.","O césio foi o primeiro elemento descoberto por espectroscopia, por Bunsen e Kirchhoff em 1860.","O césio-137 radioativo é um produto notável da fissão nuclear e uma preocupação em acidentes nucleares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'caesius' (azul celeste ou azul acinzentado), nomeado por Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff em 1860 em homenagem às duas linhas espectrais azuis brilhantes distintas que usaram para identificar o elemento."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"O cloro é um gás amarelo-esverdeado altamente reativo usado como desinfetante e em diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Gás amarelo esverdeado","interesting_facts":["O cloro é um gás amarelo esverdeado que foi usado como arma química na Primeira Guerra Mundial.","Pequenas quantidades adicionadas à água potável e às piscinas matam bactérias e salvaram inúmeras vidas de doenças transmitidas pela água.","Combinado com o sódio, o cloro forma o sal de cozinha comum, essencial à vida.","É tão reativo que branqueia e desinfeta facilmente, razão pela qual é usado em alvejantes domésticos.","O cloro foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1774 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele, que não percebeu que era um novo elemento.","Embora sejam tóxicos como gás, os íons cloreto em seu corpo são vitais para a digestão e a função nervosa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'cloros' (verde claro ou amarelo esverdeado), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1810 para refletir a distinta cor verde-amarelada do gás."},"Chromium":{"name":"Crômio","summary":"O cromo é um metal duro, brilhante e resistente à corrosão, usado em aço inoxidável e cromagem.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O cromo confere ao aço inoxidável brilho e resistência à ferrugem, formando uma camada protetora invisível de óxido.","Seu nome vem da palavra grega 'chroma' que significa cor, porque seus compostos são de cores vivas.","O cromo é o que torna os rubis vermelhos e as esmeraldas verdes como um vestígio de impureza nos cristais.","O revestimento cromado proporciona um acabamento brilhante, duro e espelhado aos acabamentos e ferramentas do carro.","O cromo é um dos metais mais duros e altamente resistente à corrosão.","Alguns compostos de cromo são nutrientes essenciais em pequenas quantidades, enquanto outros (cromo-6) são tóxicos e cancerígenos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'chroma' (cor), nomeado por Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin em 1798 porque os compostos de cromo apresentam uma ampla gama de cores vivas - vermelho em rubis, verde em esmeraldas, laranja em crocoíta."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"O cobalto é um metal duro, brilhante, cinza prateado, usado em ligas e baterias e essencial para a vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metal cinza brilhante","interesting_facts":["O cobalto tem sido usado há mais de 2.000 anos para dar ao vidro e à cerâmica uma cor azul profunda e brilhante.","Seu nome vem de 'kobold', um duende travesso que os mineiros alemães culpam por produzir minérios problemáticos.","O cobalto é um ingrediente chave nas baterias recarregáveis ​​de íons de lítio que alimentam telefones e carros elétricos.","É um dos três elementos naturalmente magnéticos à temperatura ambiente, junto com o ferro e o níquel.","O isótopo radioativo cobalto-60 é usado para tratar câncer e esterilizar equipamentos médicos.","O cobalto é essencial para a vida como o átomo de metal no coração da vitamina B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do alemão 'Kobold' (goblin ou diabrete), porque os mineiros alemães culparam um espírito subterrâneo travesso pelo problemático minério de cobalto que liberava gases venenosos de arsênico e não produzia cobre, apesar de se assemelhar ao minério de cobre."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernício","summary":"Copernício é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Copérnico recebeu o nome do astrônomo Nicolau Copérnico, que colocou o Sol no centro do sistema solar.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1996 na Alemanha.","Prevê-se que o Copernício seja um líquido ou gás volátil à temperatura ambiente, comportando-se como o mercúrio.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Seus isótopos são altamente radioativos e de curta duração.","Fica abaixo do mercúrio no grupo 12 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Nicolau Copérnico, o astrônomo polonês-alemão que propôs que a Terra orbitasse o Sol; O GSI Darmstadt sintetizou-o em 1996 e propôs o nome em homenagem a Copérnico, tendo a IUPAC adoptado oficialmente em 2010, por ocasião do 537º aniversário do seu nascimento."},"Copper":{"name":"Cobre","summary":"O cobre é um metal dourado-avermelhado conhecido por sua alta condutividade térmica e elétrica, amplamente utilizado em fiação elétrica e encanamento.","appearance":"Metálico avermelhado","interesting_facts":["O cobre foi um dos primeiros metais utilizados pelo homem, trabalhado há mais de 10.000 anos.","É um excelente condutor de eletricidade, perdendo apenas para a prata, por isso preenche nossos fios e cabos.","As superfícies de cobre matam naturalmente muitas bactérias e vírus, tornando-as úteis para maçanetas e acessórios hospitalares.","A Estátua da Liberdade é coberta de cobre que ficou verde com o tempo, formando uma pátina protetora.","A mistura de cobre com estanho produz o bronze, e com o zinco resulta o latão, duas ligas que moldaram a história da humanidade.","O cobre é um nutriente essencial, ajudando o corpo a formar glóbulos vermelhos e a manter os nervos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'cuprum', derivado do grego 'Kypros' (Chipre), a ilha que era a principal fonte de cobre do mundo antigo; o símbolo Cu também remonta a este nome latino."},"Curium":{"name":"Cúrio","summary":"O cúrio é um metal radioativo usado na exploração espacial como fonte de energia e em pesquisas científicas.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, mancha no ar","interesting_facts":["Cúrio recebeu o nome de Marie e Pierre Curie, pioneiros na pesquisa de radioatividade.","Ele brilha com uma luz roxa ou vermelha suave no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","O cúrio é tão radioativo que gera calor significativo e foi considerado para energia em espaçonaves.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1944, antes do amerício mais leve.","Instrumentos baseados em cúrio analisaram a composição química de Marte e de outras superfícies planetárias.","Todo cúrio é produzido artificialmente; nenhum é encontrado na natureza."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Marie e Pierre Curie, os pioneiros da pesquisa em radioatividade; Glenn Seaborg nomeou-o em 1944 para homenagear o casal cujas descobertas tornaram possível a química nuclear, observando que a posição do cúrio na série dos actinídeos reflete o gadolínio nos lantanídeos - ele próprio nomeado em homenagem a um químico, seguindo um padrão paralelo."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstádtio","summary":"Darmstádtio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para investigar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Darmstádtio tem o nome da cidade de Darmstadt, Alemanha, onde foi descoberto em 1994.","É um elemento sintético superpesado criado em aceleradores de partículas.","Apenas alguns átomos de Darmstádtio foram produzidos.","Seus átomos sobrevivem por menos de um segundo antes de se decomporem.","Espera-se que se assemelhe quimicamente à platina, no grupo 10.","O Darmstádtio não tem uso prático fora da pesquisa científica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à cidade de Darmstadt, Alemanha, onde foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1994 no GSI Darmstadt; segue a tradição de nomear os elementos recém-criados de acordo com os locais de descoberta, e a IUPAC adotou oficialmente o nome em 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dúbnio","summary":"Dúbnio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para explorar as propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Dúbnio recebeu o nome de Dubna, na Rússia, sede de um famoso instituto de pesquisa nuclear.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","A sua descoberta fez parte das 'Guerras do Transfermium', uma disputa de nomes durante a Guerra Fria.","Os átomos de Dúbnio existem apenas por alguns segundos ou menos antes de decaírem.","Apenas um pequeno número de átomos de Dúbnio foi criado.","Prevê-se que se assemelhe quimicamente ao tântalo do grupo 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Dubna, Rússia, sede do Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear; o nome resolveu uma disputa da Guerra Fria em que os cientistas americanos o chamaram de 'hahnium' e os cientistas soviéticos o chamaram de 'nielsbohrium', antes da IUPAC adotar o nome neutro baseado na cidade em 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprósio","summary":"O disprósio é um metal branco prateado usado em ímãs, lasers e hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O nome do disprósio vem do grego 'dysprositos', que significa 'difícil de obter', porque era muito difícil de isolar.","É adicionado aos ímãs de neodímio para que mantenham sua resistência em altas temperaturas em motores e turbinas eólicas.","O disprósio tem uma das maiores forças magnéticas de qualquer elemento em baixas temperaturas.","Absorve bem nêutrons e é usado em hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","As ligas à base de disprósio mudam de forma em campos magnéticos, úteis em atuadores e transdutores.","É considerado um material crítico para a tecnologia de energia limpa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), que significa 'difícil de conseguir'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran cunhou o nome em 1886, refletindo a extrema dificuldade de isolá-lo de seu minério – um processo que exigiu dezenove precipitações."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einstênio","summary":"O Einstênio é um metal altamente radioativo, usado principalmente para pesquisas científicas e na produção de elementos mais pesados.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, brilha devido à sua radioatividade","interesting_facts":["O Einstênio foi descoberto em 1952 nos destroços do primeiro teste de bomba de hidrogênio.","É nomeado após Albert Einstein.","O Einstênio brilha em azul no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","É tão raro que quantidades consideráveis ​​tenham sido produzidas apenas ocasionalmente.","Estudar o einstênio é extremamente difícil porque danifica seu próprio recipiente e instrumentos.","Não tem usos práticos fora da pesquisa científica básica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Albert Einstein, que formulou a teoria da relatividade especial e a equação E = mc² subjacente à energia nuclear; Albert Ghiorso e colegas deram-lhe o nome em 1955, depois de o descobrirem nos destroços do primeiro teste da bomba de hidrogénio em 1952, mantido em segredo durante vários anos."},"Erbium":{"name":"Érbio","summary":"O érbio é um metal macio e prateado usado em fibras ópticas, lasers e tecnologia nuclear.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Fibras dopadas com érbio amplificam sinais de luz, tornando possível a internet de fibra óptica de longa distância.","Dá aos vidros e esmaltes uma cor rosa suave e é usado em óculos de sol e vidros decorativos.","Os lasers de érbio são usados ​​​​em odontologia e resurfacing cosmético da pele.","Seu nome vem de Ytterby, na Suécia, compartilhando essa origem com várias outras terras raras.","O érbio é adicionado a algumas ligas metálicas, incluindo o vanádio, para torná-las mais viáveis.","Ele absorve a luz infravermelha com eficiência, o que é a base de muitos de seus usos de laser."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha de Resarö, na Suécia, onde o mineral gadolinita que o contém foi extraído pela primeira vez; Carl Gustaf Mosander separou-o da ítria em 1843, e 'érbio' é um dos quatro nomes de elementos derivados do nome de lugar único 'Ytterby'."},"Europium":{"name":"Európio","summary":"O európio é um metal macio e prateado usado em materiais fosforescentes, barras de controle e reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Európio fornece os fósforos vermelho e azul que produziam cores em antigas telas de TV e computadores.","É utilizado como marcador anti-falsificação em notas de euro, brilhando sob luz ultravioleta.","O európio é o mais reativo dos elementos de terras raras, manchando rapidamente no ar.","É nomeado após o continente da Europa.","Os fósforos dopados com európio fazem com que as luzes fluorescentes e LED com eficiência energética brilhem intensamente.","É uma das terras raras menos abundantes na crosta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Europa, o continente, por Eugène-Anatole Demarçay em 1901, que o isolou espectroscopicamente; estava entre vários elementos com nomes de regiões geográficas durante o final do século XIX e início do século XX."},"Fermium":{"name":"Férmio","summary":"O férmio é um metal radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e no estudo de elementos transurânicos.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O férmio também foi descoberto nas consequências do primeiro teste da bomba de hidrogênio em 1952.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao físico Enrico Fermi, um pioneiro das reações nucleares.","O férmio é o elemento mais pesado que pode ser produzido em quantidades pesáveis ​​por bombardeio de nêutrons.","Além do férmio, os elementos devem ser produzidos um átomo de cada vez, usando aceleradores de partículas.","Apenas quantidades minúsculas e invisíveis de férmio foram produzidas.","Existe apenas como elemento sintético e não tem uso comercial."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Enrico Fermi, o físico ítalo-americano que construiu o primeiro reator nuclear artificial em 1942 e fez contribuições fundamentais à física nuclear e de partículas; Albert Ghiorso e colegas deram-lhe o nome em 1953, depois de o descobrirem nos mesmos destroços do teste da bomba de hidrogénio que produziu o einstênio."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Fleróvio","summary":"Fleróvio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para explorar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Fleróvio recebeu o nome do Laboratório Flerov de Reações Nucleares na Rússia.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1998 por uma equipe em Dubna, na Rússia.","Algumas previsões sugeriram que o fleróvio pode ser invulgarmente estável ou mesmo semelhante a um gás, embora ainda seja radioactivo.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Fleróvio está abaixo da liderança no grupo 14 da tabela periódica.","Os seus isótopos decaem em segundos, mas têm uma vida mais longa do que muitos vizinhos, sugerindo a “ilha de estabilidade”."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Laboratório Flerov de Reações Nucleares em Dubna, Rússia, ele próprio em homenagem ao físico soviético Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov foi cofundador do laboratório e fez contribuições importantes para a física nuclear, e sua equipe sintetizou o elemento pela primeira vez em 1998, com a IUPAC adotando oficialmente o nome em 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flúor","summary":"O flúor é um gás amarelo claro altamente reativo e é o elemento mais eletronegativo.","appearance":"Gás amarelo pálido","interesting_facts":["O flúor é o mais reativo e eletronegativo de todos os elementos, reagindo com quase todas as outras substâncias, às vezes de forma explosiva.","É tão agressivo que pode fazer com que materiais como o amianto e até mesmo a água peguem fogo.","Vestígios de flúor adicionados à água potável e ao creme dental ajudam a prevenir a cárie dentária.","Teflon, o revestimento antiaderente de panelas, é um polímero que contém flúor (PTFE).","Muitos químicos foram envenenados ou mortos tentando isolar o flúor, o que lhes valeu o apelido de “mártires do flúor” antes de Henri Moissan ter sucesso em 1886.","O flúor é um gás amarelo claro à temperatura ambiente e é o mais leve dos halogênios."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'fluere' (fluir), porque o mineral fluorita era amplamente utilizado como fundente metalúrgico; o nome do elemento foi proposto por André-Marie Ampère em 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Frâncio","summary":"O Frâncio é um metal extremamente raro e radioativo, sem aplicações significativas devido à sua instabilidade.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Frâncio é o segundo elemento natural mais raro, depois do astato.","Foi o último elemento descoberto na natureza, por Marguerite Perey na França em 1939.","Tem o nome de França, seu país natal.","Frâncio é tão radioativo que qualquer quantidade visível vaporizaria instantaneamente com seu próprio calor.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas 22 minutos.","É o mais reativo dos metais alcalinos, mas tão escasso que suas propriedades de volume nunca foram observadas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à França, país onde Marguerite Perey o descobriu em 1939 no Instituto Curie em Paris; ela nomeou o elemento em homenagem à sua terra natal, seguindo a tradição de nomear os elementos com base nos lugares e tornando-se a primeira mulher eleita para a Academia Francesa de Ciências."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolínio","summary":"O gadolínio é um metal branco prateado usado em agentes de contraste para ressonância magnética, fósforos e terapia de captura de nêutrons.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Compostos de gadolínio são injetados como agentes de contraste para tornar os exames de ressonância magnética muito mais claros.","Tem uma capacidade extraordinária de absorver nêutrons, o mais elevado de qualquer elemento estável, útil em reatores nucleares.","O gadolínio é magnético logo abaixo da temperatura ambiente e é estudado para refrigeração magnética.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao químico finlandês Johan Gadolin, um pioneiro na pesquisa de terras raras.","O gadolínio aquece quando colocado em um campo magnético e esfria quando removido, o efeito magnetocalórico.","É usado em alguns tipos de detectores de imagens médicas e de segurança."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à gadolinita, mineral no qual seu óxido foi identificado pela primeira vez; a gadolinita recebeu o nome de Johan Gadolin, um químico finlandês que a analisou pela primeira vez; Jean Charles de Marignac isolou o novo elemento terra em 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gálio","summary":"O gálio é um metal macio e prateado que derrete logo acima da temperatura ambiente e é usado em eletrônica e semicondutores.","appearance":"Azul prateado","interesting_facts":["O gálio derrete a cerca de 30 °C, então um pedaço sólido derreterá na sua mão.","A sua existência foi prevista por Mendeleev como 'eka-alumínio' antes de ser descoberto em 1875.","O arsenieto de gálio é usado em eletrônica de alta velocidade, LEDs e células solares para naves espaciais.","Embora derreta facilmente, o gálio ferve a mais de 2.400 °C, uma das maiores faixas de temperatura líquida de qualquer elemento.","O gálio pode tornar o alumínio quebradiço ao infiltrar-se nos limites dos grãos, enfraquecendo drasticamente o metal.","Ao contrário da maioria das substâncias, o gálio se expande quando congela, como a água."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Gallia, o nome latino da França, pelo descobridor Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran em 1875; o nome também pode ser um trocadilho com 'gallus' (latim para galo), uma brincadeira com o sobrenome de Lecoq que significa 'o galo' em francês."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germânio","summary":"O germânio é um metalóide duro, branco acinzentado, usado em semicondutores, fibras ópticas e óptica infravermelha.","appearance":"Branco acinzentado","interesting_facts":["O germânio foi previsto por Mendeleev como 'eka-silício' e sua descoberta em 1886 ajudou a confirmar a tabela periódica.","Os primeiros transistores nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 foram feitos de germânio antes que o silício assumisse o controle.","É transparente à luz infravermelha, por isso é usado em lentes para óculos de visão noturna e câmeras térmicas.","O germânio é um semicondutor metalóide com aparência brilhante branco-acinzentada.","As fibras ópticas usam compostos de germânio para controlar como a luz viaja através do vidro.","Assim como a água e o silício, o germânio se expande quando solidifica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Germania, o nome latino da Alemanha, por Clemens Winkler, que a descobriu em 1886; a descoberta confirmou a previsão de Mendeleev de um elemento ausente que ele chamou de 'eka-silício'."},"Gold":{"name":"Ouro","summary":"O ouro é um metal denso e macio, altamente valorizado por seu uso em joias, eletrônicos e moeda.","appearance":"Amarelo metálico brilhante","interesting_facts":["O ouro é tão pouco reativo que pode permanecer brilhante por milhares de anos, e é por isso que os antigos artefatos de ouro ainda brilham.","É incrivelmente maleável; um único grama pode ser martelado em uma folha que cobre cerca de um metro quadrado.","Acredita-se que quase todo o ouro da Terra tenha chegado através de impactos de asteróides após a formação do planeta.","O ouro conduz bem a eletricidade e nunca sofre corrosão, por isso é usado para revestir contatos eletrônicos críticos.","Seu símbolo químico Au vem do latim 'aurum', que significa 'amanhecer brilhante'.","As viseiras dos astronautas são revestidas com uma camada ultrafina de ouro para refletir a radiação solar prejudicial."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês 'ouro' vem do proto-germânico 'gulþą', relacionado a 'amarelo'; o símbolo Au deriva do latim 'aurum', que se acredita significar 'amanhecer brilhante' ou 'brilho do nascer do sol'; o ouro é conhecido e valorizado desde os tempos pré-históricos em praticamente todas as culturas."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Háfnio","summary":"O háfnio é um metal prateado e brilhante usado em reatores nucleares, barras de controle e ligas de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["A existência do háfnio foi prevista pela teoria atômica e foi encontrada em 1923 no minério de zircônio.","Tem o nome de Hafnia, o nome latino de Copenhague.","O háfnio absorve nêutrons extremamente bem e é usado nas barras de controle de submarinos nucleares.","Compostos à base de háfnio substituíram o dióxido de silício como isolantes em chips de computador modernos.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de todos os elementos e é usado em superligas para motores a jato.","O háfnio é quimicamente quase idêntico ao zircônio, tornando os dois muito difíceis de separar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Hafnia, o nome latino de Copenhague, na Dinamarca, onde Dirk Coster e George de Hevesy o descobriram em 1923 por espectroscopia de raios X; escolheram o nome em homenagem à cidade onde suas pesquisas foram realizadas."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hássio","summary":"O hássio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Hássio deve o seu nome ao estado alemão de Hesse, onde fica o laboratório onde foi descoberto.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1984 bombardeando chumbo com íons de ferro.","O hássio é um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","Apesar da escassez, os cientistas confirmaram que ele se comporta como o ósmio, do grupo 8.","Seus átomos existem apenas por frações de segundo antes de decairem.","Apenas um pequeno número de átomos de hássio foi produzido."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado alemão de Hesse (latim: Hassia), onde está localizado o GSI Darmstadt - o laboratório que o sintetizou pela primeira vez em 1984; o nome segue a tradição de nomear os elementos de acordo com seus locais de descoberta e foi oficialmente reconhecido pela IUPAC em 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Hélio","summary":"O hélio é um gás incolor, inodoro, insípido, não tóxico, inerte e monoatômico que lidera o grupo dos gases nobres na tabela periódica.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O hélio foi detectado pela primeira vez no espectro do Sol em 1868, antes mesmo de ser encontrado na Terra, e recebeu o nome do deus grego do sol, Hélios.","É o único elemento que não pode ser solidificado pelo resfriamento à pressão atmosférica normal, por mais frio que esteja.","Abaixo de 2,17 K, o hélio líquido se torna um superfluido que pode fluir sem atrito e até mesmo subir pelas paredes do seu recipiente.","Respirar hélio aumenta temporariamente o tom da sua voz porque o som viaja quase três vezes mais rápido através dela do que através do ar.","A maior parte do hélio da Terra vem do decaimento radioativo do urânio e do tório nas profundezas do subsolo e é extraído do gás natural.","O hélio é o segundo elemento mais abundante no universo, mas é comparativamente raro e não renovável na Terra."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'helios' (sol), porque o hélio foi detectado pela primeira vez no espectro solar durante o eclipse solar total de 1868, antes de ser confirmado na Terra."},"Holmium":{"name":"Hólmio","summary":"Hólmio é um metal macio e prateado usado em ímãs, barras de controle nuclear e lasers.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O hólmio tem as propriedades magnéticas mais fortes de qualquer elemento natural.","Os lasers de hólmio são usados ​​​​na medicina para quebrar pedras nos rins e tratar próstatas aumentadas.","É nomeado após Holmia, o nome latino de Estocolmo.","O hólmio dá ao vidro e à zircônia cúbica colorações amarelas e vermelhas.","É usado para criar os campos magnéticos artificiais mais fortes conhecidos como peças polares.","Soluções de óxido de hólmio são usadas como padrão de calibração para espectrofotômetros."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Holmia, o nome latino de Estocolmo, Suécia, onde Per Teodor Cleve – que identificou o elemento em 1878 – estava baseado; segue a tradição de nomear os elementos de terras raras com base nos locais associados à sua descoberta."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrogênio","summary":"O hidrogênio é o elemento mais leve e a substância química mais abundante no universo.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O hidrogênio é o elemento mais abundante no universo, constituindo cerca de 75% de toda a matéria normal em massa.","É o único elemento cujos três isótopos (prótio, deutério e trítio) têm nomes próprios distintos.","O hidrogênio líquido tem sido usado como combustível de foguete desde a década de 1960, alimentando os estágios superiores do Saturno V que transportou os astronautas à Lua.","Sob extrema pressão, como no interior de Júpiter, o hidrogénio comporta-se como um metal líquido e pode conduzir eletricidade.","Henry Cavendish identificou o hidrogénio como uma substância distinta em 1766, chamando-o de “ar inflamável”.","Um átomo de hidrogênio é o átomo mais simples que existe: um único próton orbitado por um único elétron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'hidro' (água) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de água'. Nomeado por Antoine Lavoisier em 1783 porque a queima de hidrogênio produz água."},"Indium":{"name":"Índio","summary":"O índio é um metal macio e maleável usado em semicondutores, telas sensíveis ao toque e como revestimento protetor para rolamentos.","appearance":"Brilho metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O índio é tão macio que você pode amassá-lo com a unha e emite um 'grito' audível quando dobrado, como o estanho.","O óxido de índio e estanho forma o revestimento transparente e eletricamente condutor em telas sensíveis ao toque e monitores de tela plana.","Seu nome vem da linha índigo brilhante em seu espectro de emissão.","O índio permanece macio e trabalhável mesmo em temperaturas extremamente baixas, útil para vedações a vácuo.","Tem um ponto de fusão muito baixo e é usado em soldas e ligas especiais de baixa temperatura.","A demanda por índio disparou com a disseminação de smartphones e telas LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'indicum' (índigo), nomeado por Ferdinand Reich e Hieronymous Richter em 1863 em homenagem à linha espectral azul índigo brilhante que observaram ao analisar resíduos de minério de zinco usando a então nova técnica de espectroscopia."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodo","summary":"O iodo é um não-metal escuro, brilhante, preto-púrpura, essencial para a função da tireoide e usado como desinfetante.","appearance":"Cinza metálico brilhante (sólido), violeta (gás)","interesting_facts":["O iodo é essencial para a glândula tireóide, e é por isso que o sal de cozinha costuma ser enriquecido com ele.","Quando aquecido, o iodo sólido sublima-se num impressionante vapor de cor violeta.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘iodes’, que significa violeta.","A tintura de iodo é usada há muito tempo como anti-séptico para desinfetar feridas.","O iodo transforma o amido em um preto azulado profundo, uma reação usada como teste químico.","O iodo radioativo-131 é usado para diagnosticar e tratar doenças da tireoide."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do francês 'iode', derivado do grego 'ioeides' (semelhante ao violeta), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1813 em homenagem à impressionante cor violeta do vapor de iodo."},"Iridium":{"name":"Irídio","summary":"O irídio é um metal denso e resistente à corrosão usado em velas de ignição, cadinhos e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Uma camada mundial de argila rica em irídio é a principal evidência de que o impacto de um asteróide matou os dinossauros, uma vez que o irídio é raro na Terra, mas comum em asteróides.","O irídio é o metal mais resistente à corrosão conhecido, resistindo a ácidos que dissolvem quase tudo.","É um dos elementos mais densos, quase empatado com o ósmio.","O quilograma padrão já foi um cilindro de platina-irídio mantido perto de Paris.","O Irídio derruba as velas de ignição porque suporta calor extremo sem sofrer erosão.","Seu nome vem de Iris, a deusa grega do arco-íris, pelos seus sais coloridos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Iris, a deusa grega do arco-íris (latim: íris), por Smithson Tennant em 1803; o nome reflete a impressionante variedade de cores exibidas pelos sais e compostos de irídio, que lembravam a Tennant as cores de um arco-íris."},"Iron":{"name":"Ferro","summary":"O ferro é um metal forte e maleável, essencial para a produção de aço e um componente vital da hemoglobina.","appearance":"Metálico brilhante com um tom acinzentado","interesting_facts":["O ferro é o elemento mais abundante na Terra em massa, constituindo grande parte do núcleo derretido do planeta.","O núcleo giratório de ferro líquido da Terra gera o campo magnético que nos protege da radiação solar.","O ferro está no centro da hemoglobina, a molécula que transporta oxigênio no sangue e o torna vermelho.","O ferro é o elemento mais pesado que as estrelas podem produzir por fusão normal; elementos mais pesados ​​requerem explosões de supernovas.","A Idade do Ferro, começando por volta de 1.200 aC, transformou a civilização humana com ferramentas e armas mais fortes.","A ferrugem é o óxido de ferro, formado quando o ferro reage lentamente com o oxigênio e a água."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Ferro' vem do inglês antigo 'iren', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'isarno', possivelmente de uma raiz celta para 'metal sagrado'; o símbolo Fe deriva do latim 'ferrum' (ferro), que foi fundido e usado desde pelo menos 1200 aC."},"Krypton":{"name":"Criptônio","summary":"Criptônio é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro usado em lâmpadas fluorescentes, fotografia e como gás de enchimento para janelas com eficiência energética.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O nome de Criptônio vem da palavra grega ‘kryptos’, que significa ‘escondido’, porque era muito difícil encontrá-lo no ar.","De 1960 a 1983, o metro foi oficialmente definido pelo comprimento de onda da luz emitida pelo criptônio-86.","Criptônio produz uma luz branca brilhante e é usado em alguns flashes e lâmpadas fotográficas de alto desempenho.","É um gás nobre e quase totalmente não reativo, embora alguns compostos de criptônio possam ser forçados a se formar.","O criptônio é usado em algumas janelas e lâmpadas fluorescentes com baixo consumo de energia.","Apesar da 'criptonita' dos quadrinhos, a criptônia real é um gás inofensivo, incolor e inodoro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'kryptos' (oculto), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 porque o criptônio era extremamente difícil de detectar e isolar - ele permanecia 'escondido' dentro dos resíduos de ar líquido."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantânio","summary":"O lantânio é um metal macio, branco prateado, usado em lentes de câmeras, catalisadores e baterias recarregáveis.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O nome Lantânio vem do grego 'lanthanein', que significa 'ficar escondido', porque estava escondido no minério de cério.","Dá o nome ao primeiro da série dos lantanídeos, os elementos de “terras raras”.","O lantânio é usado no vidro de lentes de câmeras e telescópios de alta qualidade para curvar a luz nitidamente.","As ligas de níquel-lantânio armazenam hidrogênio e foram usadas nas baterias de muitos carros híbridos.","Os compostos de lantânio ajudam a refinar o petróleo em gasolina como catalisadores.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca e mancha rapidamente ao ar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'lantanoína' (ficar escondido ou escapar da atenção), nomeado por Carl Gustaf Mosander em 1839 porque o lantânio permaneceu sem ser detectado como uma impureza no óxido de cério durante anos antes de ele identificá-lo como um elemento distinto."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Laurêncio","summary":"Laurêncio é um elemento radioativo sintético sem aplicações práticas fora da pesquisa científica.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["Laurêncio recebeu o nome de Ernest Lawrence, inventor do acelerador de partículas ciclotron.","É o elemento final da série dos actinídeos.","O Laurêncio só pode ser criado com alguns átomos de cada vez em aceleradores.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas algumas horas.","Medir as propriedades do Laurêncio é extraordinariamente difícil porque poucos átomos existem por um curto período de tempo.","Não tem uso fora da pesquisa científica fundamental."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ernest Orlando Lawrence, o físico americano que inventou o acelerador de partículas ciclotron em 1930, tornando possível a criação de elementos transurânicos; O Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Berkeley sintetizou este elemento em 1961 e nomeou-o para homenagear as contribuições fundamentais de Lawrence."},"Lead":{"name":"Chumbo","summary":"O chumbo é um metal macio e pesado usado em baterias, proteção contra radiação e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Cinza azulado metálico","interesting_facts":["O chumbo é denso e bloqueia a radiação, razão pela qual reveste aventais e escudos de raios X.","Os romanos usavam canos de chumbo para encanamento, e a palavra 'encanamento' vem do latim para chumbo, 'plumbum' (símbolo Pb).","O chumbo é tóxico para o sistema nervoso, por isso foi removido da gasolina e da tinta.","É macio, pesado e de fácil moldagem, qualidades apreciadas desde os tempos antigos.","A maior parte do chumbo hoje é reciclado, principalmente de baterias de automóveis.","O chumbo é o elemento mais pesado com um isótopo completamente estável; tudo que é mais pesado é radioativo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Chumbo' vem do proto-germânico 'lauda'; o símbolo Pb vem do latim 'plumbum', provavelmente derivado de uma língua mediterrânea pré-latina, que deu ao inglês a palavra 'encanamento' porque os romanos usavam extensivamente chumbo em canos de água."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lítio","summary":"O lítio é um metal alcalino macio, branco prateado. É o metal mais leve e o elemento sólido menos denso.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O lítio é o metal mais leve e o elemento sólido menos denso, tão leve que pode flutuar na água enquanto reage com ela.","Baterias recarregáveis ​​de íons de lítio alimentam a maioria dos telefones, laptops e veículos elétricos modernos.","Os sais de lítio têm sido usados ​​desde 1940 como estabilizador de humor para tratar o transtorno bipolar.","Foi um dos três primeiros elementos (com hidrogênio e hélio) criados na nucleossíntese do Big Bang.","O lítio queima com uma impressionante chama vermelho-carmesim, uma propriedade usada em fogos de artifício e sinalizadores.","Grande parte do lítio mundial é extraído de salinas salgadas no alto das montanhas dos Andes, na América do Sul."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'lithos' (pedra), porque Johan August Arfwedson a descobriu em 1817 dentro de minerais de pedra sólida (petalita), ao contrário do sódio e do potássio que foram encontrados nas cinzas das plantas."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermório","summary":"Livermório é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Livermório recebeu o nome do Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore, na Califórnia.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 2000 por uma equipe russo-americana.","É um elemento sintético superpesado composto apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de Livermório existem por meros milissegundos antes de se decomporem.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do polônio no grupo 16.","Produzi-lo requer a fusão de íons de cálcio com alvos de cúrio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore em Livermore, Califórnia, que colaborou com o Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear para sintetizá-lo em 2000; A IUPAC reconheceu oficialmente o nome em 2012, e o próprio nome do laboratório homenageou Robert Livermore, um dos primeiros colonizadores da Califórnia."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutécio","summary":"O lutécio é um metal denso e prateado usado em detectores PET scan, catalisadores e ligas especializadas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O lutécio é o último da série dos lantanídeos e uma das terras raras mais duras e densas.","É nomeado após Lutetia, o antigo nome romano de Paris.","Cristais à base de lutécio são usados ​​como detectores em scanners PET para imagens médicas.","É um dos metais de terras raras mais raros e caros de se obter na forma pura.","O lutécio é usado como catalisador no refino de petróleo.","Um composto radioativo de lutécio é usado na terapia direcionada para alguns tipos de câncer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Lutetia, o antigo nome romano de Paris, França; Georges Urbain, que o isolou pela primeira vez em 1907, escolheu o nome para homenagear sua cidade natal, seguindo a prática estabelecida de nomear os elementos de terras raras com nomes de lugares."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnésio","summary":"O magnésio é um metal cinza brilhante e é um elemento essencial para todas as células vivas.","appearance":"Sólido cinza brilhante","interesting_facts":["O magnésio queima com uma luz branca deslumbrante e já foi amplamente utilizado nos primeiros flashes fotográficos e flares.","É o metal estrutural mais leve e é ligado ao alumínio para produzir peças leves e resistentes para carros e aeronaves.","O magnésio está no centro de cada molécula de clorofila, tornando-o essencial para a fotossíntese nas plantas.","O corpo humano precisa de magnésio para centenas de reações enzimáticas, incluindo aquelas que mantêm os músculos e os nervos funcionando.","O magnésio é o oitavo elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre e o terceiro mais abundante dissolvido na água do mar.","O sal Epsom, usado para aliviar dores musculares, é o sulfato de magnésio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Magnésia, um distrito na Tessália, Grécia, onde foram encontrados minerais relacionados contendo magnésio; o mesmo topônimo também deu origem às palavras 'manganês' e 'ímã'."},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganês","summary":"O manganês é um metal duro e quebradiço usado principalmente na produção de aço para melhorar a resistência e a dureza.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O manganês é essencial para fazer aço, remover oxigênio e enxofre e adicionar resistência; quase todo o aço o contém.","É um ingrediente chave em baterias alcalinas descartáveis.","O dióxido de manganês foi usado por pintores rupestres há dezenas de milhares de anos para fazer pigmento preto.","O roxo profundo do permanganato de potássio o torna um desinfetante e reagente químico útil.","Vastos campos de nódulos de manganês cobrem partes do fundo do oceano.","O manganês é um nutriente essencial, ajudando as enzimas que protegem as células contra danos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado do distrito de Magnésia, na Tessália, Grécia - a mesma região que deu nome ao magnésio - através do latim medieval 'manganês'; o nome foi possivelmente reforçado pelo latim 'magnes' (ímã), uma vez que o minério de manganês foi historicamente confundido com o minério de ferro magnético."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnério","summary":"Meitnério é um elemento radioativo sintético usado exclusivamente em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Meitnério recebeu o nome de Lise Meitner, uma pioneira da fissão nuclear cujas contribuições foram esquecidas por muito tempo.","É um dos poucos elementos com nome de mulher.","O Meitnério foi criado pela primeira vez em 1982 na Alemanha.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Seus isótopos decaem extremamente rapidamente, em milissegundos a segundos.","Prevê-se que se comporte como o irídio, no grupo 9 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Lise Meitner, a física austro-sueca que co-descobriu a fissão nuclear e co-descobriu o protactínio, mas foi controversamente excluída do Prêmio Nobel de 1944; A GSI Darmstadt propôs o nome em 1992, em reconhecimento há muito esperado pelas suas enormes contribuições para a ciência nuclear."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelévio","summary":"O mendelévio é um metal radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para investigar propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O mendelévio recebeu o nome de Dmitri Mendeleev, criador da tabela periódica.","Foi feito pela primeira vez em 1955, apenas alguns átomos de cada vez.","O mendelévio só pode ser produzido em aceleradores de partículas pelo bombardeio do einstênio.","Seus experimentos de descoberta detectaram inicialmente apenas cerca de 17 átomos.","É intensamente radioativo com isótopos de vida curta.","O mendelévio não tem utilidade além da pesquisa fundamental em elementos pesados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, o químico russo que criou a tabela periódica em 1869; Glenn Seaborg e colegas batizaram-no em 1955 como uma homenagem ao cientista cuja organização visionária dos elementos tornou conceitualmente possível a descoberta de elementos transurânicos."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercúrio","summary":"O mercúrio é um metal líquido denso e prateado usado em termômetros, barômetros e lâmpadas fluorescentes.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O mercúrio é o único metal líquido à temperatura ambiente.","É nomeado após o deus mensageiro romano por sua natureza fluida e rápida, e seu símbolo Hg vem de 'hydrargyrum', que significa 'água-prata'.","O mercúrio já foi usado em termômetros e barômetros porque se expande uniformemente com a temperatura.","Os fabricantes de chapéus expostos ao mercúrio desenvolveram tremores e confusão, inspirando a frase “louco como um chapeleiro”.","É tóxico e bioacumulável, acumulando-se nos peixes e nas pessoas que os comem.","O vapor de mercúrio brilha em azul esverdeado quando eletrificado, a base das lâmpadas fluorescentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Mercúrio, o rápido deus mensageiro romano, refletindo a natureza fluida e veloz do elemento; o símbolo Hg vem de 'hydrargyrum', uma latinização do grego 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), que significa 'água-prata', referindo-se à sua aparência de prata líquida."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdênio","summary":"O molibdênio é um metal duro e prateado usado em ligas de aço para aumentar a resistência, tenacidade e resistência à corrosão.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O molibdênio tem um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de todos os elementos, cerca de 2.623 °C.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘molybdos’ (chumbo), pois seu minério foi durante muito tempo confundido com chumbo e grafite.","A adição de molibdênio ao aço produz ligas de alta resistência usadas em aeronaves, ferramentas e armaduras.","É um nutriente essencial, ajudando enzimas em plantas, animais e humanos.","Bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio usam molibdênio para converter o nitrogênio atmosférico em uma forma utilizável.","O dissulfeto de molibdênio é um sólido escorregadio usado como lubrificante seco em altas temperaturas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'molybdos' (chumbo), porque o minério molibdenita foi durante muito tempo confundido com minérios de chumbo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele mostrou que era distinto em 1778, e Peter Jacob Hjelm isolou o metal em 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscóvio","summary":"Moscóvio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Moscóvio tem o nome da região de Moscou, na Rússia, onde o laboratório Dubna está localizado.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2003 por uma colaboração russo-americana.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de Moscóvio decaem em uma fração de segundo.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do bismuto no grupo 15.","Foi nomeado oficialmente em 2016 junto com outros três novos elementos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Oblast de Moscou (região de Moscou) da Rússia, onde está localizado o Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear em Dubna; foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2003 em uma colaboração entre o JINR e o Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore, e nomeado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodímio","summary":"O neodímio é um metal macio e prateado usado em poderosos ímãs, lasers e coloração de vidro.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os ímãs de neodímio são os ímãs permanentes mais fortes comumente disponíveis, capazes de levantar muitas vezes o seu próprio peso.","Esses ímãs são encontrados em tudo, desde fones de ouvido e discos rígidos até turbinas eólicas e motores de carros elétricos.","Seu nome significa 'novo gêmeo', pois foi separado do 'didímio' junto com o praseodímio em 1885.","O neodímio confere ao vidro uma cor marcante que muda entre o roxo e o azul dependendo da luz.","Cristais dopados com neodímio alimentam alguns dos lasers de alta energia mais comuns.","É um dos elementos de terras raras mais abundantes, apesar dos seus usos especializados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'neos' (novo) e 'didymos' (gêmeo), nomeado por Carl Auer von Welsbach em 1885 quando separou o didímio em praseodímio e neodímio - o 'novo gêmeo' do par."},"Neon":{"name":"Neônio","summary":"O néon é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro que emite um brilho laranja-avermelhado distinto quando eletrificado.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O néon brilha em um vermelho alaranjado brilhante quando uma corrente elétrica passa por ele, a base dos clássicos sinais de 'néon'.","É quase completamente inerte, não formando compostos químicos comuns estáveis ​​em condições normais.","O néon foi descoberto em 1898 por Ramsay e Travers, que o batizaram da palavra grega “neos”, que significa “novo”.","Apesar de ser o quinto elemento mais abundante no universo, o néon é raro na Terra, constituindo apenas uma pequena fração da atmosfera.","O néon líquido é um excelente refrigerante criogênico, com mais de 40 vezes a capacidade de refrigeração por volume de hélio líquido.","As diferentes cores vistas nos sinais de 'néon' vêm, na verdade, de outros gases nobres; o néon puro sempre produz uma luz laranja-avermelhada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'neos' (novo), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 para refletir que era um gás nobre recém-descoberto."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Netúnio","summary":"Netúnio é um metal radioativo usado em instrumentos de detecção de nêutrons e estudado por seu papel em reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Netúnio foi o primeiro elemento transurânico a ser sintetizado, em 1940.","Tem o nome do planeta Netuno, continuando a sequência após Urânio (Urano).","O netúnio é um subproduto dos reatores nucleares e é considerado um problema de resíduos nucleares de longa duração.","É prateado, radioativo e um dos metais actinídeos mais densos.","O Neptúnio-237 pode ser usado para produzir plutônio-238 para fontes de energia de naves espaciais.","Vestígios de neptúnio ocorrem naturalmente em minérios de urânio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta Netuno, que fica além de Urano no sistema solar, assim como o netúnio fica além de Urânio na tabela periódica; Edwin McMillan e Philip Abelson sintetizaram-no em 1940, continuando a sequência de nomenclatura planetária iniciada com urânio."},"Nickel":{"name":"Níquel","summary":"O níquel é um metal branco prateado usado em aço inoxidável, baterias e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O nome do níquel vem de um termo de mineração alemão que significa “cobre do velho Nick”, porque seu minério parecia cobre, mas não produzia nenhum.","É altamente resistente à corrosão e é usado para galvanizar outros metais para proteção.","O aço inoxidável normalmente contém níquel, o que melhora sua resistência e resistência à ferrugem.","Apesar do nome, as moedas modernas de 'níquel' dos EUA são principalmente de cobre, com apenas 25% de níquel.","Acredita-se que o núcleo da Terra seja em grande parte uma liga de ferro-níquel, e muitos meteoritos são ricos em níquel.","O níquel é um dos poucos elementos magnéticos à temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Abreviado do alemão 'Kupfernickel' (cobre do diabo ou cobre do Velho Nick), uma maldição dos mineiros para um minério que parecia cobre, mas não produzia nenhum; 'Níquel' é um apelido alemão para o diabo, derivado do nome Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihônio","summary":"O niônio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Nihônio tem o nome do Japão ('Nihon'), o primeiro elemento descoberto em um país asiático.","Foi sintetizado no laboratório RIKEN no Japão, confirmado por volta de 2004.","É um elemento sintético superpesado composto apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de niônio decaem segundos após serem criados.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do tálio no grupo 13.","A sua descoberta deu ao Japão a honra de nomear um novo elemento pela primeira vez."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado devido a 'Nihon' (日本), a palavra japonesa para Japão, que significa 'terra do sol nascente'; cientistas da RIKEN no Japão confirmaram a sua síntese em 2004 e escolheram o nome para homenagear o primeiro elemento descoberto na Ásia, tendo sido reconhecido oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Nióbio","summary":"O nióbio é um metal macio e dúctil usado principalmente em ligas, principalmente na produção de aço para melhorar a resistência.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O nióbio recebeu o nome de Niobe, filha de Tântalo na mitologia grega, refletindo sua estreita ligação com o tântalo.","Torna-se um supercondutor quando frio e é usado em ímãs de aparelhos de ressonância magnética e aceleradores de partículas.","As ligas de nióbio podem ser anodizadas para produzir um arco-íris de cores, popular em joias.","Pequenas quantidades de nióbio tornam o aço muito mais resistente, usado em tubulações e estruturas de automóveis.","Já foi chamado de columbium nos Estados Unidos, e o nome persistiu até o século XX.","O nióbio é hipoalergênico, por isso é usado em piercings e implantes médicos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Niobe, filha de Tântalo na mitologia grega, por Heinrich Rose em 1844, porque o nióbio é quase sempre encontrado ao lado do tântalo e os dois elementos eram inicialmente tão difíceis de distinguir que o par mitológico pai-filho parecia adequado."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogênio","summary":"O nitrogênio é um gás incolor e inodoro que constitui cerca de 78% da atmosfera da Terra.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O nitrogênio representa cerca de 78% do ar que você respira, mas é tão pouco reativo que quase sempre o expiramos sem ser utilizado.","O nitrogênio líquido ferve a -196 °C e é usado para congelar alimentos rapidamente, preservar amostras biológicas e criar efeitos dramáticos de neblina.","A ligação tripla que mantém dois átomos de nitrogênio juntos é uma das ligações químicas mais fortes conhecidas, tornando o gás nitrogênio muito estável.","O processo Haber-Bosch, que converte o nitrogênio atmosférico em amônia para fertilizante, ajuda a alimentar cerca de metade da população mundial.","O nitrogênio é um ingrediente chave em explosivos como o TNT e a nitroglicerina porque suas ligações liberam enorme energia quando se rompem.","As bactérias nas raízes das leguminosas “fixam” o nitrogênio do ar em uma forma que as plantas podem usar, enriquecendo naturalmente o solo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'nitron' (nitro/salitre) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de nitro', cunhado por Jean-Antoine Chaptal em 1790 porque o salitre e o ácido nítrico contêm nitrogênio."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobélio","summary":"O Nobélio é um elemento radioativo sintético sem aplicações significativas fora da pesquisa científica.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O Nobélio recebeu o nome de Alfred Nobel, fundador dos Prêmios Nobel.","Só pode ser produzido átomo por átomo em aceleradores de partículas.","Excepcionalmente para um actinídeo, o nobélio é mais estável no estado de oxidação +2.","Sua descoberta no final da década de 1950 foi disputada entre laboratórios concorrentes durante anos.","Todos os isótopos de nobélio são radioativos e de vida curta.","Existe apenas em ambientes de pesquisa e não tem aplicações práticas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Alfred Nobel, o químico sueco que inventou a dinamite e fundou os Prêmios Nobel; o nome foi proposto em 1957, quando uma equipe em Estocolmo inicialmente reivindicou a descoberta, e foi mantido quando a descoberta confirmada foi creditada aos laboratórios Dubna e Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganessônio","summary":"Oganessônio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente gasoso ou metálico","interesting_facts":["Oganessônio é o elemento mais pesado conhecido, com número atômico 118.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao físico Yuri Oganessian, um dos poucos elementos com o nome de uma pessoa viva.","Embora esteja na coluna de gases nobres, prevê-se que o Oganessônio seja sólido e possivelmente reativo, ao contrário de outros gases nobres.","Apenas alguns átomos foram criados, cada um sobrevivendo menos de um milissegundo.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2002 por uma colaboração russo-americana em Dubna.","Oganessônio completa a sétima linha da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Yuri Oganessian, o físico nuclear russo-armênio que foi pioneiro na síntese de elementos superpesados ​​e liderou a equipe do JINR Dubna que criou Oganessônio em 2002; é um dos dois únicos elementos com o nome de uma pessoa viva, refletindo o extraordinário alcance de suas contribuições para a área."},"Osmium":{"name":"Ósmio","summary":"O ósmio é um metal denso, branco-azulado, conhecido por sua dureza e usado em pontas de caneta-tinteiro, contatos elétricos e pivôs de instrumentos.","appearance":"Branco azulado, metálico","interesting_facts":["O ósmio é o elemento natural mais denso, quase duas vezes mais denso que o chumbo.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘osme’, que significa cheiro, porque seu óxido tem um odor forte e tóxico.","O ósmio é extremamente duro e foi usado nas primeiras agulhas de fonógrafo e pontas de caneta-tinteiro.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e tem aparência prateada azulada.","O tetróxido de ósmio é usado para corar tecido biológico para microscopia eletrônica.","É um dos elementos mais raros da crosta terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'osmē' (ὀσμή), que significa 'cheiro' ou 'odor'; Smithson Tennant cunhou o nome em 1803 porque o tetróxido de ósmio, formado quando o metal é exposto ao ar, tem um cheiro tóxico forte e distinto."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxigênio","summary":"O oxigênio é um gás incolor e inodoro, essencial para a respiração na maioria dos organismos vivos.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O oxigênio constitui cerca de 21% da atmosfera da Terra e é o elemento mais abundante em massa na crosta do planeta.","A maior parte do oxigênio que respiramos é produzida pela fotossíntese, sendo uma grande parte proveniente do fitoplâncton oceânico.","O oxigênio líquido e sólido são azuis claros e magnéticos, sendo atraídos por um ímã.","O ozônio, uma molécula de três átomos de oxigênio, forma uma camada protetora na estratosfera que absorve a radiação ultravioleta prejudicial.","O oxigênio foi descoberto de forma independente na década de 1770 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele e Joseph Priestley, e nomeado por Antoine Lavoisier.","Embora vital para a vida, o oxigênio também é altamente reativo e provoca a ferrugem do ferro e a queima de combustíveis."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'oxys' (afiado ou azedo) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de ácido', nomeado por Lavoisier em 1777 com base na crença então mantida de que o oxigênio é uma parte essencial de todos os ácidos."},"Palladium":{"name":"Paládio","summary":"O paládio é um metal precioso branco prateado usado em conversores catalíticos, eletrônicos e armazenamento de hidrogênio.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O paládio deve o seu nome ao asteróide Pallas, descoberto pouco antes do metal em 1803.","Seu principal uso é em conversores catalíticos, onde ajuda a transformar gases de exaustão tóxicos em inofensivos.","O paládio pode absorver até 900 vezes o seu próprio volume de gás hidrogênio, como uma esponja metálica.","É um metal precioso do grupo da platina e é usado em ouro branco, joias finas e ligas dentárias.","O paládio é essencial para muitos eletrônicos, incluindo os minúsculos capacitores dentro de telefones e computadores.","Desempenhou um papel central nas famosas e posteriormente desacreditadas experiências de “fusão a frio” de 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao asteróide Pallas, descoberto em 1802 e nomeado em homenagem a Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston cunhou o nome em 1803, seguindo a moda contemporânea de nomear novos elementos com base em corpos celestes recentemente descobertos."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fósforo","summary":"O fósforo é um elemento essencial e altamente reativo em moléculas biológicas como DNA e ATP.","appearance":"A cor varia (formas brancas, vermelhas ou pretas)","interesting_facts":["O fósforo branco brilha fracamente no escuro ao reagir com o oxigênio, um fenômeno que deu o nome à “fosforescência”.","Foi o primeiro elemento descoberto por um descobridor conhecido, isolado por Hennig Brand em 1669 a partir de urina fervida.","O fósforo existe em formas surpreendentemente diferentes: o fósforo branco é perigosamente inflamável, enquanto o fósforo vermelho é estável e usado em tiras de caixas de fósforos.","Cada célula utiliza fósforo no DNA, RNA e ATP, a molécula que armazena e transfere energia nos seres vivos.","Cerca de 85% da rocha fosfática extraída é transformada em fertilizante, tornando o fósforo fundamental para a produção global de alimentos.","Seus ossos e dentes são fortalecidos pelo fosfato de cálcio, de modo que grande parte do fósforo do corpo é armazenado no esqueleto."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'fósforo' (portador de luz, de 'phos' = luz e 'phoros' = suporte), porque o fósforo branco brilha fracamente no escuro quando oxida; o nome foi aplicado por Hennig Brand quando o descobriu em 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"A platina é um metal denso, maleável e resistente à corrosão usado em conversores catalíticos, joias e eletrônicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["A platina é tão resistente à corrosão que nunca mancha, mesmo em altas temperaturas.","É um catalisador chave em conversores catalíticos, ajudando a limpar os gases de escape dos veículos.","A platina é mais densa que o ouro e é valorizada em joias finas e alianças de casamento.","Alguns compostos de platina, como a cisplatina, são poderosos medicamentos quimioterápicos.","A África do Sul produz a maior parte da platina do mundo.","O seu nome vem do espanhol “platina”, que significa “pouca prata”, um nome que os primeiros mineiros lhe deram com desdém."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado do espanhol 'platina', um diminutivo de 'plata' (prata), que significa 'pouca prata'; Os exploradores espanhóis na América do Sul no século XVI usaram este termo desdenhoso para o metal pálido e prateado que encontraram misturado em depósitos de ouro, mas que não conseguiam trabalhar facilmente."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutônio","summary":"O plutônio é um metal radioativo usado em reatores nucleares, armas nucleares e como fonte de energia para naves espaciais.","appearance":"Branco prateado, mancha quando exposto ao ar","interesting_facts":["O plutônio é famoso por seu uso em armas e reatores nucleares.","Seu nome vem do planeta anão Plutão, seguindo Neptúnio e Urânio.","O plutônio-238 alimenta espaçonaves como as sondas Voyager e o rover Curiosity com seu calor constante.","Um pedaço de plutônio é quente ao toque por causa do calor de seu próprio decaimento radioativo.","Possui uma química incomum, existindo em muitos estados de oxidação coloridos em solução.","O plutónio expande-se e contrai-se dramaticamente entre as suas diferentes formas sólidas, tornando-o difícil de maquinar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Plutão (então considerado o nono planeta), que fica além de Netuno, assim como o plutônio fica além de Netúnio; Glenn Seaborg nomeou-o em 1942, observando que a forma alternativa 'plutium' foi considerada, mas rejeitada em favor da terminação mais clássica '-onium'."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polônio","summary":"O polônio é um metal altamente radioativo usado em dispositivos antiestáticos e como fonte de calor em aplicações espaciais.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O polônio foi descoberto por Marie e Pierre Curie em 1898 e recebeu o nome da terra natal de Marie, a Polônia.","É intensamente radioativo, tanto que um grama dele brilha em azul e emite calor suficiente para se manter aquecido.","O polônio-210 foi usado no notório envenenamento de Alexander Litvinenko em 2006.","Tem sido usado como fonte de calor leve em sondas espaciais e como dispositivo antiestático.","O polônio é extremamente raro, ocorrendo em minérios de urânio em pequenas quantidades.","Uma partícula de polônio pode fornecer uma dose letal, tornando-o uma das substâncias mais tóxicas conhecidas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Polônia (latim: Polonia), terra natal de Marie Curie, que a co-descobriu com Pierre Curie em 1898; Curie escolheu o nome como uma homenagem à sua terra natal ocupada, então dividida entre a Rússia, a Prússia e a Áustria, na esperança de chamar a atenção internacional para a sua causa."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potássio","summary":"O potássio é um metal macio, branco prateado, essencial para o crescimento das plantas e crucial nos processos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O potássio é tão reativo que explode em uma chama lilás quando toca a água.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca e leve o suficiente para flutuar na água enquanto reage.","Os íons de potássio são essenciais para os sinais nervosos e os batimentos cardíacos, e as bananas são uma fonte alimentar bem conhecida.","Seu símbolo químico K vem de ‘kalium’, a forma latinizada da palavra árabe para cinzas de plantas.","O potássio foi o primeiro metal isolado por eletrólise, por Humphry Davy em 1807.","O isótopo radioativo potássio-40 em seu corpo torna você ligeiramente radioativo durante toda a vida."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês deriva de 'potassa' (cinza de madeira lixiviada em vasos, uma fonte antiga do elemento), enquanto o símbolo K vem do latim 'kalium', em última análise, do árabe 'al-qali' (as cinzas alcalinas da planta usadas na fabricação de sabão)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodímio","summary":"O praseodímio é um metal macio e prateado usado em ímãs, coloração de vidro e ligas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O nome Praseodímio significa “gêmeo verde”, devido à cor verde de seus sais.","É utilizado em óculos especiais que protegem soldadores e sopradores de vidro do brilho intenso e da luz infravermelha.","Misturado ao neodímio, forma poderosos ímãs usados ​​em motores e fones de ouvido.","O praseodímio confere uma cor amarela pura aos esmaltes de vidro e cerâmica.","Foi separado de uma substância chamada 'didímio' em 1885, que revelou ser dois elementos.","Fibras dopadas com praseodímio podem amplificar sinais de luz em alguns sistemas ópticos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'prasios' (verde-alho-poró) e 'didymos' (gêmeo), nomeado por Carl Auer von Welsbach em 1885 quando ele dividiu o didímio em dois elementos: praseodímio, o gêmeo salgado verde, e neodímio, o novo gêmeo."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promécio","summary":"O promécio é um metal radioativo usado em tintas luminosas, baterias atômicas e pesquisas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O promécio é o único elemento de terras raras sem isótopos estáveis; é radioativo e essencialmente ausente da natureza.","Tem o nome de Prometeu, o titã grego que roubou o fogo dos deuses.","O promécio tem sido usado em tintas luminosas e em minúsculas baterias atômicas para marca-passos e espaçonaves.","A sua existência preencheu uma lacuna de longa data no elemento 61 da tabela periódica, confirmada em 1945.","O promécio brilhante pode produzir uma leve luz azul esverdeada a partir de sua própria radiação.","Acredita-se que existam apenas cerca de 500 gramas de promécio em toda a crosta terrestre a qualquer momento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Prometeu, o titã da mitologia grega que roubou o fogo dos deuses e o deu à humanidade; apropriadamente, o promécio foi obtido pela primeira vez em 1945 a partir de produtos de fissão de urânio em um reator nuclear."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactínio","summary":"O protactínio é um metal denso, cinza prateado, utilizado principalmente em pesquisas científicas devido à sua escassez e radioatividade.","appearance":"Metálico brilhante e prateado","interesting_facts":["O protactínio é um dos elementos naturais mais raros e caros.","Seu nome significa 'pai do actínio', porque decai em actínio.","É altamente radioativo e tóxico, exigindo manuseio cuidadoso.","O protactínio foi identificado pela primeira vez em 1913 e isolado em 1934.","A proporção de protactínio para tório nos sedimentos oceânicos ajuda os cientistas a estudar o clima passado e a circulação oceânica.","Tem poucos usos fora da pesquisa científica devido à sua escassez e radioatividade."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'protos' (πρῶτος), que significa 'primeiro', combinado com 'actínio', produzindo 'pai de actínio'; o nome reflete que o protactínio-231 decai em actínio-227; Kasper Fajans chamou-o pela primeira vez de 'brevium' em 1913, mas 'protactínio' foi adotado quando o isótopo de vida mais longa foi identificado."},"Radium":{"name":"Rádio","summary":"O rádio é um metal altamente radioativo que já foi usado em tintas luminosas, agora estudado principalmente por suas propriedades radioativas.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rádio foi descoberto por Marie e Pierre Curie em 1898 e brilha com uma leve luz azul no escuro.","Certa vez, foi adicionado a mostradores de relógios que brilham no escuro, envenenando tragicamente as 'Rádio Girls' que os pintaram.","Os produtos do início do século XX comercializavam o rádio em pasta de dente, água e cosméticos antes que seus perigos fossem compreendidos.","O rádio é cerca de um milhão de vezes mais radioativo que a mesma quantidade de urânio.","Foi historicamente usado na radioterapia do câncer antes que fontes mais seguras o substituíssem.","Os cadernos de Marie Curie ainda são tão radioativos que são guardados em caixas revestidas de chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do latim 'raio', que significa 'raio' ou 'feixe', por Marie e Pierre Curie que o descobriram em 1898; o nome refere-se à intensa radiação que o elemento emite, que observaram como um fenômeno novo e notável ao isolá-lo da pechblenda."},"Radon":{"name":"Radônio","summary":"O radônio é um gás nobre radioativo usado em radioterapia e como traçador em pesquisas geológicas.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O radônio é um gás nobre radioativo produzido pela decomposição do urânio no solo e nas rochas.","É a principal causa de cancro do pulmão entre os não fumadores, infiltrando-se de forma invisível nas caves.","O Radônio é incolor, inodoro e insípido, por isso só pode ser detectado com instrumentos especiais.","É o gás mais denso em condições normais e um dos gases mais pesados ​​conhecidos.","O radônio já foi usado em alguns dos primeiros tratamentos médicos de radiação.","Kits de teste caseiros estão amplamente disponíveis porque os níveis de radônio podem ser reduzidos com ventilação adequada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado a partir de 'rádio' - o elemento a partir do qual é produzido por decaimento radioativo - combinado com o sufixo '-on' usado para gases nobres; Friedrich Dorn detectou-o pela primeira vez em 1900 como um gás emanando do rádio, e foi chamado de “emanação de rádio” antes do nome “radônio” ser padronizado."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rênio","summary":"O rênio é um metal denso, branco prateado, usado em motores a jato, filamentos e catalisadores.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O rênio foi um dos últimos elementos estáveis ​​a ser descoberto, em 1925.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão e ebulição mais altos de todos os elementos.","As superligas de rênio permitem que as pás das turbinas dos motores de jato e foguete funcionem de maneira mais quente e eficiente.","Tem o nome do rio Reno, na Alemanha.","O rênio é extremamente raro e é recuperado principalmente como subproduto da mineração de cobre e molibdênio.","É usado como catalisador para produzir gasolina de alta octanagem e sem chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Rio Reno (latim: Rhenus), que atravessa a Alemanha; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke e Otto Berg escolheram o nome em 1925, quando descobriram o elemento, seguindo a tradição de nomear os elementos de acordo com as características geográficas da terra natal dos descobridores."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Ródio","summary":"O ródio é um metal raro, branco prateado, conhecido por sua alta refletância e uso em conversores catalíticos e joias.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O ródio é um dos metais preciosos mais raros e valiosos, muitas vezes custando muito mais que o ouro.","Seu nome vem do grego 'rhodon' (rosa), devido à cor rosa-avermelhada de seus sais.","A maior parte do ródio é usada em conversores catalíticos para limpar gases nocivos do escapamento dos carros.","Proporciona um acabamento brilhante, duro e reflexivo e é usado para folhear joias e espelhos em ouro branco.","O ródio é altamente resistente à corrosão e não mancha com o ar.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e é recuperado principalmente como subproduto da mineração de platina e níquel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'rhodon' (rosa), nomeado por William Hyde Wollaston em 1804 porque as soluções de sais de ródio são caracteristicamente de cor rosa-avermelhada."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgênio","summary":"Roentgênio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Roentgênio recebeu o nome de Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, o descobridor dos raios X.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1994 na Alemanha pela fusão de núcleos de níquel e bismuto.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Prevê-se que o Roentgênio fique abaixo do ouro na tabela periódica e pode compartilhar parte de sua química.","Seus átomos decaem segundos após serem formados.","Não tem aplicações além da pesquisa fundamental."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, o físico alemão que descobriu os raios X em 1895 e recebeu o primeiro Prêmio Nobel de Física em 1901; A GSI Darmstadt sintetizou-o em 1994, propôs o nome em 2004 e a IUPAC adotou-o oficialmente no mesmo ano."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubídio","summary":"Rubídio é um elemento metálico macio, branco prateado, usado em eletrônica, pesquisa e relógios atômicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rubídio inflama-se espontaneamente no ar e reage violentamente com a água.","Seu nome vem do latim 'rubidus' (vermelho escuro) devido às linhas vermelhas em seu espectro de emissão.","O rubídio foi descoberto em 1861 por Bunsen e Kirchhoff usando a nova técnica de espectroscopia.","Ele derrete logo acima da temperatura corporal, a cerca de 39 °C.","Os átomos de rubídio são usados ​​em alguns dos relógios atômicos mais precisos do mundo.","Os cientistas usaram o rubídio para criar o primeiro condensado de Bose-Einstein, um estranho novo estado da matéria, em 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'rubidus' (vermelho profundo ou vermelho escuro), nomeado por Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff em 1861 em homenagem às duas linhas espectrais vermelhas profundas distintas que eles usaram para identificá-lo por meio da então nova técnica de espectroscopia."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutênio","summary":"O rutênio é um metal de transição raro usado em contatos elétricos, resistores de película espessa e como catalisador.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rutênio recebeu o nome de Rutênia, o nome latino da Rússia, onde foi descoberto em 1844.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e é extremamente duro e quebradiço.","A adição de uma pequena quantidade de rutênio melhora muito a dureza e a resistência ao desgaste das ligas de platina e paládio.","O rutênio é usado em contatos elétricos e resistores de chip dentro da eletrônica.","Atua como um catalisador versátil, inclusive em processos de produção de amônia e limpeza de poluentes.","Compostos de rutênio estão sendo pesquisados ​​como corantes que absorvem luz para células solares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Rutênia, o nome latino para a Rússia (a terra do povo Rus), por Karl Ernst Claus em 1844, que fez a descoberta enquanto trabalhava em Kazan, no Império Russo."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfórdio","summary":"Rutherfórdio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["Rutherfórdio recebeu o nome do físico Ernest Rutherford, o pai da física nuclear.","É o primeiro dos elementos transactinídeos (superpesados).","Rutherfórdio é produzido pela colisão de núcleos atômicos mais leves em aceleradores.","Sua descoberta foi objeto de uma disputa de nomes na Guerra Fria entre cientistas americanos e soviéticos.","Apenas alguns átomos podem ser criados por vez e eles decaem em segundos.","Espera-se que se comporte quimicamente como o háfnio, no grupo 4 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ernest Rutherford, o físico nascido na Nova Zelândia que descobriu o núcleo atômico e é considerado o pai da física nuclear; o nome foi proposto por pesquisadores americanos em Lawrence Berkeley e adotado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 1997, após uma disputa de nomes na Guerra Fria com cientistas soviéticos."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samário","summary":"Samário é um metal branco prateado usado em ímãs, lasers e como absorvedor de nêutrons em reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os ímãs de samário-cobalto mantêm sua resistência em altas temperaturas, usados ​​em aeronaves e equipamentos militares.","Foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa, através do mineral samarskita (em homenagem ao oficial de mineração Samarsky).","O samário absorve nêutrons prontamente, por isso é usado em hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","Um composto radioativo de samário é usado para aliviar a dor do câncer que se espalhou para os ossos.","O samário é usado como catalisador na química e na fabricação de certos tipos de vidro e lasers.","É moderadamente duro e oxida lentamente ao ar, formando uma camada amarelada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à samarskita, mineral no qual foi identificado pela primeira vez por Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran em 1879; a samarskita recebeu o nome do coronel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, um oficial russo da mina – tornando o samário o primeiro elemento nomeado (indiretamente) em homenagem a uma pessoa real."},"Scandium":{"name":"Escândio","summary":"O escândio é um metal macio, branco prateado, usado em componentes aeroespaciais e ligas de alto desempenho.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["A existência e as propriedades do escândio foram previstas por Mendeleev em 1869 como 'eka-boro' antes de ser descoberto em 1879.","A adição de uma pequena quantidade de escândio ao alumínio cria uma liga forte e leve, usada em quadros de bicicletas de alta qualidade e peças aeroespaciais.","Seu nome vem da Escandinávia, onde foi extraído o mineral onde foi encontrado pela primeira vez.","Ligas de escândio-alumínio foram usadas em alguns caças MiG soviéticos.","Apesar de ser bastante comum na crosta, o escândio é difícil de extrair e raramente concentrado em minérios, o que o torna caro.","O iodeto de escândio é adicionado a algumas lâmpadas de iodetos metálicos para produzir luz que imita a luz solar natural."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Escandinávia (latim 'Scandia'), região onde Lars Fredrik Nilson o descobriu em 1879 nos minerais euxenita e gadolinita da Escandinávia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seabórgio","summary":"Seabórgio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Seabórgio recebeu o nome do químico Glenn T. Seaborg, que ajudou a descobrir muitos elementos transurânicos.","Foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa que ainda estava viva na época.","Seabórgio é um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","Seus átomos decaem em segundos, então apenas alguns foram estudados.","Experimentos químicos sugerem que ele se comporta como o tungstênio, no grupo 6 da tabela periódica.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1974, esmagando íons de oxigênio na Califórnia."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Glenn T. Seaborg, o químico americano que co-descobriu dez elementos transurânicos; foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa viva, proposto por Lawrence Berkeley em 1994, embora a IUPAC inicialmente tenha se oposto antes de aprovar oficialmente o nome em 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selênio","summary":"O selênio é um não metal com propriedades semelhantes ao enxofre e ao telúrio, usado na eletrônica, na fabricação de vidro e como suplemento nutricional.","appearance":"Formas pretas, vermelhas e cinzas","interesting_facts":["O selênio tem o nome de Selene, a deusa grega da Lua.","Sua condutividade elétrica muda com a luz, uma propriedade usada nas primeiras fotocopiadoras e fotômetros.","O selênio é um nutriente essencial, apoiando enzimas antioxidantes, mas é tóxico em doses maiores.","Dá ao vidro uma cor vermelha e também é usado para remover a tonalidade verde do vidro.","A castanha-do-pará é excepcionalmente rica em selênio.","O selênio vem em diversas formas, incluindo um pó vermelho e uma forma metálica cinza que conduz eletricidade."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'selene' (lua), nomeada por Jöns Jacob Berzelius em 1817 como companheira do telúrio (do latim 'tellus', a Terra), uma vez que ambos os elementos são quimicamente semelhantes e foram encontrados juntos nos mesmos depósitos de minério."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silício","summary":"O silício é um sólido cristalino duro e quebradiço e um componente chave em semicondutores e chips de computador.","appearance":"Sólido cristalino cinza","interesting_facts":["O silício é o segundo elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre depois do oxigênio, principalmente preso na areia e nas rochas como a sílica.","Cristais de silício ultrapuros são a base dos chips de computador, dando nome ao Vale do Silício.","O silício é um semicondutor metalóide, conduzindo eletricidade melhor que os isolantes, mas pior que os metais.","Quartzo, opala e a maior parte da areia são compostos de silício, e o vidro é feito principalmente pela fusão da sílica.","Os painéis solares dependem do silício para converter a luz solar diretamente em eletricidade.","Apesar da semelhança do nome, o silício (o elemento) é diferente do silicone, o polímero flexível emborrachado que o contém."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'silex' ou 'silicis' (sílex ou pedra dura), porque o silício é encontrado abundantemente em rochas de sílex e silicato; o nome 'silício' foi proposto por Thomas Thomson em 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Prata","summary":"A prata é um metal macio, branco e brilhante com a maior condutividade elétrica e térmica de qualquer elemento, usado em joias, eletrônicos e espelhos.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A prata é o melhor condutor elétrico e térmico de todos os elementos.","Possui propriedades antibacterianas naturais e era usado para manter feridas e água limpas muito antes da medicina moderna.","A prata é o metal mais reflexivo, por isso era tradicionalmente usada para revestir espelhos.","O filme fotográfico dependia de compostos de prata sensíveis à luz para capturar imagens.","Seu símbolo químico Ag vem da palavra latina 'argentum', e o país Argentina leva seu nome.","A prata mancha de preto quando reage com pequenas quantidades de compostos de enxofre no ar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Prata' vem do inglês antigo 'seolfor', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'silubra', de origem posterior incerta; o símbolo Ag e o nome do país Argentina derivam do latim 'argentum' (prata), ligado ao brilho branco brilhante do elemento."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sódio","summary":"O sódio é um metal macio, branco prateado, altamente reativo e um elemento essencial à vida.","appearance":"Metal branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O sódio é tão reativo que deve ser armazenado sob óleo, e efervesce e pode pegar fogo quando jogado na água.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca, revelando uma superfície prateada e brilhante que rapidamente fica opaca com o ar.","As lâmpadas de vapor de sódio produzem o distinto brilho amarelo-laranja que antes era comum na iluminação pública.","O sal de cozinha comum é o cloreto de sódio, e o sódio é essencial para os impulsos nervosos e o equilíbrio de fluidos no corpo.","O sódio queima com uma chama amarela brilhante, propriedade usada em testes de chama para identificá-lo.","O símbolo químico Na vem da palavra latina ‘natrium’, referindo-se a um composto natural de refrigerante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome em inglês vem de 'soda' (latim medieval 'sodanum', um remédio para dor de cabeça), enquanto o símbolo Na deriva do latim 'natrium', ele próprio do árabe / egípcio 'natrun', a palavra para natron, um mineral de carbonato de sódio que ocorre naturalmente."},"Strontium":{"name":"Estrôncio","summary":"O estrôncio é um metal macio e prateado usado em fogos de artifício, cerâmica e aplicações radiológicas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os sais de estrôncio produzem a cor vermelha brilhante em fogos de artifício e sinalizadores de emergência.","Seu nome vem da vila escocesa de Strontian, onde seu minério foi encontrado pela primeira vez.","O isótopo radioativo estrôncio-90 da precipitação nuclear pode alojar-se nos ossos porque imita o cálcio.","O estrôncio é usado em alguns cremes dentais para reduzir a sensibilidade dentária.","O aluminato de estrôncio brilha no escuro por horas e é usado em tintas luminosas modernas.","Tal como o cálcio, o estrôncio reage com a água e nunca é encontrado gratuitamente na natureza."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Strontian, uma vila em Argyllshire, Escócia, onde o mineral estrontianita (carbonato de estrôncio) foi descoberto pela primeira vez em minas de chumbo locais por volta de 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Enxofre","summary":"O enxofre é um elemento amarelo e não metálico comumente encontrado em áreas vulcânicas e é essencial para a vida.","appearance":"Cristais amarelos brilhantes","interesting_facts":["O enxofre é conhecido desde os tempos antigos e é referido como “enxofre” na Bíblia, que significa “pedra ardente”.","É famoso pelo cheiro de ovo podre do sulfeto de hidrogênio, embora o enxofre puro em si seja inodoro.","O enxofre queima com uma chama azul e produz gás dióxido de enxofre sufocante.","A maior parte do enxofre extraído é usada para produzir ácido sulfúrico, um dos produtos químicos industriais mais produzidos no mundo.","Depósitos de enxofre amarelo brilhante se formam ao redor de aberturas vulcânicas e fontes termais.","O enxofre é um elemento essencial da vida, encontrado nos aminoácidos cisteína e metionina que ajudam as proteínas a se dobrarem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'enxofre' (enxofre), palavra de origem incerta possivelmente ligada ao sânscrito 'sulvere'; o enxofre é conhecido desde a antiguidade como a pedra amarela pungente encontrada ao redor dos vulcões, chamada de 'enxofre' nos textos bíblicos."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tântalo","summary":"O tântalo é um metal denso e resistente à corrosão usado em eletrônicos, implantes cirúrgicos e ligas de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Azul cinza","interesting_facts":["Os capacitores de tântalo são minúsculos, mas armazenam muita carga, encontrados em quase todos os telefones e laptops.","Tem o nome de Tântalo do mito grego, refletindo a sua resistência “tentadora” à dissolução em ácido.","O tântalo é biocompatível e é usado em implantes cirúrgicos, placas e pinos.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de qualquer metal, acima de 3.000 °C.","O tântalo é altamente resistente à corrosão graças a uma resistente camada de óxido.","Grande parte do tântalo mundial vem do minério coltan, levantando preocupações éticas sobre o fornecimento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Tântalo, o rei da mitologia grega condenado a ficar em uma poça d’água sob árvores frutíferas que recuavam sempre que ele as alcançava; Anders Ekeberg escolheu o nome em 1802 porque o elemento recusava-se tentadoramente a absorver ácido, tal como Tântalo nunca conseguia satisfazer a sua sede."},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnécio","summary":"O tecnécio é um metal radioativo cinza prateado usado principalmente em imagens médicas e radiografia industrial.","appearance":"Cinza prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O tecnécio foi o primeiro elemento a ser produzido artificialmente e o seu nome vem da palavra grega que significa “artificial”.","Não possui isótopos estáveis, então essencialmente nenhum existe naturalmente na Terra.","O tecnécio-99m é o traçador radioativo mais utilizado em imagens médicas, utilizado em dezenas de milhões de exames anualmente.","A sua lacuna na tabela periódica foi prevista por Mendeleev como 'eka-manganês'.","O tecnécio foi detectado nos espectros de certas estrelas distantes, provando que elementos ainda estão sendo forjados nelas.","Pequenas quantidades de tecnécio podem tornar o aço notavelmente resistente à corrosão."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'technetos' (artificial ou feito pelo homem), nomeado por Carlo Perrier e Emilio Segrè em 1937 porque foi o primeiro elemento a ser produzido artificialmente, criado pelo bombardeio de molibdênio com deutérios em um ciclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Telúrio","summary":"O telúrio é um metalóide branco prateado quebradiço usado em ligas, semicondutores e dispositivos termoelétricos.","appearance":"Cinza prateado brilhante","interesting_facts":["Telúrio tem o nome da palavra latina para Terra, 'tellus'.","Pessoas expostas mesmo a pequenas quantidades desenvolvem “hálito de telúrio”, um poderoso odor semelhante ao do alho que pode durar semanas.","É um metalóide raro, tão escasso na crosta terrestre quanto a platina.","O telureto de cádmio é usado para fabricar painéis solares de película fina.","O telúrio melhora a usinabilidade de ligas de aço e cobre.","É usado em discos ópticos regraváveis ​​porque pode alternar entre os estados vítreo e cristalino."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'tellus' (a Terra), nomeado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1798; o nome foi deliberadamente combinado com selênio (em homenagem à lua), uma vez que os dois elementos são quimicamente semelhantes e frequentemente encontrados juntos."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessínio","summary":"Tennessínio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico ou metalóide","interesting_facts":["Tennessínio recebeu o nome do estado americano do Tennessee, sede do Laboratório Nacional de Oak Ridge.","É o segundo elemento mais pesado conhecido e foi confirmado em 2010.","Seu nome termina em '-ine' porque fica na coluna de halogênio, grupo 17.","Sua criação exigiu berquélio raro produzido em Oak Ridge, bombardeado com íons de cálcio.","Apenas alguns átomos de tennessina foram produzidos.","Seus átomos decaem em uma fração de segundo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado americano do Tennessee, sede do Laboratório Nacional de Oak Ridge (que produziu o alvo essencial do berquélio), da Universidade Vanderbilt e da Universidade do Tennessee; foi sintetizado em 2010 e nomeado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016, com o sufixo '-ine' refletindo sua posição no grupo de halogênio 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Térbio","summary":"O térbio é um metal branco prateado usado em fósforos para iluminação verde, lasers e dispositivos magneto-ópticos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O térbio fornece a cor verde em muitos fósforos usados ​​em iluminação e telas mais antigas.","Tem o nome da vila sueca de Ytterby, um dos quatro elementos que homenageiam aquela única cidade.","As ligas de térbio mudam de forma em um campo magnético, usadas em sensores e sistemas de sonar.","Ele brilha em verde brilhante sob luz ultravioleta e é usado em tintas de segurança.","O térbio é um metal de terras raras, macio e prateado, que pode ser cortado com uma faca.","É usado em dispositivos de estado sólido e lâmpadas fluorescentes com eficiência energética."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha sueca de Resarö, onde o minério gadolinita foi originalmente coletado; Carl Gustaf Mosander separou-o da ítria em 1843, e 'térbio' é um rearranjo silábico de 'Ytterby'."},"Thallium":{"name":"Tálio","summary":"O tálio é um metal macio e cinza usado em eletrônica, sistemas ópticos e algumas aplicações médicas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O tálio já foi um veneno preferido, inodoro e insípido, o que lhe valeu o apelido de “veneno do envenenador”.","Seu nome vem do grego 'thallos', um broto verde, em homenagem à linha verde brilhante em seu espectro.","O envenenamento por tálio causa queda de cabelo, o que às vezes ajuda os médicos a diagnosticá-lo.","Um isótopo de tálio radioativo é usado em testes de estresse de imagens cardíacas.","Os compostos de tálio são usados ​​​​em óptica e eletrônica infravermelha especializadas.","Foi descoberto em 1861 usando o novo método de espectroscopia de chama."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'thallos' (θαλλός), que significa 'broto verde' ou 'galho verde'; William Crookes nomeou-o em 1861 em homenagem à distinta linha espectral verde brilhante que viu ao analisar resíduos de ácido selênio usando a técnica recém-desenvolvida de espectroscopia de chama."},"Thorium":{"name":"Tório","summary":"O tório é um metal fracamente radioativo usado em reatores nucleares, ligas e mantos de gás.","appearance":"Prateado, muitas vezes com manchas pretas","interesting_facts":["Tório tem o nome de Thor, o deus nórdico do trovão.","Está sendo pesquisado como um combustível nuclear mais seguro e abundante que o urânio.","O tório é cerca de três a quatro vezes mais abundante na crosta do que o urânio.","Mantos de gás toriado brilhavam intensamente e foram usados ​​em lanternas por mais de um século.","Já foi adicionado a lentes de câmeras de alta qualidade, que podem amarelar ligeiramente com o tempo devido à radiação.","Quase todo o tório é o isótopo tório-232, de longa vida, com meia-vida maior que a idade do universo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Thor, o deus nórdico do trovão, pelo químico sueco Jöns Jacob Berzelius, que o descobriu em 1828; Berzelius o encontrou em um mineral norueguês que chamou de torita e deu ao novo elemento o nome da divindade, seguindo uma tradição de homenagear figuras mitológicas."},"Thulium":{"name":"Túlio","summary":"O túlio é um metal macio e prateado usado em dispositivos portáteis de raios X, lasers e algumas aplicações nucleares.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O túlio é o mais raro dos elementos de terras raras estáveis ​​e um dos mais caros.","Tem o nome de Thule, uma terra mítica no extremo norte.","O túlio-170 radioativo é usado em dispositivos portáteis de raios X que não precisam de eletricidade.","O túlio brilha em azul sob luz ultravioleta e é usado em marcações antifalsificação em notas.","Os lasers de túlio são usados ​​em alguns procedimentos médico-cirúrgicos.","Apesar de sua raridade, o túlio ainda é mais abundante na crosta do que o ouro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Thule, o antigo nome grego e romano para uma terra mítica no extremo norte do mundo conhecido, frequentemente identificada com a Escandinávia ou a Islândia; Per Teodor Cleve escolheu o nome em 1879 para homenagear as origens escandinavas do elemento."},"Tin":{"name":"Estanho","summary":"O estanho é um metal maleável, branco prateado, usado em soldas, revestimentos e ligas como o bronze.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A mistura de estanho com cobre produz o bronze, a liga que definiu toda uma época da história humana.","Quando dobrada, uma barra de estanho emite um som crepitante chamado “grito de estanho”, à medida que seus cristais se reorganizam.","No frio extremo, a lata comum se transforma em um pó cinza, um processo denominado 'praga do estanho'.","As latas obtêm resistência à corrosão a partir de um fino revestimento de estanho sobre o aço.","O estanho possui isótopos mais estáveis ​​(dez) do que qualquer outro elemento.","Estanho e solda são ligas comuns à base de estanho usadas há séculos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Estanho' vem do inglês antigo 'Estanho', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'tinam', de origem incerta; o símbolo Sn vem do latim 'stannum', que originalmente se referia a uma liga de prata-chumbo antes de ser aplicado ao estanho."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titânio","summary":"O titânio é um metal forte e leve, amplamente utilizado na indústria aeroespacial, em dispositivos médicos e em ligas.","appearance":"Cinza-branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O titânio tem a maior relação resistência-densidade de qualquer elemento metálico, sendo tão forte quanto o aço, mas cerca de 45% mais leve.","É biocompatível, por isso o corpo não o rejeita, o que o torna ideal para próteses de quadril e implantes dentários.","O dióxido de titânio é um pigmento branco brilhante usado em tintas, protetores solares e até mesmo em pastas de dente.","Ele resiste tão bem à corrosão da água do mar que é usado em peças de navios e cascos de submarinos.","O titânio recebeu o nome dos Titãs da mitologia grega devido à sua grande força.","Embora seja o nono elemento mais abundante na crosta, o titânio é caro porque é difícil de extrair dos seus minérios."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem aos Titãs da mitologia grega – poderosas divindades primordiais – por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1795, que queria um nome livre de associações geográficas ou pessoais."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungstênio","summary":"O tungstênio é um metal duro e denso com o ponto de fusão mais alto de todos os elementos, usado em filamentos, ferramentas de corte e projéteis perfurantes.","appearance":"Branco acinzentado, brilhante","interesting_facts":["O tungstênio tem o ponto de fusão mais alto de todos os metais, cerca de 3.422 °C.","Foi usado para filamentos brilhantes em lâmpadas incandescentes.","Seu nome vem do sueco para “pedra pesada”, enquanto seu símbolo W vem de “volfrâmio”.","O carboneto de tungstênio é quase tão duro quanto o diamante e é usado em brocas, serras e munições perfurantes.","É um dos elementos mais densos, aproximadamente a mesma densidade do ouro.","O tungstênio é essencial para algumas enzimas em certos micróbios amantes do calor, o elemento mais pesado conhecido por ser usado pela vida."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungstênio' vem das palavras suecas 'tung' (pesado) e 'sten' (pedra), referindo-se ao mineral scheelita; o símbolo W vem de 'volfrâmio', derivado do mineral volframita - assim chamado porque 'devorava' o estanho durante a fundição, evocando um lobo (alemão: Wolf Rahm, creme ou espuma de lobo)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Urânio","summary":"O urânio é um metal denso e radioativo usado como combustível em reatores nucleares e em armas nucleares.","appearance":"Cinza prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O urânio é o elemento mais pesado que ocorre em quantidades significativas na natureza.","Recebeu o nome do planeta Urano, descoberto apenas oito anos antes.","Um único quilograma de urânio-235 pode libertar tanta energia como vários milhares de toneladas de carvão.","A radioatividade do urânio foi descoberta por Henri Becquerel em 1896, quando embaçou placas fotográficas no escuro.","O urânio empobrecido é extremamente denso e é usado em armaduras e munições perfurantes.","O vidro de urânio, popular em 1800, brilha em verde brilhante sob luz ultravioleta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta Urano, descoberto apenas oito anos antes, por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1789; ele seguiu a tradição de nomear os elementos com base nos corpos celestes, assim como o telúrio (o elemento anterior) recebeu o nome da Terra."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanádio","summary":"O vanádio é um metal duro, cinza prateado, usado principalmente para fortalecer ligas de aço e outros materiais.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O vanádio recebeu o nome de Vanadis, um nome da deusa nórdica Freyja, por causa de seus compostos lindamente coloridos.","Seus compostos aparecem em um arco-íris de cores dependendo do estado de oxidação: roxo, azul, verde e amarelo.","A adição de pequenas quantidades de vanádio ao aço torna-o muito mais duro e resistente, usado em ferramentas e peças de automóveis.","Henry Ford usou aço vanádio no Modelo T para torná-lo mais leve e resistente.","As baterias de fluxo redox de vanádio podem armazenar grandes quantidades de energia para a rede elétrica.","Algumas criaturas marinhas chamadas ascídias concentram vanádio no sangue em níveis muito mais elevados do que a água do mar circundante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Vanadis, um epíteto em nórdico antigo para a deusa Freyja, escolhida por Nils Gabriel Sefström em 1830 porque os compostos de vanádio formam soluções multicoloridas de beleza impressionante."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenônio","summary":"O xenônio é um gás nobre incolor, denso e inodoro usado em iluminação, imagens médicas e propulsão de naves espaciais.","appearance":"Gás incolor, emite um brilho azul quando excitado","interesting_facts":["O nome Xenônio vem da palavra grega para “estranho”, porque era um achado raro no ar.","Ele produz uma luz branca brilhante e é usado em faróis de carros, flashes de câmeras e lâmpadas de projetores de filmes.","O xenônio pode ser usado como um anestésico seguro e poderoso, embora seja caro.","Apesar de ser um gás nobre, o xenônio foi o primeiro a formar um verdadeiro composto químico, em 1962.","Os propulsores iônicos das espaçonaves usam xenônio como propelente, empurrando suavemente as sondas por todo o sistema solar.","O xenônio é denso o suficiente para que um objeto leve possa flutuar no gás invisível."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'xenos' (estranho ou estrangeiro), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 porque o xenônio apareceu como um elemento completamente desconhecido escondido nos resíduos após a evaporação do criptônio líquido."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Itérbio","summary":"O itérbio é um metal macio e prateado usado em lasers, relógios atômicos e medidores de tensão em materiais.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O itérbio é um dos quatro elementos nomeados em homenagem à pequena vila sueca de Ytterby.","Os relógios atômicos de itérbio estão entre os cronometristas mais precisos já construídos.","Sua resistência elétrica aumenta acentuadamente sob alta pressão, usada como medidor de tensão.","Fibras dopadas com itérbio alimentam lasers industriais de alta energia para corte e soldagem de metal.","É um metal de terras raras, macio, maleável e prateado.","Excepcionalmente para um lantanídeo, o itérbio pode assumir um estado de oxidação estável +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha de Resarö, perto de Estocolmo, na Suécia; Jean Charles de Marignac isolou pela primeira vez o seu óxido em 1878 do mineral érbia, e o itérbio é um dos quatro elementos nomeados em homenagem a essa única aldeia sueca."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Ítrio","summary":"O ítrio é um elemento metálico prateado usado em fósforos, supercondutores e tecnologia LED.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O ítrio deve o seu nome à aldeia sueca de Ytterby, que deu nome a quatro elementos diferentes.","Cristais de ítrio-alumínio-granada (YAG) são usados ​​para fabricar lasers poderosos para a medicina e a indústria.","Ajudou a criar os primeiros supercondutores de alta temperatura que funcionam acima do ponto de ebulição do nitrogênio.","Os compostos de ítrio produziram os fósforos vermelhos nas antigas telas de televisão em cores.","É usado para fortalecer ligas de alumínio e magnésio.","Embora chamado de terra rara, o ítrio é mais abundante na crosta do que a prata ou o chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma pequena vila na ilha de Resarö, na Suécia, onde o minério gadolinita foi coletado pela primeira vez em 1787; o mesmo nome de aldeia também inspirou os nomes de itérbio, érbio e térbio."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinco","summary":"O zinco é um metal prateado azulado comumente usado em galvanização, ligas e como mineral essencial para processos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal prateado azulado","interesting_facts":["O zinco reveste o aço em um processo chamado galvanização, sacrificando-se para proteger o aço da ferrugem.","É essencial para o sistema imunológico humano e as pastilhas de zinco são usadas para ajudar a combater resfriados.","O zinco queima com uma chama verde-azulada brilhante e já foi chamado de “lã do filósofo” quando seu óxido branco foi coletado.","O latão, usado em instrumentos e acessórios, é uma liga de cobre e zinco.","A maioria das moedas modernas de um centavo e muitas outras moedas são feitas em grande parte de zinco com um fino revestimento de cobre.","O óxido de zinco é o ingrediente ativo de muitos protetores solares e cremes para assaduras."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do alemão 'Zink' (zinco), usado pela primeira vez por Paracelso no século XVI; a origem pode estar relacionada a 'Zinke' (ponta ou ponta), descrevendo os cristais pontiagudos que se formam durante a fundição, ou possivelmente ao persa 'sing' (pedra)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zircônio","summary":"O zircônio é um metal resistente à corrosão usado em reatores nucleares, instrumentos cirúrgicos e materiais cerâmicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O zircônio é altamente resistente à corrosão e quase não absorve nêutrons, tornando-o ideal para revestir barras de combustível nuclear.","A zircônia cúbica, um composto de zircônio, é um substituto popular do diamante em joias.","A pedra preciosa zircão, um silicato de zircônio, contém alguns dos minerais mais antigos conhecidos na Terra, com mais de 4 bilhões de anos.","O pó de zircônio é altamente inflamável e já foi usado em lâmpadas de flash.","É biocompatível e utilizado em coroas dentárias e implantes articulares.","A cerâmica de dióxido de zircônio é resistente o suficiente para produzir lâminas de facas que raramente precisam ser afiadas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do árabe 'zarqun' (vermelhão ou dourado), derivado do persa 'zargun' (semelhante ao ouro), porque a pedra preciosa zircão tem tons dourados; o nome foi dado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1789."}},"pt-PT":{"Actinium":{"name":"Actínio","summary":"Actínio é um metal radioativo macio e prateado usado principalmente em pesquisas e como fonte de nêutrons.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Actínio brilha com uma estranha luz azul pálida no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘aktis’, que significa raio ou feixe.","Dá nome à série de elementos actinídeos.","Actínio-225 está sendo estudado para terapia direcionada de partículas alfa contra o câncer.","É cerca de 150 vezes mais radioativo que o rádio.","O actínio é extremamente raro, ocorrendo apenas em pequenas quantidades em minérios de urânio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), que significa 'raio' ou 'feixe'; André-Louis Debierne isolou-o pela primeira vez em 1899 a partir de minério de urânio e deu-lhe o nome devido à sua poderosa radioatividade; dá nome à série actinídeo de elementos pesados."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Alumínio","summary":"O alumínio é um metal branco prateado, leve e resistente à corrosão, usado em uma ampla variedade de aplicações.","appearance":"Metal cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O alumínio é o metal mais abundante na crosta terrestre, mas já foi tão difícil de purificar que era mais valioso que o ouro.","Num banquete de 1880, os convidados mais ilustres da França comeram com talheres de alumínio, enquanto outros usaram talheres de ouro.","É totalmente reciclável e a reciclagem do alumínio utiliza apenas cerca de 5% da energia necessária para produzi-lo a partir do minério bruto.","Uma fina camada de óxido autocurável se forma instantaneamente no alumínio, protegendo-o da corrosão.","O processo Hall-Heroult, inventado em 1886, tornou o alumínio barato ao usar eletricidade para extraí-lo da alumina.","O alumínio é leve, forte e não magnético, o que o torna ideal para aeronaves, latas e folhas metálicas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'alumen' (alúmen, composto utilizado desde a antiguidade em tinturaria e curtimento); Humphry Davy cunhou “alumium” em 1807 e mais tarde revisou-o para “alumínio”, enquanto grande parte do mundo adotou a grafia “alumínio”."},"Americium":{"name":"Amerício","summary":"O amerício é um metal radioativo usado em detetores de fumo e como fonte de nêutrons para aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado, mancha lentamente ao ar","interesting_facts":["O amerício é usado em pequenas quantidades na maioria dos detetores de fumo domésticos.","Tem o nome das Américas, espelhando o nome do európio em homenagem à Europa.","O amerício foi produzido pela primeira vez durante o Projeto Manhattan em 1944.","Num detetor de fumo, o amerício emite partículas alfa que ionizam o ar; o fumo interrompe a corrente e aciona o alarme.","Ele brilha fracamente no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","O amerício está sendo estudado como uma possível fonte de energia duradoura para futuras missões espaciais."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem às Américas, continentes onde foi produzido pela primeira vez, por Glenn Seaborg em 1944; Seaborg nomeou-o por analogia deliberada com o európio (em homenagem à Europa), uma vez que o amerício ocupa a mesma posição na série dos actinídeos que o európio ocupa na série dos lantanídeos."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimónio","summary":"O antimónio é um metalóide branco-azulado quebradiço usado em retardadores de chama, ligas e semicondutores.","appearance":"Prateado, branco-azulado","interesting_facts":["O antimónio tem sido usado desde o antigo Egito como kohl, um cosmético para olhos roxos.","É um metalóide que, incomumente, se expande quando congela, tornando-o útil para fundições afiadas e tipos de metal.","Os compostos de antimónio são amplamente utilizados como retardadores de chama em plásticos e têxteis.","Seu símbolo químico Sb vem do latim ‘stibium’.","Os alquimistas medievais usavam pílulas de antimónio como laxante reutilizável, recuperadas e transmitidas como “pílulas eternas”.","O antimónio é ligado ao chumbo para torná-lo mais duro, como em tipos de impressão antigos e placas de bateria."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês vem do latim medieval 'antimonium', de origem incerta (possivelmente do árabe 'ithmid' ou de uma frase latina que significa 'não sozinho', uma vez que o antimónio raramente ocorre na forma pura); o símbolo Sb vem do latim 'stibium', nome do minério de sulfeto preto usado como cosmético desde o antigo Egito."},"Argon":{"name":"Argónio","summary":"O argónio é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro que constitui cerca de 1% da atmosfera da Terra.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O argónio representa quase 1% da atmosfera da Terra, tornando-o o gás nobre mais abundante no ar.","Seu nome vem da palavra grega para “preguiçoso”, porque é quimicamente pouco reativo.","O argónio é usado para encher lâmpadas incandescentes porque não reage com o filamento quente.","Os soldadores usam argónio como gás de proteção para proteger o metal quente de reagir com o oxigênio do ar.","A maior parte do argónio da Terra é argónio-40, produzido pela decomposição radioativa do potássio-40 nas rochas.","As janelas com vidros duplos costumam ser preenchidas com argónio porque isolam melhor do que o ar comum."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'argónio' (ocioso ou inativo, neutro de 'argos'), nomeado por William Ramsay e Lord Rayleigh em 1894 porque o gás é quimicamente inerte e extremamente relutante em reagir com qualquer coisa."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsênio","summary":"O arsênico é um metalóide tóxico usado historicamente em pesticidas e agora na produção de semicondutores e vidro.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O arsênico é famoso como o “veneno dos reis e rei dos venenos”, indetectável durante séculos e um dos favoritos em assassinatos históricos.","Apesar da sua toxicidade, pequenos vestígios de arsênico podem ser um nutriente necessário para alguns animais.","O arseneto de gálio e outros compostos de arsênico são vitais para os semicondutores e LEDs modernos.","A contaminação das águas subterrâneas por arsênico afeta a água potável de milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo.","Sublima, passando diretamente de sólido a gasoso quando aquecido, com odor de alho.","Pigmentos verdes contendo arsênico já foram usados ​​em papel de parede e podem ter envenenado lentamente as famílias vitorianas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'arsenikon' (orpimento amarelo, um minério de sulfeto de arsênico), possivelmente do persa 'zarnikh' (minério de arsênico); a palavra também pode se conectar ao grego 'arrhen' (masculino ou potente), refletindo as poderosas propriedades dos compostos de arsênico."},"Astatine":{"name":"Ástato","summary":"Ástato é um elemento radioativo raro usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e potencialmente em tratamentos de câncer.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Ástato é o elemento natural mais raro; menos de um grama existe na crosta terrestre a qualquer momento.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘astatos’, que significa ‘instável’.","Ninguém jamais viu uma amostra visível porque ela vaporizaria devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","É o mais pesado dos halogênios e foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1940.","Ástato-211 está sendo estudado para terapia direcionada ao câncer com partículas alfa.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas 8 horas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'astatos' (ἄστατος), que significa 'instável'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie e Emilio Segrè sintetizaram-no em 1940 em Berkeley e escolheram o nome porque todos os isótopos de astato são radioativos e decaem rapidamente, tornando o elemento inerentemente instável."},"Barium":{"name":"Bário","summary":"O bário é um metal macio e prateado usado em fluidos de perfuração, tintas e imagens médicas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Os pacientes bebem uma “refeição de bário” ou “andorinha de bário” porque o bário bloqueia os raios X, revelando o trato digestivo.","Os compostos de bário dão aos fogos de artifício suas cores verdes brilhantes.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘barys’, que significa pesado.","Embora o metal seja tóxico, o sulfato de bário insolúvel usado em exames médicos passa pelo corpo com segurança.","O bário é tão reativo que deve ser armazenado sob óleo e nunca é encontrado gratuitamente na natureza.","O mineral barita (sulfato de bário) é usado para pesar fluidos de perfuração na indústria petrolífera."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'barys' (pesado), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1808 porque o sulfato de bário (barita, o minério comum) é excepcionalmente denso para um mineral não metálico."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berquélio","summary":"O berquélio é um metal radioativo usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e na produção de elementos mais pesados.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O berquélio recebeu o nome de Berkeley, Califórnia, onde foi fabricado pela primeira vez em 1949.","É um elemento sintético extremamente raro, com apenas pequenas quantidades produzidas.","O berquélio foi usado como material alvo para sintetizar o elemento superpesado tennessina.","A produção de uma pequena amostra de berquélio pode levar muitos meses em um reator de alto fluxo.","É altamente radioativo e não tem uso fora da pesquisa científica.","O berquélio completa um conjunto com o térbio, ambos elementos com nomes de cidades e colocados em posições correspondentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Berkeley, Califórnia, onde foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1949 no Laboratório de Radiação da Universidade da Califórnia; a nomenclatura reflete deliberadamente o térbio, em homenagem à cidade sueca de Ytterby - ambos os elementos ocupam posições correspondentes nas séries dos lantanídeos e dos actinídeos, respectivamente."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berílio","summary":"O berílio é um metal duro e acinzentado naturalmente encontrado em rochas minerais, carvão, solo e poeira vulcânica.","appearance":"Cinza aço","interesting_facts":["O berílio é notavelmente transparente aos raios X, por isso é usado para fazer janelas para tubos e detetores de raios X.","É um dos metais estruturais mais leves, mas possui uma relação rigidez-peso maior que o aço.","As pedras preciosas esmeralda e água-marinha são formas do mineral berilo, um silicato de berílio e alumínio.","O pó de berílio é altamente tóxico e pode causar uma doença pulmonar crônica chamada beriliose.","Os espelhos do Telescópio Espacial James Webb são feitos de berílio revestido de ouro porque mantém sua forma em temperaturas extremamente baixas.","Em 1932, James Chadwick descobriu o nêutron bombardeando o berílio com partículas alfa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao berilo, a pedra preciosa, do grego 'beryllos', porque Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin isolou pela primeira vez o berílio dos minerais berilo e esmeralda em 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bismuto","summary":"O bismuto é um metal frágil e de baixa toxicidade, utilizado em cosméticos, procedimentos médicos e ligas.","appearance":"Branco prateado com tonalidade iridescente","interesting_facts":["O bismuto forma impressionantes cristais de arco-íris iridescentes em formato de escada.","É o elemento mais pesado que é, para fins práticos, estável, com uma meia-vida quase inimaginavelmente longa.","O bismuto é o principal ingrediente do Pepto-Bismol, usado para aliviar dores de estômago.","Assim como a água, o bismuto se expande quando congela.","É usado em ligas de baixo ponto de fusão para extintores de incêndio e dispositivos de segurança.","O bismuto é um dos poucos metais menos densos em algumas ligas e é um substituto não tóxico do chumbo em muitos produtos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Deriva do antigo alemão 'Wismut' ou 'Wismuth', possivelmente de 'weiße Masse' (massa branca) ou de um termo mineiro de origem incerta; conhecido desde o século 15 como um metal distinto, às vezes confundido com chumbo ou estanho, e latinizado para 'bisemutum' antes de se tornar 'bismuto' no uso moderno."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bóhrio","summary":"Bóhrio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Bóhrio recebeu o nome de Niels Bohr, o físico que modelou a estrutura do átomo.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Bóhrio foi criado pela primeira vez em 1981 na Alemanha.","Seus isótopos são intensamente radioativos e decaem em segundos ou menos.","Experimentos indicam que o Bóhrio se assemelha quimicamente ao rênio, no grupo 7.","Não tem utilidade fora da pesquisa fundamental sobre os elementos mais pesados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Niels Bohr, o físico dinamarquês que desenvolveu o modelo quântico do átomo e fez contribuições fundamentais para a compreensão da estrutura atómica; GSI Darmstadt, Alemanha, sintetizou-o em 1981 e propôs o nome em sua homenagem, adotado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Boro","summary":"O boro é um elemento metalóide essencial para o crescimento das plantas, mas pode ser tóxico em excesso.","appearance":"Preto-marrom","interesting_facts":["Os compostos de boro dão uma cor verde brilhante distinta às chamas, tornando-os úteis em pirotecnia.","O boro é essencial para o crescimento das plantas, embora apenas em pequenas quantidades; muito é tóxico para as colheitas.","O vidro borossilicato, feito com boro, resiste ao choque térmico e é utilizado em panelas e vidrarias de laboratório.","O isótopo boro-10 absorve nêutrons prontamente, então o boro é usado em barras de controle e blindagem de reatores nucleares.","O bórax, um mineral de boro, tem sido usado há milhares de anos como agente de limpeza e fundente para soldagem de metais.","O boro é um metalóide, compartilhando propriedades de metais e não metais, e é um mau condutor à temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao bórax, o mineral do qual foi isolado pela primeira vez, com 'bórax' derivado do árabe 'buraq' ou persa 'burah', que significa bórax ou salitre."},"Bromine":{"name":"Bromo","summary":"O bromo é um líquido marrom-avermelhado à temperatura ambiente e é usado em retardadores de chama, tratamento de água e produtos farmacêuticos.","appearance":"Líquido marrom-avermelhado","interesting_facts":["O bromo é um dos dois únicos elementos líquidos à temperatura ambiente, junto com o mercúrio.","É um líquido denso, marrom-avermelhado, que emite gases tóxicos e sufocantes.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘bromos’, que significa ‘fedor’.","Os povos antigos extraíam um precioso corante roxo, a púrpura de Tiro, de caracóis marinhos usando compostos de bromo.","Os compostos de bromo foram amplamente utilizados como retardadores de chama em electrónicos e móveis.","A maior parte do bromo é extraída da água do mar e de depósitos de salmoura ricos em sal."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'bromos' (fedor ou odor desagradável), nomeado por Antoine Jérôme Balard em 1826 porque o bromo líquido produz um cheiro profundamente desagradável e sufocante."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Cádmio","summary":"O cádmio é um metal macio, branco-azulado, usado principalmente em baterias, pigmentos e galvanoplastia.","appearance":"Cinza azulado prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O cádmio fornece pigmentos amarelos, laranja e vermelhos vívidos há muito valorizados por artistas como Monet e Van Gogh.","É tóxico e se acumula no corpo, causando a dolorosa doença óssea 'itai-itai' observada no Japão no século XX.","As baterias recarregáveis ​​de níquel-cádmio (NiCd) já foram extremamente comuns.","Os revestimentos de cádmio protegem o aço da corrosão, especialmente em peças de aeronaves.","Foi descoberto em 1817 como uma impureza em minérios de zinco.","O cádmio absorve nêutrons prontamente, por isso é usado em barras de controle de reatores nucleares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'cadmia' (calamina, um minério de carbonato de zinco), em última análise, do grego 'kadmeia' (terra tebana, em homenagem a Cadmus, o mítico fundador de Tebas), uma vez que o cádmio foi descoberto em 1817 como uma impureza nos minérios de zinco."},"Calcium":{"name":"Cálcio","summary":"O cálcio é um metal macio e cinzento essencial para os organismos vivos, particularmente na fisiologia celular e na formação óssea.","appearance":"Cinza opaco, prateado","interesting_facts":["O cálcio é o metal mais abundante no corpo humano, sendo cerca de 99% armazenado nos ossos e dentes.","Calcário, giz e mármore são formas de carbonato de cálcio.","É o quinto elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre.","Os íons de cálcio atuam como um sinal universal dentro das células, desencadeando tudo, desde a contração muscular até a fertilização.","A cal viva (óxido de cálcio) brilhava intensamente quando aquecida e era usada para iluminar palcos, dando-nos a frase “no centro das atenções”.","Os recifes de coral e as conchas são construídos em grande parte a partir de carbonato de cálcio extraído da água do mar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'calx' ou 'calcis' (cal ou calcário), porque Humphry Davy o isolou pela primeira vez em 1808 por eletrólise de óxido de cálcio (cal virgem), um material que os romanos usavam há muito tempo na construção."},"Californium":{"name":"Califórnio","summary":"Califórnio é um metal radioativo usado em fontes de nêutrons, tratamento de câncer e análise de materiais.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, brilha no escuro devido à sua radioatividade","interesting_facts":["O Califórnio é uma das substâncias mais caras do planeta, custando milhões de dólares por grama.","Seu nome vem do estado da Califórnia, nos EUA, onde foi descoberto em 1950.","Califórnio-252 é um poderoso emissor de nêutrons usado para iniciar reatores nucleares e em scanners industriais.","É usado para detectar ouro e petróleo por meio da análise de nêutrons de rochas.","Um único micrograma libera um enorme número de nêutrons a cada segundo.","Califórnio também é usado para identificar fadiga de metais e encontrar pontos fracos em aeronaves e máquinas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado da Califórnia, nos EUA, e à Universidade da Califórnia, onde foi sintetizado em 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street e Ghiorso escolheram o nome observando que haviam ficado sem corpos celestes próximos e decidiram homenagear o local da descoberta."},"Carbon":{"name":"Carbono","summary":"O carbono é um elemento fundamental da vida, encontrado em todos os compostos orgânicos conhecidos.","appearance":"Varia (o grafite é preto, o diamante é transparente)","interesting_facts":["O carbono forma mais compostos do que todos os outros elementos combinados e é a base química de toda a vida conhecida.","Diamante e grafite são carbono puro, mas o diamante é o material natural mais duro, enquanto o grafite é macio o suficiente para escrever.","O grafeno, uma única camada de átomos de carbono, é cerca de 200 vezes mais forte que o aço e conduz eletricidade melhor que o cobre.","A datação por carbono 14 utiliza o decaimento constante de um isótopo radioativo de carbono para determinar a idade de material que já viveu até cerca de 50.000 anos.","Os átomos de carbono forjados dentro das estrelas se espalham pelo universo quando essas estrelas explodem, tornando-nos literalmente feitos de poeira estelar.","Buckminsterfulereno, uma molécula em forma de bola de futebol com 60 átomos de carbono, foi descoberta em 1985 e recebeu o nome do arquiteto Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'carbo' (carvão ou carvão), refletindo que o carbono é conhecido desde a antiguidade na forma de carvão, grafite e diamante."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cério","summary":"O cério é um metal macio e prateado usado em conversores catalíticos, polimento de vidro e ligas.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O cério é o mais abundante de todos os elementos de terras raras, mais comum que o cobre.","Seu nome vem do planeta anão Ceres, descoberto dois anos antes.","O cério é o principal ingrediente produtor de faíscas em ligas de isqueiros e iniciadores de fogo.","O óxido de cério é o pó de polimento fino usado para dar um acabamento liso ao vidro e às pedras preciosas.","É adicionado aos conversores catalíticos para ajudar a armazenar e liberar oxigênio.","O cério recém-cortado pode inflamar-se espontaneamente no ar, tornando-o pirofórico."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta anão Ceres, descoberto em 1801 e nomeado em homenagem à deusa romana da agricultura; Martin Heinrich Klaproth e Jöns Jacob Berzelius nomearam-no em 1803, seguindo a moda de nomear novos elementos com nomes de corpos celestes."},"Cesium":{"name":"Césio","summary":"O césio é um metal macio e dourado conhecido por seu uso em relógios atômicos e diversas aplicações electrónicas.","appearance":"Ouro prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A segunda é oficialmente definida pelas vibrações dos átomos de césio, base dos relógios atômicos.","O césio é um dos metais mais reativos, explodindo violentamente em contato com a água.","Ele derrete a cerca de 28 °C, por isso fica líquido em um dia quente.","Tem uma cor dourado-prateada, um dos poucos metais que não são prateados ou cinza.","O césio foi o primeiro elemento descoberto por espectroscopia, por Bunsen e Kirchhoff em 1860.","O césio-137 radioativo é um produto notável da fissão nuclear e uma preocupação em acidentes nucleares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'caesius' (azul celeste ou azul acinzentado), nomeado por Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff em 1860 em homenagem às duas linhas espectrais azuis brilhantes distintas que usaram para identificar o elemento."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Cloro","summary":"O cloro é um gás amarelo-esverdeado altamente reativo usado como desinfetante e em diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Gás amarelo esverdeado","interesting_facts":["O cloro é um gás amarelo esverdeado que foi usado como arma química na Primeira Guerra Mundial.","Pequenas quantidades adicionadas à água potável e às piscinas matam bactérias e salvaram inúmeras vidas de doenças transmitidas pela água.","Combinado com o sódio, o cloro forma o sal de cozinha comum, essencial à vida.","É tão reativo que branqueia e desinfeta facilmente, razão pela qual é usado em alvejantes domésticos.","O cloro foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1774 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele, que não percebeu que era um novo elemento.","Embora sejam tóxicos como gás, os íons cloreto em seu corpo são vitais para a digestão e a função nervosa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'cloros' (verde claro ou amarelo esverdeado), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1810 para refletir a distinta cor verde-amarelada do gás."},"Chromium":{"name":"Crômio","summary":"O cromo é um metal duro, brilhante e resistente à corrosão, usado em aço inoxidável e cromagem.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O cromo confere ao aço inoxidável brilho e resistência à ferrugem, formando uma camada protetora invisível de óxido.","Seu nome vem da palavra grega 'chroma' que significa cor, porque seus compostos são de cores vivas.","O cromo é o que torna os rubis vermelhos e as esmeraldas verdes como um vestígio de impureza nos cristais.","O revestimento cromado proporciona um acabamento brilhante, duro e espelhado aos acabamentos e ferramentas do carro.","O cromo é um dos metais mais duros e altamente resistente à corrosão.","Alguns compostos de cromo são nutrientes essenciais em pequenas quantidades, enquanto outros (cromo-6) são tóxicos e cancerígenos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'chroma' (cor), nomeado por Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin em 1798 porque os compostos de cromo apresentam uma ampla gama de cores vivas - vermelho em rubis, verde em esmeraldas, laranja em crocoíta."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Cobalto","summary":"O cobalto é um metal duro, brilhante, cinza prateado, usado em ligas e baterias e essencial para a vitamina B12.","appearance":"Metal cinza brilhante","interesting_facts":["O cobalto tem sido usado há mais de 2.000 anos para dar ao vidro e à cerâmica uma cor azul profunda e brilhante.","Seu nome vem de 'kobold', um duende travesso que os mineiros alemães culpam por produzir minérios problemáticos.","O cobalto é um ingrediente chave nas baterias recarregáveis ​​de íons de lítio que alimentam telefones e carros elétricos.","É um dos três elementos naturalmente magnéticos à temperatura ambiente, junto com o ferro e o níquel.","O isótopo radioativo cobalto-60 é usado para tratar câncer e esterilizar equipamentos médicos.","O cobalto é essencial para a vida como o átomo de metal no coração da vitamina B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do alemão 'Kobold' (goblin ou diabrete), porque os mineiros alemães culparam um espírito subterrâneo travesso pelo problemático minério de cobalto que liberava gases venenosos de arsênico e não produzia cobre, apesar de se assemelhar ao minério de cobre."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernício","summary":"Copernício é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Copérnico recebeu o nome do astrônomo Nicolau Copérnico, que colocou o Sol no centro do sistema solar.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1996 na Alemanha.","Prevê-se que o Copernício seja um líquido ou gás volátil à temperatura ambiente, comportando-se como o mercúrio.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Seus isótopos são altamente radioativos e de curta duração.","Fica abaixo do mercúrio no grupo 12 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Nicolau Copérnico, o astrônomo polonês-alemão que propôs que a Terra orbitasse o Sol; O GSI Darmstadt sintetizou-o em 1996 e propôs o nome em homenagem a Copérnico, tendo a IUPAC adoptado oficialmente em 2010, por ocasião do 537º aniversário do seu nascimento."},"Copper":{"name":"Cobre","summary":"O cobre é um metal dourado-avermelhado conhecido por sua alta condutividade térmica e elétrica, amplamente utilizado em fiação elétrica e encanamento.","appearance":"Metálico avermelhado","interesting_facts":["O cobre foi um dos primeiros metais utilizados pelo homem, trabalhado há mais de 10.000 anos.","É um excelente condutor de eletricidade, perdendo apenas para a prata, por isso preenche nossos fios e cabos.","As superfícies de cobre matam naturalmente muitas bactérias e vírus, tornando-as úteis para maçanetas e acessórios hospitalares.","A Estátua da Liberdade é coberta de cobre que ficou verde com o tempo, formando uma pátina protetora.","A mistura de cobre com estanho produz o bronze, e com o zinco resulta o latão, duas ligas que moldaram a história da humanidade.","O cobre é um nutriente essencial, ajudando o corpo a formar glóbulos vermelhos e a manter os nervos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'cuprum', derivado do grego 'Kypros' (Chipre), a ilha que era a principal fonte de cobre do mundo antigo; o símbolo Cu também remonta a este nome latino."},"Curium":{"name":"Cúrio","summary":"O cúrio é um metal radioativo usado na exploração espacial como fonte de energia e em pesquisas científicas.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, mancha no ar","interesting_facts":["Cúrio recebeu o nome de Marie e Pierre Curie, pioneiros na pesquisa de radioatividade.","Ele brilha com uma luz roxa ou vermelha suave no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","O cúrio é tão radioativo que gera calor significativo e foi considerado para energia em espaçonaves.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1944, antes do amerício mais leve.","Instrumentos baseados em cúrio analisaram a composição química de Marte e de outras superfícies planetárias.","Todo cúrio é produzido artificialmente; nenhum é encontrado na natureza."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Marie e Pierre Curie, os pioneiros da pesquisa em radioatividade; Glenn Seaborg nomeou-o em 1944 para homenagear o casal cujas descobertas tornaram possível a química nuclear, observando que a posição do cúrio na série dos actinídeos reflete o gadolínio nos lantanídeos - ele próprio nomeado em homenagem a um químico, seguindo um padrão paralelo."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstádtio","summary":"Darmstádtio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para investigar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Darmstádtio tem o nome da cidade de Darmstadt, Alemanha, onde foi descoberto em 1994.","É um elemento sintético superpesado criado em aceleradores de partículas.","Apenas alguns átomos de Darmstádtio foram produzidos.","Seus átomos sobrevivem por menos de um segundo antes de se decomporem.","Espera-se que se assemelhe quimicamente à platina, no grupo 10.","O Darmstádtio não tem uso prático fora da pesquisa científica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à cidade de Darmstadt, Alemanha, onde foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1994 no GSI Darmstadt; segue a tradição de nomear os elementos recém-criados de acordo com os locais de descoberta, e a IUPAC adotou oficialmente o nome em 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dúbnio","summary":"Dúbnio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para explorar as propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Dúbnio recebeu o nome de Dubna, na Rússia, sede de um famoso instituto de pesquisa nuclear.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","A sua descoberta fez parte das 'Guerras do Transfermium', uma disputa de nomes durante a Guerra Fria.","Os átomos de Dúbnio existem apenas por alguns segundos ou menos antes de decaírem.","Apenas um pequeno número de átomos de Dúbnio foi criado.","Prevê-se que se assemelhe quimicamente ao tântalo do grupo 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Dubna, Rússia, sede do Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear; o nome resolveu uma disputa da Guerra Fria em que os cientistas americanos o chamaram de 'hahnium' e os cientistas soviéticos o chamaram de 'nielsbohrium', antes da IUPAC adotar o nome neutro baseado na cidade em 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprósio","summary":"O disprósio é um metal branco prateado usado em ímãs, lasers e hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O nome do disprósio vem do grego 'dysprositos', que significa 'difícil de obter', porque era muito difícil de isolar.","É adicionado aos ímãs de neodímio para que mantenham sua resistência em altas temperaturas em motores e turbinas eólicas.","O disprósio tem uma das maiores forças magnéticas de qualquer elemento em baixas temperaturas.","Absorve bem nêutrons e é usado em hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","As ligas à base de disprósio mudam de forma em campos magnéticos, úteis em atuadores e transdutores.","É considerado um material crítico para a tecnologia de energia limpa."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), que significa 'difícil de conseguir'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran cunhou o nome em 1886, refletindo a extrema dificuldade de isolá-lo de seu minério – um processo que exigiu dezenove precipitações."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einstênio","summary":"O Einstênio é um metal altamente radioativo, usado principalmente para pesquisas científicas e na produção de elementos mais pesados.","appearance":"Metálico prateado, brilha devido à sua radioatividade","interesting_facts":["O Einstênio foi descoberto em 1952 nos destroços do primeiro teste de bomba de hidrogênio.","É nomeado após Albert Einstein.","O Einstênio brilha em azul no escuro devido à sua intensa radioatividade.","É tão raro que quantidades consideráveis ​​tenham sido produzidas apenas ocasionalmente.","Estudar o einstênio é extremamente difícil porque danifica seu próprio recipiente e instrumentos.","Não tem usos práticos fora da pesquisa científica básica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Albert Einstein, que formulou a teoria da relatividade especial e a equação E = mc² subjacente à energia nuclear; Albert Ghiorso e colegas deram-lhe o nome em 1955, depois de o descobrirem nos destroços do primeiro teste da bomba de hidrogénio em 1952, mantido em segredo durante vários anos."},"Erbium":{"name":"Érbio","summary":"O érbio é um metal macio e prateado usado em fibras ópticas, lasers e tecnologia nuclear.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Fibras dopadas com érbio amplificam sinais de luz, tornando possível a internet de fibra óptica de longa distância.","Dá aos vidros e esmaltes uma cor rosa suave e é usado em óculos de sol e vidros decorativos.","Os lasers de érbio são usados ​​​​em odontologia e resurfacing cosmético da pele.","Seu nome vem de Ytterby, na Suécia, compartilhando essa origem com várias outras terras raras.","O érbio é adicionado a algumas ligas metálicas, incluindo o vanádio, para torná-las mais viáveis.","Ele absorve a luz infravermelha com eficiência, o que é a base de muitos de seus usos de laser."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha de Resarö, na Suécia, onde o mineral gadolinita que o contém foi extraído pela primeira vez; Carl Gustaf Mosander separou-o da ítria em 1843, e 'érbio' é um dos quatro nomes de elementos derivados do nome de lugar único 'Ytterby'."},"Europium":{"name":"Európio","summary":"O európio é um metal macio e prateado usado em materiais fosforescentes, barras de controle e reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Európio fornece os fósforos vermelho e azul que produziam cores em antigas telas de TV e computadores.","É utilizado como marcador anti-falsificação em notas de euro, brilhando sob luz ultravioleta.","O európio é o mais reativo dos elementos de terras raras, manchando rapidamente no ar.","É nomeado após o continente da Europa.","Os fósforos dopados com európio fazem com que as luzes fluorescentes e LED com eficiência energética brilhem intensamente.","É uma das terras raras menos abundantes na crosta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Europa, o continente, por Eugène-Anatole Demarçay em 1901, que o isolou espectroscopicamente; estava entre vários elementos com nomes de regiões geográficas durante o final do século XIX e início do século XX."},"Fermium":{"name":"Férmio","summary":"O férmio é um metal radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas e no estudo de elementos transurânicos.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O férmio também foi descoberto nas consequências do primeiro teste da bomba de hidrogênio em 1952.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao físico Enrico Fermi, um pioneiro das reações nucleares.","O férmio é o elemento mais pesado que pode ser produzido em quantidades pesáveis ​​por bombardeio de nêutrons.","Além do férmio, os elementos devem ser produzidos um átomo de cada vez, usando aceleradores de partículas.","Apenas quantidades minúsculas e invisíveis de férmio foram produzidas.","Existe apenas como elemento sintético e não tem uso comercial."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Enrico Fermi, o físico ítalo-americano que construiu o primeiro reator nuclear artificial em 1942 e fez contribuições fundamentais à física nuclear e de partículas; Albert Ghiorso e colegas deram-lhe o nome em 1953, depois de o descobrirem nos mesmos destroços do teste da bomba de hidrogénio que produziu o einstênio."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Fleróvio","summary":"Fleróvio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para explorar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Fleróvio recebeu o nome do Laboratório Flerov de Reações Nucleares na Rússia.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1998 por uma equipe em Dubna, na Rússia.","Algumas previsões sugeriram que o fleróvio pode ser invulgarmente estável ou mesmo semelhante a um gás, embora ainda seja radioactivo.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Fleróvio está abaixo da liderança no grupo 14 da tabela periódica.","Os seus isótopos decaem em segundos, mas têm uma vida mais longa do que muitos vizinhos, sugerindo a “ilha de estabilidade”."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Laboratório Flerov de Reações Nucleares em Dubna, Rússia, ele próprio em homenagem ao físico soviético Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov foi cofundador do laboratório e fez contribuições importantes para a física nuclear, e sua equipe sintetizou o elemento pela primeira vez em 1998, com a IUPAC adotando oficialmente o nome em 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flúor","summary":"O flúor é um gás amarelo claro altamente reativo e é o elemento mais eletronegativo.","appearance":"Gás amarelo pálido","interesting_facts":["O flúor é o mais reativo e eletronegativo de todos os elementos, reagindo com quase todas as outras substâncias, às vezes de forma explosiva.","É tão agressivo que pode fazer com que materiais como o amianto e até mesmo a água peguem fogo.","Vestígios de flúor adicionados à água potável e ao creme dental ajudam a prevenir a cárie dentária.","Teflon, o revestimento antiaderente de panelas, é um polímero que contém flúor (PTFE).","Muitos químicos foram envenenados ou mortos tentando isolar o flúor, o que lhes valeu o apelido de “mártires do flúor” antes de Henri Moissan ter sucesso em 1886.","O flúor é um gás amarelo claro à temperatura ambiente e é o mais leve dos halogênios."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'fluere' (fluir), porque o mineral fluorita era amplamente utilizado como fundente metalúrgico; o nome do elemento foi proposto por André-Marie Ampère em 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Frâncio","summary":"O Frâncio é um metal extremamente raro e radioativo, sem aplicações significativas devido à sua instabilidade.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Frâncio é o segundo elemento natural mais raro, depois do astato.","Foi o último elemento descoberto na natureza, por Marguerite Perey na França em 1939.","Tem o nome de França, seu país natal.","Frâncio é tão radioativo que qualquer quantidade visível vaporizaria instantaneamente com seu próprio calor.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas 22 minutos.","É o mais reativo dos metais alcalinos, mas tão escasso que suas propriedades de volume nunca foram observadas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à França, país onde Marguerite Perey o descobriu em 1939 no Instituto Curie em Paris; ela nomeou o elemento em homenagem à sua terra natal, seguindo a tradição de nomear os elementos com base nos lugares e tornando-se a primeira mulher eleita para a Academia Francesa de Ciências."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolínio","summary":"O gadolínio é um metal branco prateado usado em agentes de contraste para ressonância magnética, fósforos e terapia de captura de nêutrons.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Compostos de gadolínio são injetados como agentes de contraste para tornar os exames de ressonância magnética muito mais claros.","Tem uma capacidade extraordinária de absorver nêutrons, o mais elevado de qualquer elemento estável, útil em reatores nucleares.","O gadolínio é magnético logo abaixo da temperatura ambiente e é estudado para refrigeração magnética.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao químico finlandês Johan Gadolin, um pioneiro na pesquisa de terras raras.","O gadolínio aquece quando colocado em um campo magnético e esfria quando removido, o efeito magnetocalórico.","É usado em alguns tipos de detetores de imagens médicas e de segurança."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à gadolinita, mineral no qual seu óxido foi identificado pela primeira vez; a gadolinita recebeu o nome de Johan Gadolin, um químico finlandês que a analisou pela primeira vez; Jean Charles de Marignac isolou o novo elemento terra em 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gálio","summary":"O gálio é um metal macio e prateado que derrete logo acima da temperatura ambiente e é usado em eletrônica e semicondutores.","appearance":"Azul prateado","interesting_facts":["O gálio derrete a cerca de 30 °C, então um pedaço sólido derreterá na sua mão.","A sua existência foi prevista por Mendeleev como 'eka-alumínio' antes de ser descoberto em 1875.","O arsenieto de gálio é usado em eletrônica de alta velocidade, LEDs e células solares para naves espaciais.","Embora derreta facilmente, o gálio ferve a mais de 2.400 °C, uma das maiores faixas de temperatura líquida de qualquer elemento.","O gálio pode tornar o alumínio quebradiço ao infiltrar-se nos limites dos grãos, enfraquecendo drasticamente o metal.","Ao contrário da maioria das substâncias, o gálio se expande quando congela, como a água."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Gallia, o nome latino da França, pelo descobridor Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran em 1875; o nome também pode ser um trocadilho com 'gallus' (latim para galo), uma brincadeira com o sobrenome de Lecoq que significa 'o galo' em francês."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germânio","summary":"O germânio é um metalóide duro, branco acinzentado, usado em semicondutores, fibras ópticas e óptica infravermelha.","appearance":"Branco acinzentado","interesting_facts":["O germânio foi previsto por Mendeleev como 'eka-silício' e sua descoberta em 1886 ajudou a confirmar a tabela periódica.","Os primeiros transistores nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 foram feitos de germânio antes que o silício assumisse o controle.","É transparente à luz infravermelha, por isso é usado em lentes para óculos de visão noturna e câmeras térmicas.","O germânio é um semicondutor metalóide com aparência brilhante branco-acinzentada.","As fibras ópticas usam compostos de germânio para controlar como a luz viaja através do vidro.","Assim como a água e o silício, o germânio se expande quando solidifica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Germania, o nome latino da Alemanha, por Clemens Winkler, que a descobriu em 1886; a descoberta confirmou a previsão de Mendeleev de um elemento ausente que ele chamou de 'eka-silício'."},"Gold":{"name":"Ouro","summary":"O ouro é um metal denso e macio, altamente valorizado por seu uso em joias, electrónicos e moeda.","appearance":"Amarelo metálico brilhante","interesting_facts":["O ouro é tão pouco reativo que pode permanecer brilhante por milhares de anos, e é por isso que os antigos artefatos de ouro ainda brilham.","É incrivelmente maleável; um único grama pode ser martelado em uma folha que cobre cerca de um metro quadrado.","Acredita-se que quase todo o ouro da Terra tenha chegado através de impactos de asteróides após a formação do planeta.","O ouro conduz bem a eletricidade e nunca sofre corrosão, por isso é usado para revestir contatos electrónicos críticos.","Seu símbolo químico Au vem do latim 'aurum', que significa 'amanhecer brilhante'.","As viseiras dos astronautas são revestidas com uma camada ultrafina de ouro para refletir a radiação solar prejudicial."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês 'ouro' vem do proto-germânico 'gulþą', relacionado a 'amarelo'; o símbolo Au deriva do latim 'aurum', que se acredita significar 'amanhecer brilhante' ou 'brilho do nascer do sol'; o ouro é conhecido e valorizado desde os tempos pré-históricos em praticamente todas as culturas."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Háfnio","summary":"O háfnio é um metal prateado e brilhante usado em reatores nucleares, barras de controle e ligas de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["A existência do háfnio foi prevista pela teoria atómica e foi encontrada em 1923 no minério de zircônio.","Tem o nome de Hafnia, o nome latino de Copenhague.","O háfnio absorve nêutrons extremamente bem e é usado nas barras de controle de submarinos nucleares.","Compostos à base de háfnio substituíram o dióxido de silício como isolantes em chips de computador modernos.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de todos os elementos e é usado em superligas para motores a jato.","O háfnio é quimicamente quase idêntico ao zircônio, tornando os dois muito difíceis de separar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Hafnia, o nome latino de Copenhague, na Dinamarca, onde Dirk Coster e George de Hevesy o descobriram em 1923 por espectroscopia de raios X; escolheram o nome em homenagem à cidade onde suas pesquisas foram realizadas."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hássio","summary":"O hássio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Hássio deve o seu nome ao estado alemão de Hesse, onde fica o laboratório onde foi descoberto.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1984 bombardeando chumbo com íons de ferro.","O hássio é um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","Apesar da escassez, os cientistas confirmaram que ele se comporta como o ósmio, do grupo 8.","Seus átomos existem apenas por frações de segundo antes de decairem.","Apenas um pequeno número de átomos de hássio foi produzido."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado alemão de Hesse (latim: Hassia), onde está localizado o GSI Darmstadt - o laboratório que o sintetizou pela primeira vez em 1984; o nome segue a tradição de nomear os elementos de acordo com seus locais de descoberta e foi oficialmente reconhecido pela IUPAC em 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Hélio","summary":"O hélio é um gás incolor, inodoro, insípido, não tóxico, inerte e monoatômico que lidera o grupo dos gases nobres na tabela periódica.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O hélio foi detectado pela primeira vez no espectro do Sol em 1868, antes mesmo de ser encontrado na Terra, e recebeu o nome do deus grego do sol, Hélios.","É o único elemento que não pode ser solidificado pelo resfriamento à pressão atmosférica normal, por mais frio que esteja.","Abaixo de 2,17 K, o hélio líquido se torna um superfluido que pode fluir sem atrito e até mesmo subir pelas paredes do seu recipiente.","Respirar hélio aumenta temporariamente o tom da sua voz porque o som viaja quase três vezes mais rápido através dela do que através do ar.","A maior parte do hélio da Terra vem do decaimento radioativo do urânio e do tório nas profundezas do subsolo e é extraído do gás natural.","O hélio é o segundo elemento mais abundante no universo, mas é comparativamente raro e não renovável na Terra."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'helios' (sol), porque o hélio foi detectado pela primeira vez no espectro solar durante o eclipse solar total de 1868, antes de ser confirmado na Terra."},"Holmium":{"name":"Hólmio","summary":"Hólmio é um metal macio e prateado usado em ímãs, barras de controle nuclear e lasers.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O hólmio tem as propriedades magnéticas mais fortes de qualquer elemento natural.","Os lasers de hólmio são usados ​​​​na medicina para quebrar pedras nos rins e tratar próstatas aumentadas.","É nomeado após Holmia, o nome latino de Estocolmo.","O hólmio dá ao vidro e à zircônia cúbica colorações amarelas e vermelhas.","É usado para criar os campos magnéticos artificiais mais fortes conhecidos como peças polares.","Soluções de óxido de hólmio são usadas como padrão de calibração para espectrofotômetros."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Holmia, o nome latino de Estocolmo, Suécia, onde Per Teodor Cleve – que identificou o elemento em 1878 – estava baseado; segue a tradição de nomear os elementos de terras raras com base nos locais associados à sua descoberta."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrogênio","summary":"O hidrogênio é o elemento mais leve e a substância química mais abundante no universo.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O hidrogênio é o elemento mais abundante no universo, constituindo cerca de 75% de toda a matéria normal em massa.","É o único elemento cujos três isótopos (prótio, deutério e trítio) têm nomes próprios distintos.","O hidrogênio líquido tem sido usado como combustível de foguete desde a década de 1960, alimentando os estágios superiores do Saturno V que transportou os astronautas à Lua.","Sob extrema pressão, como no interior de Júpiter, o hidrogénio comporta-se como um metal líquido e pode conduzir eletricidade.","Henry Cavendish identificou o hidrogénio como uma substância distinta em 1766, chamando-o de “ar inflamável”.","Um átomo de hidrogênio é o átomo mais simples que existe: um único próton orbitado por um único elétron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'hidro' (água) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de água'. Nomeado por Antoine Lavoisier em 1783 porque a queima de hidrogênio produz água."},"Indium":{"name":"Índio","summary":"O índio é um metal macio e maleável usado em semicondutores, telas sensíveis ao toque e como revestimento protetor para rolamentos.","appearance":"Brilho metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O índio é tão macio que se pode amassá-lo com a unha e emite um 'grito' audível quando dobrado, como o estanho.","O óxido de índio e estanho forma o revestimento transparente e eletricamente condutor em ecrãs sensíveis ao toque e monitores de ecrã plano.","Seu nome vem da linha índigo brilhante em seu espectro de emissão.","O índio permanece macio e trabalhável mesmo em temperaturas extremamente baixas, útil para vedações a vácuo.","Tem um ponto de fusão muito baixo e é usado em soldas e ligas especiais de baixa temperatura.","A demanda por índio disparou com a disseminação de smartphones e telas LCD."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'indicum' (índigo), nomeado por Ferdinand Reich e Hieronymous Richter em 1863 em homenagem à linha espectral azul índigo brilhante que observaram ao analisar resíduos de minério de zinco usando a então nova técnica de espectroscopia."},"Iodine":{"name":"Iodo","summary":"O iodo é um não-metal escuro, brilhante, preto-púrpura, essencial para a função da tireoide e usado como desinfetante.","appearance":"Cinza metálico brilhante (sólido), violeta (gás)","interesting_facts":["O iodo é essencial para a glândula tireóide, e é por isso que o sal de cozinha costuma ser enriquecido com ele.","Quando aquecido, o iodo sólido sublima-se num impressionante vapor de cor violeta.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘iodes’, que significa violeta.","A tintura de iodo é usada há muito tempo como anti-séptico para desinfetar feridas.","O iodo transforma o amido em um preto azulado profundo, uma reação usada como teste químico.","O iodo radioativo-131 é usado para diagnosticar e tratar doenças da tireoide."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do francês 'iode', derivado do grego 'ioeides' (semelhante ao violeta), nomeado por Humphry Davy em 1813 em homenagem à impressionante cor violeta do vapor de iodo."},"Iridium":{"name":"Irídio","summary":"O irídio é um metal denso e resistente à corrosão usado em velas de ignição, cadinhos e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["Uma camada mundial de argila rica em irídio é a principal evidência de que o impacto de um asteróide matou os dinossauros, uma vez que o irídio é raro na Terra, mas comum em asteróides.","O irídio é o metal mais resistente à corrosão conhecido, resistindo a ácidos que dissolvem quase tudo.","É um dos elementos mais densos, quase empatado com o ósmio.","O quilograma padrão já foi um cilindro de platina-irídio mantido perto de Paris.","O Irídio derruba as velas de ignição porque suporta calor extremo sem sofrer erosão.","Seu nome vem de Iris, a deusa grega do arco-íris, pelos seus sais coloridos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Iris, a deusa grega do arco-íris (latim: íris), por Smithson Tennant em 1803; o nome reflete a impressionante variedade de cores exibidas pelos sais e compostos de irídio, que lembravam a Tennant as cores de um arco-íris."},"Iron":{"name":"Ferro","summary":"O ferro é um metal forte e maleável, essencial para a produção de aço e um componente vital da hemoglobina.","appearance":"Metálico brilhante com um tom acinzentado","interesting_facts":["O ferro é o elemento mais abundante na Terra em massa, constituindo grande parte do núcleo derretido do planeta.","O núcleo giratório de ferro líquido da Terra gera o campo magnético que nos protege da radiação solar.","O ferro está no centro da hemoglobina, a molécula que transporta oxigênio no sangue e o torna vermelho.","O ferro é o elemento mais pesado que as estrelas podem produzir por fusão normal; elementos mais pesados ​​requerem explosões de supernovas.","A Idade do Ferro, começando por volta de 1.200 aC, transformou a civilização humana com ferramentas e armas mais fortes.","A ferrugem é o óxido de ferro, formado quando o ferro reage lentamente com o oxigênio e a água."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Ferro' vem do inglês antigo 'iren', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'isarno', possivelmente de uma raiz celta para 'metal sagrado'; o símbolo Fe deriva do latim 'ferrum' (ferro), que foi fundido e usado desde pelo menos 1200 aC."},"Krypton":{"name":"Criptônio","summary":"Criptônio é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro usado em lâmpadas fluorescentes, fotografia e como gás de enchimento para janelas com eficiência energética.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O nome de Criptônio vem da palavra grega ‘kryptos’, que significa ‘escondido’, porque era muito difícil encontrá-lo no ar.","De 1960 a 1983, o metro foi oficialmente definido pelo comprimento de onda da luz emitida pelo criptônio-86.","Criptônio produz uma luz branca brilhante e é usado em alguns flashes e lâmpadas fotográficas de alto desempenho.","É um gás nobre e quase totalmente não reativo, embora alguns compostos de criptônio possam ser forçados a se formar.","O criptônio é usado em algumas janelas e lâmpadas fluorescentes com baixo consumo de energia.","Apesar da 'criptonita' dos quadrinhos, a criptônia real é um gás inofensivo, incolor e inodoro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'kryptos' (oculto), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 porque o criptônio era extremamente difícil de detectar e isolar - ele permanecia 'escondido' dentro dos resíduos de ar líquido."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantânio","summary":"O lantânio é um metal macio, branco prateado, usado em lentes de câmeras, catalisadores e baterias recarregáveis.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O nome Lantânio vem do grego 'lanthanein', que significa 'ficar escondido', porque estava escondido no minério de cério.","Dá o nome ao primeiro da série dos lantanídeos, os elementos de “terras raras”.","O lantânio é usado no vidro de lentes de câmeras e telescópios de alta qualidade para curvar a luz nitidamente.","As ligas de níquel-lantânio armazenam hidrogênio e foram usadas nas baterias de muitos carros híbridos.","Os compostos de lantânio ajudam a refinar o petróleo em gasolina como catalisadores.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca e mancha rapidamente ao ar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'lantanoína' (ficar escondido ou escapar da atenção), nomeado por Carl Gustaf Mosander em 1839 porque o lantânio permaneceu sem ser detectado como uma impureza no óxido de cério durante anos antes de ele identificá-lo como um elemento distinto."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Laurêncio","summary":"Laurêncio é um elemento radioativo sintético sem aplicações práticas fora da pesquisa científica.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["Laurêncio recebeu o nome de Ernest Lawrence, inventor do acelerador de partículas ciclotron.","É o elemento final da série dos actinídeos.","O Laurêncio só pode ser criado com alguns átomos de cada vez em aceleradores.","Seu isótopo mais estável tem meia-vida de apenas algumas horas.","Medir as propriedades do Laurêncio é extraordinariamente difícil porque poucos átomos existem por um curto período de tempo.","Não tem uso fora da pesquisa científica fundamental."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ernest Orlando Lawrence, o físico americano que inventou o acelerador de partículas ciclotron em 1930, tornando possível a criação de elementos transurânicos; O Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Berkeley sintetizou este elemento em 1961 e nomeou-o para homenagear as contribuições fundamentais de Lawrence."},"Lead":{"name":"Chumbo","summary":"O chumbo é um metal macio e pesado usado em baterias, proteção contra radiação e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Cinza azulado metálico","interesting_facts":["O chumbo é denso e bloqueia a radiação, razão pela qual reveste aventais e escudos de raios X.","Os romanos usavam canos de chumbo para encanamento, e a palavra 'encanamento' vem do latim para chumbo, 'plumbum' (símbolo Pb).","O chumbo é tóxico para o sistema nervoso, por isso foi removido da gasolina e da tinta.","É macio, pesado e de fácil moldagem, qualidades apreciadas desde os tempos antigos.","A maior parte do chumbo hoje é reciclado, principalmente de baterias de automóveis.","O chumbo é o elemento mais pesado com um isótopo completamente estável; tudo que é mais pesado é radioativo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Chumbo' vem do proto-germânico 'lauda'; o símbolo Pb vem do latim 'plumbum', provavelmente derivado de uma língua mediterrânea pré-latina, que deu ao inglês a palavra 'encanamento' porque os romanos usavam extensivamente chumbo em canos de água."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lítio","summary":"O lítio é um metal alcalino macio, branco prateado. É o metal mais leve e o elemento sólido menos denso.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O lítio é o metal mais leve e o elemento sólido menos denso, tão leve que pode flutuar na água enquanto reage com ela.","Baterias recarregáveis ​​de íons de lítio alimentam a maioria dos telefones, laptops e veículos elétricos modernos.","Os sais de lítio têm sido usados ​​desde 1940 como estabilizador de humor para tratar o transtorno bipolar.","Foi um dos três primeiros elementos (com hidrogênio e hélio) criados na nucleossíntese do Big Bang.","O lítio queima com uma impressionante chama vermelho-carmesim, uma propriedade usada em fogos de artifício e sinalizadores.","Grande parte do lítio mundial é extraído de salinas salgadas no alto das montanhas dos Andes, na América do Sul."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'lithos' (pedra), porque Johan August Arfwedson a descobriu em 1817 dentro de minerais de pedra sólida (petalita), ao contrário do sódio e do potássio que foram encontrados nas cinzas das plantas."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermório","summary":"Livermório é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Livermório recebeu o nome do Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore, na Califórnia.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 2000 por uma equipe russo-americana.","É um elemento sintético superpesado composto apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de Livermório existem por meros milissegundos antes de se decomporem.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do polónio no grupo 16.","Produzi-lo requer a fusão de íons de cálcio com alvos de cúrio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore em Livermore, Califórnia, que colaborou com o Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear para sintetizá-lo em 2000; A IUPAC reconheceu oficialmente o nome em 2012, e o próprio nome do laboratório homenageou Robert Livermore, um dos primeiros colonizadores da Califórnia."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutécio","summary":"O lutécio é um metal denso e prateado usado em detetores PET scan, catalisadores e ligas especializadas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O lutécio é o último da série dos lantanídeos e uma das terras raras mais duras e densas.","É nomeado após Lutetia, o antigo nome romano de Paris.","Cristais à base de lutécio são usados ​​como detetores em scanners PET para imagens médicas.","É um dos metais de terras raras mais raros e caros de se obter na forma pura.","O lutécio é usado como catalisador no refino de petróleo.","Um composto radioativo de lutécio é usado na terapia direcionada para alguns tipos de câncer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Lutetia, o antigo nome romano de Paris, França; Georges Urbain, que o isolou pela primeira vez em 1907, escolheu o nome para homenagear sua cidade natal, seguindo a prática estabelecida de nomear os elementos de terras raras com nomes de lugares."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnésio","summary":"O magnésio é um metal cinza brilhante e é um elemento essencial para todas as células vivas.","appearance":"Sólido cinza brilhante","interesting_facts":["O magnésio queima com uma luz branca deslumbrante e já foi amplamente utilizado nos primeiros flashes fotográficos e flares.","É o metal estrutural mais leve e é ligado ao alumínio para produzir peças leves e resistentes para carros e aeronaves.","O magnésio está no centro de cada molécula de clorofila, tornando-o essencial para a fotossíntese nas plantas.","O corpo humano precisa de magnésio para centenas de reações enzimáticas, incluindo aquelas que mantêm os músculos e os nervos funcionando.","O magnésio é o oitavo elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre e o terceiro mais abundante dissolvido na água do mar.","O sal Epsom, usado para aliviar dores musculares, é o sulfato de magnésio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Magnésia, um distrito na Tessália, Grécia, onde foram encontrados minerais relacionados contendo magnésio; o mesmo topônimo também deu origem às palavras 'manganês' e 'ímã'."},"Manganese":{"name":"Manganês","summary":"O manganês é um metal duro e quebradiço usado principalmente na produção de aço para melhorar a resistência e a dureza.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O manganês é essencial para fazer aço, remover oxigênio e enxofre e adicionar resistência; quase todo o aço o contém.","É um ingrediente chave em baterias alcalinas descartáveis.","O dióxido de manganês foi usado por pintores rupestres há dezenas de milhares de anos para fazer pigmento preto.","O roxo profundo do permanganato de potássio o torna um desinfetante e reagente químico útil.","Vastos campos de nódulos de manganês cobrem partes do fundo do oceano.","O manganês é um nutriente essencial, ajudando as enzimas que protegem as células contra danos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado do distrito de Magnésia, na Tessália, Grécia - a mesma região que deu nome ao magnésio - através do latim medieval 'manganês'; o nome foi possivelmente reforçado pelo latim 'magnes' (ímã), uma vez que o minério de manganês foi historicamente confundido com o minério de ferro magnético."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnério","summary":"Meitnério é um elemento radioativo sintético usado exclusivamente em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Meitnério recebeu o nome de Lise Meitner, uma pioneira da fissão nuclear cujas contribuições foram esquecidas por muito tempo.","É um dos poucos elementos com nome de mulher.","O Meitnério foi criado pela primeira vez em 1982 na Alemanha.","É um elemento sintético superpesado formado por um átomo de cada vez.","Seus isótopos decaem extremamente rapidamente, em milissegundos a segundos.","Prevê-se que se comporte como o irídio, no grupo 9 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Lise Meitner, a física austro-sueca que co-descobriu a fissão nuclear e co-descobriu o protactínio, mas foi controversamente excluída do Prêmio Nobel de 1944; A GSI Darmstadt propôs o nome em 1992, em reconhecimento há muito esperado pelas suas enormes contribuições para a ciência nuclear."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelévio","summary":"O mendelévio é um metal radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para investigar propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O mendelévio recebeu o nome de Dmitri Mendeleev, criador da tabela periódica.","Foi feito pela primeira vez em 1955, apenas alguns átomos de cada vez.","O mendelévio só pode ser produzido em aceleradores de partículas pelo bombardeio do einstênio.","Seus experimentos de descoberta detectaram inicialmente apenas cerca de 17 átomos.","É intensamente radioativo com isótopos de vida curta.","O mendelévio não tem utilidade além da pesquisa fundamental em elementos pesados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, o químico russo que criou a tabela periódica em 1869; Glenn Seaborg e colegas batizaram-no em 1955 como uma homenagem ao cientista cuja organização visionária dos elementos tornou conceitualmente possível a descoberta de elementos transurânicos."},"Mercury":{"name":"Mercúrio","summary":"O mercúrio é um metal líquido denso e prateado usado em termômetros, barômetros e lâmpadas fluorescentes.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O mercúrio é o único metal líquido à temperatura ambiente.","É nomeado após o deus mensageiro romano por sua natureza fluida e rápida, e seu símbolo Hg vem de 'hydrargyrum', que significa 'água-prata'.","O mercúrio já foi usado em termômetros e barômetros porque se expande uniformemente com a temperatura.","Os fabricantes de chapéus expostos ao mercúrio desenvolveram tremores e confusão, inspirando a frase “louco como um chapeleiro”.","É tóxico e bioacumulável, acumulando-se nos peixes e nas pessoas que os comem.","O vapor de mercúrio brilha em azul esverdeado quando eletrificado, a base das lâmpadas fluorescentes."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Mercúrio, o rápido deus mensageiro romano, refletindo a natureza fluida e veloz do elemento; o símbolo Hg vem de 'hydrargyrum', uma latinização do grego 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), que significa 'água-prata', referindo-se à sua aparência de prata líquida."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibdénio","summary":"O molibdênio é um metal duro e prateado usado em ligas de aço para aumentar a resistência, tenacidade e resistência à corrosão.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O molibdênio tem um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de todos os elementos, cerca de 2.623 °C.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘molybdos’ (chumbo), pois seu minério foi durante muito tempo confundido com chumbo e grafite.","A adição de molibdênio ao aço produz ligas de alta resistência usadas em aeronaves, ferramentas e armaduras.","É um nutriente essencial, ajudando enzimas em plantas, animais e humanos.","Bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio usam molibdênio para converter o nitrogênio atmosférico em uma forma utilizável.","O dissulfeto de molibdênio é um sólido escorregadio usado como lubrificante seco em altas temperaturas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'molybdos' (chumbo), porque o minério molibdenita foi durante muito tempo confundido com minérios de chumbo; Carl Wilhelm Scheele mostrou que era distinto em 1778, e Peter Jacob Hjelm isolou o metal em 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscóvio","summary":"Moscóvio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Moscóvio tem o nome da região de Moscou, na Rússia, onde o laboratório Dubna está localizado.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2003 por uma colaboração russo-americana.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de Moscóvio decaem em uma fração de segundo.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do bismuto no grupo 15.","Foi nomeado oficialmente em 2016 junto com outros três novos elementos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Oblast de Moscou (região de Moscou) da Rússia, onde está localizado o Instituto Conjunto de Pesquisa Nuclear em Dubna; foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2003 em uma colaboração entre o JINR e o Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore, e nomeado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodímio","summary":"O neodímio é um metal macio e prateado usado em poderosos ímãs, lasers e coloração de vidro.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os ímãs de neodímio são os ímãs permanentes mais fortes comumente disponíveis, capazes de levantar muitas vezes o seu próprio peso.","Esses ímãs são encontrados em tudo, desde fones de ouvido e discos rígidos até turbinas eólicas e motores de carros elétricos.","Seu nome significa 'novo gêmeo', pois foi separado do 'didímio' junto com o praseodímio em 1885.","O neodímio confere ao vidro uma cor marcante que muda entre o roxo e o azul dependendo da luz.","Cristais dopados com neodímio alimentam alguns dos lasers de alta energia mais comuns.","É um dos elementos de terras raras mais abundantes, apesar dos seus usos especializados."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'neos' (novo) e 'didymos' (gêmeo), nomeado por Carl Auer von Welsbach em 1885 quando separou o didímio em praseodímio e neodímio - o 'novo gêmeo' do par."},"Neon":{"name":"Neônio","summary":"O néon é um gás nobre incolor e inodoro que emite um brilho laranja-avermelhado distinto quando eletrificado.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O néon brilha em um vermelho alaranjado brilhante quando uma corrente elétrica passa por ele, a base dos clássicos sinais de 'néon'.","É quase completamente inerte, não formando compostos químicos comuns estáveis ​​em condições normais.","O néon foi descoberto em 1898 por Ramsay e Travers, que o batizaram da palavra grega “neos”, que significa “novo”.","Apesar de ser o quinto elemento mais abundante no universo, o néon é raro na Terra, constituindo apenas uma pequena fração da atmosfera.","O néon líquido é um excelente refrigerante criogênico, com mais de 40 vezes a capacidade de refrigeração por volume de hélio líquido.","As diferentes cores vistas nos sinais de 'néon' vêm, na verdade, de outros gases nobres; o néon puro sempre produz uma luz laranja-avermelhada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'neos' (novo), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 para refletir que era um gás nobre recém-descoberto."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Netúnio","summary":"Netúnio é um metal radioativo usado em instrumentos de detecção de nêutrons e estudado por seu papel em reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Netúnio foi o primeiro elemento transurânico a ser sintetizado, em 1940.","Tem o nome do planeta Netuno, continuando a sequência após Urânio (Urano).","O netúnio é um subproduto dos reatores nucleares e é considerado um problema de resíduos nucleares de longa duração.","É prateado, radioativo e um dos metais actinídeos mais densos.","O Neptúnio-237 pode ser usado para produzir plutônio-238 para fontes de energia de naves espaciais.","Vestígios de neptúnio ocorrem naturalmente em minérios de urânio."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta Netuno, que fica além de Urano no sistema solar, assim como o netúnio fica além de Urânio na tabela periódica; Edwin McMillan e Philip Abelson sintetizaram-no em 1940, continuando a sequência de nomenclatura planetária iniciada com urânio."},"Nickel":{"name":"Níquel","summary":"O níquel é um metal branco prateado usado em aço inoxidável, baterias e diversas aplicações industriais.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O nome do níquel vem de um termo de mineração alemão que significa “cobre do velho Nick”, porque seu minério parecia cobre, mas não produzia nenhum.","É altamente resistente à corrosão e é usado para galvanizar outros metais para proteção.","O aço inoxidável normalmente contém níquel, o que melhora sua resistência e resistência à ferrugem.","Apesar do nome, as moedas modernas de 'níquel' dos EUA são principalmente de cobre, com apenas 25% de níquel.","Acredita-se que o núcleo da Terra seja em grande parte uma liga de ferro-níquel, e muitos meteoritos são ricos em níquel.","O níquel é um dos poucos elementos magnéticos à temperatura ambiente."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Abreviado do alemão 'Kupfernickel' (cobre do diabo ou cobre do Velho Nick), uma maldição dos mineiros para um minério que parecia cobre, mas não produzia nenhum; 'Níquel' é um apelido alemão para o diabo, derivado do nome Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihônio","summary":"O niônio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Nihônio tem o nome do Japão ('Nihon'), o primeiro elemento descoberto em um país asiático.","Foi sintetizado no laboratório RIKEN no Japão, confirmado por volta de 2004.","É um elemento sintético superpesado composto apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Os átomos de niônio decaem segundos após serem criados.","Prevê-se que esteja abaixo do tálio no grupo 13.","A sua descoberta deu ao Japão a honra de nomear um novo elemento pela primeira vez."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado devido a 'Nihon' (日本), a palavra japonesa para Japão, que significa 'terra do sol nascente'; cientistas da RIKEN no Japão confirmaram a sua síntese em 2004 e escolheram o nome para homenagear o primeiro elemento descoberto na Ásia, tendo sido reconhecido oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Nióbio","summary":"O nióbio é um metal macio e dúctil usado principalmente em ligas, principalmente na produção de aço para melhorar a resistência.","appearance":"Cinza metálico","interesting_facts":["O nióbio recebeu o nome de Niobe, filha de Tântalo na mitologia grega, refletindo sua estreita ligação com o tântalo.","Torna-se um supercondutor quando frio e é usado em ímãs de aparelhos de ressonância magnética e aceleradores de partículas.","As ligas de nióbio podem ser anodizadas para produzir um arco-íris de cores, popular em joias.","Pequenas quantidades de nióbio tornam o aço muito mais resistente, usado em tubulações e estruturas de automóveis.","Já foi chamado de columbium nos Estados Unidos, e o nome persistiu até o século XX.","O nióbio é hipoalergênico, por isso é usado em piercings e implantes médicos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Niobe, filha de Tântalo na mitologia grega, por Heinrich Rose em 1844, porque o nióbio é quase sempre encontrado ao lado do tântalo e os dois elementos eram inicialmente tão difíceis de distinguir que o par mitológico pai-filho parecia adequado."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Nitrogênio","summary":"O nitrogênio é um gás incolor e inodoro que constitui cerca de 78% da atmosfera da Terra.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O nitrogênio representa cerca de 78% do ar que respiramos, mas é tão pouco reativo que quase sempre o expiramos sem ser utilizado.","O nitrogênio líquido ferve a -196 °C e é usado para congelar alimentos rapidamente, preservar amostras biológicas e criar efeitos dramáticos de neblina.","A ligação tripla que mantém dois átomos de nitrogênio juntos é uma das ligações químicas mais fortes conhecidas, tornando o gás nitrogênio muito estável.","O processo Haber-Bosch, que converte o nitrogênio atmosférico em amônia para fertilizante, ajuda a alimentar cerca de metade da população mundial.","O nitrogênio é um ingrediente chave em explosivos como o TNT e a nitroglicerina porque suas ligações liberam enorme energia quando se rompem.","As bactérias nas raízes das leguminosas “fixam” o nitrogênio do ar em uma forma que as plantas podem usar, enriquecendo naturalmente o solo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'nitron' (nitro/salitre) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de nitro', cunhado por Jean-Antoine Chaptal em 1790 porque o salitre e o ácido nítrico contêm nitrogênio."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobélio","summary":"O Nobélio é um elemento radioativo sintético sem aplicações significativas fora da pesquisa científica.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["O Nobélio recebeu o nome de Alfred Nobel, fundador dos Prêmios Nobel.","Só pode ser produzido átomo por átomo em aceleradores de partículas.","Excepcionalmente para um actinídeo, o nobélio é mais estável no estado de oxidação +2.","Sua descoberta no final da década de 1950 foi disputada entre laboratórios concorrentes durante anos.","Todos os isótopos de nobélio são radioativos e de vida curta.","Existe apenas em ambientes de pesquisa e não tem aplicações práticas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Alfred Nobel, o químico sueco que inventou a dinamite e fundou os Prêmios Nobel; o nome foi proposto em 1957, quando uma equipe em Estocolmo inicialmente reivindicou a descoberta, e foi mantido quando a descoberta confirmada foi creditada aos laboratórios Dubna e Berkeley."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganessônio","summary":"Oganessônio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente gasoso ou metálico","interesting_facts":["Oganessônio é o elemento mais pesado conhecido, com número atómico 118.","Seu nome é uma homenagem ao físico Yuri Oganessian, um dos poucos elementos com o nome de uma pessoa viva.","Embora esteja na coluna de gases nobres, prevê-se que o Oganessônio seja sólido e possivelmente reativo, ao contrário de outros gases nobres.","Apenas alguns átomos foram criados, cada um sobrevivendo menos de um milissegundo.","Foi sintetizado pela primeira vez em 2002 por uma colaboração russo-americana em Dubna.","Oganessônio completa a sétima linha da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Yuri Oganessian, o físico nuclear russo-armênio que foi pioneiro na síntese de elementos superpesados ​​e liderou a equipe do JINR Dubna que criou Oganessônio em 2002; é um dos dois únicos elementos com o nome de uma pessoa viva, refletindo o extraordinário alcance de suas contribuições para a área."},"Osmium":{"name":"Ósmio","summary":"O ósmio é um metal denso, branco-azulado, conhecido por sua dureza e usado em pontas de caneta-tinteiro, contatos elétricos e pivôs de instrumentos.","appearance":"Branco azulado, metálico","interesting_facts":["O ósmio é o elemento natural mais denso, quase duas vezes mais denso que o chumbo.","Seu nome vem do grego ‘osme’, que significa cheiro, porque seu óxido tem um odor forte e tóxico.","O ósmio é extremamente duro e foi usado nas primeiras agulhas de fonógrafo e pontas de caneta-tinteiro.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e tem aparência prateada azulada.","O tetróxido de ósmio é usado para corar tecido biológico para microscopia eletrônica.","É um dos elementos mais raros da crosta terrestre."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'osmē' (ὀσμή), que significa 'cheiro' ou 'odor'; Smithson Tennant cunhou o nome em 1803 porque o tetróxido de ósmio, formado quando o metal é exposto ao ar, tem um cheiro tóxico forte e distinto."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oxigênio","summary":"O oxigênio é um gás incolor e inodoro, essencial para a respiração na maioria dos organismos vivos.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O oxigênio constitui cerca de 21% da atmosfera da Terra e é o elemento mais abundante em massa na crosta do planeta.","A maior parte do oxigênio que respiramos é produzida pela fotossíntese, sendo uma grande parte proveniente do fitoplâncton oceânico.","O oxigênio líquido e sólido são azuis claros e magnéticos, sendo atraídos por um ímã.","O ozônio, uma molécula de três átomos de oxigênio, forma uma camada protetora na estratosfera que absorve a radiação ultravioleta prejudicial.","O oxigênio foi descoberto de forma independente na década de 1770 por Carl Wilhelm Scheele e Joseph Priestley, e nomeado por Antoine Lavoisier.","Embora vital para a vida, o oxigênio também é altamente reativo e provoca a ferrugem do ferro e a queima de combustíveis."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'oxys' (afiado ou azedo) e 'genes' (formando), que significa 'formador de ácido', nomeado por Lavoisier em 1777 com base na crença então mantida de que o oxigênio é uma parte essencial de todos os ácidos."},"Palladium":{"name":"Paládio","summary":"O paládio é um metal precioso branco prateado usado em conversores catalíticos, electrónicos e armazenamento de hidrogênio.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O paládio deve o seu nome ao asteróide Pallas, descoberto pouco antes do metal em 1803.","Seu principal uso é em conversores catalíticos, onde ajuda a transformar gases de exaustão tóxicos em inofensivos.","O paládio pode absorver até 900 vezes o seu próprio volume de gás hidrogênio, como uma esponja metálica.","É um metal precioso do grupo da platina e é usado em ouro branco, joias finas e ligas dentárias.","O paládio é essencial para muitos electrónicos, incluindo os minúsculos capacitores dentro de telefones e computadores.","Desempenhou um papel central nas famosas e posteriormente desacreditadas experiências de “fusão a frio” de 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao asteróide Pallas, descoberto em 1802 e nomeado em homenagem a Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston cunhou o nome em 1803, seguindo a moda contemporânea de nomear novos elementos com base em corpos celestes recentemente descobertos."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fósforo","summary":"O fósforo é um elemento essencial e altamente reativo em moléculas biológicas como DNA e ATP.","appearance":"A cor varia (formas brancas, vermelhas ou pretas)","interesting_facts":["O fósforo branco brilha fracamente no escuro ao reagir com o oxigênio, um fenômeno que deu o nome à “fosforescência”.","Foi o primeiro elemento descoberto por um descobridor conhecido, isolado por Hennig Brand em 1669 a partir de urina fervida.","O fósforo existe em formas surpreendentemente diferentes: o fósforo branco é perigosamente inflamável, enquanto o fósforo vermelho é estável e usado em tiras de caixas de fósforos.","Cada célula utiliza fósforo no DNA, RNA e ATP, a molécula que armazena e transfere energia nos seres vivos.","Cerca de 85% da rocha fosfática extraída é transformada em fertilizante, tornando o fósforo fundamental para a produção global de alimentos.","Seus ossos e dentes são fortalecidos pelo fosfato de cálcio, de modo que grande parte do fósforo do corpo é armazenado no esqueleto."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'fósforo' (portador de luz, de 'phos' = luz e 'phoros' = suporte), porque o fósforo branco brilha fracamente no escuro quando oxida; o nome foi aplicado por Hennig Brand quando o descobriu em 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"A platina é um metal denso, maleável e resistente à corrosão usado em conversores catalíticos, joias e electrónicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["A platina é tão resistente à corrosão que nunca mancha, mesmo em altas temperaturas.","É um catalisador chave em conversores catalíticos, ajudando a limpar os gases de escape dos veículos.","A platina é mais densa que o ouro e é valorizada em joias finas e alianças de casamento.","Alguns compostos de platina, como a cisplatina, são poderosos medicamentos quimioterápicos.","A África do Sul produz a maior parte da platina do mundo.","O seu nome vem do espanhol “platina”, que significa “pouca prata”, um nome que os primeiros mineiros lhe deram com desdém."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Derivado do espanhol 'platina', um diminutivo de 'plata' (prata), que significa 'pouca prata'; Os exploradores espanhóis na América do Sul no século XVI usaram este termo desdenhoso para o metal pálido e prateado que encontraram misturado em depósitos de ouro, mas que não conseguiam trabalhar facilmente."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutônio","summary":"O plutônio é um metal radioativo usado em reatores nucleares, armas nucleares e como fonte de energia para naves espaciais.","appearance":"Branco prateado, mancha quando exposto ao ar","interesting_facts":["O plutônio é famoso por seu uso em armas e reatores nucleares.","Seu nome vem do planeta anão Plutão, seguindo Neptúnio e Urânio.","O plutônio-238 alimenta espaçonaves como as sondas Voyager e o rover Curiosity com seu calor constante.","Um pedaço de plutônio é quente ao toque por causa do calor de seu próprio decaimento radioativo.","Possui uma química incomum, existindo em muitos estados de oxidação coloridos em solução.","O plutónio expande-se e contrai-se dramaticamente entre as suas diferentes formas sólidas, tornando-o difícil de maquinar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Plutão (então considerado o nono planeta), que fica além de Netuno, assim como o plutônio fica além de Netúnio; Glenn Seaborg nomeou-o em 1942, observando que a forma alternativa 'plutium' foi considerada, mas rejeitada em favor da terminação mais clássica '-onium'."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polónio","summary":"O polónio é um metal altamente radioativo usado em dispositivos antiestáticos e como fonte de calor em aplicações espaciais.","appearance":"Prateado","interesting_facts":["O polónio foi descoberto por Marie e Pierre Curie em 1898 e recebeu o nome da terra natal de Marie, a Polônia.","É intensamente radioativo, tanto que um grama dele brilha em azul e emite calor suficiente para se manter aquecido.","O polónio-210 foi usado no notório envenenamento de Alexander Litvinenko em 2006.","Tem sido usado como fonte de calor leve em sondas espaciais e como dispositivo antiestático.","O polónio é extremamente raro, ocorrendo em minérios de urânio em pequenas quantidades.","Uma partícula de polónio pode fornecer uma dose letal, tornando-o uma das substâncias mais tóxicas conhecidas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Polônia (latim: Polonia), terra natal de Marie Curie, que a co-descobriu com Pierre Curie em 1898; Curie escolheu o nome como uma homenagem à sua terra natal ocupada, então dividida entre a Rússia, a Prússia e a Áustria, na esperança de chamar a atenção internacional para a sua causa."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potássio","summary":"O potássio é um metal macio, branco prateado, essencial para o crescimento das plantas e crucial nos processos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O potássio é tão reativo que explode em uma chama lilás quando toca a água.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca e leve o suficiente para flutuar na água enquanto reage.","Os íons de potássio são essenciais para os sinais nervosos e os batimentos cardíacos, e as bananas são uma fonte alimentar bem conhecida.","Seu símbolo químico K vem de ‘kalium’, a forma latinizada da palavra árabe para cinzas de plantas.","O potássio foi o primeiro metal isolado por eletrólise, por Humphry Davy em 1807.","O isótopo radioativo potássio-40 no corpo humano torna-nos ligeiramente radioativo durante toda a vida."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome inglês deriva de 'potassa' (cinza de madeira lixiviada em vasos, uma fonte antiga do elemento), enquanto o símbolo K vem do latim 'kalium', em última análise, do árabe 'al-qali' (as cinzas alcalinas da planta usadas na fabricação de sabão)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodímio","summary":"O praseodímio é um metal macio e prateado usado em ímãs, coloração de vidro e ligas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O nome Praseodímio significa “gêmeo verde”, devido à cor verde de seus sais.","É utilizado em óculos especiais que protegem soldadores e sopradores de vidro do brilho intenso e da luz infravermelha.","Misturado ao neodímio, forma poderosos ímãs usados ​​em motores e fones de ouvido.","O praseodímio confere uma cor amarela pura aos esmaltes de vidro e cerâmica.","Foi separado de uma substância chamada 'didímio' em 1885, que revelou ser dois elementos.","Fibras dopadas com praseodímio podem amplificar sinais de luz em alguns sistemas ópticos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'prasios' (verde-alho-poró) e 'didymos' (gêmeo), nomeado por Carl Auer von Welsbach em 1885 quando ele dividiu o didímio em dois elementos: praseodímio, o gêmeo salgado verde, e neodímio, o novo gêmeo."},"Promethium":{"name":"Promécio","summary":"O promécio é um metal radioativo usado em tintas luminosas, baterias atômicas e pesquisas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O promécio é o único elemento de terras raras sem isótopos estáveis; é radioativo e essencialmente ausente da natureza.","Tem o nome de Prometeu, o titã grego que roubou o fogo dos deuses.","O promécio tem sido usado em tintas luminosas e em minúsculas baterias atômicas para marca-passos e espaçonaves.","A sua existência preencheu uma lacuna de longa data no elemento 61 da tabela periódica, confirmada em 1945.","O promécio brilhante pode produzir uma leve luz azul esverdeada a partir de sua própria radiação.","Acredita-se que existam apenas cerca de 500 gramas de promécio em toda a crosta terrestre a qualquer momento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Prometeu, o titã da mitologia grega que roubou o fogo dos deuses e o deu à humanidade; apropriadamente, o promécio foi obtido pela primeira vez em 1945 a partir de produtos de fissão de urânio em um reator nuclear."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protactínio","summary":"O protactínio é um metal denso, cinza prateado, utilizado principalmente em pesquisas científicas devido à sua escassez e radioatividade.","appearance":"Metálico brilhante e prateado","interesting_facts":["O protactínio é um dos elementos naturais mais raros e caros.","Seu nome significa 'pai do actínio', porque decai em actínio.","É altamente radioativo e tóxico, exigindo manuseio cuidadoso.","O protactínio foi identificado pela primeira vez em 1913 e isolado em 1934.","A proporção de protactínio para tório nos sedimentos oceânicos ajuda os cientistas a estudar o clima passado e a circulação oceânica.","Tem poucos usos fora da pesquisa científica devido à sua escassez e radioatividade."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'protos' (πρῶτος), que significa 'primeiro', combinado com 'actínio', produzindo 'pai de actínio'; o nome reflete que o protactínio-231 decai em actínio-227; Kasper Fajans chamou-o pela primeira vez de 'brevium' em 1913, mas 'protactínio' foi adotado quando o isótopo de vida mais longa foi identificado."},"Radium":{"name":"Rádio","summary":"O rádio é um metal altamente radioativo que já foi usado em tintas luminosas, agora estudado principalmente por suas propriedades radioativas.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rádio foi descoberto por Marie e Pierre Curie em 1898 e brilha com uma leve luz azul no escuro.","Certa vez, foi adicionado a mostradores de relógios que brilham no escuro, envenenando tragicamente as 'Rádio Girls' que os pintaram.","Os produtos do início do século XX comercializavam o rádio em pasta de dente, água e cosméticos antes que seus perigos fossem compreendidos.","O rádio é cerca de um milhão de vezes mais radioativo que a mesma quantidade de urânio.","Foi historicamente usado na radioterapia do câncer antes que fontes mais seguras o substituíssem.","Os cadernos de Marie Curie ainda são tão radioativos que são guardados em caixas revestidas de chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do latim 'raio', que significa 'raio' ou 'feixe', por Marie e Pierre Curie que o descobriram em 1898; o nome refere-se à intensa radiação que o elemento emite, que observaram como um fenômeno novo e notável ao isolá-lo da pechblenda."},"Radon":{"name":"Radônio","summary":"O radônio é um gás nobre radioativo usado em radioterapia e como traçador em pesquisas geológicas.","appearance":"Gás incolor","interesting_facts":["O radônio é um gás nobre radioativo produzido pela decomposição do urânio no solo e nas rochas.","É a principal causa de cancro do pulmão entre os não fumadores, infiltrando-se de forma invisível nas caves.","O Radônio é incolor, inodoro e insípido, por isso só pode ser detectado com instrumentos especiais.","É o gás mais denso em condições normais e um dos gases mais pesados ​​conhecidos.","O radônio já foi usado em alguns dos primeiros tratamentos médicos de radiação.","Kits de teste caseiros estão amplamente disponíveis porque os níveis de radônio podem ser reduzidos com ventilação adequada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado a partir de 'rádio' - o elemento a partir do qual é produzido por decaimento radioativo - combinado com o sufixo '-on' usado para gases nobres; Friedrich Dorn detectou-o pela primeira vez em 1900 como um gás emanando do rádio, e foi chamado de “emanação de rádio” antes do nome “radônio” ser padronizado."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rénio","summary":"O rênio é um metal denso, branco prateado, usado em motores a jato, filamentos e catalisadores.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O rênio foi um dos últimos elementos estáveis ​​a ser descoberto, em 1925.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão e ebulição mais altos de todos os elementos.","As superligas de rênio permitem que as pás das turbinas dos motores de jato e foguete funcionem de maneira mais quente e eficiente.","Tem o nome do rio Reno, na Alemanha.","O rênio é extremamente raro e é recuperado principalmente como subproduto da mineração de cobre e molibdênio.","É usado como catalisador para produzir gasolina de alta octanagem e sem chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao Rio Reno (latim: Rhenus), que atravessa a Alemanha; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke e Otto Berg escolheram o nome em 1925, quando descobriram o elemento, seguindo a tradição de nomear os elementos de acordo com as características geográficas da terra natal dos descobridores."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Ródio","summary":"O ródio é um metal raro, branco prateado, conhecido por sua alta refletância e uso em conversores catalíticos e joias.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O ródio é um dos metais preciosos mais raros e valiosos, muitas vezes custando muito mais que o ouro.","Seu nome vem do grego 'rhodon' (rosa), devido à cor rosa-avermelhada de seus sais.","A maior parte do ródio é usada em conversores catalíticos para limpar gases nocivos do escapamento dos carros.","Proporciona um acabamento brilhante, duro e reflexivo e é usado para folhear joias e espelhos em ouro branco.","O ródio é altamente resistente à corrosão e não mancha com o ar.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e é recuperado principalmente como subproduto da mineração de platina e níquel."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'rhodon' (rosa), nomeado por William Hyde Wollaston em 1804 porque as soluções de sais de ródio são caracteristicamente de cor rosa-avermelhada."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgênio","summary":"Roentgênio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado principalmente em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Roentgênio recebeu o nome de Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, o descobridor dos raios X.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1994 na Alemanha pela fusão de núcleos de níquel e bismuto.","É um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas por alguns átomos de cada vez.","Prevê-se que o Roentgênio fique abaixo do ouro na tabela periódica e pode compartilhar parte de sua química.","Seus átomos decaem segundos após serem formados.","Não tem aplicações além da pesquisa fundamental."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, o físico alemão que descobriu os raios X em 1895 e recebeu o primeiro Prêmio Nobel de Física em 1901; A GSI Darmstadt sintetizou-o em 1994, propôs o nome em 2004 e a IUPAC adotou-o oficialmente no mesmo ano."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubídio","summary":"Rubídio é um elemento metálico macio, branco prateado, usado em eletrônica, pesquisa e relógios atômicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rubídio inflama-se espontaneamente no ar e reage violentamente com a água.","Seu nome vem do latim 'rubidus' (vermelho escuro) devido às linhas vermelhas em seu espectro de emissão.","O rubídio foi descoberto em 1861 por Bunsen e Kirchhoff usando a nova técnica de espectroscopia.","Ele derrete logo acima da temperatura corporal, a cerca de 39 °C.","Os átomos de rubídio são usados ​​em alguns dos relógios atômicos mais precisos do mundo.","Os cientistas usaram o rubídio para criar o primeiro condensado de Bose-Einstein, um estranho novo estado da matéria, em 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'rubidus' (vermelho profundo ou vermelho escuro), nomeado por Robert Bunsen e Gustav Kirchhoff em 1861 em homenagem às duas linhas espectrais vermelhas profundas distintas que eles usaram para identificá-lo por meio da então nova técnica de espectroscopia."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutênio","summary":"O rutênio é um metal de transição raro usado em contatos elétricos, resistores de película espessa e como catalisador.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O rutênio recebeu o nome de Rutênia, o nome latino da Rússia, onde foi descoberto em 1844.","É um dos metais do grupo da platina e é extremamente duro e quebradiço.","A adição de uma pequena quantidade de rutênio melhora muito a dureza e a resistência ao desgaste das ligas de platina e paládio.","O rutênio é usado em contatos elétricos e resistores de chip dentro da eletrônica.","Atua como um catalisador versátil, inclusive em processos de produção de amônia e limpeza de poluentes.","Compostos de rutênio estão sendo pesquisados ​​como corantes que absorvem luz para células solares."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Rutênia, o nome latino para a Rússia (a terra do povo Rus), por Karl Ernst Claus em 1844, que fez a descoberta enquanto trabalhava em Kazan, no Império Russo."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfórdio","summary":"Rutherfórdio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos pesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico prateado","interesting_facts":["Rutherfórdio recebeu o nome do físico Ernest Rutherford, o pai da física nuclear.","É o primeiro dos elementos transactinídeos (superpesados).","Rutherfórdio é produzido pela colisão de núcleos atômicos mais leves em aceleradores.","Sua descoberta foi objeto de uma disputa de nomes na Guerra Fria entre cientistas americanos e soviéticos.","Apenas alguns átomos podem ser criados por vez e eles decaem em segundos.","Espera-se que se comporte quimicamente como o háfnio, no grupo 4 da tabela periódica."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ernest Rutherford, o físico nascido na Nova Zelândia que descobriu o núcleo atómico e é considerado o pai da física nuclear; o nome foi proposto por pesquisadores americanos em Lawrence Berkeley e adotado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 1997, após uma disputa de nomes na Guerra Fria com cientistas soviéticos."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samário","summary":"Samário é um metal branco prateado usado em ímãs, lasers e como absorvedor de nêutrons em reatores nucleares.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os ímãs de samário-cobalto mantêm sua resistência em altas temperaturas, usados ​​em aeronaves e equipamentos militares.","Foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa, através do mineral samarskita (em homenagem ao oficial de mineração Samarsky).","O samário absorve nêutrons prontamente, por isso é usado em hastes de controle de reatores nucleares.","Um composto radioativo de samário é usado para aliviar a dor do câncer que se espalhou para os ossos.","O samário é usado como catalisador na química e na fabricação de certos tipos de vidro e lasers.","É moderadamente duro e oxida lentamente ao ar, formando uma camada amarelada."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à samarskita, mineral no qual foi identificado pela primeira vez por Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran em 1879; a samarskita recebeu o nome do coronel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, um oficial russo da mina – tornando o samário o primeiro elemento nomeado (indiretamente) em homenagem a uma pessoa real."},"Scandium":{"name":"Escândio","summary":"O escândio é um metal macio, branco prateado, usado em componentes aeroespaciais e ligas de alto desempenho.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["A existência e as propriedades do escândio foram previstas por Mendeleev em 1869 como 'eka-boro' antes de ser descoberto em 1879.","A adição de uma pequena quantidade de escândio ao alumínio cria uma liga forte e leve, usada em quadros de bicicletas de alta qualidade e peças aeroespaciais.","Seu nome vem da Escandinávia, onde foi extraído o mineral onde foi encontrado pela primeira vez.","Ligas de escândio-alumínio foram usadas em alguns caças MiG soviéticos.","Apesar de ser bastante comum na crosta, o escândio é difícil de extrair e raramente concentrado em minérios, o que o torna caro.","O iodeto de escândio é adicionado a algumas lâmpadas de iodetos metálicos para produzir luz que imita a luz solar natural."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem à Escandinávia (latim 'Scandia'), região onde Lars Fredrik Nilson o descobriu em 1879 nos minerais euxenita e gadolinita da Escandinávia."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seabórgio","summary":"Seabórgio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar as propriedades de elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico","interesting_facts":["Seabórgio recebeu o nome do químico Glenn T. Seaborg, que ajudou a descobrir muitos elementos transurânicos.","Foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa que ainda estava viva na época.","Seabórgio é um elemento sintético superpesado produzido apenas em aceleradores de partículas.","Seus átomos decaem em segundos, então apenas alguns foram estudados.","Experimentos químicos sugerem que ele se comporta como o tungstênio, no grupo 6 da tabela periódica.","Foi criado pela primeira vez em 1974, esmagando íons de oxigênio na Califórnia."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Glenn T. Seaborg, o químico americano que co-descobriu dez elementos transurânicos; foi o primeiro elemento com o nome de uma pessoa viva, proposto por Lawrence Berkeley em 1994, embora a IUPAC inicialmente tenha se oposto antes de aprovar oficialmente o nome em 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selênio","summary":"O selênio é um não metal com propriedades semelhantes ao enxofre e ao telúrio, usado na eletrônica, na fabricação de vidro e como suplemento nutricional.","appearance":"Formas pretas, vermelhas e cinzas","interesting_facts":["O selênio tem o nome de Selene, a deusa grega da Lua.","Sua condutividade elétrica muda com a luz, uma propriedade usada nas primeiras fotocopiadoras e fotômetros.","O selênio é um nutriente essencial, apoiando enzimas antioxidantes, mas é tóxico em doses maiores.","Dá ao vidro uma cor vermelha e também é usado para remover a tonalidade verde do vidro.","A castanha-do-pará é excepcionalmente rica em selênio.","O selênio vem em diversas formas, incluindo um pó vermelho e uma forma metálica cinza que conduz eletricidade."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'selene' (lua), nomeada por Jöns Jacob Berzelius em 1817 como companheira do telúrio (do latim 'tellus', a Terra), uma vez que ambos os elementos são quimicamente semelhantes e foram encontrados juntos nos mesmos depósitos de minério."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silício","summary":"O silício é um sólido cristalino duro e quebradiço e um componente chave em semicondutores e chips de computador.","appearance":"Sólido cristalino cinza","interesting_facts":["O silício é o segundo elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre depois do oxigênio, principalmente preso na areia e nas rochas como a sílica.","Cristais de silício ultrapuros são a base dos chips de computador, dando nome ao Vale do Silício.","O silício é um semicondutor metalóide, conduzindo eletricidade melhor que os isolantes, mas pior que os metais.","Quartzo, opala e a maior parte da areia são compostos de silício, e o vidro é feito principalmente pela fusão da sílica.","Os painéis solares dependem do silício para converter a luz solar diretamente em eletricidade.","Apesar da semelhança do nome, o silício (o elemento) é diferente do silicone, o polímero flexível emborrachado que o contém."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'silex' ou 'silicis' (sílex ou pedra dura), porque o silício é encontrado abundantemente em rochas de sílex e silicato; o nome 'silício' foi proposto por Thomas Thomson em 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Prata","summary":"A prata é um metal macio, branco e brilhante com a maior condutividade elétrica e térmica de qualquer elemento, usado em joias, electrónicos e espelhos.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A prata é o melhor condutor elétrico e térmico de todos os elementos.","Possui propriedades antibacterianas naturais e era usado para manter feridas e água limpas muito antes da medicina moderna.","A prata é o metal mais reflexivo, por isso era tradicionalmente usada para revestir espelhos.","O filme fotográfico dependia de compostos de prata sensíveis à luz para capturar imagens.","Seu símbolo químico Ag vem da palavra latina 'argentum', e o país Argentina leva seu nome.","A prata mancha de preto quando reage com pequenas quantidades de compostos de enxofre no ar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Prata' vem do inglês antigo 'seolfor', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'silubra', de origem posterior incerta; o símbolo Ag e o nome do país Argentina derivam do latim 'argentum' (prata), ligado ao brilho branco brilhante do elemento."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sódio","summary":"O sódio é um metal macio, branco prateado, altamente reativo e um elemento essencial à vida.","appearance":"Metal branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O sódio é tão reativo que deve ser armazenado sob óleo, e efervesce e pode pegar fogo quando jogado na água.","É macio o suficiente para ser cortado com uma faca, revelando uma superfície prateada e brilhante que rapidamente fica opaca com o ar.","As lâmpadas de vapor de sódio produzem o distinto brilho amarelo-laranja que antes era comum na iluminação pública.","O sal de cozinha comum é o cloreto de sódio, e o sódio é essencial para os impulsos nervosos e o equilíbrio de fluidos no corpo.","O sódio queima com uma chama amarela brilhante, propriedade usada em testes de chama para identificá-lo.","O símbolo químico Na vem da palavra latina ‘natrium’, referindo-se a um composto natural de refrigerante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"O nome em inglês vem de 'soda' (latim medieval 'sodanum', um remédio para dor de cabeça), enquanto o símbolo Na deriva do latim 'natrium', ele próprio do árabe / egípcio 'natrun', a palavra para natron, um mineral de carbonato de sódio que ocorre naturalmente."},"Strontium":{"name":"Estrôncio","summary":"O estrôncio é um metal macio e prateado usado em fogos de artifício, cerâmica e aplicações radiológicas.","appearance":"Prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["Os sais de estrôncio produzem a cor vermelha brilhante em fogos de artifício e sinalizadores de emergência.","Seu nome vem da vila escocesa de Strontian, onde seu minério foi encontrado pela primeira vez.","O isótopo radioativo estrôncio-90 da precipitação nuclear pode alojar-se nos ossos porque imita o cálcio.","O estrôncio é usado em alguns cremes dentais para reduzir a sensibilidade dentária.","O aluminato de estrôncio brilha no escuro por horas e é usado em tintas luminosas modernas.","Tal como o cálcio, o estrôncio reage com a água e nunca é encontrado gratuitamente na natureza."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Strontian, uma vila em Argyllshire, Escócia, onde o mineral estrontianita (carbonato de estrôncio) foi descoberto pela primeira vez em minas de chumbo locais por volta de 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Enxofre","summary":"O enxofre é um elemento amarelo e não metálico comumente encontrado em áreas vulcânicas e é essencial para a vida.","appearance":"Cristais amarelos brilhantes","interesting_facts":["O enxofre é conhecido desde os tempos antigos e é referido como “enxofre” na Bíblia, que significa “pedra ardente”.","É famoso pelo cheiro de ovo podre do sulfeto de hidrogênio, embora o enxofre puro em si seja inodoro.","O enxofre queima com uma chama azul e produz gás dióxido de enxofre sufocante.","A maior parte do enxofre extraído é usada para produzir ácido sulfúrico, um dos produtos químicos industriais mais produzidos no mundo.","Depósitos de enxofre amarelo brilhante se formam ao redor de aberturas vulcânicas e fontes termais.","O enxofre é um elemento essencial da vida, encontrado nos aminoácidos cisteína e metionina que ajudam as proteínas a se dobrarem."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'enxofre' (enxofre), palavra de origem incerta possivelmente ligada ao sânscrito 'sulvere'; o enxofre é conhecido desde a antiguidade como a pedra amarela pungente encontrada ao redor dos vulcões, chamada de 'enxofre' nos textos bíblicos."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tântalo","summary":"O tântalo é um metal denso e resistente à corrosão usado em electrónicos, implantes cirúrgicos e ligas de alta temperatura.","appearance":"Azul cinza","interesting_facts":["Os capacitores de tântalo são minúsculos, mas armazenam muita carga, encontrados em quase todos os telefones e laptops.","Tem o nome de Tântalo do mito grego, refletindo a sua resistência “tentadora” à dissolução em ácido.","O tântalo é biocompatível e é usado em implantes cirúrgicos, placas e pinos.","Possui um dos pontos de fusão mais altos de qualquer metal, acima de 3.000 °C.","O tântalo é altamente resistente à corrosão graças a uma resistente camada de óxido.","Grande parte do tântalo mundial vem do minério coltan, levantando preocupações éticas sobre o fornecimento."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Tântalo, o rei da mitologia grega condenado a ficar em uma poça d’água sob árvores frutíferas que recuavam sempre que ele as alcançava; Anders Ekeberg escolheu o nome em 1802 porque o elemento recusava-se tentadoramente a absorver ácido, tal como Tântalo nunca conseguia satisfazer a sua sede."},"Technetium":{"name":"Tecnécio","summary":"O tecnécio é um metal radioativo cinza prateado usado principalmente em imagens médicas e radiografia industrial.","appearance":"Cinza prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O tecnécio foi o primeiro elemento a ser produzido artificialmente e o seu nome vem da palavra grega que significa “artificial”.","Não possui isótopos estáveis, então essencialmente nenhum existe naturalmente na Terra.","O tecnécio-99m é o traçador radioativo mais utilizado em imagens médicas, utilizado em dezenas de milhões de exames anualmente.","A sua lacuna na tabela periódica foi prevista por Mendeleev como 'eka-manganês'.","O tecnécio foi detectado nos espectros de certas estrelas distantes, provando que elementos ainda estão sendo forjados nelas.","Pequenas quantidades de tecnécio podem tornar o aço notavelmente resistente à corrosão."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'technetos' (artificial ou feito pelo homem), nomeado por Carlo Perrier e Emilio Segrè em 1937 porque foi o primeiro elemento a ser produzido artificialmente, criado pelo bombardeio de molibdênio com deutérios em um ciclotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Telúrio","summary":"O telúrio é um metalóide branco prateado quebradiço usado em ligas, semicondutores e dispositivos termoelétricos.","appearance":"Cinza prateado brilhante","interesting_facts":["Telúrio tem o nome da palavra latina para Terra, 'tellus'.","Pessoas expostas mesmo a pequenas quantidades desenvolvem “hálito de telúrio”, um poderoso odor semelhante ao do alho que pode durar semanas.","É um metalóide raro, tão escasso na crosta terrestre quanto a platina.","O telureto de cádmio é usado para fabricar painéis solares de película fina.","O telúrio melhora a usinabilidade de ligas de aço e cobre.","É usado em discos ópticos regraváveis ​​porque pode alternar entre os estados vítreo e cristalino."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do latim 'tellus' (a Terra), nomeado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1798; o nome foi deliberadamente combinado com selênio (em homenagem à lua), uma vez que os dois elementos são quimicamente semelhantes e frequentemente encontrados juntos."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessínio","summary":"Tennessínio é um elemento radioativo sintético usado em pesquisas científicas para estudar elementos superpesados.","appearance":"Desconhecido, provavelmente metálico ou metalóide","interesting_facts":["Tennessínio recebeu o nome do estado americano do Tennessee, sede do Laboratório Nacional de Oak Ridge.","É o segundo elemento mais pesado conhecido e foi confirmado em 2010.","Seu nome termina em '-ine' porque fica na coluna de halogênio, grupo 17.","Sua criação exigiu berquélio raro produzido em Oak Ridge, bombardeado com íons de cálcio.","Apenas alguns átomos de tennessina foram produzidos.","Seus átomos decaem em uma fração de segundo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao estado americano do Tennessee, sede do Laboratório Nacional de Oak Ridge (que produziu o alvo essencial do berquélio), da Universidade Vanderbilt e da Universidade do Tennessee; foi sintetizado em 2010 e nomeado oficialmente pela IUPAC em 2016, com o sufixo '-ine' refletindo sua posição no grupo de halogênio 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Térbio","summary":"O térbio é um metal branco prateado usado em fósforos para iluminação verde, lasers e dispositivos magneto-ópticos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O térbio fornece a cor verde em muitos fósforos usados ​​em iluminação e telas mais antigas.","Tem o nome da vila sueca de Ytterby, um dos quatro elementos que homenageiam aquela única cidade.","As ligas de térbio mudam de forma em um campo magnético, usadas em sensores e sistemas de sonar.","Ele brilha em verde brilhante sob luz ultravioleta e é usado em tintas de segurança.","O térbio é um metal de terras raras, macio e prateado, que pode ser cortado com uma faca.","É usado em dispositivos de estado sólido e lâmpadas fluorescentes com eficiência energética."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha sueca de Resarö, onde o minério gadolinita foi originalmente coletado; Carl Gustaf Mosander separou-o da ítria em 1843, e 'térbio' é um rearranjo silábico de 'Ytterby'."},"Thallium":{"name":"Tálio","summary":"O tálio é um metal macio e cinza usado em eletrônica, sistemas ópticos e algumas aplicações médicas.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O tálio já foi um veneno preferido, inodoro e insípido, o que lhe valeu o apelido de “veneno do envenenador”.","Seu nome vem do grego 'thallos', um broto verde, em homenagem à linha verde brilhante em seu espectro.","O envenenamento por tálio causa queda de cabelo, o que às vezes ajuda os médicos a diagnosticá-lo.","Um isótopo de tálio radioativo é usado em testes de estresse de imagens cardíacas.","Os compostos de tálio são usados ​​​​em óptica e eletrônica infravermelha especializadas.","Foi descoberto em 1861 usando o novo método de espectroscopia de chama."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado do grego 'thallos' (θαλλός), que significa 'broto verde' ou 'galho verde'; William Crookes nomeou-o em 1861 em homenagem à distinta linha espectral verde brilhante que viu ao analisar resíduos de ácido selênio usando a técnica recém-desenvolvida de espectroscopia de chama."},"Thorium":{"name":"Tório","summary":"O tório é um metal fracamente radioativo usado em reatores nucleares, ligas e mantos de gás.","appearance":"Prateado, muitas vezes com manchas pretas","interesting_facts":["Tório tem o nome de Thor, o deus nórdico do trovão.","Está sendo pesquisado como um combustível nuclear mais seguro e abundante que o urânio.","O tório é cerca de três a quatro vezes mais abundante na crosta do que o urânio.","Mantos de gás toriado brilhavam intensamente e foram usados ​​em lanternas por mais de um século.","Já foi adicionado a lentes de câmeras de alta qualidade, que podem amarelar ligeiramente com o tempo devido à radiação.","Quase todo o tório é o isótopo tório-232, de longa vida, com meia-vida maior que a idade do universo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Thor, o deus nórdico do trovão, pelo químico sueco Jöns Jacob Berzelius, que o descobriu em 1828; Berzelius o encontrou em um mineral norueguês que chamou de torita e deu ao novo elemento o nome da divindade, seguindo uma tradição de homenagear figuras mitológicas."},"Thulium":{"name":"Túlio","summary":"O túlio é um metal macio e prateado usado em dispositivos portáteis de raios X, lasers e algumas aplicações nucleares.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O túlio é o mais raro dos elementos de terras raras estáveis ​​e um dos mais caros.","Tem o nome de Thule, uma terra mítica no extremo norte.","O túlio-170 radioativo é usado em dispositivos portáteis de raios X que não precisam de eletricidade.","O túlio brilha em azul sob luz ultravioleta e é usado em marcações antifalsificação em notas.","Os lasers de túlio são usados ​​em alguns procedimentos médico-cirúrgicos.","Apesar de sua raridade, o túlio ainda é mais abundante na crosta do que o ouro."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Thule, o antigo nome grego e romano para uma terra mítica no extremo norte do mundo conhecido, frequentemente identificada com a Escandinávia ou a Islândia; Per Teodor Cleve escolheu o nome em 1879 para homenagear as origens escandinavas do elemento."},"Tin":{"name":"Estanho","summary":"O estanho é um metal maleável, branco prateado, usado em soldas, revestimentos e ligas como o bronze.","appearance":"Branco prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["A mistura de estanho com cobre produz o bronze, a liga que definiu toda uma época da história humana.","Quando dobrada, uma barra de estanho emite um som crepitante chamado “grito de estanho”, à medida que seus cristais se reorganizam.","No frio extremo, a lata comum se transforma em um pó cinza, um processo denominado 'praga do estanho'.","As latas obtêm resistência à corrosão a partir de um fino revestimento de estanho sobre o aço.","O estanho possui isótopos mais estáveis ​​(dez) do que qualquer outro elemento.","Estanho e solda são ligas comuns à base de estanho usadas há séculos."],"naming_origin_explanation":"A palavra inglesa 'Estanho' vem do inglês antigo 'Estanho', relacionado ao proto-germânico 'tinam', de origem incerta; o símbolo Sn vem do latim 'stannum', que originalmente se referia a uma liga de prata-chumbo antes de ser aplicado ao estanho."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titânio","summary":"O titânio é um metal forte e leve, amplamente utilizado na indústria aeroespacial, em dispositivos médicos e em ligas.","appearance":"Cinza-branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O titânio tem a maior relação resistência-densidade de qualquer elemento metálico, sendo tão forte quanto o aço, mas cerca de 45% mais leve.","É biocompatível, por isso o corpo não o rejeita, o que o torna ideal para próteses de quadril e implantes dentários.","O dióxido de titânio é um pigmento branco brilhante usado em tintas, protetores solares e até mesmo em pastas de dente.","Ele resiste tão bem à corrosão da água do mar que é usado em peças de navios e cascos de submarinos.","O titânio recebeu o nome dos Titãs da mitologia grega devido à sua grande força.","Embora seja o nono elemento mais abundante na crosta, o titânio é caro porque é difícil de extrair dos seus minérios."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem aos Titãs da mitologia grega – poderosas divindades primordiais – por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1795, que queria um nome livre de associações geográficas ou pessoais."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungstênio","summary":"O tungstênio é um metal duro e denso com o ponto de fusão mais alto de todos os elementos, usado em filamentos, ferramentas de corte e projéteis perfurantes.","appearance":"Branco acinzentado, brilhante","interesting_facts":["O tungstênio tem o ponto de fusão mais alto de todos os metais, cerca de 3.422 °C.","Foi usado para filamentos brilhantes em lâmpadas incandescentes.","Seu nome vem do sueco para “pedra pesada”, enquanto seu símbolo W vem de “volfrâmio”.","O carboneto de tungstênio é quase tão duro quanto o diamante e é usado em brocas, serras e munições perfurantes.","É um dos elementos mais densos, aproximadamente a mesma densidade do ouro.","O tungstênio é essencial para algumas enzimas em certos micróbios amantes do calor, o elemento mais pesado conhecido por ser usado pela vida."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungstênio' vem das palavras suecas 'tung' (pesado) e 'sten' (pedra), referindo-se ao mineral scheelita; o símbolo W vem de 'volfrâmio', derivado do mineral volframita - assim chamado porque 'devorava' o estanho durante a fundição, evocando um lobo (alemão: Wolf Rahm, creme ou espuma de lobo)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Urânio","summary":"O urânio é um metal denso e radioativo usado como combustível em reatores nucleares e em armas nucleares.","appearance":"Cinza prateado metálico","interesting_facts":["O urânio é o elemento mais pesado que ocorre em quantidades significativas na natureza.","Recebeu o nome do planeta Urano, descoberto apenas oito anos antes.","Um único quilograma de urânio-235 pode libertar tanta energia como vários milhares de toneladas de carvão.","A radioatividade do urânio foi descoberta por Henri Becquerel em 1896, quando embaçou placas fotográficas no escuro.","O urânio empobrecido é extremamente denso e é usado em armaduras e munições perfurantes.","O vidro de urânio, popular em 1800, brilha em verde brilhante sob luz ultravioleta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem ao planeta Urano, descoberto apenas oito anos antes, por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1789; ele seguiu a tradição de nomear os elementos com base nos corpos celestes, assim como o telúrio (o elemento anterior) recebeu o nome da Terra."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanádio","summary":"O vanádio é um metal duro, cinza prateado, usado principalmente para fortalecer ligas de aço e outros materiais.","appearance":"Cinza prateado","interesting_facts":["O vanádio recebeu o nome de Vanadis, um nome da deusa nórdica Freyja, por causa de seus compostos lindamente coloridos.","Seus compostos aparecem em um arco-íris de cores dependendo do estado de oxidação: roxo, azul, verde e amarelo.","A adição de pequenas quantidades de vanádio ao aço torna-o muito mais duro e resistente, usado em ferramentas e peças de automóveis.","Henry Ford usou aço vanádio no Modelo T para torná-lo mais leve e resistente.","As baterias de fluxo redox de vanádio podem armazenar grandes quantidades de energia para a rede elétrica.","Algumas criaturas marinhas chamadas ascídias concentram vanádio no sangue em níveis muito mais elevados do que a água do mar circundante."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Vanadis, um epíteto em nórdico antigo para a deusa Freyja, escolhida por Nils Gabriel Sefström em 1830 porque os compostos de vanádio formam soluções multicoloridas de beleza impressionante."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenônio","summary":"O xenônio é um gás nobre incolor, denso e inodoro usado em iluminação, imagens médicas e propulsão de naves espaciais.","appearance":"Gás incolor, emite um brilho azul quando excitado","interesting_facts":["O nome Xenônio vem da palavra grega para “estranho”, porque era um achado raro no ar.","Ele produz uma luz branca brilhante e é usado em faróis de carros, flashes de câmeras e lâmpadas de projetores de filmes.","O xenônio pode ser usado como um anestésico seguro e poderoso, embora seja caro.","Apesar de ser um gás nobre, o xenônio foi o primeiro a formar um verdadeiro composto químico, em 1962.","Os propulsores iônicos das espaçonaves usam xenônio como propelente, empurrando suavemente as sondas por todo o sistema solar.","O xenônio é denso o suficiente para que um objeto leve possa flutuar no gás invisível."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do grego 'xenos' (estranho ou estrangeiro), nomeado por William Ramsay e Morris Travers em 1898 porque o xenônio apareceu como um elemento completamente desconhecido escondido nos resíduos após a evaporação do criptônio líquido."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Itérbio","summary":"O itérbio é um metal macio e prateado usado em lasers, relógios atômicos e medidores de tensão em materiais.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O itérbio é um dos quatro elementos nomeados em homenagem à pequena vila sueca de Ytterby.","Os relógios atômicos de itérbio estão entre os cronometristas mais precisos já construídos.","Sua resistência elétrica aumenta acentuadamente sob alta pressão, usada como medidor de tensão.","Fibras dopadas com itérbio alimentam lasers industriais de alta energia para corte e soldagem de metal.","É um metal de terras raras, macio, maleável e prateado.","Excepcionalmente para um lantanídeo, o itérbio pode assumir um estado de oxidação estável +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma vila na ilha de Resarö, perto de Estocolmo, na Suécia; Jean Charles de Marignac isolou pela primeira vez o seu óxido em 1878 do mineral érbia, e o itérbio é um dos quatro elementos nomeados em homenagem a essa única aldeia sueca."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Ítrio","summary":"O ítrio é um elemento metálico prateado usado em fósforos, supercondutores e tecnologia LED.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O ítrio deve o seu nome à aldeia sueca de Ytterby, que deu nome a quatro elementos diferentes.","Cristais de ítrio-alumínio-granada (YAG) são usados ​​para fabricar lasers poderosos para a medicina e a indústria.","Ajudou a criar os primeiros supercondutores de alta temperatura que funcionam acima do ponto de ebulição do nitrogênio.","Os compostos de ítrio produziram os fósforos vermelhos nas antigas telas de televisão em cores.","É usado para fortalecer ligas de alumínio e magnésio.","Embora chamado de terra rara, o ítrio é mais abundante na crosta do que a prata ou o chumbo."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Nomeado em homenagem a Ytterby, uma pequena vila na ilha de Resarö, na Suécia, onde o minério gadolinita foi coletado pela primeira vez em 1787; o mesmo nome de aldeia também inspirou os nomes de itérbio, érbio e térbio."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zinco","summary":"O zinco é um metal prateado azulado comumente usado em galvanização, ligas e como mineral essencial para processos biológicos.","appearance":"Metal prateado azulado","interesting_facts":["O zinco reveste o aço em um processo chamado galvanização, sacrificando-se para proteger o aço da ferrugem.","É essencial para o sistema imunológico humano e as pastilhas de zinco são usadas para ajudar a combater resfriados.","O zinco queima com uma chama verde-azulada brilhante e já foi chamado de “lã do filósofo” quando seu óxido branco foi coletado.","O latão, usado em instrumentos e acessórios, é uma liga de cobre e zinco.","A maioria das moedas modernas de um centavo e muitas outras moedas são feitas em grande parte de zinco com um fino revestimento de cobre.","O óxido de zinco é o ingrediente ativo de muitos protetores solares e cremes para assaduras."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do alemão 'Zink' (zinco), usado pela primeira vez por Paracelso no século XVI; a origem pode estar relacionada a 'Zinke' (ponta ou ponta), descrevendo os cristais pontiagudos que se formam durante a fundição, ou possivelmente ao persa 'sing' (pedra)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zircônio","summary":"O zircônio é um metal resistente à corrosão usado em reatores nucleares, instrumentos cirúrgicos e materiais cerâmicos.","appearance":"Branco prateado","interesting_facts":["O zircônio é altamente resistente à corrosão e quase não absorve nêutrons, tornando-o ideal para revestir barras de combustível nuclear.","A zircônia cúbica, um composto de zircônio, é um substituto popular do diamante em joias.","A pedra preciosa zircão, um silicato de zircônio, contém alguns dos minerais mais antigos conhecidos na Terra, com mais de 4 bilhões de anos.","O pó de zircônio é altamente inflamável e já foi usado em lâmpadas de flash.","É biocompatível e utilizado em coroas dentárias e implantes articulares.","A cerâmica de dióxido de zircônio é resistente o suficiente para produzir lâminas de facas que raramente precisam ser afiadas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Do árabe 'zarqun' (vermelhão ou dourado), derivado do persa 'zargun' (semelhante ao ouro), porque a pedra preciosa zircão tem tons dourados; o nome foi dado por Martin Heinrich Klaproth em 1789."}},"ru":{"Actinium":{"name":"Актиний","summary":"Актиний — мягкий серебристый радиоактивный металл, который в основном используется в исследованиях и в качестве источника нейтронов.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Актиний светится в темноте жутким бледно-голубым светом из-за своей высокой радиоактивности.","Его название происходит от греческого «актис», что означает луч или бревно.","Он дал название актинидному ряду элементов.","Актиний-225 изучается для таргетной терапии альфа-частицами против рака.","Он примерно в 150 раз более радиоактивен, чем радий.","Актиний встречается крайне редко и встречается лишь в следовых количествах в урановых рудах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «актис» (ἀκτίς), что означает «луч» или «луч»; Андре-Луи Дебьерн впервые выделил его в 1899 году из урановой руды и назвал его из-за его мощной радиоактивности; он дал название актинидному ряду тяжелых элементов."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Алюминий","summary":"Алюминий — серебристо-белый, легкий и устойчивый к коррозии металл, используемый в самых разных областях.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый металл","interesting_facts":["Алюминий — самый распространенный металл в земной коре, однако когда-то его было так сложно очистить, что он был более ценным, чем золото.","Сообщается, что на банкете 1880-х годов самые почетные гости Франции ели алюминиевыми столовыми приборами, в то время как другие использовали золотые.","Он полностью пригоден для вторичной переработки, а переработка алюминия требует лишь около 5% энергии, необходимой для его производства из сырой руды.","На алюминии мгновенно образуется тонкий самовосстанавливающийся оксидный слой, защищающий его от коррозии.","Процесс Холла-Эру, изобретенный в 1886 году, сделал алюминий дешевым за счет использования электричества для извлечения его из глинозема.","Алюминий легкий, прочный и немагнитный, что делает его идеальным для изготовления самолетов, банок и фольги."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «alumen» (квасцы, соединение, используемое с древности при крашении и дублении); Хамфри Дэви придумал слово «алюминий» в 1807 году, а затем изменил его на «алюминий», в то время как большая часть мира приняла написание «алюминий»."},"Americium":{"name":"Америций","summary":"Америций — радиоактивный металл, используемый в детекторах дыма и в качестве источника нейтронов для промышленного применения.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый, медленно тускнеет на воздухе.","interesting_facts":["Америций используется в небольших количествах в большинстве бытовых детекторов дыма.","Он назван в честь Америки, что отражает название европия в честь Европы.","Впервые америций был произведен в ходе Манхэттенского проекта в 1944 году.","В детекторе дыма америций испускает альфа-частицы, ионизующие воздух; дым нарушает ток и вызывает тревогу.","Он слабо светится в темноте из-за собственной сильной радиоактивности.","Америций изучается как возможный долговечный источник энергии для будущих космических миссий."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Америки, континента, где он был впервые произведен, Гленном Сиборгом в 1944 году; Сиборг назвал его по намеренной аналогии с европием (названным в честь Европы), поскольку америций занимает в ряду актинидов то же место, что и европий в ряду лантаноидов."},"Antimony":{"name":"Сурьма","summary":"Сурьма — хрупкий голубовато-белый металлоид, используемый в антипиренах, сплавах и полупроводниках.","appearance":"Серебристый, голубовато-белый","interesting_facts":["Сурьма использовалась со времен Древнего Египта как средство от синяков под глазами.","Это металлоид, который необычным образом расширяется при замерзании, что делает его полезным для изготовления острых отливок и печатного металла.","Соединения сурьмы широко используются в качестве антипиренов в пластмассах и текстиле.","Его химический символ Sb происходит от латинского слова «стибий».","Средневековые алхимики использовали таблетки сурьмы в качестве многоразового слабительного средства, которые восстанавливали и передавали как «вечные пилюли».","Сурьму добавляют в сплав свинца, чтобы сделать ее более твердой, как в старых печатных шрифтах и ​​аккумуляторных пластинах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское название происходит от средневекового латинского слова «antimonium» неопределенного происхождения (возможно, от арабского «ithmid» или латинской фразы, означающей «не один», поскольку сурьма редко встречается в чистой форме); Символ Sb происходит от латинского слова «стибий», названия черной сульфидной руды, используемой в качестве косметического средства со времен Древнего Египта."},"Argon":{"name":"Аргон","summary":"Аргон — бесцветный благородный газ без запаха, составляющий около 1% атмосферы Земли.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Аргон составляет почти 1% атмосферы Земли, что делает его самым распространенным благородным газом в воздухе.","Его название происходит от греческого слова «ленивый», потому что он химически нереактивен.","Аргон используется для наполнения ламп накаливания, поскольку он не вступает в реакцию с горячей нитью накала.","Сварщики используют аргон в качестве защитного газа для защиты горячего металла от реакции с кислородом воздуха.","Большую часть земного аргона составляет аргон-40, образующийся в результате радиоактивного распада калия-40 в горных породах.","Стеклопакеты часто заполняются аргоном, поскольку он изолирует лучше, чем обычный воздух."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «аргон» (холостой или неактивный, среднего рода от «аргос»), названного Уильямом Рамзи и лордом Рэлеем в 1894 году, потому что газ химически инертен и крайне неохотно вступает в реакцию с чем-либо."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Мышьяк","summary":"Мышьяк — это токсичный металлоид, который исторически использовался в пестицидах, а теперь используется в производстве полупроводников и стекла.","appearance":"Серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Мышьяк известен как «яд королей и король ядов», невидимый на протяжении веков и являющийся фаворитом в исторических убийствах.","Несмотря на свою токсичность, крошечные следы мышьяка могут быть необходимым питательным веществом для некоторых животных.","Арсенид галлия и другие соединения мышьяка жизненно важны для современных полупроводников и светодиодов.","Загрязнение подземных вод мышьяком влияет на питьевую воду миллионов людей во всем мире.","Он сублимируется, при нагревании сразу превращаясь из твердого состояния в газ, с чесночным запахом.","Зеленые пигменты, содержащие мышьяк, когда-то использовались в обоях и, возможно, медленно отравляли викторианские семьи."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «арсеникон» (желтый аурипигмент, сульфидная мышьяковая руда), возможно, от персидского «зарних» (мышьяковистая руда); это слово также может быть связано с греческим словом «arrhen» (мужской или могущественный), что отражает мощные свойства соединений мышьяка."},"Astatine":{"name":"Астат","summary":"Астат — редкий радиоактивный элемент, используемый в основном в научных исследованиях и, возможно, в лечении рака.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Астат — редчайший природный элемент; в земной коре в любое время существует менее грамма.","Его название происходит от греческого «астатос», что означает «нестабильный».","Никто никогда не видел видимого образца, потому что он испаряется из-за собственной сильной радиоактивности.","Это самый тяжелый из галогенов, впервые синтезированный в 1940 году.","Астатин-211 изучается для таргетной терапии рака альфа-частицами.","Его самый стабильный изотоп имеет период полураспада всего около 8 часов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «астатос» (ἄστατος), что означает «нестабильный»; Дейл Корсон, Кеннет Маккензи и Эмилио Сегре синтезировали его в 1940 году в Беркли и выбрали такое название, потому что все изотопы астата радиоактивны и быстро распадаются, что делает этот элемент по своей природе нестабильным."},"Barium":{"name":"Барий","summary":"Барий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в буровых растворах, красках и при производстве медицинских изображений.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Пациенты пьют «бариевую еду» или «глоток бария», потому что барий блокирует рентгеновские лучи, обнажая пищеварительный тракт.","Соединения бария придают фейерверкам ярко-зеленый цвет.","Его название происходит от греческого «барыс», что означает «тяжелый».","Хотя металл токсичен, нерастворимый сульфат бария, используемый при медицинском сканировании, безопасно проходит через организм.","Барий настолько реактивен, что его необходимо хранить под нефтью, и он никогда не встречается в природе в свободном виде.","Минерал барит (сульфат бария) используется для утяжеления буровых растворов в нефтяной промышленности."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «барыс» (тяжелый), названного Хамфри Дэви в 1808 году, потому что сульфат бария (барит, обычная руда) необычайно плотен для неметаллического минерала."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Берклий","summary":"Берклий — радиоактивный металл, который в основном используется в научных исследованиях и производстве более тяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Серебристый","interesting_facts":["Берклиум назван в честь Беркли, Калифорния, где он был впервые получен в 1949 году.","Это чрезвычайно редкий синтетический элемент, который когда-либо производился в очень небольших количествах.","Берклий использовался в качестве мишени для синтеза сверхтяжелого элемента теннессина.","Производство небольшого образца берклия в реакторе с высоким потоком может занять много месяцев.","Он очень радиоактивен и не имеет никакого применения за пределами научных исследований.","Берклий дополняет набор тербием, оба элемента названы в честь городов и расположены в соответствующих положениях."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Беркли, штат Калифорния, где он был впервые синтезирован в 1949 году в радиационной лаборатории Калифорнийского университета; название намеренно отражает тербий, названный в честь шведского города Иттерби — оба элемента занимают одинаковые позиции в ряду лантаноидов и актинидов соответственно."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Бериллий","summary":"Бериллий — твердый металл серого цвета, который естественным образом встречается в минеральных горных породах, угле, почве и вулканической пыли.","appearance":"Стальной серый","interesting_facts":["Бериллий удивительно прозрачен для рентгеновских лучей, поэтому из него делают окна для рентгеновских трубок и детекторов.","Это один из самых легких конструкционных металлов, но он имеет более высокое соотношение жесткости и веса, чем сталь.","Драгоценные камни изумруд и аквамарин представляют собой формы минерала берилла, алюмосиликата бериллия.","Бериллиевая пыль очень токсична и может вызвать хроническое заболевание легких, называемое бериллиозом.","Зеркала космического телескопа Джеймса Уэбба изготовлены из позолоченного бериллия, поскольку он сохраняет свою форму при очень низких температурах.","В 1932 году Джеймс Чедвик открыл нейтрон, бомбардируя бериллий альфа-частицами."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь берилла, драгоценного камня, от греческого «beryllos», потому что Луи-Николя Воклен впервые выделил бериллий из берилла и изумрудных минералов в 1798 году."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Висмут","summary":"Висмут — хрупкий металл с низкой токсичностью, используемый в косметике, медицинских процедурах и сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый с переливчатым оттенком","interesting_facts":["Висмут образует потрясающие переливающиеся радужные кристаллы ступенчатой ​​формы.","Это самый тяжелый элемент, который с практической точки зрения стабилен и имеет почти невообразимо долгий период полураспада.","Висмут является основным ингредиентом пепто-бисмола, используемого для успокоения расстройства желудка.","Как и вода, висмут расширяется при замерзании.","Он используется в легкоплавких сплавах для пожарных спринклеров и устройств безопасности.","Висмут — один из немногих металлов с меньшей плотностью в некоторых сплавах и нетоксичный заменитель свинца во многих продуктах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Происходит от старого немецкого «Висмут» или «Висмут», возможно, от «weiße Masse» (белая масса) или шахтерского термина неопределенного происхождения; известен с 15 века как отдельный металл, который иногда путают со свинцом или оловом, и латинизировался как «бисемутум», прежде чем стать «висмутом» в современном использовании."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Борий","summary":"Борий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Борий назван в честь Нильса Бора, физика, смоделировавшего структуру атома.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, который производит всего несколько атомов за раз.","Борий был впервые создан в 1981 году в Германии.","Его изотопы чрезвычайно радиоактивны и распадаются за секунды или меньше.","Эксперименты показывают, что борий химически похож на рений в группе 7.","Он не имеет никакого применения, кроме фундаментальных исследований самых тяжелых элементов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Нильса Бора, датского физика, разработавшего квантовую модель атома и внесшего основополагающий вклад в понимание атомной структуры; GSI Дармштадт, Германия, синтезировал его в 1981 году и предложил название в его честь, официально принятое ИЮПАК в 1997 году."},"Boron":{"name":"Бор","summary":"Бор — это металлоидный элемент, который необходим для роста растений, но в избытке может быть токсичным.","appearance":"Черно-коричневый","interesting_facts":["Соединения бора придают огню характерный ярко-зеленый цвет, что делает его полезным в пиротехнике.","Бор необходим для роста растений, хотя и в небольших количествах; слишком много токсично для сельскохозяйственных культур.","Боросиликатное стекло, изготовленное из бора, устойчиво к тепловому удару и используется в кухонной и лабораторной посуде.","Изотоп бор-10 легко поглощает нейтроны, поэтому бор используется в стержнях управления и защите ядерных реакторов.","Бура, минерал бора, на протяжении тысячелетий использовалась в качестве чистящего средства и флюса для пайки металлов.","Бор представляет собой металлоид, обладающий общими свойствами как металлов, так и неметаллов, и является плохим проводником при комнатной температуре."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь буры, минерала, из которого он был впервые выделен, причем слово «бура» происходит от арабского «бурак» или персидского «бура», что означает буру или селитру."},"Bromine":{"name":"Бром","summary":"Бром представляет собой красновато-коричневую жидкость при комнатной температуре и используется в антипиренах, очистке воды и фармацевтических препаратах.","appearance":"Красно-коричневая жидкость","interesting_facts":["Бром — один из двух элементов, которые, наряду с ртутью, являются жидкими при комнатной температуре.","Это плотная красновато-коричневая жидкость, выделяющая удушливый токсичный дым.","Его название происходит от греческого «бромос», что означает «зловоние».","Древние народы извлекали из морских улиток драгоценный фиолетовый краситель — тирийский пурпур, используя соединения брома.","Соединения брома широко использовались в качестве антипиренов в электронике и мебели.","Большую часть брома добывают из морской воды и богатых солеными отложениями рассолов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «бромос» (вонь или неприятный запах), названного Антуаном Жеромом Баларом в 1826 году, потому что жидкий бром производит очень неприятный, удушливый запах."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Кадмий","summary":"Кадмий — мягкий голубовато-белый металл, который в основном используется в батареях, пигментах и ​​гальванических покрытиях.","appearance":"Серебристый голубовато-серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Кадмий дает яркие желтые, оранжевые и красные пигменты, которые издавна ценились такими художниками, как Моне и Ван Гог.","Он токсичен и накапливается в организме, вызывая болезненное заболевание костей «итай-итай», наблюдавшееся в Японии в 20 веке.","Когда-то никель-кадмиевые (NiCd) аккумуляторы были чрезвычайно распространены.","Кадмиевые покрытия защищают сталь от коррозии, особенно в деталях самолетов.","Он был обнаружен в 1817 году как примесь цинковых руд.","Кадмий легко поглощает нейтроны, поэтому его используют в стержнях управления ядерными реакторами."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «cadmia» (каламин, карбонат цинка), в конечном итоге от греческого «kadmeia» (фиванская земля, названная в честь Кадма, мифического основателя Фив), поскольку кадмий был открыт в 1817 году как примесь в цинковых рудах."},"Calcium":{"name":"Кальций","summary":"Кальций — это мягкий серый металл, который необходим для живых организмов, особенно для физиологии клеток и формирования костей.","appearance":"Тускло-серый, серебристый","interesting_facts":["Кальций — самый распространенный металл в организме человека, около 99% которого хранится в костях и зубах.","Известняк, мел и мрамор — все это формы карбоната кальция.","Это пятый по распространенности элемент в земной коре.","Ионы кальция действуют как универсальный сигнал внутри клеток, запуская все: от сокращения мышц до оплодотворения.","Негашеная известь (оксид кальция) ярко светилась при нагревании и использовалась для освещения сцен, что дало нам фразу «в центре внимания».","Коралловые рифы и ракушки построены в основном из карбоната кальция, добываемого из морской воды."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «calx» или «calcis» (известь или известняк), поскольку Хамфри Дэви впервые выделил его в 1808 году путем электролиза оксида кальция (негашеной извести), материала, который римляне долгое время использовали в строительстве."},"Californium":{"name":"Калифорний","summary":"Калифорний — радиоактивный металл, используемый в источниках нейтронов, лечении рака и анализе материалов.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик, светится в темноте за счет радиоактивности.","interesting_facts":["Калифорний — одно из самых дорогих веществ на Земле, его стоимость составляет миллионы долларов за грамм.","Он назван в честь американского штата Калифорния, где он был обнаружен в 1950 году.","Калифорний-252 — мощный излучатель нейтронов, используемый для запуска ядерных реакторов и в промышленных сканерах.","Он используется для обнаружения золота и нефти посредством нейтронного анализа горных пород.","Один микрограмм каждую секунду выделяет огромное количество нейтронов.","Калифорний также используется для определения усталости металла и поиска слабых мест в самолетах и ​​машинах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь американского штата Калифорния и Калифорнийского университета, где он был синтезирован в 1950 году; Томпсон, Сиборг, Стрит и Гиорсо выбрали это имя, отметив, что у них закончились близлежащие небесные тела, и вместо этого решили почтить место открытия."},"Carbon":{"name":"Углерод","summary":"Углерод — это фундаментальный строительный блок жизни, который содержится во всех известных органических соединениях.","appearance":"Варьируется (графит черный, алмаз прозрачный)","interesting_facts":["Углерод образует больше соединений, чем все остальные элементы вместе взятые, и является химической основой всей известной жизни.","Алмаз и графит представляют собой чистый углерод, однако алмаз является самым твердым природным материалом, а графит достаточно мягок, чтобы им можно было писать.","Графен, состоящий из одного слоя атомов углерода, примерно в 200 раз прочнее стали и проводит электричество лучше, чем медь.","Датирование по углероду-14 использует устойчивый распад радиоактивного изотопа углерода для определения возраста некогда живого материала примерно до 50 000 лет.","Атомы углерода, образующиеся внутри звезд, распространяются по Вселенной, когда эти звезды взрываются, в результате чего мы буквально состоим из звездной пыли.","Бакминстерфуллерен, молекула из 60 атомов углерода в форме футбольного мяча, была открыта в 1985 году и названа в честь архитектора Бакминстера Фуллера."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «carbo» (уголь или древесный уголь), что означает, что углерод был известен с древности в форме древесного угля, графита и алмаза."},"Cerium":{"name":"Церий","summary":"Церий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в каталитических нейтрализаторах, полировке стекол и сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый","interesting_facts":["Церий — самый распространенный из всех редкоземельных элементов, более распространенный, чем медь.","Он назван в честь карликовой планеты Церера, открытой двумя годами ранее.","Церий является ключевым искрообразующим ингредиентом в кремневых сплавах для зажигалок и зажигалок.","Оксид церия – это мелкозернистый полировальный порошок, используемый для придания гладкости стеклу и драгоценным камням.","Его добавляют в каталитические нейтрализаторы для хранения и выделения кислорода.","Свежеразрезанный церий может самопроизвольно воспламеняться на воздухе, что делает его пирофорным."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь карликовой планеты Церера, открытой в 1801 году и названной в честь римской богини земледелия; Мартин Генрих Клапрот и Йенс Якоб Берцелиус назвали его в 1803 году, следуя моде называть новые элементы в честь небесных тел."},"Cesium":{"name":"Цезий","summary":"Цезий — мягкий металл золотого цвета, известный своим использованием в атомных часах и различных электронных устройствах.","appearance":"Серебристо-золотой металлик","interesting_facts":["Второе официально определяется вибрациями атомов цезия, лежащих в основе атомных часов.","Цезий — один из наиболее реакционноспособных металлов, бурно взрывающийся при контакте с водой.","Он тает при температуре около 28 °C, поэтому в теплый день он жидкий.","Он имеет золотисто-серебристый цвет и является одним из немногих металлов, которые не являются серебряными или серыми.","Цезий был первым элементом, открытым с помощью спектроскопии Бунзеном и Кирхгофом в 1860 году.","Радиоактивный цезий-137 является заметным продуктом ядерного деления и вызывает опасения в случае ядерных аварий."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «цезий» (небесно-голубой или серовато-голубой), названного Робертом Бунзеном и Густавом Кирхгофом в 1860 году в честь двух характерных ярко-синих спектральных линий, которые они использовали для идентификации элемента."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Хлор","summary":"Хлор — это высокореактивный газ зеленовато-желтого цвета, используемый в качестве дезинфицирующего средства и в различных промышленных целях.","appearance":"Зеленовато-желтый газ","interesting_facts":["Хлор — зеленовато-желтый газ, который использовался в качестве химического оружия во время Первой мировой войны.","Небольшие количества, добавленные в питьевую воду и бассейны, убивают бактерии и спасают бесчисленное количество жизней от болезней, передающихся через воду.","В сочетании с натрием хлор образует обычную поваренную соль, необходимую для жизни.","Он настолько реактивен, что легко отбеливает красители и дезинфицирует, поэтому его используют в бытовых отбеливателях.","Хлор был впервые выделен в 1774 году Карлом Вильгельмом Шееле, который не осознавал, что это новый элемент.","Хотя ионы хлорида токсичны как газ, они жизненно важны для пищеварения и работы нервной системы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «хлорос» (бледно-зеленый или зеленовато-желтый), названного Хамфри Дэви в 1810 году из-за характерного желто-зеленого цвета газа."},"Chromium":{"name":"Хром","summary":"Хром — твердый, блестящий и устойчивый к коррозии металл, используемый при изготовлении нержавеющей стали и хромировании.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Хром придает нержавеющей стали блеск и устойчивость к ржавчине, образуя невидимый защитный оксидный слой.","Его название происходит от греческого слова «хрома», означающего цвет, поскольку его соединения имеют яркую окраску.","Хром — это то, что делает рубины красными, а изумруды — зелеными, поскольку это следы примесей в кристаллах.","Хромирование придает отделке автомобиля и инструментам яркий, твердый, зеркальный вид.","Хром является одним из самых твердых металлов и обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии.","Некоторые соединения хрома являются важными питательными веществами в следовых количествах, тогда как другие (хром-6) токсичны и канцерогенны."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «хрома» (цвет), названного Луи-Николя Вокленом в 1798 году, потому что соединения хрома демонстрируют широкий спектр ярких цветов — красный у рубинов, зеленый у изумрудов, оранжевый у крокоита."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Кобальт","summary":"Кобальт — это твердый, блестящий металл серебристо-серого цвета, используемый в сплавах и батареях и необходимый для получения витамина B12.","appearance":"Блестящий серый металл","interesting_facts":["Кобальт использовался более 2000 лет для придания стеклу и керамике глубокого блестящего синего цвета.","Его название происходит от слова «кобольд», озорного гоблина, которого немецкие шахтеры обвиняли в добыче неприятных руд.","Кобальт является ключевым ингредиентом литий-ионных аккумуляторов, используемых в телефонах и электромобилях.","Это один из трех естественно магнитных элементов при комнатной температуре, наряду с железом и никелем.","Радиоактивный изотоп кобальт-60 используется для лечения рака и стерилизации медицинского оборудования.","Кобальт необходим для жизни, так как атом металла лежит в основе витамина B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От немецкого «кобольд» (гоблин или бес), потому что немецкие шахтеры обвиняли озорного подземного духа в неприятной кобальтовой руде, которая выделяла ядовитые пары мышьяка и не давала меди, несмотря на то, что напоминала медную руду."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Коперниций","summary":"Коперниций — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Коперниций назван в честь астронома Николая Коперника, который поместил Солнце в центр Солнечной системы.","Впервые он был создан в 1996 году в Германии.","Предполагается, что коперниций представляет собой летучую жидкость или газ при комнатной температуре, ведущий себя примерно как ртуть.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, созданный по одному атому за раз.","Его изотопы очень радиоактивны и недолговечны.","Он находится ниже ртути в 12-й группе периодической таблицы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Николая Коперника, польско-немецкого астронома, который предположил, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца; GSI Дармштадт синтезировал его в 1996 году и предложил название в честь Коперника, а ИЮПАК официально принял его в 2010 году по случаю 537-й годовщины со дня его рождения."},"Copper":{"name":"Медь","summary":"Медь — красновато-золотой металл, известный своей высокой тепло- и электропроводностью, широко используемый в электропроводке и сантехнике.","appearance":"Красноватый металлик","interesting_facts":["Медь была одним из первых металлов, используемых людьми, проработавшим более 10 000 лет.","Это превосходный проводник электричества, уступающий только серебру, поэтому он наполняет наши провода и кабели.","Медные поверхности естественным образом убивают многие бактерии и вирусы, что делает их пригодными для изготовления дверных ручек и больничного оборудования.","Статуя Свободы покрыта медью, которая со временем позеленела, образуя защитную патину.","При смешивании меди с оловом получается бронза, а с цинком — латунь — два сплава, которые сформировали историю человечества.","Медь является важным микроэлементом, помогающим организму формировать эритроциты и поддерживать нервы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «cuprum», происходящего от греческого «Кипрос» (Кипр), острова, который был основным источником меди в древнем мире; символ Cu также восходит к этому латинскому названию."},"Curium":{"name":"Кюрий","summary":"Кюрий — радиоактивный металл, используемый при освоении космоса в качестве источника энергии и в научных исследованиях.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик, тускнеет на воздухе","interesting_facts":["Кюрий назван в честь Марии и Пьера Кюри, пионеров исследования радиоактивности.","Он светится мягким фиолетовым или красным светом в темноте из-за своей сильной радиоактивности.","Кюрий настолько радиоактивен, что выделяет значительное количество тепла и считался источником энергии для космических кораблей.","Впервые он был синтезирован в 1944 году, раньше более легкого америция.","Приборы на основе кюрия проанализировали химический состав Марса и других планетарных поверхностей.","Весь кюрий сделан искусственно; ничего не встречается в природе."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Марии и Пьера Кюри, пионеров исследования радиоактивности; Гленн Сиборг назвал его в 1944 году в честь пары, чьи открытия сделали возможной ядерную химию, отметив, что положение кюрия в ряду актинидов отражает положение гадолиния в лантаноидах, названных в честь химика по аналогичной схеме."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Дармштадтий","summary":"Дармштадтий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Дармштадтий назван в честь города Дармштадт в Германии, где он был обнаружен в 1994 году.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, созданный в ускорителях частиц.","Когда-либо было получено лишь несколько атомов дармштадтия.","Его атомы живут менее секунды, прежде чем распасться.","Ожидается, что по химическому составу он будет напоминать платину из группы 10.","Дармштадтий не имеет практического применения, кроме научных исследований."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь города Дармштадт, Германия, где он был впервые синтезирован в 1994 году в GSI Дармштадт; он следует традиции называть вновь созданные элементы в честь мест их открытия, и ИЮПАК официально принял это название в 2003 году."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Дубний","summary":"Дубний — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств тяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Дубниум назван в честь Дубны, Россия, где находится знаменитый институт ядерных исследований.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, производимый только в ускорителях частиц.","Его открытие было частью «Трансфермиумных войн», спора об имени во время холодной войны.","Атомы дубния существуют всего несколько секунд или меньше, прежде чем распадаются.","Лишь небольшое количество атомов дубния когда-либо было создано.","Предполагается, что по химическому составу он будет напоминать тантал из группы 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Дубны, Россия, где находится Объединенный институт ядерных исследований; это название разрешило спор времен Холодной войны, в котором американские ученые называли его «ганий», а советские ученые называли его «нильсборий», прежде чем ИЮПАК принял нейтральное название города в 1997 году."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Диспрозий","summary":"Диспрозий — серебристо-белый металл, используемый в магнитах, лазерах и стержнях управления ядерными реакторами.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Название диспрозия происходит от греческого слова «dysprositos», что означает «трудно достать», поскольку его было очень трудно изолировать.","Его добавляют в неодимовые магниты, чтобы они сохраняли свою прочность при высоких температурах в двигателях и ветряных турбинах.","Диспрозий обладает одной из самых высоких магнитных сил среди всех элементов при низких температурах.","Он хорошо поглощает нейтроны и используется в стержнях управления ядерными реакторами.","Сплавы на основе диспрозия меняют форму в магнитных полях, что полезно в приводах и преобразователях.","Он считается важнейшим материалом для технологий экологически чистой энергетики."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «dysprositos» (δυσπρόσιτος), что означает «труднодоступный»; Поль-Эмиль Лекок де Буабодран придумал это название в 1886 году, что отражает крайнюю трудность выделения его из руды — процесс, требующий девятнадцати осадков."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Эйнштейний","summary":"Эйнштейний — высокорадиоактивный металл, который в основном используется для научных исследований и производства более тяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик, светится за счет радиоактивности.","interesting_facts":["Эйнштейний был обнаружен в 1952 году среди обломков первого испытания водородной бомбы.","Он назван в честь Альберта Эйнштейна.","Эйнштейний светится синим в темноте из-за своей высокой радиоактивности.","Это настолько редко, что значительные количества производятся лишь изредка.","Изучение эйнштейния чрезвычайно сложно, поскольку он повреждает собственный контейнер и инструменты.","Он не имеет практического применения, кроме фундаментальных научных исследований."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Альберта Эйнштейна, который сформулировал специальную теорию относительности и уравнение E=mc², лежащее в основе ядерной энергии; Альберт Гиорсо и его коллеги назвали его в 1955 году после того, как обнаружили его среди обломков первого испытания водородной бомбы в 1952 году, которые держались в секрете в течение нескольких лет."},"Erbium":{"name":"Эрбий","summary":"Эрбий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в оптических волокнах, лазерах и ядерных технологиях.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Волокна, легированные эрбием, усиливают световые сигналы, делая возможным оптоволоконный интернет на большие расстояния.","Он придает стеклу и глазури нежно-розовый цвет и используется в солнцезащитных очках и декоративном стекле.","Эрбиевые лазеры используются в стоматологии и косметической шлифовке кожи.","Он назван в честь Иттербю, Швеция, и имеет то же происхождение, что и несколько других редкоземельных металлов.","Эрбий добавляют в некоторые металлические сплавы, в том числе ванадий, чтобы сделать их более работоспособными.","Он эффективно поглощает инфракрасный свет, что лежит в основе многих его лазерных применений."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Иттерби, деревни на острове Ресарё в Швеции, где впервые был добыт содержащий его минерал гадолинит; Карл Густав Мосандер отделил его от иттрия в 1843 году, а «эрбий» — одно из четырех названий элементов, полученных от единственного географического названия «Иттерби»."},"Europium":{"name":"Европий","summary":"Европий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в фосфоресцирующих материалах, стержнях управления и ядерных реакторах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Европий является источником красного и синего люминофора, который давал цвет на экранах старых телевизоров и компьютеров.","Он используется в качестве маркера для защиты от подделки на банкнотах евро и светится в ультрафиолетовом свете.","Европий — наиболее реакционноспособный из редкоземельных элементов, быстро тускнеющий на воздухе.","Он назван в честь европейского континента.","Люминофоры, легированные европием, обеспечивают яркое свечение энергосберегающих люминесцентных и светодиодных ламп.","Это один из наименее распространенных редких земель в земной коре."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Европы, континента, Эженом-Анатолем Демарсеем в 1901 году, который изолировал его спектроскопически; он был среди нескольких элементов, названных в честь географических регионов в конце 19 - начале 20 века."},"Fermium":{"name":"Фермий","summary":"Фермий — синтетический радиоактивный металл, который в основном используется в научных исследованиях и изучении трансурановых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, серебристый металлик.","interesting_facts":["Фермий был также обнаружен в осадках первого испытания водородной бомбы в 1952 году.","Он назван в честь физика Энрико Ферми, пионера ядерных реакций.","Фермий — самый тяжелый элемент, который можно получить в весовых количествах с помощью нейтронной бомбардировки.","Помимо фермия, элементы необходимо создавать по одному атому за раз, используя ускорители частиц.","Когда-либо производились лишь крошечные, невидимые количества фермия.","Он существует только как синтетический элемент и не имеет коммерческого использования."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Энрико Ферми, итало-американского физика, построившего первый искусственный ядерный реактор в 1942 году и внесшего основополагающий вклад в физику ядра и элементарных частиц; Альберт Гиорсо и его коллеги назвали его в 1953 году после того, как обнаружили его в тех же обломках испытаний водородной бомбы, из которых был получен эйнштейний."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Флеровий","summary":"Флеровий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Флеровий назван в честь Лаборатории ядерных реакций имени Флерова в России.","Впервые он был создан в 1998 году командой из Дубны, Россия.","Некоторые прогнозы предполагали, что флеровий может быть необычайно стабильным или даже газообразным, хотя он все еще радиоактивн.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, созданный по одному атому за раз.","Флеровий находится ниже свинца в 14-й группе периодической таблицы.","Его изотопы распадаются в течение нескольких секунд, но живут дольше, чем многие соседи, что намекает на «остров стабильности»."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Лаборатории ядерных реакций Флёрова в Дубне, Россия, названной в честь советского физика Георгия Флёрова; Флёров стал соучредителем лаборатории и внес большой вклад в ядерную физику, а его команда впервые синтезировала этот элемент в 1998 году, а ИЮПАК официально принял это название в 2012 году."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Фтор","summary":"Фтор — высокореактивный газ бледно-желтого цвета, наиболее электроотрицательный элемент.","appearance":"Бледно-желтый газ","interesting_facts":["Фтор — наиболее реакционноспособный и электроотрицательный из всех элементов, реагирующий практически со всеми другими веществами, иногда со взрывом.","Он настолько агрессивен, что может воспламенить такие материалы, как асбест и даже воду.","Незначительные количества фтора, добавленные в питьевую воду и зубную пасту, помогают предотвратить кариес.","Тефлон, антипригарное покрытие посуды, представляет собой фторсодержащий полимер (ПТФЭ).","Многие химики были отравлены или убиты, пытаясь выделить фтор, за что их прозвали «фтористыми мучениками», прежде чем Анри Муассан добился успеха в 1886 году.","Фтор представляет собой бледно-желтый газ при комнатной температуре и является самым легким из галогенов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «fluere» (течь), поскольку минерал флюорит широко использовался в качестве металлургического флюса; Название элемента было предложено Андре-Мари Ампером в 1812 году."},"Francium":{"name":"Франций","summary":"Франций — чрезвычайно редкий и радиоактивный металл, не имеющий существенного применения из-за своей нестабильности.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Франций — второй по редкости встречающийся в природе элемент после астата.","Это был последний элемент, открытый в природе Маргерит Перей во Франции в 1939 году.","Он назван в честь Франции, ее родной страны.","Франций настолько радиоактивен, что любое видимое его количество мгновенно испарится под действием собственного тепла.","Его самый стабильный изотоп имеет период полураспада всего около 22 минут.","Это наиболее реакционноспособный из щелочных металлов, но настолько скудные его объемные свойства никогда не наблюдались."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Франции, страны, где Маргарита Перей открыла его в 1939 году в Институте Кюри в Париже; она назвала элемент в честь своей родины, следуя традиции называть элементы в честь мест и став первой женщиной, избранной во Французскую академию наук."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Гадолиний","summary":"Гадолиний — серебристо-белый металл, используемый в контрастных веществах для МРТ, люминофорах и нейтронозахватной терапии.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Соединения гадолиния вводятся в качестве контрастного вещества, чтобы сделать снимки МРТ более четкими.","Он обладает необычайной способностью поглощать нейтроны, самой высокой из всех стабильных элементов, полезных в ядерных реакторах.","Гадолиний обладает магнитными свойствами при температуре чуть ниже комнатной и изучается для магнитного охлаждения.","Он назван в честь финского химика Йохана Гадолина, пионера исследований редкоземельных элементов.","Гадолиний нагревается при помещении в магнитное поле и охлаждается при удалении - магнитокалорический эффект.","Он используется в некоторых типах детекторов изображений для медицины и безопасности."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь гадолинита, минерала, в котором впервые был идентифицирован его оксид; гадолинит был назван в честь Йохана Гадолина, финского химика, который первым проанализировал его; Жан Шарль де Мариньяк выделил новый элемент земли в 1880 году."},"Gallium":{"name":"Галлий","summary":"Галлий — мягкий серебристый металл, который плавится при температуре чуть выше комнатной и используется в электронике и полупроводниках.","appearance":"Серебристый синий","interesting_facts":["Галлий плавится при температуре около 30 °C, поэтому твердый кусок расплавится в руке.","Его существование было предсказано Менделеевым как «экаалюминий» еще до того, как он был открыт в 1875 году.","Арсенид галлия используется в высокоскоростной электронике, светодиодах и солнечных элементах для космических кораблей.","Хотя галлий легко плавится, он кипит при температуре более 2400 °C, что является одним из самых широких диапазонов температур жидкости среди всех элементов.","Галлий может сделать алюминий хрупким, проникая в границы его зерен, резко ослабляя металл.","В отличие от большинства веществ, галлий при замерзании расширяется, как вода."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Галлии, латинского названия Франции, первооткрывателем Полем-Эмилем Лекоком де Буабодраном в 1875 году; имя также может быть каламбуром от слова «gallus» (латинское слово «петух»), обыгрывание фамилии Лекока, означающей «петух» на французском языке."},"Germanium":{"name":"Германий","summary":"Германий — твердый серовато-белый металлоид, используемый в полупроводниках, волоконной и инфракрасной оптике.","appearance":"Серовато-белый","interesting_facts":["Германий был предсказан Менделеевым как «эка-кремний», и его открытие в 1886 году помогло подтвердить периодическую таблицу.","Первые транзисторы в 1940-х и 1950-х годах были изготовлены из германия до того, как на смену пришел кремний.","Он прозрачен для инфракрасного света, поэтому используется в линзах для очков ночного видения и тепловизионных камер.","Германий представляет собой металлоидный полупроводник блестящего серовато-белого цвета.","В оптических волокнах используются соединения германия, которые контролируют прохождение света через стекло.","Подобно воде и кремнию, германий расширяется при затвердевании."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Germania, латинского названия Германии, Клеменса Винклера, открывшего ее в 1886 году; это открытие подтвердило предсказание Менделеева о недостающем элементе, который он назвал «эка-кремнием»."},"Gold":{"name":"Золото","summary":"Золото — плотный, мягкий металл, который высоко ценится за его использование в ювелирных изделиях, электронике и валюте.","appearance":"Яркий желтый металлик","interesting_facts":["Золото настолько инертно, что может оставаться блестящим в течение тысяч лет, поэтому древние золотые артефакты все еще блестят.","Он невероятно податлив; один грамм можно вбить в лист площадью около квадратного метра.","Считается, что почти все золото на Земле прибыло в результате ударов астероидов после формирования планеты.","Золото хорошо проводит электричество и никогда не ржавеет, поэтому его используют для покрытия важных электронных контактов.","Его химический символ Au происходит от латинского «aurum», что означает «сияющий рассвет».","Козырьки астронавтов покрыты ультратонким слоем золота, отражающим вредное солнечное излучение."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское название «золото» происходит от протогерманского слова «gulþą», что означает «желтый»; символ Au происходит от латинского «aurum», которое, как полагают, означает «сияющий рассвет» или «сияние восхода солнца»; золото было известно и ценилось с доисторических времен практически во всех культурах."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Гафний","summary":"Гафний — блестящий серебристый металл, используемый в ядерных реакторах, стержнях управления и жаропрочных сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый","interesting_facts":["Существование гафния было предсказано атомной теорией, и он был обнаружен в 1923 году в циркониевой руде.","Он назван в честь Хафнии, латинского названия Копенгагена.","Гафний чрезвычайно хорошо поглощает нейтроны и используется в стержнях управления атомных подводных лодок.","Соединения на основе гафния заменили диоксид кремния в качестве изоляторов в современных компьютерных чипах.","Он имеет одну из самых высоких температур плавления среди всех элементов и используется в суперсплавах для реактивных двигателей.","Гафний химически почти идентичен цирконию, поэтому их очень трудно разделить."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Хафнии, латинского названия Копенгагена, Дания, где Дирк Костер и Джордж де Хевеши открыли его в 1923 году с помощью рентгеновской спектроскопии; они выбрали название в честь города, где проводилось их исследование."},"Hassium":{"name":"Хассий","summary":"Хассий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, который в основном используется в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Хассиум назван в честь немецкой земли Гессен, где находится лаборатория, где он был обнаружен.","Впервые он был синтезирован в 1984 году путем бомбардировки свинца ионами железа.","Хассий — синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, производимый только в ускорителях частиц.","Несмотря на его редкость, ученые подтвердили, что он ведет себя как осмий в группе 8.","Его атомы существуют лишь доли секунды, прежде чем распадутся.","Когда-либо было получено лишь небольшое количество атомов хассия."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь немецкой земли Гессен (лат. Hassia), где находится GSI Darmstadt — лаборатория, впервые синтезировавшая его в 1984 году; название следует традиции называть элементы по местам их открытия и было официально признано ИЮПАК в 1997 году."},"Helium":{"name":"Гелий","summary":"Гелий — бесцветный, без запаха, без вкуса, нетоксичный, инертный, одноатомный газ, возглавляющий группу благородных газов в таблице Менделеева.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Гелий был впервые обнаружен в спектре Солнца в 1868 году, еще до того, как он был обнаружен на Земле, и назван в честь греческого бога Солнца Гелиоса.","Это единственный элемент, который не может затвердеть при охлаждении при нормальном атмосферном давлении, каким бы холодным он ни был.","При температуре ниже 2,17 К жидкий гелий становится сверхтекучей жидкостью, которая может течь без трения и даже ползти вверх по стенкам контейнера.","Вдыхание гелия временно повышает тон вашего голоса, поскольку звук распространяется по нему почти в три раза быстрее, чем по воздуху.","Большая часть гелия на Земле образуется в результате радиоактивного распада урана и тория глубоко под землей и извлекается из природного газа.","Гелий — второй по распространенности элемент во Вселенной, однако на Земле он сравнительно редок и невозобновляем."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «гелиос» (солнце), поскольку гелий был впервые обнаружен в солнечном спектре во время полного солнечного затмения 1868 года, прежде чем он был подтвержден на Земле."},"Holmium":{"name":"Гольмий","summary":"Гольмий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в магнитах, стержнях управления ядерным оружием и лазерах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Гольмий обладает сильнейшими магнитными свойствами среди всех встречающихся в природе элементов.","Гольмиевые лазеры используются в медицине для разрушения камней в почках и лечения увеличенной простаты.","Он назван в честь Холмии, латинского названия Стокгольма.","Гольмий придает стеклу и цирконию желтую и красную окраску.","Он используется для создания сильнейших известных искусственных магнитных полей в качестве полюсных наконечников.","Растворы оксида гольмия используются в качестве калибровочного стандарта спектрофотометров."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Холмии, латинского названия Стокгольма, Швеция, где проживал Пер Теодор Клев, который определил этот элемент в 1878 году; он следует традиции называть редкоземельные элементы по местам, связанным с их открытием."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Водород","summary":"Водород — самый легкий элемент и самое распространенное химическое вещество во Вселенной.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Водород — самый распространенный элемент во Вселенной, составляющий примерно 75% всей обычной материи по массе.","Это единственный элемент, три изотопа которого (протий, дейтерий и тритий) имеют свои собственные названия.","Жидкий водород используется в качестве ракетного топлива с 1960-х годов, приводя в действие верхние ступени корабля «Сатурн-5», который доставил астронавтов на Луну.","Под экстремальным давлением, например, внутри Юпитера, водород ведет себя как жидкий металл и может проводить электричество.","Генри Кавендиш выделил водород как отдельное вещество в 1766 году, назвав его «горючим воздухом».","Атом водорода — это самый простой из существующих атомов: один протон, вокруг которого вращается один электрон."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «гидро» (вода) и «гены» (формирующий), что означает «образующий воду». Назван Антуаном Лавуазье в 1783 году, потому что при сжигании водорода образуется вода."},"Indium":{"name":"Индий","summary":"Индий — мягкий, податливый металл, используемый в полупроводниках, сенсорных экранах и в качестве защитного покрытия подшипников.","appearance":"Серебристый металлический блеск","interesting_facts":["Индий настолько мягок, что на нем можно помять ногтем, а при сгибании он издает слышимый «плач», как олово.","Оксид индия-олова образует прозрачное электропроводящее покрытие на сенсорных экранах и плоских дисплеях.","Он назван в честь яркой линии цвета индиго в его спектре излучения.","Индий остается мягким и работоспособным даже при чрезвычайно низких температурах, что полезно для вакуумных уплотнений.","Он имеет очень низкую температуру плавления и используется в специальных низкотемпературных припоях и сплавах.","Спрос на индий резко возрос с распространением смартфонов и ЖК-экранов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «indicum» (индиго), названного Фердинандом Райхом и Иеронимом Рихтером в 1863 году в честь блестящей индиго-синей спектральной линии, которую они наблюдали при анализе остатков цинковой руды с использованием новой на тот момент техники спектроскопии."},"Iodine":{"name":"Йод","summary":"Йод — темный, блестящий, пурпурно-черный неметалл, необходимый для функции щитовидной железы и используемый в качестве дезинфицирующего средства.","appearance":"Блестящий серый металлик (сплошной), фиолетовый (газовый)","interesting_facts":["Йод необходим для щитовидной железы, поэтому им часто обогащают поваренную соль.","При нагревании твердый йод сублимируется в пар яркого фиолетового цвета.","Его название происходит от греческого «йод», что означает «фиолетовый».","Настойка йода издавна используется как антисептик для дезинфекции ран.","Йод окрашивает крахмал в глубокий сине-черный цвет. Эту реакцию используют в качестве химического теста.","Радиоактивный йод-131 используется для диагностики и лечения заболеваний щитовидной железы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От французского слова «iode», происходящего от греческого «ioeides» (подобный фиалке), названного Хамфри Дэви в 1813 году в честь яркого фиолетового цвета паров йода."},"Iridium":{"name":"Иридий","summary":"Иридий — плотный, устойчивый к коррозии металл, используемый в свечах зажигания, тиглях и различных промышленных устройствах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Слой богатой иридием глины по всему миру является ключевым доказательством того, что удар астероида убил динозавров, поскольку иридий редко встречается на Земле, но часто встречается в астероидах.","Иридий — самый устойчивый к коррозии из известных металлов, устойчивый к кислотам, которые растворяют практически все остальное.","Это один из самых плотных элементов, почти связанный с осмием.","Стандартный килограмм когда-то представлял собой платино-иридиевый цилиндр, хранившийся недалеко от Парижа.","Свечи зажигания с иридиевым наконечником, поскольку они выдерживают экстремальные температуры, не подвергаясь эрозии.","Его название происходит от имени Ирис, греческой богини радуги, из-за ее разноцветных солей."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Ирис, греческой богини радуги (лат. Iris), Смитсоном Теннантом в 1803 году; название отражает поразительное разнообразие цветов, отображаемых солями и соединениями иридия, которые напомнили Теннанту цвета радуги."},"Iron":{"name":"Железо","summary":"Железо — прочный, ковкий металл, необходимый для производства стали и жизненно важного компонента гемоглобина.","appearance":"Блестящий металлик с сероватым оттенком","interesting_facts":["Железо — самый распространенный элемент на Земле по массе, составляющий большую часть расплавленного ядра планеты.","Вращающееся жидкое железное ядро ​​Земли генерирует магнитное поле, которое защищает нас от солнечной радиации.","Железо находится в центре гемоглобина — молекулы, которая переносит кислород в кровь и придает ей красный цвет.","Железо — самый тяжелый элемент, который звезды могут создать путем нормального синтеза; более тяжелые элементы требуют взрывов сверхновых.","Железный век, начавшийся примерно в 1200 году до нашей эры, преобразовал человеческую цивилизацию, получив более сильные инструменты и оружие.","Ржавчина — это оксид железа, образующийся при медленной реакции железа с кислородом и водой."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское слово «железо» происходит от древнеанглийского «iren», родственного протогерманскому «isarno», возможно, от кельтского корня, означающего «святой металл»; Символ Fe происходит от латинского слова «ferrum» (железо), которое выплавляли и использовали по крайней мере с 1200 г. до н.э."},"Krypton":{"name":"Криптон","summary":"Криптон — это бесцветный благородный газ без запаха, используемый в люминесцентных лампах, фотографии и в качестве наполнителя для энергосберегающих окон.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Название криптона происходит от греческого слова «kryptos», что означает «скрытый», потому что его было очень трудно найти в воздухе.","С 1960 по 1983 год метр официально определялся длиной волны света, излучаемого криптоном-86.","Криптон излучает яркий белый свет и используется в некоторых мощных фотовспышках и лампах.","Это благородный газ, который почти полностью инертен, хотя некоторые соединения криптона могут образовываться.","Криптон используется в некоторых энергосберегающих окнах и люминесцентных лампах.","Несмотря на «криптонит» из комиксов, настоящий криптон — безвредный, бесцветный газ без запаха."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «криптос» (скрытый), названного Уильямом Рамзи и Моррисом Трэверсом в 1898 году, поскольку криптон было чрезвычайно трудно обнаружить и изолировать — он оставался «спрятанным» в остатках жидкого воздуха."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Лантан","summary":"Лантан — мягкий серебристо-белый металл, используемый в объективах фотокамер, катализаторах и аккумуляторных батареях.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Название лантана происходит от греческого «лантанейн», что означает «скрываться», поскольку он скрывается в цериевой руде.","Он дал название первому из ряда лантаноидов, «редкоземельным» элементам.","Лантан используется в стекле высококачественных объективов фотоаппаратов и телескопов, чтобы резко преломлять свет.","Сплавы никеля и лантана хранят водород и использовались в аккумуляторах многих гибридных автомобилей.","Соединения лантана помогают перерабатывать нефть в бензин в качестве катализаторов.","Он достаточно мягкий, чтобы его можно было разрезать ножом, и быстро тускнеет на воздухе."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «лантанейн» (прятаться или избегать внимания), названного Карлом Густавом Мосандером в 1839 году, потому что лантан оставался незамеченным как примесь в оксиде церия в течение многих лет, прежде чем он идентифицировал его как отдельный элемент."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Лоуренсий","summary":"Лоуренсий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, не имеющий практического применения, кроме научных исследований.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, серебристый металлик.","interesting_facts":["Лоренсий назван в честь Эрнеста Лоуренса, изобретателя циклотронного ускорителя частиц.","Это последний элемент ряда актинидов.","Лоуренсий может быть создан только несколькими атомами одновременно в ускорителях.","Его самый стабильный изотоп имеет период полураспада всего несколько часов.","Измерить свойства лоуренсия чрезвычайно сложно, потому что так мало атомов существует так недолго.","Он не имеет никакого применения за пределами фундаментальных научных исследований."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Эрнеста Орландо Лоуренса, американского физика, который в 1930 году изобрел циклотронный ускоритель частиц, сделавший возможным создание трансурановых элементов; Национальная лаборатория Лоуренса в Беркли синтезировала этот элемент в 1961 году и назвала его в честь основополагающего вклада Лоуренса."},"Lead":{"name":"Свинец","summary":"Свинец — мягкий тяжелый металл, используемый в батареях, радиационной защите и различных промышленных применениях.","appearance":"Голубовато-серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Свинец плотный и блокирует излучение, поэтому им покрыты рентгеновские фартуки и экраны.","Римляне использовали свинцовые трубы для водопровода, а слово «водопровод» происходит от латинского слова «plumbum», означающего свинец (символ Pb).","Свинец токсичен для нервной системы, поэтому его исключили из бензина и краски.","Он мягкий, тяжелый и легко принимает форму — качества, которые ценились с древних времен.","Большая часть свинца сегодня перерабатывается, в основном из автомобильных аккумуляторов.","Свинец — самый тяжелый элемент с полностью стабильным изотопом; все более тяжелое радиоактивно."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское слово «свинец» происходит от протогерманского слова «лауда»; Символ Pb происходит от латинского слова «plumbum», вероятно, происходящего из долатинского средиземноморского языка, который дал английскому языку слово «водопровод», потому что римляне широко использовали свинец для водопроводных труб."},"Lithium":{"name":"Литий","summary":"Литий — мягкий серебристо-белый щелочной металл. Это самый легкий металл и наименее плотный твердый элемент.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Литий — самый легкий металл и наименее плотный твердый элемент, поэтому он настолько легкий, что может плавать на воде, реагируя с ней.","Литий-ионные аккумуляторы питают большинство современных телефонов, ноутбуков и электромобилей.","Соли лития используются с 1940-х годов в качестве стабилизатора настроения для лечения биполярного расстройства.","Это был один из первых трех элементов (вместе с водородом и гелием), созданных в результате нуклеосинтеза Большого взрыва.","Литий горит ярким малиново-красным пламенем — это свойство используется в фейерверках и ракетах.","Большая часть мирового лития добывается из соленых солончаков высоко в Андах Южной Америки."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «литос» (камень), потому что Йохан Август Арфведсон обнаружил его в 1817 году внутри твердых каменных минералов (петалита), в отличие от натрия и калия, которые были обнаружены в растительной золе."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Ливерморий","summary":"Ливерморий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях по изучению сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Ливерморий назван в честь Ливерморской национальной лаборатории Лоуренса в Калифорнии.","Впервые он был создан в 2000 году российско-американской командой.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, состоящий всего из нескольких атомов одновременно.","Атомы ливермория существуют всего лишь миллисекунды, прежде чем распадутся.","По прогнозам, он будет находиться ниже полония в группе 16.","Для его производства необходимо объединить ионы кальция с мишенями из кюрия."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Ливерморской национальной лаборатории Лоуренса в Ливерморе, Калифорния, которая сотрудничала с Объединенным институтом ядерных исследований для его синтеза в 2000 году; ИЮПАК официально признал это название в 2012 году, само название лаборатории дано в честь Роберта Ливермора, одного из первых поселенцев Калифорнии."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Лютеций","summary":"Лютеций — плотный серебристый металл, используемый в детекторах ПЭТ-сканирования, катализаторах и специализированных сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Лютеций — последний из ряда лантаноидов и один из самых твердых и плотных редкоземельных элементов.","Он назван в честь Лютеции, древнеримского названия Парижа.","Кристаллы на основе лютеция используются в качестве детекторов в ПЭТ-сканерах для медицинской визуализации.","Это один из самых редких и дорогих редкоземельных металлов, которые можно получить в чистом виде.","Лютеций используется в качестве катализатора в нефтепереработке.","Радиоактивное соединение лютеция используется в таргетной терапии некоторых видов рака."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Лютеции, древнеримского названия Парижа, Франция; Жорж Урбен, который впервые выделил его в 1907 году, выбрал название в честь своего родного города, следуя установившейся практике называть редкоземельные элементы в честь мест."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Магний","summary":"Магний — блестящий серый металл, необходимый элемент для всех живых клеток.","appearance":"Блестящий серый твердый","interesting_facts":["Магний горит ослепительным белым светом и когда-то широко использовался в первых фотовспышках и вспышках.","Это самый легкий конструкционный металл, его легируют алюминием для изготовления прочных и легких деталей автомобилей и самолетов.","Магний находится в центре каждой молекулы хлорофилла, что делает его необходимым для фотосинтеза в растениях.","Человеческому организму магний необходим для сотен ферментных реакций, в том числе тех, которые поддерживают работу мышц и нервов.","Магний является восьмым по распространенности элементом в земной коре и третьим по распространенности в морской воде.","Английская соль, используемая для успокоения мышц, представляет собой сульфат магния."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Магнезии, района в Фессалии, Греция, где были обнаружены родственные магнийсодержащие минералы; от того же топонима произошли слова «марганец» и «магнит»."},"Manganese":{"name":"Марганец","summary":"Марганец — твердый, хрупкий металл, который в основном используется в производстве стали для повышения прочности и твердости.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Марганец необходим для изготовления стали, удаления кислорода и серы и повышения прочности; почти вся сталь содержит его.","Это ключевой ингредиент одноразовых щелочных батарей.","Диоксид марганца использовался пещерными художниками десятки тысяч лет назад для изготовления черного пигмента.","Темно-фиолетовый цвет перманганата калия делает его полезным дезинфицирующим средством и химическим реагентом.","Обширные поля марганцевых конкреций покрывают часть глубокого дна океана.","Марганец является важным микроэлементом, помогающим ферментам защищать клетки от повреждений."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Произведено из района Магнезия в Фессалии, Греция — того же региона, который дал название магнию, — через средневековое латинское слово «марганец»; название, возможно, было подкреплено латинским «magnes» (магнит), поскольку марганцевую руду исторически путали с магнитной железной рудой."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Майтнерий","summary":"Мейтнерий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый исключительно в научных исследованиях по изучению сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Мейтнерий назван в честь Лизы Мейтнер, пионера ядерного деления, чей вклад долгое время игнорировался.","Это один из немногих элементов, названных в честь женщины.","Мейтнериум был впервые создан в 1982 году в Германии.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, созданный по одному атому за раз.","Его изотопы распадаются чрезвычайно быстро, от миллисекунд до секунд.","По прогнозам, он будет вести себя как иридий в девятой группе периодической таблицы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Лизы Мейтнер, австрийско-шведского физика, которая совместно открыла деление ядра и открыла протактиний, но была исключена из Нобелевской премии 1944 года по спорным причинам; GSI Дармштадт предложила это название в 1992 году в знак давно назревшего признания ее огромного вклада в ядерную науку."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Менделевий","summary":"Менделевий — синтетический радиоактивный металл, используемый в основном в научных исследованиях по изучению свойств тяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, серебристый металлик.","interesting_facts":["Менделевий назван в честь Дмитрия Менделеева, создателя таблицы Менделеева.","Впервые он был создан в 1955 году, всего из нескольких атомов за раз.","Менделевий можно получить только в ускорителях частиц путем бомбардировки эйнштейния.","Его эксперименты по открытию сначала обнаружили только около 17 атомов.","Он чрезвычайно радиоактивен и содержит короткоживущие изотопы.","Менделевий не имеет никакого применения, кроме фундаментальных исследований тяжелых элементов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Дмитрия Ивановича Менделеева, русского химика, создавшего таблицу Менделеева в 1869 году; Гленн Сиборг и его коллеги назвали его в 1955 году как дань уважения учёному, чья дальновидная организация элементов сделала концептуально возможным открытие трансурановых элементов."},"Mercury":{"name":"Ртуть","summary":"Ртуть — плотный серебристый жидкий металл, используемый в термометрах, барометрах и люминесцентных лампах.","appearance":"Серебристый","interesting_facts":["Ртуть — единственный металл, находящийся в жидком состоянии при комнатной температуре.","Он назван в честь римского бога-посланника за свою быстродвижущуюся и текучую природу, а его символ Hg происходит от слова «Hydrargyrum», что означает «вода-серебро».","Ртуть когда-то использовалась в термометрах и барометрах, поскольку она равномерно расширяется с температурой.","У производителей шляп, подвергшихся воздействию ртути, началась дрожь и растерянность, что привело к появлению фразы «безумный, как шляпник».","Он токсичен и накапливается в организме рыбы и людей, которые ее едят.","Пары ртути светятся сине-зеленым светом при электричестве, это основа люминесцентных ламп."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Меркурия, стремительного римского бога-посланника, отражающего текучую, быстродвижущуюся природу элемента; Символ Hg происходит от слова «hydrargyrum», латинизации греческого слова «hydrargyros» (ὑδράργυρος), что означает «вода-серебро», имея в виду его вид жидкого серебра."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Молибден","summary":"Молибден — твердый серебристый металл, используемый в стальных сплавах для повышения прочности, ударной вязкости и коррозионной стойкости.","appearance":"Серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Молибден имеет одну из самых высоких температур плавления среди всех элементов — около 2623 °C.","Его название происходит от греческого «молибдос» (свинец), поскольку его руду долгое время путали со свинцом и графитом.","Добавление молибдена в сталь позволяет получить высокопрочные сплавы, используемые в самолетах, инструментах и ​​броне.","Это важное микроэлементовое питательное вещество, помогающее ферментам растений, животных и человека.","Азотфиксирующие бактерии используют молибден для преобразования атмосферного азота в полезную форму.","Дисульфид молибдена представляет собой скользкое твердое вещество, используемое в качестве сухой высокотемпературной смазки."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «молибдос» (свинец), поскольку молибденитовую руду долгое время путали со свинцовыми рудами; Карл Вильгельм Шееле показал, что металл отличен в 1778 году, а Петер Якоб Хьельм выделил металл в 1781 году."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Московий","summary":"Московий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Московиум назван в честь Московской области России, где расположена лаборатория в Дубне.","Впервые он был синтезирован в 2003 году российско-американской коллаборацией.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, который производит всего несколько атомов за раз.","Атомы московия распадаются за доли секунды.","По прогнозам, он будет находиться ниже висмута в группе 15.","Официально он был назван в 2016 году вместе с тремя другими новыми элементами."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Московской области (Московского региона) России, где расположен Объединенный институт ядерных исследований в Дубне; Впервые он был синтезирован в 2003 году в сотрудничестве ОИЯИ и Ливерморской национальной лаборатории Лоуренса и официально назван IUPAC в 2016 году."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Неодим","summary":"Неодим — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в мощных магнитах, лазерах и окраске стекла.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Неодимовые магниты являются самыми сильными из доступных постоянных магнитов, способными поднимать вес, во много раз превышающий их собственный.","Эти магниты можно найти повсюду: от наушников и жестких дисков до ветряных турбин и двигателей электромобилей.","Его название означает «новый близнец», поскольку в 1885 году он был отделен от «дидима» вместе с празеодимом.","Неодим придает стеклу яркий цвет, который в зависимости от освещения меняется от фиолетового до синего.","Кристаллы, легированные неодимом, используются в некоторых наиболее распространенных лазерах высокой энергии.","Это один из наиболее распространенных редкоземельных элементов, несмотря на его специализированное использование."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческих слов «неос» (новый) и «дидимос» (близнец), названных Карлом Ауэром фон Вельсбахом в 1885 году, когда он разделил дидим на празеодим и неодим — «новый близнец» пары."},"Neon":{"name":"Неон","summary":"Неон — бесцветный благородный газ без запаха, который при электрификации излучает отчетливое красновато-оранжевое свечение.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Неон светится ярким оранжево-красным светом, когда через него проходит электрический ток, что является основой классических «неоновых» вывесок.","Он практически полностью инертен, не образуя при нормальных условиях устойчивых обычных химических соединений.","Неон был открыт в 1898 году Рамзи и Трэверсом, которые назвали его от греческого слова «неос», что означает «новый».","Несмотря на то, что неон является пятым по распространенности элементом во Вселенной, на Земле он встречается редко, составляя лишь небольшую часть атмосферы.","Жидкий неон — превосходный криогенный хладагент, холодопроизводительность которого более чем в 40 раз выше, чем у жидкого гелия.","Различные цвета, видимые на «неоновых» вывесках, на самом деле происходят от других благородных газов; чистый неон всегда дает красновато-оранжевый свет."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «неос» (новый), названного Уильямом Рамзи и Моррисом Трэверсом в 1898 году, чтобы отразить, что это был недавно открытый благородный газ."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Нептуний","summary":"Нептуний — это радиоактивный металл, используемый в приборах для обнаружения нейтронов и изучаемый на предмет его роли в ядерных реакторах.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Нептуний был первым трансурановым элементом, синтезированным в 1940 году.","Он назван в честь планеты Нептун, продолжая последовательность урана (Уран).","Нептуний является побочным продуктом ядерных реакторов и считается давней проблемой ядерных отходов.","Это серебристый, радиоактивный и один из самых плотных актинидов металлов.","Нептуний-237 может быть использован для производства плутония-238 для источников энергии космических кораблей.","Следовые количества нептуния встречаются в природе в урановых рудах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь планеты Нептун, которая находится за Ураном в Солнечной системе, так же как нептуний находится за ураном в периодической таблице; Эдвин Макмиллан и Филип Абельсон синтезировали его в 1940 году, продолжив последовательность названий планет, начавшуюся с урана."},"Nickel":{"name":"Никель","summary":"Никель — серебристо-белый металл, используемый в производстве нержавеющей стали, батарей и различных промышленных применениях.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Никель назван в честь немецкого горнодобывающего термина, означающего «медь Старого Ника», потому что его руда выглядела как медь, но не давала ее.","Он обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии и используется для гальванопокрытия других металлов для защиты.","Нержавеющая сталь обычно содержит никель, который повышает ее прочность и устойчивость к ржавчине.","Несмотря на название, современные «никелевые» монеты США в основном состоят из меди и содержат лишь 25% никеля.","Считается, что ядро ​​Земли в основном состоит из железо-никелевого сплава, и многие метеориты богаты никелем.","Никель — один из немногих элементов, обладающих магнитными свойствами при комнатной температуре."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Сокращенное от немецкого «Kupfernickel» (чертова медь или медь Старого Ника), проклятие горняков за руду, которая выглядела как медь, но не приносила никакой пользы; «Никель» — немецкое прозвище дьявола, происходящее от имени Николас."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Нихоний","summary":"Нихоний — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Нихоний назван в честь Японии («Нихон»), первого элемента, открытого в азиатской стране.","Он был синтезирован в лаборатории RIKEN в Японии и подтвержден примерно в 2004 году.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, состоящий всего из нескольких атомов одновременно.","Атомы нихония распадаются в течение нескольких секунд после создания.","По прогнозам, он будет находиться ниже таллия в группе 13.","Его открытие дало Японии честь впервые назвать новый элемент."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Названо от «Нихон» (日本), японского слова, обозначающего Японию, что означает «страна восходящего солнца»; ученые из RIKEN в Японии подтвердили его синтез в 2004 году и выбрали название в честь первого элемента, открытого в Азии, а IUPAC официально признал его в 2016 году."},"Niobium":{"name":"Ниобий","summary":"Ниобий — мягкий, пластичный металл, который в основном используется в сплавах, особенно в производстве стали, для повышения прочности.","appearance":"Серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Ниобий назван в честь Ниобы, дочери Тантала в греческой мифологии, что отражает его тесную связь с танталом.","В холодном состоянии он становится сверхпроводником и используется в магнитах аппаратов МРТ и ускорителях частиц.","Сплавы ниобия можно анодировать для получения цветов радуги, популярных в ювелирном деле.","Небольшие количества ниобия делают сталь намного прочнее, используемой в трубопроводах и рамах автомобилей.","Когда-то в Соединенных Штатах его называли колумбием, и это название сохранилось до 20 века.","Ниобий гипоаллергенен, поэтому его используют для пирсинга и медицинских имплантатов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Ниобы, дочери Тантала в греческой мифологии, Генрихом Роузом в 1844 году, поскольку ниобий почти всегда встречается рядом с танталом, и эти два элемента изначально было настолько трудно различить, что мифологическое соединение родитель-ребенок казалось подходящим."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Азот","summary":"Азот — бесцветный газ без запаха, который составляет около 78% атмосферы Земли.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Азот составляет около 78% воздуха, которым вы дышите, но он настолько нереактивен, что мы в основном выдыхаем его обратно неиспользованным.","Жидкий азот кипит при температуре -196 °C и используется для мгновенной заморозки продуктов питания, сохранения биологических образцов и создания впечатляющих эффектов тумана.","Тройная связь, удерживающая вместе два атома азота, является одной из самых прочных известных химических связей, что делает газообразный азот очень стабильным.","Процесс Хабера-Боша, который превращает атмосферный азот в аммиак для удобрений, помогает накормить примерно половину населения мира.","Азот является ключевым ингредиентом взрывчатых веществ, таких как тротил и нитроглицерин, поскольку при разрыве его связей выделяется огромная энергия.","Бактерии в корнях бобовых «фиксируют» азот из воздуха в форму, которую могут использовать растения, естественным образом обогащая почву."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «нитрон» (нитра/селитра) и «гены» (формирующий), что означает «образующий селитру», введенное Жаном-Антуаном Шапталем в 1790 году, поскольку и селитра, и азотная кислота содержат азот."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Нобелий","summary":"Нобелий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, не имеющий существенного применения за пределами научных исследований.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, серебристый металлик.","interesting_facts":["Нобелий назван в честь Альфреда Нобеля, основателя Нобелевской премии.","Его можно получить только атом за атомом в ускорителях частиц.","Что необычно для актинида, нобелий наиболее стабилен в степени окисления +2.","Его открытие в конце 1950-х годов долгие годы оспаривалось между конкурирующими лабораториями.","Все изотопы нобелия радиоактивны и недолговечны.","Он существует только в исследовательских целях и не имеет практического применения."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Альфреда Нобеля, шведского химика, который изобрел динамит и основал Нобелевскую премию; это название было предложено в 1957 году, когда группа из Стокгольма первоначально заявила об открытии, и было сохранено, когда подтвержденное открытие было зачислено лабораториям Дубны и Беркли."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Оганесон","summary":"Оганессон — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, газообразное или металлическое.","interesting_facts":["Оганессон — самый тяжелый из известных элементов с атомным номером 118.","Он назван в честь физика Юрия Оганесяна и является одним из немногих элементов, названных в честь живого человека.","Хотя оганессон находится в столбе благородных газов, по прогнозам, он является твердым и, возможно, химически активным, в отличие от других благородных газов.","Когда-либо было создано лишь несколько атомов, каждый из которых просуществовал менее миллисекунды.","Впервые он был синтезирован в 2002 году российско-американской коллаборацией в Дубне.","Оганессон завершает седьмую строку таблицы Менделеева."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Юрия Оганесяна, российско-армянского физика-ядерщика, пионера синтеза сверхтяжелых элементов и руководителя группы в ОИЯИ в Дубне, создавшей оганессон в 2002 году; это один из двух элементов, названных в честь живого человека, что отражает исключительный масштаб его вклада в эту область."},"Osmium":{"name":"Осмий","summary":"Осмий — плотный голубовато-белый металл, известный своей твердостью и используемый в наконечниках перьевых ручек, электрических контактах и ​​шарнирах инструментов.","appearance":"Голубовато-белый, металлик","interesting_facts":["Осмий — самый плотный природный элемент, почти в два раза плотнее свинца.","Его название происходит от греческого «osme», что означает запах, поскольку его оксид имеет резкий токсичный запах.","Осмий чрезвычайно тверд и использовался в первых иглах фонографов и наконечниках перьевых ручек.","Это один из металлов платиновой группы, имеет голубовато-серебристый вид.","Четырехокись осмия используется для окрашивания биологической ткани для электронной микроскопии.","Это один из самых редких элементов в земной коре."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «osmē» (ὀσμή), что означает «запах» или «запах»; Смитсон Теннант придумал это название в 1803 году, потому что тетраоксид осмия, образующийся при контакте металла с воздухом, имеет резкий и характерный токсичный запах."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Кислород","summary":"Кислород — бесцветный газ без запаха, необходимый для дыхания большинства живых организмов.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Кислород составляет около 21% земной атмосферы и является наиболее распространенным элементом в земной коре по массе.","Большая часть кислорода, которым мы дышим, производится в результате фотосинтеза, причем большая часть поступает из фитопланктона океана.","Жидкий и твердый кислород имеют бледно-голубой цвет и обладают магнитными свойствами, поскольку притягиваются магнитом.","Озон, молекула из трех атомов кислорода, образует в стратосфере защитный слой, поглощающий вредное ультрафиолетовое излучение.","Кислород был независимо открыт в 1770-х годах Карлом Вильгельмом Шееле и Джозефом Пристли и назван Антуаном Лавуазье.","Хотя кислород жизненно необходим для жизни, он также обладает высокой реакционной способностью и вызывает ржавление железа и сжигание топлива."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «oxys» (острый или кислый) и «genes» (образующий), что означает «образующий кислоту», названный Лавуазье в 1777 году на основе существовавшего в то время убеждения, что кислород является неотъемлемой частью всех кислот."},"Palladium":{"name":"Палладий","summary":"Палладий — драгоценный серебристо-белый металл, используемый в каталитических нейтрализаторах, электронике и хранилищах водорода.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Палладий назван в честь астероида Паллада, открытого незадолго до этого металла в 1803 году.","Его основное применение — каталитические нейтрализаторы, где он помогает превращать токсичные выхлопные газы в безвредные.","Палладий может поглощать газообразный водород в объеме, в 900 раз превышающем его собственный, подобно металлической губке.","Это драгоценный металл платиновой группы, который используется в белом золоте, ювелирных изделиях и стоматологических сплавах.","Палладий необходим для производства многих электронных устройств, включая крошечные конденсаторы внутри телефонов и компьютеров.","Он сыграл центральную роль в знаменитых, позже дискредитированных экспериментах «холодного синтеза» 1989 года."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь астероида Паллада, открытого в 1802 году и названного в честь Афины Паллады; Уильям Хайд Волластон придумал это название в 1803 году, следуя современной моде называть новые элементы в честь недавно открытых небесных тел."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Фосфор","summary":"Фосфор является высокореактивным важным элементом в биологических молекулах, таких как ДНК и АТФ.","appearance":"Цвет варьируется (белые, красные или черные формы)","interesting_facts":["Белый фосфор слабо светится в темноте, реагируя с кислородом — явление, которое дало название фосфоресценции.","Это был первый элемент, открытый известным первооткрывателем, выделенный Хеннигом Брандом в 1669 году из вываренной мочи.","Фосфор существует в совершенно разных формах: белый фосфор опасно воспламеняется, а красный фосфор стабилен и используется в спичечных коробках.","Каждая клетка использует фосфор в ДНК, РНК и АТФ — молекуле, которая хранит и передает энергию в живых существах.","Около 85% добытого фосфоритного сырья перерабатывается в удобрения, что делает фосфор критически важным для мирового производства продуктов питания.","Ваши кости и зубы укрепляются фосфатом кальция, поэтому большая часть фосфора вашего тела хранится в скелете."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «фосфор» (светоносец, от «фос» = свет и «форос» = несущий), потому что белый фосфор при окислении слабо светится в темноте; это название было применено Хеннигом Брандом, когда он обнаружил его в 1669 году."},"Platinum":{"name":"Платина","summary":"Платина — плотный, ковкий и устойчивый к коррозии металл, используемый в каталитических нейтрализаторах, ювелирных изделиях и электронике.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Платина настолько устойчива к коррозии, что никогда не тускнеет даже при высоких температурах.","Это ключевой катализатор в каталитических нейтрализаторах, помогающий очищать выхлопные газы автомобилей.","Платина плотнее золота и ценится для изготовления изысканных ювелирных изделий и обручальных колец.","Некоторые соединения платины, такие как цисплатин, являются мощными химиотерапевтическими препаратами.","Южная Африка производит большую часть мировой платины.","Его название происходит от испанского слова «platina», что означает «маленькое серебро» — имя, которое первые горняки давали ему пренебрежительно."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Произведено от испанского слова «platina», уменьшительного от слова «plata» (серебро), что означает «маленькое серебро»; Испанские исследователи Южной Америки в 16 веке использовали этот пренебрежительный термин для обозначения бледного, похожего на серебро металла, который они нашли в залежах золота, но с которым было нелегко работать."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Плутоний","summary":"Плутоний — радиоактивный металл, используемый в ядерных реакторах, ядерном оружии и в качестве источника энергии для космических кораблей.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый, тускнеет на воздухе.","interesting_facts":["Плутоний известен тем, что его используют в ядерном оружии и реакторах.","Он назван в честь карликовой планеты Плутон, вслед за нептунием и ураном.","Плутоний-238 питает космические корабли, такие как зонды «Вояджер» и марсоход «Кьюриосити», своим постоянным теплом.","Кусок плутония теплый на ощупь из-за тепла от его собственного радиоактивного распада.","Он имеет необычный химический состав и в растворе существует во многих цветных степенях окисления.","Плутоний резко расширяется и сжимается между различными твердыми формами, что затрудняет его обработку."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Плутона (тогда считавшегося девятой планетой), который находится за Нептуном, так же как плутоний находится за Нептунием; Гленн Сиборг назвал его в 1942 году, отметив, что альтернативная форма «плутий» рассматривалась, но была отвергнута в пользу более классического окончания «-ониум»."},"Polonium":{"name":"Полоний","summary":"Полоний — высокорадиоактивный металл, используемый в антистатических устройствах и в качестве источника тепла в космической технике.","appearance":"Серебристый","interesting_facts":["Полоний был открыт Марией и Пьером Кюри в 1898 году и назван в честь родины Марии, Польши.","Он настолько радиоактивен, что один грамм его светится синим и выделяет достаточно тепла, чтобы оставаться в тепле.","Полоний-210 использовался при печально известном отравлении Александра Литвиненко в 2006 году.","Его использовали в качестве легкого источника тепла в космических зондах и как антистатическое устройство.","Полоний встречается крайне редко и встречается в урановых рудах в небольших количествах.","Частичка полония может доставить смертельную дозу, что делает его одним из самых токсичных известных веществ."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Польши (лат. Polonia), родины Марии Кюри, которая открыла ее вместе с Пьером Кюри в 1898 году; Кюри выбрала это имя как дань уважения своей оккупированной родине, которая затем была разделена между Россией, Пруссией и Австрией, надеясь привлечь международное внимание к своему делу."},"Potassium":{"name":"Калий","summary":"Калий — мягкий серебристо-белый металл, необходимый для роста растений и играющий решающую роль в биологических процессах.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый металл","interesting_facts":["Калий настолько реактивен, что при соприкосновении с водой вспыхивает сиреневым пламенем.","Он достаточно мягкий, чтобы его можно было резать ножом, и достаточно легкий, чтобы плавать на воде при реакции.","Ионы калия необходимы для нервных сигналов и сердцебиения, а бананы являются хорошо известным диетическим источником.","Его химический символ K происходит от слова «калий», латинизированной формы арабского слова, обозначающего золу растений.","Калий был первым металлом, выделенным электролизом Хамфри Дэви в 1807 году.","Радиоактивный изотоп калия-40 в вашем организме делает вас очень слегка радиоактивным на протяжении всей вашей жизни."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское название происходит от слова «поташ» (древесная зола, выщелачиваемая в горшках, ранний источник элемента), а символ K происходит от латинского «калий», в конечном итоге от арабского «аль-кали» (зола щелочных растений, используемая в мыловарении)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Празеодим","summary":"Празеодим — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в магнитах, окраске стекла и сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Название празеодима означает «зеленый близнец» из-за зеленого цвета его солей.","Он используется в специальных очках, защищающих сварщиков и стеклодувов от яркого света и инфракрасного света.","В смеси с неодимом он образует мощные магниты, используемые в двигателях и наушниках.","Празеодим придает чистый желтый цвет стеклу и керамической глазури.","В 1885 году его выделили из вещества под названием «дидим», которое оказалось состоящим из двух элементов.","Волокна, легированные празеодимом, могут усиливать световые сигналы в некоторых оптических системах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого «прасиос» (зеленый лук-порей) и «дидимос» (близнец), названных Карлом Ауэром фон Вельсбахом в 1885 году, когда он разделил дидим на два элемента: празеодим, двойник с зеленой солью, и неодим, новый двойник."},"Promethium":{"name":"Прометий","summary":"Прометий — радиоактивный металл, используемый в светящихся красках, атомных батареях и исследованиях.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Прометий — единственный редкоземельный элемент, не имеющий стабильных изотопов; он радиоактивен и практически отсутствует в природе.","Он назван в честь Прометея, греческого титана, похитившего огонь у богов.","Прометий использовался в светящейся краске и в крошечных атомных батареях для кардиостимуляторов и космических кораблей.","Его существование заполнило давний пробел в 61-м элементе периодической таблицы, подтвержденный в 1945 году.","Светящийся прометий может излучать слабый сине-зеленый свет за счет собственного излучения.","Считается, что в любой момент времени во всей земной коре существует только около 500 граммов прометия."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Прометея, титана из греческой мифологии, который украл огонь у богов и подарил его человечеству; Кстати, прометий был впервые получен в 1945 году из продуктов деления урана в ядерном реакторе."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Протактиний","summary":"Протактиний — плотный серебристо-серый металл, используемый в основном в научных исследованиях из-за его редкости и радиоактивности.","appearance":"Яркий серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Протактиний — один из самых редких и дорогих природных элементов.","Его название означает «родитель актиния», потому что он распадается на актиний.","Он высокорадиоактивен и токсичен, требует осторожного обращения.","Протактиний был впервые идентифицирован в 1913 году и выделен в 1934 году.","Соотношение протактиния и тория в океанских отложениях помогает ученым изучать климат прошлого и циркуляцию океана.","Он имеет мало применений за пределами научных исследований из-за его редкости и радиоактивности."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «протос» (πρῶτος), что означает «первый», в сочетании с «актиний», что дает «родитель актиния»; название отражает, что протактиний-231 распадается на актиний-227; Каспер Фаянс впервые назвал его «бревиумом» в 1913 году, но когда был идентифицирован долгоживущий изотоп, было принято название «протактиний»."},"Radium":{"name":"Радий","summary":"Радий — высокорадиоактивный металл, который когда-то использовался в светящихся красках, а сейчас его радиоактивные свойства изучаются в первую очередь.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Радий был открыт Марией и Пьером Кюри в 1898 году и светится слабым синим светом в темноте.","Когда-то его добавляли в светящиеся в темноте циферблаты часов, что трагически отравило «Радиевых девушек», которые их нарисовали.","В начале 20-го века радий продавался в зубной пасте, воде и косметике еще до того, как его опасность была понята.","Радий примерно в миллион раз более радиоактивен, чем такое же количество урана.","Исторически он использовался в лучевой терапии рака, прежде чем его заменили более безопасные источники.","Записные книжки Марии Кюри до сих пор настолько радиоактивны, что их хранят в освинцованных коробках."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от латинского «radius», что означает «луч» или «луч», от Марии и Пьера Кюри, открывших его в 1898 году; название относится к интенсивному излучению, которое излучает элемент, и которое они наблюдали как замечательное новое явление, когда изолировали его от настуранта."},"Radon":{"name":"Радон","summary":"Радон — радиоактивный благородный газ, используемый в лучевой терапии и в качестве индикатора в геологических исследованиях.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ","interesting_facts":["Радон — радиоактивный благородный газ, образующийся в результате распада урана в почве и горных породах.","Это основная причина рака легких среди некурящих, незаметно просачивающаяся в подвалы.","Радон бесцветен, не имеет запаха и вкуса, поэтому его можно обнаружить только с помощью специальных приборов.","Это самый плотный газ при нормальных условиях и один из самых тяжелых известных газов.","Радон когда-то использовался в некоторых ранних медицинских лучевых методах лечения.","Домашние тестовые наборы широко доступны, поскольку уровень радона можно снизить при правильной вентиляции."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от «радия» — элемента, из которого он образуется в результате радиоактивного распада, — в сочетании с суффиксом «-on», используемым для обозначения благородных газов; Фридрих Дорн впервые обнаружил его в 1900 году как газ, выделяющийся из радия, и до того, как название «радон» было стандартизировано, его называли «эманацией радия»."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Рений","summary":"Рений — плотный серебристо-белый металл, используемый в реактивных двигателях, нитях накала и катализаторах.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый","interesting_facts":["Рений был одним из последних стабильных элементов, открытых в 1925 году.","Он имеет одну из самых высоких температур плавления и кипения среди всех элементов.","Рениевые суперсплавы позволяют лопаткам турбин реактивных и ракетных двигателей работать более горячими и эффективными.","Он назван в честь реки Рейн в Германии.","Рений встречается крайне редко и добывается в основном как побочный продукт добычи меди и молибдена.","Его используют в качестве катализатора при производстве высокооктанового неэтилированного бензина."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь реки Рейн (лат. Rhenus), протекающей по территории Германии; Уолтер Ноддак, Ида Таке и Отто Берг выбрали это название в 1925 году, когда открыли элемент, следуя традиции называть элементы в честь географических особенностей родины первооткрывателей."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Родий","summary":"Родий — редкий серебристо-белый металл, известный своей высокой отражательной способностью и используемый в каталитических нейтрализаторах и ювелирных изделиях.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Родий — один из самых редких и ценных драгоценных металлов, зачастую стоящий намного дороже золота.","Его название происходит от греческого «родон» (роза) из-за розово-красного цвета его солей.","Большая часть родия используется в каталитических нейтрализаторах для очистки вредных газов из выхлопных газов автомобилей.","Он придает блестящий, твердый, отражающий вид и используется для покрытия ювелирных изделий и зеркал из белого золота.","Родий обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии и не тускнеет на воздухе.","Это один из металлов платиновой группы, который добывается в основном как побочный продукт добычи платины и никеля."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «родон» (роза), названного Уильямом Хайдом Волластоном в 1804 году, потому что растворы солей родия имеют характерный розово-красный цвет."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Рентгений","summary":"Рентгений — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, который в основном используется в научных исследованиях по изучению сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Рентгениум назван в честь Вильгельма Конрада Рентгена, первооткрывателя рентгеновских лучей.","Впервые он был создан в 1994 году в Германии путем синтеза ядер никеля и висмута.","Это синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, который производит всего несколько атомов за раз.","По прогнозам, рентгений будет располагаться ниже золота в периодической таблице и может иметь некоторые общие химические свойства.","Его атомы распадаются в течение нескольких секунд после образования.","У него нет никаких применений, кроме фундаментальных исследований."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Вильгельма Конрада Рентгена, немецкого физика, открывшего рентгеновские лучи в 1895 году и получившего самую первую Нобелевскую премию по физике в 1901 году; GSI Дармштадт синтезировал его в 1994 году, предложил название в 2004 году, и в том же году ИЮПАК официально принял его."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Рубидий","summary":"Рубидий — мягкий серебристо-белый металлический элемент, используемый в электронике, исследованиях и атомных часах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Рубидий самовозгорается на воздухе и бурно реагирует с водой.","Он назван от латинского «rubidus» (темно-красный) из-за красных линий в спектре его излучения.","Рубидий был открыт в 1861 году Бунзеном и Кирхгофом с помощью нового метода спектроскопии.","Он плавится чуть выше температуры тела, примерно при 39 °C.","Атомы рубидия используются в некоторых из самых точных атомных часов в мире.","В 1995 году ученые использовали рубидий для создания первого конденсата Бозе-Эйнштейна — странного нового состояния материи."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «rubidus» (темно-красный или темно-красный), названного Робертом Бунзеном и Густавом Кирхгофом в 1861 году в честь двух характерных темно-красных спектральных линий, которые они использовали для его идентификации с помощью новой на тот момент техники спектроскопии."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Рутений","summary":"Рутений — редкий переходный металл, используемый в электрических контактах, толстопленочных резисторах и в качестве катализатора.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Рутений назван в честь Ruthenia, латинского названия России, где он был обнаружен в 1844 году.","Это один из металлов платиновой группы, чрезвычайно твердый и хрупкий.","Добавление небольшого количества рутения значительно повышает твердость и износостойкость сплавов платины и палладия.","Рутений используется в электрических контактах и ​​чип-резисторах внутри электроники.","Он действует как универсальный катализатор, в том числе в процессах производства аммиака и очистки загрязняющих веществ.","Соединения рутения исследуются в качестве светопоглощающих красителей для солнечных элементов."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Рутении, латинского названия России (земли русских людей), Карлом Эрнстом Клаусом в 1844 году, который сделал это открытие во время работы в Казани в Российской империи."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Резерфордий","summary":"Резерфордий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств тяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, серебристый металлик.","interesting_facts":["Резерфордий назван в честь физика Эрнеста Резерфорда, отца ядерной физики.","Это первый из трансактинидных (сверхтяжелых) элементов.","Резерфордий получают путем сталкивания более легких атомных ядер в ускорителях.","Его открытие стало предметом спора о названии во времена Холодной войны между американскими и советскими учёными.","Одновременно может быть создано лишь несколько атомов, и они распадаются в течение нескольких секунд.","Ожидается, что по химическому поведению он будет вести себя как гафний из 4-й группы периодической таблицы."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Эрнеста Резерфорда, физика новозеландского происхождения, открывшего атомное ядро ​​и считающегося отцом ядерной физики; название было предложено американскими исследователями из Лоуренса Беркли и официально принято ИЮПАК в 1997 году после спора об именах времен Холодной войны с советскими учеными."},"Samarium":{"name":"Самарий","summary":"Самарий — серебристо-белый металл, используемый в магнитах, лазерах и в качестве поглотителя нейтронов в ядерных реакторах.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Самарий-кобальтовые магниты сохраняют свою прочность при высоких температурах, используются в самолетах и ​​военной технике.","Это был первый элемент, названный в честь человека через минерал самарскит (в честь горного чиновника Самарского).","Самарий легко поглощает нейтроны, поэтому его используют в стержнях управления ядерными реакторами.","Радиоактивное соединение самария используется для облегчения боли при раке, распространившемся на кости.","Самарий используется в качестве катализатора в химии, а также для изготовления некоторых типов стекла и лазеров.","Он умеренно твердый и медленно окисляется на воздухе, образуя желтоватый налет."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь самарскита, минерала, в котором он был впервые идентифицирован Полем-Эмилем Лекоком де Буабодраном в 1879 году; самарскит был назван в честь полковника Василия Самарского-Быховца, российского горного чиновника, что сделало самарий первым элементом, названным (косвенно) в честь реального человека."},"Scandium":{"name":"Скандий","summary":"Скандий — мягкий серебристо-белый металл, используемый в компонентах аэрокосмической промышленности и высокоэффективных сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Существование и свойства скандия были предсказаны Менделеевым в 1869 году как «экабор» до того, как он был открыт в 1879 году.","Добавление небольшого количества скандия к алюминию позволяет получить прочный и легкий сплав, используемый в высококачественных велосипедных рамах и деталях аэрокосмической промышленности.","Он назван в честь Скандинавии, где добывался минерал, в котором он был впервые обнаружен.","Сплавы скандия и алюминия использовались в некоторых советских истребителях МиГ.","Несмотря на то, что скандий довольно распространен в земной коре, его трудно извлечь, и он редко концентрируется в рудах, что делает его дорогим.","Йодид скандия добавляется в некоторые металлогалогенные лампы для получения света, имитирующего естественный солнечный свет."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Скандинавии (лат. Scandia), региона, где Ларс Фредрик Нильсон обнаружил его в 1879 году в минералах эвксенита и гадолинита из Скандинавии."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Сиборгий","summary":"Сиборгий — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях для изучения свойств сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический","interesting_facts":["Сиборгий назван в честь химика Гленна Т. Сиборга, который помог открыть множество трансурановых элементов.","Это был первый элемент, названный в честь человека, который был еще жив в то время.","Сиборгий — синтетический сверхтяжелый элемент, производимый только в ускорителях частиц.","Его атомы распадаются в течение нескольких секунд, поэтому лишь немногие из них когда-либо были изучены.","Химические эксперименты показывают, что он ведет себя как вольфрам в шестой группе периодической таблицы.","Впервые он был создан в 1974 году путем столкновения ионов кислорода с калифорнием."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Гленна Т. Сиборга, американского химика, открывшего десять трансурановых элементов; это был первый элемент, названный в честь живого человека, предложенный Лоуренсом Беркли в 1994 году, хотя IUPAC первоначально возражал, прежде чем официально утвердить это имя в 1997 году."},"Selenium":{"name":"Селен","summary":"Селен — это неметалл со свойствами, подобными сере и теллуру, который используется в электронике, производстве стекла и в качестве пищевой добавки.","appearance":"Черные, красные и серые формы","interesting_facts":["Селен назван в честь Селены, греческой богини Луны.","Его электропроводность меняется в зависимости от света, и это свойство использовалось в первых копировальных аппаратах и ​​люксметрах.","Селен является важным микроэлементом, поддерживающим антиоксидантные ферменты, но в больших дозах он токсичен.","Он придает стеклу красный цвет, а также используется для удаления зеленого оттенка со стекла.","Бразильские орехи исключительно богаты селеном.","Селен бывает нескольких форм, включая красный порошок и серую металлическую форму, проводящую электричество."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «селена» (луна), названного Йенсом Якобом Берцелиусом в 1817 году как спутник теллура (от латинского «tellus», Земля), поскольку оба элемента химически схожи и были обнаружены вместе в одних и тех же рудных месторождениях."},"Silicon":{"name":"Кремний","summary":"Кремний — твердое, хрупкое кристаллическое твердое вещество, ключевой компонент полупроводников и компьютерных чипов.","appearance":"Серое кристаллическое вещество","interesting_facts":["Кремний — второй по распространенности элемент в земной коре после кислорода, который в основном содержится в песке и камнях в виде кремнезема.","Кристаллы сверхчистого кремния являются основой компьютерных чипов, отсюда и название Кремниевой долины.","Кремний — металлоидный полупроводник, проводящий электричество лучше, чем изоляторы, но хуже, чем металлы.","Кварц, опал и большая часть песка представляют собой соединения кремния, а стекло изготавливается в основном путем плавления кремнезема.","Солнечные панели используют кремний для преобразования солнечного света непосредственно в электричество.","Несмотря на сходство названия, кремний (элемент) отличается от силикона, гибкого эластичного полимера, который его содержит."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «silex» или «silicis» (кремень или твердый камень), потому что кремний в изобилии содержится в кремне и силикатных породах; Название «кремний» было предложено Томасом Томсоном в 1817 году."},"Silver":{"name":"Серебро","summary":"Серебро — мягкий, белый, блестящий металл с самой высокой электро- и теплопроводностью среди всех элементов, используемый в ювелирных изделиях, электронике и зеркалах.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Серебро — лучший электрический и тепловой проводник из всех элементов.","Он обладает природными антибактериальными свойствами и использовался для поддержания чистоты ран и воды задолго до появления современной медицины.","Серебро — металл с наибольшей отражающей способностью, поэтому его традиционно использовали для изготовления подложки зеркал.","В фотопленке для захвата изображений использовались светочувствительные соединения серебра.","Его химический символ Ag происходит от латинского слова «argentum», в честь которого названа страна Аргентина.","Серебро тускнеет до черного цвета, когда оно вступает в реакцию с небольшим количеством соединений серы в воздухе."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское слово «серебро» происходит от древнеанглийского слова «seolfor», родственного протогерманскому слову «silubra», дальнейшее происхождение которого неясно; Символ Ag и название страны Аргентина происходят от латинского слова «argentum» (серебро), что связано с блестящим белым блеском элемента."},"Sodium":{"name":"Натрий","summary":"Натрий — мягкий, серебристо-белый, высокореактивный металл, необходимый для жизни.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металл","interesting_facts":["Натрий настолько реактивен, что его необходимо хранить под маслом, он шипит и может воспламениться при попадании в воду.","Он достаточно мягкий, чтобы его можно было разрезать ножом, обнажая блестящую серебристую поверхность, которая быстро тускнеет на воздухе.","Натриевые лампы излучают характерное желто-оранжевое свечение, когда-то обычное для уличного освещения.","Обычная поваренная соль — это хлорид натрия, а натрий необходим для нервных импульсов и баланса жидкости в организме.","Натрий горит ярко-желтым пламенем — это свойство используется для его идентификации при испытаниях на пламя.","Химический символ Na происходит от латинского слова «натрий», обозначающего природное соединение соды."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское название происходит от слова «soda» (средневековое латинское «sodanum», средство от головной боли), а символ Na происходит от латинского «natrium», что в свою очередь происходит от арабско-египетского слова «natrun», обозначающего натрон, природный минерал карбонат натрия."},"Strontium":{"name":"Стронций","summary":"Стронций — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в фейерверках, керамике и радиологии.","appearance":"Серебристый металлик","interesting_facts":["Соли стронция придают ярко-красный цвет фейерверкам и аварийным ракетам.","Он назван в честь шотландской деревни Стронтиан, где впервые была найдена его руда.","Радиоактивный изотоп стронций-90 из ядерных осадков может оседать в костях, поскольку он имитирует кальций.","Стронций используется в некоторых зубных пастах для снижения чувствительности зубов.","Алюминат стронция светится в темноте часами и используется в современных люминесцентных красках.","Как и кальций, стронций реагирует с водой и никогда не встречается в природе в свободном виде."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Стронциана, деревни в Аргайлшире, Шотландия, где минерал стронцианит (карбонат стронция) был впервые обнаружен в местных свинцовых рудниках около 1790 года."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Сера","summary":"Сера — желтый неметаллический элемент, который обычно встречается в вулканических районах и необходим для жизни.","appearance":"Ярко-желтые кристаллы","interesting_facts":["Сера известна с древних времен и в Библии называется «серой», что означает «горящий камень».","Он известен запахом тухлых яиц и сероводорода, хотя чистая сера сама по себе запаха не имеет.","Сера горит синим пламенем и выделяет удушающий газ диоксид серы.","Большая часть добываемой серы используется для производства серной кислоты, одного из наиболее производимых промышленных химикатов в мире.","Ярко-желтые отложения серы образуются вокруг жерл вулканов и горячих источников.","Сера является важным элементом жизни. Она содержится в аминокислотах цистеине и метионине, которые помогают белкам сворачиваться."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «сульфур» (сера), слова неопределенного происхождения, возможно, связанного с санскритским «сульфере»; Сера известна с древности как острый желтый камень, встречающийся вокруг вулканов и называемый в библейских текстах «серой»."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Тантал","summary":"Тантал — плотный, устойчивый к коррозии металл, используемый в электронике, хирургических имплантатах и ​​жаропрочных сплавах.","appearance":"Серо-синий","interesting_facts":["Танталовые конденсаторы крошечные, но хранят много заряда. Они есть почти в каждом телефоне и ноутбуке.","Он назван в честь Тантала из греческого мифа, что отражает его «дразнящую» устойчивость к растворению в кислоте.","Тантал биосовместим и используется в хирургических имплантатах, пластинах и штифтах.","Он имеет одну из самых высоких температур плавления среди всех металлов — более 3000 °C.","Тантал обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии благодаря прочному оксидному слою.","Большая часть тантала в мире добывается из колтановой руды, что вызывает обеспокоенность по поводу этических источников."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Названный в честь Тантала, царя греческой мифологии, приговоренного стоять в луже воды под фруктовыми деревьями, которые отступали всякий раз, когда он к ним тянулся; Андерс Экеберг выбрал это название в 1802 году, потому что элемент отказывался поглощать кислоту, так же как Тантал никогда не мог утолить свою жажду."},"Technetium":{"name":"Технеций","summary":"Технеций — серебристо-серый радиоактивный металл, который в основном используется в медицинской визуализации и промышленной радиографии.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Технеций был первым элементом, полученным искусственно, и его название происходит от греческого слова «искусственный».","У него нет стабильных изотопов, поэтому в природе их на Земле практически не существует.","Технеций-99m является наиболее широко используемым радиоактивным индикатором в медицинской визуализации, который ежегодно используется в десятках миллионов сканирований.","Его пробел в таблице Менделеева был предсказан Менделеевым как «экамарганец».","Технеций был обнаружен в спектрах некоторых далеких звезд, что доказывает, что в них все еще создаются элементы.","Небольшое количество технеция может сделать сталь чрезвычайно устойчивой к коррозии."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «технетос» (искусственный или искусственный), названного Карло Перье и Эмилио Сегре в 1937 году, потому что это был первый элемент, полученный искусственно, путем бомбардировки молибдена дейтронами в циклотроне."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Теллур","summary":"Теллур — хрупкий серебристо-белый металлоид, используемый в сплавах, полупроводниках и термоэлектрических устройствах.","appearance":"Серебристый блестящий серый","interesting_facts":["Теллур назван в честь латинского слова «Земля» — «tellus».","У людей, подвергшихся воздействию даже небольших количеств, развивается «дыхание теллура» — сильный чесночный запах, который может сохраняться неделями.","Это редкий металлоид, которого в земной коре почти так же мало, как и платины.","Теллурид кадмия используется для изготовления тонкопленочных солнечных панелей.","Теллур улучшает обрабатываемость стали и медных сплавов.","Он используется в перезаписываемых оптических дисках, поскольку может переключаться между стеклообразным и кристаллическим состояниями."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От латинского «tellus» (Земля), названного Мартином Генрихом Клапротом в 1798 году; это название намеренно сочетается с селеном (названным в честь Луны), поскольку эти два элемента химически схожи и часто встречаются вместе."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Теннессин","summary":"Теннессин — синтетический радиоактивный элемент, используемый в научных исследованиях по изучению сверхтяжелых элементов.","appearance":"Неизвестно, вероятно, металлический или металлоидный.","interesting_facts":["Теннессин назван в честь американского штата Теннесси, где находится Национальная лаборатория Ок-Ридж.","Это второй по тяжести известный элемент, его присутствие было подтверждено в 2010 году.","Его название заканчивается на «-ine», потому что он находится в галогенной колонке, группа 17.","Для его создания потребовался редкий берклий, произведенный в Ок-Ридже, бомбардированный ионами кальция.","Когда-либо было получено лишь несколько атомов теннессина.","Его атомы распадаются за доли секунды."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь американского штата Теннесси, где находится Национальная лаборатория Ок-Ридж (которая произвела важную мишень из берклия), Университет Вандербильта и Университет Теннесси; он был синтезирован в 2010 году и официально назван IUPAC в 2016 году с суффиксом «-ine», отражающим его положение в группе галогенов 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Тербий","summary":"Тербий — серебристо-белый металл, используемый в люминофорах зеленого освещения, лазерах и магнитооптических устройствах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Тербий обеспечивает зеленый цвет многих люминофоров, используемых в освещении и старых дисплеях.","Он назван в честь шведской деревни Иттербю, одного из четырех элементов, посвященных этому единственному городу.","Сплавы тербия меняют форму в магнитном поле, используются в датчиках и гидроакустических системах.","Он светится ярко-зеленым светом в ультрафиолетовом свете и используется в защитных чернилах.","Тербий — мягкий серебристый редкоземельный металл, который можно резать ножом.","Он используется в полупроводниковых устройствах и энергосберегающих люминесцентных лампах."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Иттерби, деревни на шведском острове Ресарё, где первоначально собирали гадолинитовую руду; Карл Густав Мосандер отделил его от иттрия в 1843 году, а «тербий» — это слоговая перестановка слова «иттерби»."},"Thallium":{"name":"Таллий","summary":"Таллий — мягкий серый металл, используемый в электронике, оптических системах и некоторых медицинских целях.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Таллий когда-то был любимым ядом, без запаха и вкуса, за что его прозвали «ядом отравителя».","Его название происходит от греческого слова «таллос», зеленый побег, по ярко-зеленой линии в его спектре.","Отравление таллием вызывает выпадение волос, что иногда помогает врачам диагностировать его.","Радиоактивный изотоп таллия используется в стресс-тестах по визуализации сердца.","Соединения таллия используются в специализированной инфракрасной оптике и электронике.","Он был открыт в 1861 году с помощью нового метода пламенной спектроскопии."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван от греческого «таллос» (θαλλός), что означает «зеленый побег» или «зеленая веточка»; Уильям Крукс назвал его в 1861 году в честь характерной ярко-зеленой спектральной линии, которую он увидел при анализе остатков селенистой кислоты с использованием недавно разработанного метода пламенной спектроскопии."},"Thorium":{"name":"Торий","summary":"Торий — слаборадиоактивный металл, используемый в ядерных реакторах, сплавах и газовых мантиях.","appearance":"Серебристый, часто с черным налетом.","interesting_facts":["Торий назван в честь Тора, скандинавского бога грома.","Его исследуют как более безопасное и распространенное ядерное топливо, чем уран.","Тория в земной коре примерно в три-четыре раза больше, чем урана.","Торированные газовые мантии ярко светились и использовались в фонарях более века.","Когда-то его добавляли в высококачественные объективы фотоаппаратов, которые со временем могут слегка пожелтеть от радиации.","Почти весь торий представляет собой долгоживущий изотоп торий-232, период полураспада которого превышает возраст Вселенной."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Тора, скандинавского бога грома, шведским химиком Йонсом Якобом Берцелиусом, открывшим его в 1828 году; Берцелиус нашел его в норвежском минерале, который он назвал торитом, и назвал новый элемент в честь божества, следуя традиции почитания мифологических персонажей."},"Thulium":{"name":"Тулий","summary":"Тулий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в портативных рентгеновских устройствах, лазерах и некоторых ядерных устройствах.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый","interesting_facts":["Тулий — редчайший из стабильных редкоземельных элементов и один из самых дорогих.","Он назван в честь Туле, мифической страны на крайнем севере.","Радиоактивный тулий-170 используется в портативных рентгеновских аппаратах, не нуждающихся в электричестве.","Тулий светится синим цветом в ультрафиолетовом свете и используется в маркировке банкнот для защиты от подделок.","Тулиевые лазеры используются в некоторых медицинских хирургических процедурах.","Несмотря на свою редкость, тулия в земной коре все же больше, чем золота."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Туле, древнегреческого и римского названия мифической земли на дальнем северном краю известного мира, часто отождествляемой со Скандинавией или Исландией; Пер Теодор Клев выбрал это название в 1879 году в честь скандинавского происхождения элемента."},"Tin":{"name":"Олово","summary":"Олово — это ковкий серебристо-белый металл, используемый в припоях, покрытиях и сплавах, таких как бронза.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый металлик","interesting_facts":["Смешивая олово с медью, получается бронза — сплав, определивший целую эпоху в истории человечества.","При изгибе оловянный брусок издает потрескивающий звук, называемый «оловянным криком», поскольку его кристаллы перестраиваются.","При сильном морозе обычное олово может рассыпаться в серый порошок – этот процесс называется «оловянная вредность».","Консервные банки приобретают устойчивость к коррозии благодаря тонкому оловянному покрытию стали.","Олово имеет больше стабильных изотопов (десять), чем любой другой элемент.","Олово и припой — это распространенные сплавы на основе олова, используемые на протяжении веков."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Английское слово «tin» происходит от древнеанглийского «tin», родственного протогерманскому слову «tinam», дальнейшее происхождение которого неясно; Символ Sn происходит от латинского слова «stannum», которое первоначально относилось к сплаву серебра и свинца, а затем было применено к олову."},"Titanium":{"name":"Титан","summary":"Титан — прочный и легкий металл, широко используемый в аэрокосмической, медицинской технике и сплавах.","appearance":"Серебристый серо-белый","interesting_facts":["Титан имеет самое высокое соотношение прочности и плотности среди всех металлических элементов: он такой же прочный, как сталь, но примерно на 45% легче.","Он биосовместим, поэтому организм не отторгает его, что делает его идеальным для замены тазобедренного сустава и зубных имплантатов.","Диоксид титана — это блестящий белый пигмент, используемый в красках, солнцезащитных кремах и даже зубной пасте.","Он настолько хорошо противостоит коррозии морской воды, что его используют в деталях кораблей и корпусах подводных лодок.","Титан назван в честь титанов греческой мифологии из-за его огромной силы.","Хотя титан является девятым по распространенности элементом в земной коре, он дорог, поскольку его трудно извлечь из руд."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь титанов греческой мифологии — могущественных первобытных божеств — Мартином Генрихом Клапротом в 1795 году, который хотел, чтобы имя было свободным от географических или личных ассоциаций."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Вольфрам","summary":"Вольфрам — твердый, плотный металл с самой высокой температурой плавления среди всех элементов, используемый в нитях, режущих инструментах и ​​бронебойных снарядах.","appearance":"Серовато-белый, блестящий","interesting_facts":["Вольфрам имеет самую высокую температуру плавления из всех металлов — около 3422 °C.","Его использовали для светящихся нитей в лампах накаливания.","Его название происходит от шведского слова «тяжелый камень», а его символ W происходит от слова «вольфрам».","Карбид вольфрама почти так же тверд, как алмаз, и используется в сверлах, пилах и бронебойных патронах.","Это один из самых плотных элементов, примерно такой же плотности, как золото.","Вольфрам необходим для некоторых ферментов некоторых теплолюбивых микробов и является самым тяжелым элементом, который, как известно, используется жизнью."],"naming_origin_explanation":"«Вольфрам» происходит от шведских слов «tung» (тяжелый) и «sten» (камень), относящихся к минералу шеелиту; Символ W происходит от слова «wolfram», полученного из минерала вольфрамита, названного так потому, что он «пожирал» олово во время плавки, вызывая ассоциации с волком (нем. Wolf Rahm, волчьи сливки или пена)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Уран","summary":"Уран — плотный радиоактивный металл, используемый в качестве топлива в ядерных реакторах и в ядерном оружии.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый металлик","interesting_facts":["Уран — самый тяжелый элемент, который встречается в значительных количествах в природе.","Он был назван в честь планеты Уран, открытой всего восемью годами ранее.","Один килограмм урана-235 может высвободить столько же энергии, сколько несколько тысяч тонн угля.","Радиоактивность урана была открыта Анри Беккерелем в 1896 году, когда он запотевал фотографические пластинки в темноте.","Обедненный уран чрезвычайно плотен и используется в броне и бронебойных боеприпасах.","Урановое стекло, популярное в 1800-х годах, светится ярко-зеленым светом в ультрафиолетовом свете."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь планеты Уран, открытой всего восемью годами ранее Мартином Генрихом Клапротом в 1789 году; он следовал традиции называть элементы в честь небесных тел, точно так же, как теллур (предшествовавший ему элемент) был назван в честь Земли."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Ванадий","summary":"Ванадий — твердый металл серебристо-серого цвета, который в основном используется для упрочнения стальных сплавов и других материалов.","appearance":"Серебристо-серый","interesting_facts":["Ванадий назван в честь Ванадис, имени скандинавской богини Фрейи, из-за его красиво окрашенных соединений.","Его соединения проявляются в цветах радуги в зависимости от степени окисления: фиолетовом, синем, зеленом и желтом.","Добавление небольшого количества ванадия в сталь делает ее более твердой и прочной, используемой в инструментах и ​​деталях автомобилей.","Генри Форд использовал ванадиевую сталь в модели Т, чтобы сделать ее легче и прочнее.","Ванадиевые окислительно-восстановительные проточные батареи могут хранить большое количество энергии для электросети.","Некоторые морские существа, называемые асцидиями, концентрируют ванадий в крови на уровне, намного превышающем уровень окружающей морской воды."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Ванадис, древнескандинавского эпитета богини Фрейи, выбранного Нильсом Габриэлем Сефстремом в 1830 году, потому что соединения ванадия образуют поразительно красивые разноцветные растворы."},"Xenon":{"name":"Ксенон","summary":"Ксенон — бесцветный, плотный, благородный газ без запаха, используемый в освещении, медицинской визуализации и двигательной установке космических кораблей.","appearance":"Бесцветный газ, при возбуждении излучает синее свечение.","interesting_facts":["Имя Ксенона происходит от греческого слова «незнакомец», потому что это была такая редкая находка в воздухе.","Он излучает яркий белый свет и используется в автомобильных фарах, вспышках фотоаппаратов и лампах для кинопроекторов.","Ксенон можно использовать как безопасный и мощный анестетик, хотя он и дорог.","Несмотря на то, что ксенон является благородным газом, он первым образовал настоящее химическое соединение в 1962 году.","Ионные двигатели космических кораблей используют ксенон в качестве топлива, мягко перемещая зонды по Солнечной системе.","Ксенон достаточно плотный, чтобы на невидимом газе можно было плавать легкий предмет."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От греческого слова «xenos» (чужой или иностранец), названного Уильямом Рамзи и Моррисом Трэверсом в 1898 году, потому что ксенон появился как совершенно незнакомый элемент, скрытый в остатках после испарения жидкого криптона."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Иттербий","summary":"Иттербий — мягкий серебристый металл, используемый в лазерах, атомных часах и датчиках напряжения в материалах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Иттербий — один из четырех элементов, названных в честь крошечной шведской деревни Иттерби.","Атомные часы из иттербия являются одними из самых точных часов, когда-либо созданных.","Его электрическое сопротивление резко возрастает под высоким давлением, которое используется в качестве датчика напряжения.","Волокна, легированные иттербием, используются в высокоэнергетических промышленных лазерах для резки и сварки металлов.","Это мягкий, ковкий серебристый редкоземельный металл.","Иттербий, что необычно для лантаноидов, может принимать стабильную степень окисления +2."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Иттербю, деревни на острове Ресарё недалеко от Стокгольма, Швеция; Жан Шарль де Мариньяк впервые выделил его оксид в 1878 году из минерала эрбия, а иттербий — один из четырех элементов, названных в честь этой единственной шведской деревни."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Иттрий","summary":"Иттрий — это серебристо-металлический элемент, используемый в люминофорах, сверхпроводниках и светодиодной технике.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Иттрий назван в честь шведской деревни Иттербю, которая дала название четырем различным элементам.","Кристаллы иттрий-алюминиевого граната (ИАГ) используются для изготовления мощных лазеров для медицины и промышленности.","Это помогло создать первые высокотемпературные сверхпроводники, работающие выше температуры кипения азота.","Соединения иттрия производили красный люминофор в старых экранах цветных телевизоров.","Применяется для упрочнения алюминиевых и магниевых сплавов.","Несмотря на то, что иттрий называется редкоземельным элементом, в земной коре его больше, чем серебра или свинца."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Назван в честь Иттерби, небольшой деревни на острове Ресарё в Швеции, где в 1787 году впервые была собрана гадолинитовая руда; то же название деревни послужило источником названий иттербия, эрбия и тербия."},"Zinc":{"name":"Цинк","summary":"Цинк — это голубовато-серебристый металл, обычно используемый в гальванизации, сплавах и в качестве важного минерала для биологических процессов.","appearance":"Голубовато-серебристый металл","interesting_facts":["Цинк покрывает сталь в процессе, называемом гальванизацией, жертвуя собой, чтобы защитить сталь от ржавчины.","Он необходим для иммунной системы человека, а пастилки с цинком используются для борьбы с простудой.","Цинк горит ярким голубовато-зеленым пламенем, и когда-то его называли «философской шерстью», когда собирали его белый оксид.","Латунь, используемая в инструментах и ​​арматуре, представляет собой сплав меди и цинка.","Большинство современных одноцентовых монет и многие другие монеты сделаны в основном из цинка с тонким медным покрытием.","Оксид цинка является активным ингредиентом многих солнцезащитных кремов и кремов от опрелостей."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От немецкого «Zink» (цинк), впервые использованного Парацельсом в 16 веке; происхождение может относиться к «зинке» (зубец или шип), описывающему остроконечные кристаллы, образующиеся во время плавки, или, возможно, к персидскому «синг» (камень)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Цирконий","summary":"Цирконий — коррозионностойкий металл, используемый в ядерных реакторах, хирургических инструментах и ​​керамических материалах.","appearance":"Серебристо-белый","interesting_facts":["Цирконий обладает высокой устойчивостью к коррозии и почти не поглощает нейтроны, что делает его идеальным для оболочки ядерных топливных стержней.","Кубический цирконий, соединение циркония, является популярным заменителем алмаза в ювелирных изделиях.","Драгоценный камень циркон, силикат циркония, содержит одни из старейших известных минералов на Земле, возраст которых превышает 4 миллиарда лет.","Порошок циркония легко воспламеняется и когда-то использовался в фотовспышках.","Он биосовместим и используется в зубных коронках и суставных имплантатах.","Керамика из диоксида циркония достаточно прочная, из нее можно изготавливать лезвия ножей, которые редко требуют заточки."],"naming_origin_explanation":"От арабского слова «заркун» (киноварь или золотистый), происходящего от персидского «заргун» (подобный золоту), поскольку драгоценный камень циркон имеет золотистые оттенки; название было дано Мартином Генрихом Клапротом в 1789 году."}},"sv":{"Actinium":{"name":"Aktinium","summary":"Aktinium är en mjuk, silverfärgad radioaktiv metall som främst används i forskning och som neutronkälla.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Actinium lyser med ett kusligt ljusblått ljus i mörkret på grund av dess intensiva radioaktivitet.","Dess namn kommer från grekiskan \"aktis\", som betyder stråle eller balk.","Det ger sitt namn till aktinidserien av element.","Actinium-225 studeras för riktad alfapartikelterapi mot cancer.","Det är cirka 150 gånger mer radioaktivt än radium.","Aktinium är extremt sällsynt och förekommer endast i spårmängder i uranmalmer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från grekiskan 'aktis' (ἀκτίς), som betyder 'stråle' eller 'balk'; André-Louis Debierne isolerade den först 1899 från uranmalm och gav den namnet för dess kraftfulla radioaktivitet; det ger sitt namn till aktinidserien av tunga grundämnen."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Aluminium","summary":"Aluminium är en silvervit, lätt och korrosionsbeständig metall som används i en mängd olika applikationer.","appearance":"Silvergrå metall","interesting_facts":["Aluminium är den mest förekommande metallen i jordskorpan, men det var en gång så svårt att rena att det var mer värdefullt än guld.","Vid en bankett på 1880-talet åt Frankrikes mest hedrade gäster enligt uppgift med aluminiumbestick medan andra använde guld.","Det är helt återvinningsbart och återvinning av aluminium använder bara cirka 5 % av den energi som behövs för att göra det från rå malm.","Ett tunt, självläkande oxidskikt bildas omedelbart på aluminium och skyddar det från korrosion.","Hall-Heroult-processen, som uppfanns 1886, gjorde aluminium billigt genom att använda elektricitet för att utvinna det från aluminiumoxid.","Aluminium är lätt, starkt och icke-magnetiskt, vilket gör det idealiskt för flygplan, burkar och folie."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'alumen' (alun, en förening som sedan antiken använts vid färgning och garvning); Humphry Davy myntade \"aluminium\" 1807 och reviderade det senare till \"aluminium\", medan stora delar av världen antog stavningen \"aluminium\"."},"Americium":{"name":"Americium","summary":"Americium är en radioaktiv metall som används i rökdetektorer och som neutronkälla för industriella tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silvervit, mattas långsamt i luften","interesting_facts":["Americium används i små mängder i de flesta hushållsrökdetektorer.","Det är uppkallat efter Amerika, vilket speglar europium som är uppkallat efter Europa.","Americium producerades först under Manhattan-projektet 1944.","I en rökdetektor avger americium alfapartiklar som joniserar luft; rök stör strömmen och utlöser larmet.","Den lyser svagt i mörkret av sin egen intensiva radioaktivitet.","Americium studeras som en möjlig långvarig kraftkälla för framtida rymduppdrag."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Amerika, de kontinenter där den först tillverkades, av Glenn Seaborg 1944; Seaborg namngav det genom avsiktlig analogi med europium (uppkallat efter Europa), eftersom americium intar samma position i aktinidserien som europium gör i lantanidserien."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimon","summary":"Antimon är en spröd, blåvit metalloid som används i flamskyddsmedel, legeringar och halvledare.","appearance":"Silveraktig, blåvit","interesting_facts":["Antimon har använts sedan det gamla Egypten som kohl, en kosmetika för svarta ögon.","Det är en metalloid som, ovanligt, expanderar när den fryser, vilket gör den användbar för vassa gjutgods och typ metall.","Antimonföreningar används i stor utsträckning som flamskyddsmedel i plast och textilier.","Dess kemiska symbol Sb kommer från latinets \"stibium\".","Medeltida alkemister använde antimonpiller som ett återanvändbart laxermedel, återhämtade sig och gick i arv som \"eviga piller\".","Antimon är legerat med bly för att göra det hårdare, som i gamla trycktyper och batteriplåtar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska namnet kommer från medeltida latinska 'antimonium' av osäkert ursprung (möjligen från arabiska 'ithmid' eller en latinsk fras som betyder 'inte ensam', eftersom antimon sällan förekommer i ren form); symbolen Sb kommer från latinets 'stibium', namnet på den svarta sulfidmalm som använts som kosmetika sedan det gamla Egypten."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon är en färglös, luktfri ädelgas som utgör cirka 1 % av jordens atmosfär.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Argon utgör nästan 1 % av jordens atmosfär, vilket gör den till den vanligaste ädelgasen i luften.","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska ordet för \"lat\" eftersom det är så kemiskt oreaktivt.","Argon används för att fylla glödlampor eftersom det inte reagerar med den varma glödtråden.","Svetsare använder argon som skyddsgas för att skydda het metall från att reagera med syre i luften.","Det mesta av jordens argon är argon-40, producerat av det radioaktiva sönderfallet av kalium-40 i stenar.","Tvåglasfönster är ofta fyllda med argon eftersom det isolerar bättre än vanlig luft."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'argon' (tomgång eller inaktiv, neutrum av 'argos'), namngiven av William Ramsay och Lord Rayleigh 1894 eftersom gasen är kemiskt inert och extremt ovillig att reagera med någonting."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenik","summary":"Arsenik är en giftig metalloid som historiskt använts i bekämpningsmedel och nu i halvledare och glasproduktion.","appearance":"Metallisk grå","interesting_facts":["Arsenik är känt som \"kungarnas gift och giftens kung\", oupptäckt i århundraden och en favorit i historiska mord.","Trots dess toxicitet kan små spår av arsenik vara ett nödvändigt näringsämne för vissa djur.","Galliumarsenid och andra arsenikföreningar är avgörande för moderna halvledare och lysdioder.","Arsenikföroreningar av grundvatten påverkar dricksvattnet för miljontals människor världen över.","Den sublimerar, förvandlas direkt från fast till gas när den värms upp, med en vitlöksliknande lukt.","Gröna pigment som innehåller arsenik användes en gång i tapeter och kan sakta ha förgiftat viktorianska hushåll."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'arsenikon' (gult orpiment, en sulfidmalm av arsenik), självt möjligen från persiska 'zarnikh' (arsenikmalm); ordet kan också kopplas till grekiska 'arrhen' (man eller potent), vilket återspeglar de kraftfulla egenskaperna hos arsenikföreningar."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astat","summary":"Astatin är ett sällsynt, radioaktivt grundämne som används främst i vetenskaplig forskning och potentiellt i cancerbehandlingar.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Astatin är det mest sällsynta naturligt förekommande elementet; mindre än ett gram finns i jordskorpan när som helst.","Dess namn kommer från grekiskan \"astatos\", som betyder \"instabil\".","Ingen har någonsin sett ett synligt prov eftersom det skulle förångas från sin egen intensiva radioaktivitet.","Det är den tyngsta av halogenerna och syntetiserades första gången 1940.","Astatine-211 studeras för riktad alfapartikelcancerterapi.","Dess mest stabila isotop har en halveringstid på endast cirka 8 timmar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från grekiskan 'astatos' (ἄστατος), som betyder 'instabil'; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie och Emilio Segrè syntetiserade det 1940 i Berkeley och valde namnet eftersom alla astatinisotoper är radioaktiva och sönderfaller snabbt, vilket gör grundämnet i sig instabilt."},"Barium":{"name":"Barium","summary":"Barium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i borrvätskor, färger och medicinsk bildbehandling.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Patienter dricker en \"bariummåltid\" eller \"bariumsvala\" eftersom barium blockerar röntgenstrålar och avslöjar matsmältningskanalen.","Bariumföreningar ger fyrverkerier deras klargröna färger.","Dess namn kommer från grekiskan \"barys\", som betyder tung.","Även om metallen är giftig, passerar det olösliga bariumsulfatet som används i medicinska skanningar genom kroppen säkert.","Barium är så reaktivt att det måste förvaras under olja och finns aldrig fritt i naturen.","Mineralet baryte (bariumsulfat) används för att vikta borrvätskor i oljeindustrin."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'barys' (tung), namngiven av Humphry Davy 1808 eftersom bariumsulfat (baryt, den vanliga malmen) är ovanligt tät för ett icke-metalliskt mineral."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelium","summary":"Berkelium är en radioaktiv metall som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning och framställning av tyngre grundämnen.","appearance":"Silverren","interesting_facts":["Berkelium är uppkallat efter Berkeley, Kalifornien, där det först tillverkades 1949.","Det är ett extremt sällsynt syntetiskt element, med endast små mängder som någonsin producerats.","Berkelium användes som målmaterial för att syntetisera det supertunga elementet tennessine.","Att producera ett litet prov av berkelium kan ta många månader i en högflödesreaktor.","Det är mycket radioaktivt och har inga användningsområden utanför vetenskaplig forskning.","Berkelium kompletterar ett set med terbium, båda element uppkallade efter städer och placerade i matchande positioner."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Berkeley, Kalifornien, där den syntetiserades första gången 1949 vid University of California Radiation Laboratory; namngivningen speglar medvetet terbium, uppkallat efter den svenska staden Ytterby — båda elementen intar matchande positioner i lantanid- respektive aktinidserien."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Beryllium","summary":"Beryllium är en hård, gråaktig metall som finns naturligt i mineralstenar, kol, jord och vulkaniskt damm.","appearance":"Stålgrå","interesting_facts":["Beryllium är anmärkningsvärt genomskinligt för röntgenstrålar, så det används för att göra fönster för röntgenrör och detektorer.","Det är en av de lättaste strukturella metallerna som ändå har en högre styvhet i förhållande till vikt än stål.","Ädelstenarna smaragd och akvamarin är båda former av mineralet beryl, ett berylliumaluminiumsilikat.","Berylliumdamm är mycket giftigt och kan orsaka en kronisk lungsjukdom som kallas berylios.","Speglarna i rymdteleskopet James Webb är gjorda av guldbelagd beryllium eftersom det behåller sin form vid extremt kalla temperaturer.","1932 upptäckte James Chadwick neutronen genom att bombardera beryllium med alfapartiklar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter beryl, ädelstenen, från grekiska 'beryllos', eftersom Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin först isolerade beryllium från beryl- och smaragdmineraler 1798."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Vismut","summary":"Vismut är en spröd metall med låg toxicitet, som används i kosmetika, medicinska procedurer och legeringar.","appearance":"Silvervit med en iriserande nyans","interesting_facts":["Vismut bildar fantastiska, skimrande regnbågskristaller med en trappstegsform.","Det är det tyngsta elementet som av praktiska skäl är stabilt, med en nästan ofattbart lång halveringstid.","Vismut är huvudingrediensen i Pepto-Bismol, som används för att lindra oroliga magar.","Liksom vatten expanderar vismut när det fryser.","Det används i legeringar med låg smältpunkt för brandsprinkler och säkerhetsanordningar.","Vismut är en av få metaller som är mindre tät i vissa legeringar och är en giftfri ersättning för bly i många produkter."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Härstammar från det gamla tyska 'Wismut' eller 'Wismuth', möjligen från 'weiße Masse' (vit massa) eller en gruvarbetares term av osäkert ursprung; känd sedan 1400-talet som en distinkt metall, ibland förväxlad med bly eller tenn, och latiniserad till 'bisemutum' innan den blev 'vismut' i modernt bruk."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohrium","summary":"Bohrium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Bohrium är uppkallat efter Niels Bohr, fysikern som modellerade atomens struktur.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som endast produceras ett fåtal atomer åt gången.","Bohrium skapades första gången 1981 i Tyskland.","Dess isotoper är intensivt radioaktiva och sönderfaller på några sekunder eller mindre.","Experiment visar att bohrium kemiskt liknar rhenium, i grupp 7.","Det har inga användningsområden utanför grundforskningen om de tyngsta elementen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Niels Bohr, den danske fysikern som utvecklade atomens kvantmodell och gjorde grundläggande bidrag till att förstå atomstrukturen; GSI Darmstadt, Tyskland, syntetiserade det 1981 och föreslog namnet till hans ära, officiellt antaget av IUPAC 1997."},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor är ett metalloidelement som är nödvändigt för växttillväxt men kan vara giftigt i överskott.","appearance":"Svart-brun","interesting_facts":["Borföreningar ger en distinkt ljusgrön färg till lågor, vilket gör det användbart i pyroteknik.","Bor är avgörande för växttillväxt, men endast i små mängder; för mycket är giftigt för grödor.","Borosilikatglas, tillverkat av bor, motstår termisk chock och används i kokkärl och laboratorieglas.","Isotopen bor-10 absorberar lätt neutroner, så bor används i kontrollstavar och avskärmning för kärnreaktorer.","Borax, ett bormineral, har använts i tusentals år som rengöringsmedel och flussmedel för lödning av metaller.","Bor är en metalloid som delar egenskaper hos både metaller och icke-metaller, och är en dålig ledare vid rumstemperatur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter borax, mineralet från vilket det först isolerades, med \"borax\" härlett från arabiska \"buraq\" eller persiska \"burah\", vilket betyder borax eller salpeter."},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom är en rödbrun vätska vid rumstemperatur och används i flamskyddsmedel, vattenbehandling och läkemedel.","appearance":"Rödbrun vätska","interesting_facts":["Brom är ett av endast två grundämnen som är flytande vid rumstemperatur, tillsammans med kvicksilver.","Det är en tät, rödbrun vätska som avger kvävande, giftiga ångor.","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska \"bromos\", som betyder \"stank\".","Forntida folk extraherade ett dyrbart lila färgämne, Tyrian purpur, från havssniglar med hjälp av bromföreningar.","Bromföreningar användes i stor utsträckning som flamskyddsmedel i elektronik och möbler.","Mest brom utvinns från havsvatten och saltrika saltlakeavlagringar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska \"bromos\" (stank eller vidrig lukt), namngiven av Antoine Jérôme Balard 1826 eftersom flytande brom producerar en djupt obehaglig, kvävande lukt."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Kadmium","summary":"Kadmium är en mjuk, blåvit metall som främst används i batterier, pigment och galvanisering.","appearance":"Silveraktig blågrå metall","interesting_facts":["Kadmium ger levande gula, orangea och röda pigment som länge uppskattats av artister som Monet och Van Gogh.","Det är giftigt och ackumuleras i kroppen, vilket orsakar den smärtsamma \"itai-itai\" bensjukdom som sågs i Japan på 1900-talet.","Uppladdningsbara nickel-kadmium (NiCd) batterier var en gång extremt vanliga.","Kadmiumbeläggningar skyddar stål från korrosion, särskilt i flygplansdelar.","Det upptäcktes 1817 som en förorening i zinkmalmer.","Kadmium absorberar lätt neutroner, så det används i styrstavar för kärnreaktorer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'cadmia' (calamine, en zinkkarbonatmalm), slutligen från grekiska 'kadmeia' (thebansk jord, uppkallad efter Cadmus, den mytomspunna grundaren av Thebes), sedan kadmium upptäcktes 1817 som en förorening i zinkmalmer."},"Calcium":{"name":"Kalcium","summary":"Kalcium är en mjuk grå metall som är nödvändig för levande organismer, särskilt i cellfysiologi och benbildning.","appearance":"Matt grå, silver","interesting_facts":["Kalcium är den mest förekommande metallen i människokroppen, med cirka 99% lagrad i ben och tänder.","Kalksten, krita och marmor är alla former av kalciumkarbonat.","Det är det femte vanligaste grundämnet i jordskorpan.","Kalciumjoner fungerar som en universell signal inuti cellerna och utlöser allt från muskelsammandragning till befruktning.","Bläckkalk (kalciumoxid) glödde starkt när den värmdes upp och användes för att tända scener, vilket gav oss frasen \"i rampljuset\".","Korallrev och snäckskal byggs till stor del av kalciumkarbonat utvunnet ur havsvatten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'calx' eller 'calcis' (kalk eller kalksten), eftersom Humphry Davy först isolerade det 1808 genom elektrolys av kalciumoxid (quicklime), ett material som romarna länge hade använt i konstruktionen."},"Californium":{"name":"Californium","summary":"Californium är en radioaktiv metall som används i neutronkällor, cancerbehandling och materialanalys.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metallisk, lyser i mörker på grund av sin radioaktivitet","interesting_facts":["Californium är ett av de dyraste ämnena på jorden och kostar miljontals dollar per gram.","Den är uppkallad efter den amerikanska delstaten Kalifornien, där den upptäcktes 1950.","Californium-252 är en kraftfull neutronsändare som används för att starta upp kärnreaktorer och i industriella skannrar.","Det används för att upptäcka guld och olja genom neutronanalys av sten.","Ett enda mikrogram släpper ut ett enormt antal neutroner varje sekund.","Californium används också för att identifiera metallutmattning och hitta svaga punkter i flygplan och maskiner."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter den amerikanska delstaten Kalifornien och University of California, där den syntetiserades 1950; Thompson, Seaborg, Street och Ghiorso valde namnet och noterade att de hade slut på närliggande himlakroppar och bestämde sig för att hedra platsen för upptäckten istället."},"Carbon":{"name":"Kol","summary":"Kol är en grundläggande byggsten i livet, som finns i alla kända organiska föreningar.","appearance":"Varierar (grafit är svart, diamant är klar)","interesting_facts":["Kol bildar fler föreningar än alla andra grundämnen tillsammans, och är den kemiska grunden för allt känt liv.","Diamant och grafit är båda rent kol, ändå är diamant det hårdaste naturmaterialet medan grafit är tillräckligt mjukt att skriva med.","Grafen, ett enda lager av kolatomer, är cirka 200 gånger starkare än stål och leder elektricitet bättre än koppar.","Kol-14-datering använder det stadiga sönderfallet av en radioaktiv kolisotop för att bestämma åldern på en gång levande material upp till cirka 50 000 år gammal.","Kolatomer smidda inuti stjärnor sprids genom universum när dessa stjärnor exploderar, vilket gör oss bokstavligen gjorda av stjärndamm.","Buckminsterfulleren, en fotbollsbollformad molekyl med 60 kolatomer, upptäcktes 1985 och uppkallades efter arkitekten Buckminster Fuller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets \"carbo\" (kol eller träkol), vilket återspeglar att kol har varit känt sedan antiken i form av träkol, grafit och diamant."},"Cerium":{"name":"Cerium","summary":"Cerium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i katalysatorer, glaspolering och legeringar.","appearance":"Silvergrå","interesting_facts":["Cerium är det vanligaste av alla sällsynta jordartsmetaller, vanligare än koppar.","Den är uppkallad efter dvärgplaneten Ceres, upptäckt två år tidigare.","Cerium är den viktigaste gnistproducerande ingrediensen i \"flinta\" tändare och eldstartslegeringar.","Ceriumoxid är det fina polerpulvret som används för att ge glas och ädelstenar en slät finish.","Det läggs till katalytiska omvandlare för att hjälpa till att lagra och frigöra syre.","Nyskuret cerium kan antändas spontant i luft, vilket gör det pyroforiskt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter dvärgplaneten Ceres, upptäckt 1801 och själv uppkallad efter den romerska gudinnan för jordbruket; Martin Heinrich Klaproth och Jöns Jacob Berzelius döpte det 1803, efter sättet att döpa nya element efter himlakroppar."},"Cesium":{"name":"Cesium","summary":"Cesium är en mjuk, guldfärgad metall känd för sin användning i atomur och olika elektroniska tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silver-guld metall","interesting_facts":["Den andra definieras officiellt av vibrationerna från cesiumatomer, grunden för atomur.","Cesium är en av de mest reaktiva metallerna som exploderar våldsamt vid kontakt med vatten.","Den smälter vid cirka 28 °C, så den är flytande en varm dag.","Den har en gyllene-silveraktig färg, en av endast ett fåtal metaller som inte är silver eller grå.","Cesium var det första grundämnet som upptäcktes genom spektroskopi, av Bunsen och Kirchhoff 1860.","Radioaktivt cesium-137 är en anmärkningsvärd produkt av kärnklyvning och ett problem vid kärnkraftsolyckor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'caesius' (himmelblå eller gråblå), namngiven av Robert Bunsen och Gustav Kirchhoff 1860 efter de två distinkta ljusblå spektrallinjerna som de använde för att identifiera elementet."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Klor","summary":"Klor är en mycket reaktiv, gröngul gas som används som desinfektionsmedel och i olika industriella tillämpningar.","appearance":"Gröngul gas","interesting_facts":["Klor är en gröngul gas som användes som ett kemiskt vapen under första världskriget.","Små mängder tillsatta dricksvatten och simbassänger dödar bakterier och har räddat otaliga liv från vattenburna sjukdomar.","I kombination med natrium bildar klor vanligt bordssalt, vilket är livsnödvändigt.","Det är så reaktivt att det lätt bleker färgämnen och desinficerar, varför det används i hushållsblekmedel.","Klor isolerades först 1774 av Carl Wilhelm Scheele, som inte insåg att det var ett nytt grundämne.","Även om det är giftigt som en gas, är kloridjoner i din kropp avgörande för matsmältningen och nervfunktionen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska \"kloros\" (blekgrön eller gröngul), namngiven av Humphry Davy 1810 för att återspegla gasens distinkta gulgröna färg."},"Chromium":{"name":"Krom","summary":"Krom är en hård, glänsande och korrosionsbeständig metall som används i rostfritt stål och förkromning.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Krom ger rostfritt stål dess glans och rostbeständighet och bildar ett osynligt skyddande oxidskikt.","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska ordet \"chroma\" som betyder färg, eftersom dess föreningar är livligt färgade.","Krom är det som gör rubiner röda och smaragder gröna som en spårförorening i kristallerna.","Kromplätering ger en ljus, hård, spegelliknande finish till bilklädsel och verktyg.","Krom är en av de hårdaste metallerna och är mycket motståndskraftig mot korrosion.","Vissa kromföreningar är viktiga näringsämnen i spårmängder, medan andra (krom-6) är giftiga och cancerframkallande."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska \"chroma\" (färg), namngiven av Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 1798 eftersom kromföreningar visar ett brett utbud av livfulla färger - rött i rubiner, grönt i smaragder, orange i krokoit."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobolt","summary":"Kobolt är en hård, glänsande, silvergrå metall som används i legeringar och batterier och nödvändig för vitamin B12.","appearance":"Glansfull grå metall","interesting_facts":["Kobolt har använts i över 2 000 år för att ge glas och keramik en djup, lysande blå färg.","Dess namn kommer från 'kobold', en busig troll tyska gruvarbetare som skylls för besvärliga malmer.","Kobolt är en nyckelingrediens i de uppladdningsbara litiumjonbatterierna som driver telefoner och elbilar.","Det är ett av endast tre naturligt magnetiska element vid rumstemperatur, tillsammans med järn och nickel.","Den radioaktiva isotopen kobolt-60 används för att behandla cancer och för att sterilisera medicinsk utrustning.","Kobolt är avgörande för livet som metallatomen i hjärtat av vitamin B12."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från tyska 'Kobold' (troll eller imp), eftersom tyska gruvarbetare skyllde på en busig underjordisk ande för den besvärliga koboltmalmen som släppte ut giftiga arsenikångor och inte gav någon koppar trots att den liknade kopparmalm."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Copernicium","summary":"Copernicium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Copernicium är uppkallat efter astronomen Nicolaus Copernicus, som placerade solen i mitten av solsystemet.","Den skapades första gången 1996 i Tyskland.","Copernicium förutspås vara en flyktig vätska eller gas vid rumstemperatur, som beter sig ungefär som kvicksilver.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som görs en atom i taget.","Dess isotoper är mycket radioaktiva och kortlivade.","Den sitter under kvicksilver i grupp 12 i det periodiska systemet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Nicolaus Copernicus, den polsk-tyska astronomen som föreslog att jorden kretsar runt solen; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserade det 1996 och föreslog namnet för att hedra Copernicus, och IUPAC antog det officiellt 2010 med anledning av 537-årsdagen av hans födelse."},"Copper":{"name":"Koppar","summary":"Koppar är en rödgul metall känd för sin höga termiska och elektriska ledningsförmåga, flitigt använd i elektriska ledningar och VVS.","appearance":"Rödaktig metall","interesting_facts":["Koppar var en av de första metallerna som användes av människor, arbetade i över 10 000 år.","Den är en utmärkt ledare av elektricitet, näst efter silver, och det är därför den fyller våra ledningar och kablar.","Kopparkytor dödar naturligt många bakterier och virus, vilket gör den användbar för dörrhandtag och sjukhusinredning.","Frihetsgudinnan är täckt av koppar som blev grön med tiden eftersom den bildade en skyddande patina.","Att blanda koppar med tenn gör brons, och med zink blir mässing, två legeringar som format mänsklighetens historia.","Koppar är ett viktigt spårnäringsämne som hjälper din kropp att bilda röda blodkroppar och underhålla nerver."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'cuprum', härlett från grekiskan 'Kypros' (Cypern), ön som var den antika världens primära kopparkälla; symbolen Cu spårar också tillbaka till detta latinska namn."},"Curium":{"name":"Curium","summary":"Curium är en radioaktiv metall som används i rymdutforskning som kraftkälla och i vetenskaplig forskning.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall, mattas i luften","interesting_facts":["Curium är uppkallat efter Marie och Pierre Curie, pionjärer inom radioaktivitetsforskning.","Den lyser med ett mjukt lila eller rött ljus i mörkret på grund av dess intensiva radioaktivitet.","Curium är så radioaktivt att det genererar betydande värme och ansågs för rymdfarkoster.","Det syntetiserades första gången 1944, före det lättare americium.","Curiumbaserade instrument har analyserat den kemiska sammansättningen av Mars och andra planetytor.","All curium tillverkas på konstgjord väg; ingen finns i naturen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Marie och Pierre Curie, pionjärerna inom radioaktivitetsforskning; Glenn Seaborg döpte den 1944 för att hedra paret vars upptäckter gjorde kärnkemi möjlig, och noterade att curiums position i aktinidserien speglar gadolinium i lantaniderna - självt uppkallat efter en kemist, enligt ett parallellt mönster."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtium","summary":"Darmstadtium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att undersöka egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium är uppkallat efter staden Darmstadt, Tyskland, där det upptäcktes 1994.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt element skapat i partikelacceleratorer.","Endast ett fåtal atomer av darmstadtium har någonsin gjorts.","Dess atomer överlever i mindre än en sekund innan de sönderfaller.","Det förväntas kemiskt likna platina, i grupp 10.","Darmstadtium har inga praktiska användningsområden utanför vetenskaplig forskning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter staden Darmstadt, Tyskland, där den först syntetiserades 1994 på GSI Darmstadt; det följer traditionen att namnge nyskapade element efter upptäcktsplatserna, och IUPAC antog officiellt namnet 2003."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnium","summary":"Dubnium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att utforska egenskaperna hos tunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Dubnium är uppkallat efter Dubna, Ryssland, hem till ett berömt kärnforskningsinstitut.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt element som endast tillverkas i partikelacceleratorer.","Dess upptäckt var en del av \"Transfermium Wars\", en namntvist under det kalla kriget.","Dubniumatomer existerar endast i sekunder eller mindre innan de sönderfaller.","Endast ett litet antal dubniumatomer har någonsin skapats.","Det förutspås att kemiskt likna tantal i grupp 5."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Dubna, Ryssland, hem till Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; namnet löste en tvist om kalla kriget där amerikanska forskare kallade det \"hahnium\" och sovjetiska forskare kallade det \"nielsbohrium\", innan IUPAC antog det neutrala stadsbaserade namnet 1997."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Dysprosium","summary":"Dysprosium är en silvervit metall som används i magneter, lasrar och kärnreaktorstyrstavar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Dysprosiums namn kommer från det grekiska 'dysprositos', som betyder 'svårt att få', eftersom det var så svårt att isolera.","Det läggs till neodymmagneter så att de håller sin styrka vid höga temperaturer i motorer och vindturbiner.","Dysprosium har en av de högsta magnetiska styrkorna av något element vid låga temperaturer.","Det absorberar neutroner väl och används i kärnreaktorstyrstavar.","Dysprosiumbaserade legeringar ändrar form i magnetfält, användbara i ställdon och givare.","Det anses vara ett kritiskt material för ren energiteknik."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Döpt från grekiskan 'dysprositos' (δυσπρόσιτος), som betyder 'svårt att komma åt'; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran myntade namnet 1886, vilket återspeglar den extrema svårigheten att isolera den från sin malm - en process som kräver nitton utfällningar."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Einsteinium","summary":"Einsteinium är en mycket radioaktiv metall som främst används för vetenskaplig forskning och för produktion av tyngre grundämnen.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metallisk, lyser på grund av sin radioaktivitet","interesting_facts":["Einsteinium upptäcktes 1952 i skräpet från det första vätebombtestet.","Den är uppkallad efter Albert Einstein.","Einsteinium lyser blått i mörkret av sin intensiva radioaktivitet.","Det är så sällsynt att vägbara mängder endast har producerats ibland.","Att studera einsteinium är extremt svårt eftersom det skadar sin egen behållare och instrument.","Den har inga praktiska användningsområden utanför den grundläggande vetenskapliga forskningen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Albert Einstein, som formulerade den speciella relativitetsteorin och ekvationen E=mc² bakom kärnenergin; Albert Ghiorso och kollegor namngav den 1955 efter att ha upptäckt den i skräpet från det första vätebombtestet 1952, som hölls hemligt i flera år."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbium","summary":"Erbium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i optiska fibrer, lasrar och kärnteknik.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Erbiumdopade fibrer förstärker ljussignaler, vilket gör fiberoptiskt internet på långa avstånd möjligt.","Det ger glas och glasyrer en mjuk rosa färg och används i solglasögon och dekorativa glas.","Erbiumlasrar används inom tandvård och kosmetisk hudrenovering.","Den är uppkallad efter Ytterby, Sverige, som delar det ursprunget med flera andra sällsynta jordartsmetaller.","Erbium tillsätts till vissa metallegeringar, inklusive vanadin, för att göra dem mer användbara.","Den absorberar infrarött ljus effektivt, vilket ligger till grund för många av dess laseranvändningar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ytterby, en by på ön Resarö i Sverige, där mineralet gadolinit som innehåller det först bröts; Carl Gustaf Mosander skilde den från yttria 1843, och 'erbium' är ett av fyra elementnamn som härrör från det enda ortnamnet 'Ytterby'."},"Europium":{"name":"Europium","summary":"Europium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i fosforescerande material, kontrollstavar och kärnreaktorer.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Europium tillhandahåller de röda och blå fosforerna som producerade färg i gamla TV- och datorskärmar.","Den används som en markör mot förfalskning i eurosedlar och lyser under ultraviolett ljus.","Europium är det mest reaktiva av de sällsynta jordartsmetallerna, som snabbt mattas i luften.","Den är uppkallad efter den europeiska kontinenten.","Europium-dopade fosforer gör att energieffektiva lysrör och LED-lampor lyser starkt.","Det är en av de minst förekommande sällsynta jordartsmetallerna i skorpan."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Europa, kontinenten, av Eugène-Anatole Demarçay 1901, som isolerade den spektroskopiskt; det var bland flera element uppkallade efter geografiska regioner under det sena 1800-talet och början av 1900-talet."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermium","summary":"Fermium är en syntetisk, radioaktiv metall som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning och studier av transuranelement.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen silverfärgad metallisk","interesting_facts":["Fermium upptäcktes också i nedfallet av det första vätebombtestet 1952.","Den är uppkallad efter fysikern Enrico Fermi, en pionjär inom kärnreaktioner.","Fermium är det tyngsta grundämnet som kan tillverkas i vägbara mängder genom neutronbombardement.","Utöver fermium måste grundämnen göras en atom i taget med hjälp av partikelacceleratorer.","Endast små, osynliga mängder fermium har någonsin producerats.","Det finns endast som ett syntetiskt element och har inga kommersiella användningsområden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Enrico Fermi, den italiensk-amerikanske fysikern som byggde den första konstgjorda kärnreaktorn 1942 och gjorde grundläggande bidrag till kärn- och partikelfysik; Albert Ghiorso och kollegor namngav den 1953 efter att ha upptäckt den i samma vätebombtestskräp som gav einsteinium."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovium","summary":"Flerovium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att utforska egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Flerovium är uppkallat efter Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions i Ryssland.","Den skapades första gången 1998 av ett team i Dubna, Ryssland.","Vissa förutsägelser tyder på att flerovium kan vara ovanligt stabilt eller till och med gasliknande, även om det fortfarande är radioaktivt.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som görs en atom i taget.","Flerovium ligger under bly i grupp 14 i det periodiska systemet.","Dess isotoper sönderfaller inom några sekunder, men har längre livslängd än många grannar, vilket antyder \"stabilitetens ö\"."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Flerov-laboratoriet för kärnreaktioner i Dubna, Ryssland, självt uppkallat efter den sovjetiske fysikern Georgy Flyorov; Flyorov var med och grundade laboratoriet och gjorde stora bidrag till kärnfysik, och hans team syntetiserade först elementet 1998, och IUPAC antog officiellt namnet 2012."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Fluor","summary":"Fluor är en mycket reaktiv, ljusgul gas och är det mest elektronegativa elementet.","appearance":"Blekgul gas","interesting_facts":["Fluor är det mest reaktiva och elektronegativa av alla element och reagerar med nästan alla andra ämnen, ibland explosivt.","Den är så aggressiv att den kan få material som asbest och till och med vatten att brinna i lågor.","Spårmängder av fluor tillsatt dricksvatten och tandkräm hjälper till att förhindra karies.","Teflon, non-stick-beläggningen på kokkärl, är en fluorhaltig polymer (PTFE).","Många kemister förgiftades eller dödades när de försökte isolera fluor, vilket gav dem smeknamnet \"fluormartyrer\" innan Henri Moissan lyckades 1886.","Fluor är en blekgul gas vid rumstemperatur och är den lättaste av halogenerna."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latin \"fluere\" (att flyta), eftersom mineralet fluorit användes allmänt som ett metallurgiskt flussmedel; Namnet på elementet föreslogs av André-Marie Ampère 1812."},"Francium":{"name":"Francium","summary":"Francium är en extremt sällsynt och radioaktiv metall, utan några betydande tillämpningar på grund av dess instabilitet.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Francium är det näst sällsynta naturligt förekommande grundämnet, efter astatin.","Det var det sista elementet som upptäcktes i naturen, av Marguerite Perey i Frankrike 1939.","Det är uppkallat efter Frankrike, hennes hemland.","Francium är så radioaktivt att alla synliga mängder omedelbart skulle förångas från sin egen värme.","Dess mest stabila isotop har en halveringstid på endast cirka 22 minuter.","Det är den mest reaktiva av alkalimetallerna, men så knappa dess bulkegenskaper har aldrig observerats."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Frankrike, landet där Marguerite Perey upptäckte det 1939 vid Curie-institutet i Paris; hon döpte elementet för att hedra sitt hemland, efter traditionen att döpa element efter platser och blev den första kvinnan som valdes in i den franska vetenskapsakademin."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinium","summary":"Gadolinium är en silvervit metall som används i MRT-kontrastmedel, fosforer och neutroninfångningsterapi.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Gadoliniumföreningar injiceras som kontrastmedel för att göra MRT-undersökningar mycket tydligare.","Den har en extraordinär förmåga att absorbera neutroner, den högsta av alla stabila grundämnen, användbar i kärnreaktorer.","Gadolinium är magnetiskt strax under rumstemperatur och studeras för magnetisk kylning.","Den är uppkallad efter den finske kemisten Johan Gadolin, en pionjär inom forskning om sällsynta jordartsmetaller.","Gadolinium värms upp när det placeras i ett magnetfält och kyls när det tas bort, den magnetokaloriska effekten.","Det används i vissa typer av medicinska och säkerhetsavbildningsdetektorer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter gadolinit, mineralet där dess oxid först identifierades; gadolinit fick sitt namn efter Johan Gadolin, en finsk kemist som först analyserade den; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerade det nya jordelementet 1880."},"Gallium":{"name":"Gallium","summary":"Gallium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som smälter strax över rumstemperatur och används i elektronik och halvledare.","appearance":"Silverblå","interesting_facts":["Gallium smälter vid cirka 30 °C, så en fast bit smälter i din hand.","Dess existens förutspåddes av Mendeleev som \"eka-aluminium\" innan den upptäcktes 1875.","Galliumarsenid används i höghastighetselektronik, lysdioder och solceller för rymdfarkoster.","Även om det smälter lätt, kokar gallium vid över 2 400 °C, ett av de största vätsketemperaturintervallen för något element.","Gallium kan göra aluminium sprött genom att sippra in i dess korngränser, vilket dramatiskt försvagar metallen.","Till skillnad från de flesta ämnen expanderar gallium när det fryser, som vatten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Gallia, det latinska namnet för Frankrike, av upptäckaren Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875; namnet kan också vara en ordlek på 'gallus' (latin för tupp), en lek med Lecoqs efternamn som betyder 'tuppen' på franska."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanium","summary":"Germanium är en hård, gråvit metalloid som används i halvledare, fiberoptik och infraröd optik.","appearance":"Gråvitt","interesting_facts":["Germanium förutspåddes av Mendeleev som \"eka-kisel\" och dess upptäckt från 1886 hjälpte till att bekräfta det periodiska systemet.","De första transistorerna på 1940- och 1950-talen var gjorda av germanium innan kisel tog över.","Den är genomskinlig för infrarött ljus, så den används i linser för mörkerseendeglasögon och värmekameror.","Germanium är en metalloid halvledare med ett glänsande, gråvitt utseende.","Optiska fibrer använder germaniumföreningar för att styra hur ljuset färdas genom glaset.","Precis som vatten och kisel expanderar germanium när det stelnar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Germania, det latinska namnet för Tyskland, av Clemens Winkler, som upptäckte det 1886; upptäckten bekräftade Mendeleevs förutsägelse om ett saknat element som han hade kallat \"eka-kisel\"."},"Gold":{"name":"Guld","summary":"Guld är en tät, mjuk metall högt värderad för dess användning i smycken, elektronik och valuta.","appearance":"Ljus metall gul","interesting_facts":["Guld är så oreaktivt att det kan förbli glänsande i tusentals år, vilket är anledningen till att antika guldartefakter fortfarande glimmar.","Den är otroligt formbar; ett enda gram kan hamras till ett ark som täcker cirka en kvadratmeter.","Nästan allt guld på jorden tros ha kommit via asteroidnedslag efter att planeten bildades.","Guld leder elektricitet bra och korroderar aldrig, så det används för att plåta kritiska elektroniska kontakter.","Dess kemiska symbol Au kommer från latinets \"aurum\", som betyder \"lysande gryning\".","Astronauternas visir är belagda med ett ultratunt lager av guld för att reflektera skadlig solstrålning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska namnet 'guld' kommer från det proto-germanska 'gulþą', besläktat med 'gult'; symbolen Au härrör från latinets 'aurum', som tros betyda 'lysande gryning' eller 'soluppgångens sken'; guld har varit känt och värderat sedan förhistorisk tid i praktiskt taget alla kulturer."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafnium","summary":"Hafnium är en glänsande, silverfärgad metall som används i kärnreaktorer, styrstavar och högtemperaturlegeringar.","appearance":"Silvergrå","interesting_facts":["Hafniums existens förutspåddes av atomteorin, och det hittades 1923 i zirkoniummalm.","Den är uppkallad efter Hafnia, det latinska namnet för Köpenhamn.","Hafnium absorberar neutroner extremt bra och används i styrstavarna på atomubåtar.","Hafniumbaserade föreningar ersatte kiseldioxid som isolatorer i moderna datorchips.","Den har en av de högsta smältpunkterna för alla element och används i superlegeringar för jetmotorer.","Hafnium är kemiskt nästan identiskt med zirkonium, vilket gör de två mycket svåra att separera."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Hafnia, det latinska namnet för Köpenhamn, Danmark, där Dirk Coster och George de Hevesy upptäckte det 1923 genom röntgenspektroskopi; de valde namnet för att hedra staden där deras forskning utfördes."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hassium","summary":"Hassium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Hassium är uppkallat efter den tyska delstaten Hessen, hem till labbet där det upptäcktes.","Det syntetiserades första gången 1984 genom att bombardera bly med järnjoner.","Hassium är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som endast tillverkas i partikelacceleratorer.","Trots dess brist bekräftade forskare att det beter sig som osmium, i grupp 8.","Dess atomer existerar bara i bråkdelar av en sekund innan de sönderfaller.","Endast ett litet antal hassiumatomer har någonsin producerats."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter den tyska delstaten Hessen (latin: Hassia), där GSI Darmstadt - laboratoriet som syntetiserade den första gången 1984 - ligger; Namnet följer traditionen att namnge element efter deras upptäcktsplatser och erkändes officiellt av IUPAC 1997."},"Helium":{"name":"Helium","summary":"Helium är en färglös, luktfri, smaklös, icke-giftig, inert, monoatomisk gas som leder ädelgasgruppen i det periodiska systemet.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Helium upptäcktes först i solens spektrum 1868, innan det någonsin hittades på jorden, och är uppkallat efter den grekiska solguden Helios.","Det är det enda grundämnet som inte kan stelna genom kylning vid normalt atmosfärstryck, oavsett hur kallt det blir.","Under 2,17 K blir flytande helium en supervätska som kan flöda utan friktion och till och med krypa uppför behållarens väggar.","Att andas helium höjer temporärt tonhöjden på din röst eftersom ljud färdas nästan tre gånger snabbare genom det än genom luft.","Det mesta av jordens helium kommer från det radioaktiva sönderfallet av uran och torium djupt under jorden och utvinns från naturgas.","Helium är det näst vanligaste grundämnet i universum, men det är jämförelsevis sällsynt och icke-förnybart på jorden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'helios' (sol), eftersom helium först upptäcktes i solspektrumet under den totala solförmörkelsen 1868 innan det bekräftades på jorden."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmium","summary":"Holmium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i magneter, kärnkraftskontrollstavar och lasrar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Holmium har de starkaste magnetiska egenskaperna av alla naturligt förekommande grundämnen.","Holmiumlasrar används inom medicin för att bryta upp njursten och behandla förstorad prostata.","Den är uppkallad efter Holmia, det latinska namnet för Stockholm.","Holmium ger glas och cubic zirconia gula och röda färger.","Det används för att skapa de starkaste kända artificiella magnetfälten som polstycken.","Holmiumoxidlösningar används som kalibreringsstandard för spektrofotometrar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Holmia, det latinska namnet för Stockholm, Sverige, där Per Teodor Cleve - som identifierade grundämnet 1878 - var baserad; den följer traditionen att namnge sällsynta jordartsmetaller efter de platser som är förknippade med deras upptäckt."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Väte","summary":"Väte är det lättaste grundämnet och det vanligaste kemiska ämnet i universum.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Väte är det vanligaste grundämnet i universum och utgör ungefär 75 % av all normal materia i massa.","Det är det enda grundämnet vars tre isotoper (protium, deuterium och tritium) har sina egna distinkta namn.","Flytande väte har använts som raketbränsle sedan 1960-talet och drivit de övre stadierna av Saturnus V som förde astronauter till månen.","Under extremt tryck, som inuti Jupiter, beter sig väte som en flytande metall och kan leda elektricitet.","Henry Cavendish identifierade väte som ett distinkt ämne 1766 och kallade det \"antändlig luft\".","En väteatom är den enklaste atom som finns: en enda proton som kretsar kring en enda elektron."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'hydro' (vatten) och 'gener' (bildande), vilket betyder 'vattenbildare'. Namngiven av Antoine Lavoisier 1783 eftersom förbränning av väte producerar vatten."},"Indium":{"name":"Indium","summary":"Indium är en mjuk, formbar metall som används i halvledare, pekskärmar och som en skyddande beläggning för lager.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metallisk lyster","interesting_facts":["Indium är så mjukt att du kan buckla det med en nagel, och det gör ett hörbart \"skrik\" när det böjs, som tenn.","Indiumtennoxid bildar den transparenta, elektriskt ledande beläggningen på pekskärmar och platta skärmar.","Den är uppkallad efter den ljusa indigolinjen i sitt emissionsspektrum.","Indium förblir mjukt och bearbetbart även vid extremt låga temperaturer, användbart för vakuumtätningar.","Den har en mycket låg smältpunkt och används i speciella lågtemperaturlödningar och legeringar.","Efterfrågan på indium har skjutit i höjden med spridningen av smartphones och LCD-skärmar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'indicum' (indigo), namngiven av Ferdinand Reich och Hieronymous Richter 1863 efter den lysande indigo-blå spektrallinjen som de observerade när de analyserade zinkmalmrester med den då nya tekniken spektroskopi."},"Iodine":{"name":"Jod","summary":"Jod är en mörk, glänsande, lila-svart icke-metall som är nödvändig för sköldkörtelfunktionen och används som desinfektionsmedel.","appearance":"Glansande metallisk grå (fast), violett (gas)","interesting_facts":["Jod är viktigt för din sköldkörtel, vilket är anledningen till att bordssalt ofta berikas med det.","När det värms upp sublimeras fast jod till en slående violettfärgad ånga.","Dess namn kommer från grekiskan \"joder\", som betyder viol.","Tinktur av jod har länge använts som ett antiseptiskt medel för att desinficera sår.","Jod gör stärkelse djupt blåsvart, en reaktion som används som ett kemiskt test.","Radioaktivt jod-131 används för att diagnostisera och behandla sköldkörteltillstånd."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från franska 'jod', härlett från grekiska 'ioeides' (violettliknande), uppkallad av Humphry Davy 1813 efter den slående violetta färgen på jodångan."},"Iridium":{"name":"Iridium","summary":"Iridium är en tät, korrosionsbeständig metall som används i tändstift, deglar och olika industriella tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Ett världsomspännande lager av iridiumrik lera är nyckelbevis på att en asteroidnedslag dödade dinosaurierna, eftersom iridium är sällsynt på jorden men vanligt i asteroider.","Iridium är den mest korrosionsbeständiga metallen som är känd, resistenta syror som löser nästan allt annat.","Det är ett av de tätaste elementen, nästan bundet med osmium.","Standardkilogrammet var en gång en platina-iridiumcylinder som hölls nära Paris.","Iridium tips tändstift eftersom det tål extrem värme utan att erodera.","Dess namn kommer från Iris, den grekiska regnbågens gudinna, för sina färgglada salter."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Iris, den grekiska regnbågens gudinna (latin: iris), av Smithson Tennant 1803; namnet återspeglar den slående variationen av färger som visas av iridiums salter och föreningar, vilket påminde Tennant om regnbågens färger."},"Iron":{"name":"Järn","summary":"Järn är en stark, formbar metall som är nödvändig för produktionen av stål och en viktig komponent i hemoglobin.","appearance":"Glansfull metall med en gråaktig nyans","interesting_facts":["Järn är det vanligaste grundämnet på jorden i massa och utgör mycket av planetens smälta kärna.","Jordens snurrande flytande järnkärna genererar magnetfältet som skyddar oss från solstrålning.","Järn är i centrum av hemoglobin, molekylen som transporterar syre i ditt blod och gör det rött.","Järn är det tyngsta grundämnet som stjärnor kan göra genom normal sammansmältning; tyngre grundämnen kräver supernovaexplosioner.","Järnåldern, som började omkring 1200 f.Kr., förvandlade den mänskliga civilisationen med starkare verktyg och vapen.","Rost är järnoxid, som bildas när järn reagerar långsamt med syre och vatten."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska ordet 'järn' kommer från fornengelska 'iren', besläktat med proto-germanska 'isarno', möjligen från en keltisk rot för 'helig metall'; symbolen Fe kommer från latinets 'ferrum' (järn), som har smälts och använts sedan åtminstone 1200 f.Kr."},"Krypton":{"name":"Krypton","summary":"Krypton är en färglös, luktfri ädelgas som används i lysrör, fotografi och som påfyllningsgas för energieffektiva fönster.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Kryptons namn kommer från det grekiska ordet \"kryptos\", som betyder \"dold\", eftersom det var så svårt att hitta i luften.","Från 1960 till 1983 definierades mätaren officiellt av våglängden för ljus som sänds ut av krypton-86.","Krypton producerar ett briljant vitt ljus och används i vissa högpresterande fotografiska blixtar och lampor.","Det är en ädelgas och är nästan helt oreaktiv, även om några kryptonföreningar kan tvingas att bildas.","Krypton används i vissa energieffektiva fönster och lysrör.","Trots serieboken \"kryptonite\" är riktig krypton en ofarlig, färglös, luktfri gas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska \"kryptos\" (dolda), namngivna av William Ramsay och Morris Travers 1898 eftersom krypton var extremt svårt att upptäcka och isolera - det förblev \"gömt\" i resterna av flytande luft."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantan","summary":"Lantan är en mjuk, silvervit metall som används i kameralinser, katalysatorer och laddningsbara batterier.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Lantans namn kommer från det grekiska 'lanthanein', som betyder 'att ligga gömt', eftersom det gömde sig i ceriummalm.","Det ger den första av lantanidserien, de \"sällsynta jordartselementen\", dess namn.","Lantan används i glaset av högkvalitativa kamera- och teleskoplinser för att böja ljuset skarpt.","Nickel-lantan-legeringar lagrar väte och användes i batterierna i många hybridbilar.","Lantanföreningar hjälper till att förädla petroleum till bensin som katalysatorer.","Den är tillräckligt mjuk för att skära med kniv och mattas snabbt i luft."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'lanthanein' (att ligga gömt eller undkomma meddelande), namngiven av Carl Gustaf Mosander 1839 eftersom lantan förblev oupptäckt som en förorening i ceriumoxid i flera år innan han identifierade det som ett distinkt grundämne."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrencium","summary":"Lawrencium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt element utan praktiska tillämpningar utanför vetenskaplig forskning.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen silverfärgad metallisk","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium är uppkallat efter Ernest Lawrence, uppfinnaren av cyklotronpartikelacceleratorn.","Det är det sista elementet i aktinidserien.","Lawrencium kan bara skapas ett fåtal atomer åt gången i acceleratorer.","Dess mest stabila isotop har en halveringstid på bara några timmar.","Att mäta lawrenciums egenskaper är utomordentligt svårt eftersom så få atomer existerar så kort.","Det har inga användningsområden utanför grundläggande vetenskaplig forskning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ernest Orlando Lawrence, den amerikanske fysikern som uppfann cyklotronpartikelacceleratorn 1930, vilket gjorde skapandet av transuraniska element möjligt; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory syntetiserade detta element 1961 och gav det namnet för att hedra Lawrences grundläggande bidrag."},"Lead":{"name":"Bly","summary":"Bly är en mjuk tungmetall som används i batterier, strålskydd och olika industriella tillämpningar.","appearance":"Blågrå metall","interesting_facts":["Bly är tätt och blockerar strålning, varför det kantar röntgenförkläden och sköldar.","Romarna använde blyrör för VVS, och ordet 'VVS' kommer från latinets för bly, 'plumbum' (symbol Pb).","Bly är giftigt för nervsystemet, varför det togs bort från bensin och färg.","Den är mjuk, tung och lättformad, kvaliteter uppskattade sedan urminnes tider.","Det mesta blyet idag återvinns, till stor del från bilbatterier.","Bly är det tyngsta grundämnet med en helt stabil isotop; allt tyngre är radioaktivt."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska ordet 'bly' kommer från proto-germanska 'lauda'; symbolen Pb kommer från latinets 'plumbum', troligtvis härlett från ett för-latinskt medelhavsspråk, vilket gav engelska ordet 'plumbing' eftersom romarna använde bly i stor utsträckning för vattenledningar."},"Lithium":{"name":"Litium","summary":"Litium är en mjuk, silvervit alkalimetall. Det är den lättaste metallen och det minst täta solida elementet.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Litium är den lättaste metallen och det minst täta fasta elementet, så lätt kan det flyta på vatten medan det reagerar med det.","Uppladdningsbara litiumjonbatterier driver de flesta moderna telefoner, bärbara datorer och elfordon.","Litiumsalter har använts sedan 1940-talet som en humörstabilisator för att behandla bipolär sjukdom.","Det var ett av de tre första grundämnena (med väte och helium) som skapades i Big Bang-nukleosyntesen.","Litium brinner med en slående karmosinröd låga, en egenskap som används i fyrverkerier och bloss.","En stor del av världens litium utvinns från saltsaltsplattor högt uppe i Anderna i Sydamerika."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'lithos' (sten), eftersom Johan August Arfwedson upptäckte det 1817 inuti fasta stenmineraler (petalit), till skillnad från natrium och kalium som fanns i växtaskor."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermorium","summary":"Livermorium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Livermorium är uppkallat efter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i Kalifornien.","Den skapades första gången 2000 av ett rysk-amerikanskt team.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som bara består av ett fåtal atomer åt gången.","Livermoriumatomer existerar bara i millisekunder innan de sönderfaller.","Det förutspås ligga under polonium i grupp 16.","Att producera det kräver sammansmältning av kalciumjoner med curiummål."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i Livermore, Kalifornien, som samarbetade med Joint Institute for Nuclear Research för att syntetisera det 2000; IUPAC erkände officiellt namnet 2012, själva laboratoriets namn hedrar Robert Livermore, en tidig nybyggare i Kalifornien."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutetium","summary":"Lutetium är en tät, silverfärgad metall som används i PET-skanningsdetektorer, katalysatorer och specialiserade legeringar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Lutetium är den sista i lantanidserien och en av de hårdaste och tätaste sällsynta jordartsmetallerna.","Det är uppkallat efter Lutetia, det antika romerska namnet för Paris.","Lutetiumbaserade kristaller används som detektorer i PET-skannrar för medicinsk bildbehandling.","Det är en av de sällsynta och dyraste sällsynta jordartsmetallerna att få i ren form.","Lutetium används som katalysator vid petroleumraffinering.","En radioaktiv lutetiumförening används i riktad terapi för vissa cancerformer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Lutetia, det gamla romerska namnet för Paris, Frankrike; Georges Urbain, som först isolerade den 1907, valde namnet för att hedra sin hemstad, efter den etablerade praxis att namnge sällsynta jordartsmetaller efter platser."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnesium","summary":"Magnesium är en glänsande grå metall och är ett väsentligt element för alla levande celler.","appearance":"Glänsande grå fast","interesting_facts":["Magnesium brinner med ett bländande vitt ljus och användes en gång flitigt i tidiga fotografiska blixtpulver och bloss.","Det är den lättaste strukturella metallen och är legerad med aluminium för att göra starka, lätta delar för bilar och flygplan.","Magnesium sitter i centrum av varje klorofyllmolekyl, vilket gör det nödvändigt för fotosyntes i växter.","Människokroppen behöver magnesium för hundratals enzymreaktioner, inklusive de som håller muskler och nerver igång.","Magnesium är det åttonde vanligaste grundämnet i jordskorpan och är det tredje vanligast upplöst i havsvatten.","Epsomsalt, som används för att lugna ömma muskler, är magnesiumsulfat."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Magnesia, ett distrikt i Thessalien, Grekland, där relaterade magnesiumhaltiga mineraler hittades; samma ortnamn gav också upphov till orden 'mangan' och 'magnet'."},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Mangan är en hård, spröd metall som främst används i stålproduktion för att förbättra styrka och hårdhet.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Mangan är viktigt för att tillverka stål, ta bort syre och svavel och ge styrka; nästan allt stål innehåller det.","Det är en nyckelingrediens i alkaliska engångsbatterier.","Mangandioxid användes av grottmålare för tiotusentals år sedan för att göra svart pigment.","Den djupa lila av kaliumpermanganat gör det till ett användbart desinfektionsmedel och kemiskt reagens.","Stora fält av manganknölar täcker delar av den djupa havsbotten.","Mangan är ett viktigt spårnäringsämne som hjälper enzymer som skyddar celler från skador."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Kommer från Magnesia-distriktet i Thessalien, Grekland - samma region som gav sitt namn till magnesium - via medeltida latinska 'mangan'; namnet förstärktes möjligen av latinets \"magnes\" (magnet), eftersom manganmalm historiskt sett förväxlades med magnetisk järnmalm."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Meitnerium","summary":"Meitnerium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som uteslutande används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium är uppkallat efter Lise Meitner, en pionjär inom kärnklyvning vars bidrag länge förbisetts.","Det är ett av få element som är uppkallat efter en kvinna.","Meitnerium skapades första gången 1982 i Tyskland.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som görs en atom i taget.","Dess isotoper sönderfaller extremt snabbt, inom millisekunder till sekunder.","Det förutspås bete sig som iridium, i grupp 9 i det periodiska systemet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Lise Meitner, den österrikisk-svenska fysikern som medupptäckte kärnklyvning och medupptäckte protactinium, men som kontroversiellt uteslöts från Nobelpriset 1944; GSI Darmstadt föreslog namnet 1992 som ett efterlängtat erkännande av hennes höga bidrag till kärnkraftsvetenskapen."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevium","summary":"Mendelevium är en syntetisk, radioaktiv metall som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning för att undersöka egenskaper hos tunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen silverfärgad metallisk","interesting_facts":["Mendelevium är uppkallad efter Dmitri Mendeleev, skaparen av det periodiska systemet.","Den tillverkades först 1955, bara några atomer åt gången.","Mendelevium kan endast produceras i partikelacceleratorer genom att bombardera einsteinium.","Dess upptäcktsexperiment upptäckte först endast cirka 17 atomer.","Den är intensivt radioaktiv med kortlivade isotoper.","Mendelevium har inga användningsområden utöver grundläggande forskning om tunga grundämnen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, den ryska kemisten som skapade det periodiska systemet 1869; Glenn Seaborg och kollegor namngav den 1955 som en hyllning till vetenskapsmannen vars visionära organisering av elementen gjorde upptäckten av transuraniska element begreppsmässigt möjlig."},"Mercury":{"name":"Kvicksilver","summary":"Kvicksilver är en tät, silverfärgad flytande metall som används i termometrar, barometrar och lysrör.","appearance":"Silverren","interesting_facts":["Kvicksilver är den enda metall som är flytande vid rumstemperatur.","Den är uppkallad efter den romerska budbärarguden för dess snabbrörliga, flytande natur, och dess symbol Hg kommer från \"hydrargyrum\", som betyder \"vatten-silver\".","Kvicksilver användes en gång i termometrar och barometrar eftersom det expanderar jämnt med temperaturen.","Hattmakare som exponerades för kvicksilver utvecklade skakningar och förvirring, vilket inspirerade uttrycket \"galen som en hattmakare\".","Det är giftigt och bioackumuleras, byggs upp i fiskar och människorna som äter dem.","Kvicksilverånga lyser blågrönt när den elektrifieras, grunden för lysrör."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Merkurius, den snabba romerske budbärarguden, som återspeglar elementets flytande, snabbrörliga natur; symbolen Hg kommer från 'hydrargyrum', en latinisering av det grekiska 'hydrargyros' (ὑδράργυρος), som betyder 'vatten-silver', vilket syftar på dess flytande silverutseende."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molybden","summary":"Molybden är en hård, silverfärgad metall som används i stållegeringar för att öka styrkan, segheten och korrosionsbeständigheten.","appearance":"Grå metall","interesting_facts":["Molybden har en av de högsta smältpunkterna för alla grundämnen, vid cirka 2 623 °C.","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska 'molybdos' (bly), eftersom dess malm länge förväxlades med bly och grafit.","Att tillsätta molybden till stål gör höghållfasta legeringar som används i flygplan, verktyg och rustningar.","Det är ett viktigt spårnäringsämne som hjälper enzymer i växter, djur och människor.","Kvävefixerande bakterier använder molybden för att omvandla atmosfäriskt kväve till en användbar form.","Molybdendisulfid är ett halt fast ämne som används som torrsmörjmedel vid hög temperatur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'molybdos' (bly), eftersom malmmolybdeniten länge förväxlades med blymalmer; Carl Wilhelm Scheele visade att den var distinkt 1778, och Peter Jacob Hjelm isolerade metallen 1781."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moscovium","summary":"Moscovium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Moscovium är uppkallat efter Moskvaregionen i Ryssland, där Dubna-laboratoriet ligger.","Det syntetiserades första gången 2003 av ett rysk-amerikanskt samarbete.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som endast produceras ett fåtal atomer åt gången.","Moscoviumatomer sönderfaller inom en bråkdel av en sekund.","Det förutspås ligga under vismut i grupp 15.","Det namngavs officiellt 2016 tillsammans med tre andra nya element."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Moskva-oblasten (Moskva-regionen) i Ryssland, där Joint Institute for Nuclear Research i Dubna ligger; det syntetiserades första gången 2003 i ett samarbete mellan JINR och Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory och namngavs officiellt av IUPAC 2016."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodym","summary":"Neodym är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i kraftfulla magneter, lasrar och glasfärgning.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Neodymiummagneter är de starkaste permanentmagneterna som finns tillgängliga och kan lyfta många gånger sin egen vikt.","Dessa magneter finns i allt från hörsnäckor och hårddiskar till vindkraftverk och elbilsmotorer.","Dess namn betyder \"ny tvilling\", eftersom den delades från \"didym\" tillsammans med praseodym 1885.","Neodym ger glaset en slående färg som skiftar mellan lila och blå beroende på ljuset.","Neodymdopade kristaller driver några av de vanligaste högenergilasrarna.","Det är ett av de mer rikliga sällsynta jordartsmetallerna trots dess specialiserade användningsområden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'neos' (ny) och 'didymos' (tvilling), namngiven av Carl Auer von Welsbach 1885 när han separerade didymium i praseodym och neodym - parets 'nya tvilling'."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon är en färglös, luktfri ädelgas som avger ett distinkt röd-orange sken när den elektrifieras.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Neon lyser lysande orange-rött när en elektrisk ström passerar genom det, grunden för klassiska \"neon\"-skyltar.","Det är nästan helt inert och bildar inga stabila vanliga kemiska föreningar under normala förhållanden.","Neon upptäcktes 1898 av Ramsay och Travers, som döpte det från det grekiska ordet \"neos\", som betyder \"ny\".","Trots att det är det femte vanligaste grundämnet i universum är neon sällsynt på jorden och utgör bara en liten bråkdel av atmosfären.","Flytande neon är ett utmärkt kryogent köldmedium, med över 40 gånger kylkapaciteten per volym flytande helium.","De olika färgerna som ses i \"neon\"-skyltar kommer faktiskt från andra ädelgaser; ren neon ger alltid ett rödorange ljus."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska \"neos\" (ny), namngiven av William Ramsay och Morris Travers 1898 för att återspegla att det var en nyupptäckt ädelgas."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptunium","summary":"Neptunium är en radioaktiv metall som används i neutrondetekteringsinstrument och studeras för sin roll i kärnreaktorer.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Neptunium var det första transuraniska grundämnet som syntetiserades 1940.","Den är uppkallad efter planeten Neptunus och fortsätter sekvensen efter uran (Uranus).","Neptunium är en biprodukt från kärnreaktorer och anses vara ett långlivat kärnavfallsproblem.","Det är silverfärgat, radioaktivt och en av de tätaste av aktinidmetallerna.","Neptunium-237 kan användas för att tillverka plutonium-238 för kraftkällor för rymdfarkoster.","Spårmängder av neptunium förekommer naturligt i uranmalmer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter planeten Neptunus, som ligger bortom Uranus i solsystemet, precis som neptunium ligger bortom uran i det periodiska systemet; Edwin McMillan och Philip Abelson syntetiserade det 1940 och fortsatte med den planetariska namngivningssekvensen som började med uran."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nickel","summary":"Nickel är en silvervit metall som används i rostfritt stål, batterier och olika industriella tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Nickel är uppkallat efter en tysk gruvterm som betyder \"Gammal Nicks koppar\", eftersom dess malm såg ut som koppar men gav ingen.","Den är mycket motståndskraftig mot korrosion och används för att galvanisera andra metaller för skydd.","Rostfritt stål innehåller vanligtvis nickel, vilket förbättrar dess styrka och motståndskraft mot rost.","Trots namnet är moderna amerikanska \"nickel\"-mynt mestadels koppar, med endast 25% nickel.","Jordens kärna tros till stor del vara en järn-nickellegering, och många meteoriter är rika på nickel.","Nickel är ett av få grundämnen som är magnetiskt vid rumstemperatur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Förkortat från tyska 'Kupfernickel' (djävulens koppar eller Old Nicks koppar), en gruvarbetares förbannelse för en malm som såg ut som koppar men som inte gav någon; 'Nickel' är ett tyskt smeknamn för djävulen, som kommer från namnet Nicholas."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonium","summary":"Nihonium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Nihonium är uppkallat efter Japan (\"Nihon\"), det första grundämnet som upptäcktes i ett asiatiskt land.","Det syntetiserades vid RIKEN-laboratoriet i Japan, bekräftat omkring 2004.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som bara består av ett fåtal atomer åt gången.","Nihoniumatomer sönderfaller inom några sekunder efter att de skapats.","Det förutspås ligga under tallium i grupp 13.","Dess upptäckt gav Japan äran att namnge ett nytt element för första gången."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad från 'Nihon' (日本), det japanska ordet för Japan, som betyder 'den stigande solens land'; forskare vid RIKEN i Japan bekräftade dess syntes 2004 och valde namnet för att hedra det första elementet som upptäcktes i Asien, och IUPAC erkände det officiellt 2016."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niob","summary":"Niob är en mjuk, seg metall som främst används i legeringar, särskilt i stålproduktion för att förbättra styrkan.","appearance":"Grå metall","interesting_facts":["Niobium är uppkallat efter Niobe, dotter till Tantalus i grekisk mytologi, vilket återspeglar dess nära koppling till tantal.","Den blir en supraledare när den är kall och används i magneterna i MRI-maskiner och partikelacceleratorer.","Nioblegeringar kan anodiseras för att producera en regnbåge av färger, populära i smycken.","Små mängder niob gör stålet mycket starkare, som används i rörledningar och bilramar.","Det kallades en gång columbium i USA, och namnet bestod in på 1900-talet.","Niob är hypoallergent, så det används för kroppspiercingar och medicinska implantat."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Niobe, dottern till Tantalus i grekisk mytologi, av Heinrich Rose 1844, eftersom niob nästan alltid finns vid sidan av tantal och de två elementen från början var så svåra att särskilja att den mytologiska parningen mellan föräldrar och barn verkade passande."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Kväve","summary":"Kväve är en färglös, luktfri gas som utgör cirka 78 % av jordens atmosfär.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Kväve utgör cirka 78 % av luften du andas, men det är så oreaktivt att vi för det mesta andas tillbaka ut det oanvänt.","Flytande kväve kokar vid -196 °C och används för att snabbfrysa mat, bevara biologiska prover och skapa dramatiska dimeffekter.","Trippelbindningen som håller ihop två kväveatomer är en av de starkaste kemiska bindningarna som är kända, vilket gör kvävgas mycket stabil.","Haber-Bosch-processen, som omvandlar atmosfäriskt kväve till ammoniak för gödningsmedel, hjälper till att föda ungefär hälften av världens befolkning.","Kväve är en nyckelingrediens i sprängämnen som TNT och nitroglycerin eftersom dess bindningar frigör enorm energi när de går sönder.","Bakterier i baljväxternas rötter \"fixar\" kväve från luften till en form som växter kan använda, vilket naturligt berikar jorden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'nitron' (niter/saltpeter) och 'gener' (bildande), som betyder 'niter-bildare', myntade av Jean-Antoine Chaptal 1790 eftersom både salpeter och salpetersyra innehåller kväve."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelium","summary":"Nobelium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne utan betydande tillämpningar utanför vetenskaplig forskning.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen silverfärgad metallisk","interesting_facts":["Nobelium är uppkallat efter Alfred Nobel, grundaren av Nobelpriset.","Det kan bara göras atom för atom i partikelacceleratorer.","Ovanligt för en aktinid är nobelium mest stabil i +2-oxidationstillståndet.","Dess upptäckt i slutet av 1950-talet var omtvistad mellan konkurrerande laboratorier i flera år.","Alla nobeliumisotoper är radioaktiva och kortlivade.","Det finns bara i forskningsmiljöer och har inga praktiska tillämpningar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Alfred Nobel, den svenske kemisten som uppfann dynamit och grundade Nobelpriset; namnet föreslogs 1957 när ett team i Stockholm först gjorde anspråk på upptäckt, och behölls när den bekräftade upptäckten krediterades Dubna och Berkeleys laboratorier."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, sannolikt gasformig eller metallisk","interesting_facts":["Oganesson är det tyngsta kända grundämnet, med atomnummer 118.","Det är uppkallat efter fysikern Yuri Oganessian, ett av de få element som är uppkallat efter en levande person.","Även om den sitter i ädelgaskolonnen, spås oganesson vara en fast och möjligen reaktiv, till skillnad från andra ädelgaser.","Endast ett fåtal atomer har någonsin skapats, var och en överlevde mindre än en millisekund.","Det syntetiserades första gången 2002 av ett rysk-amerikanskt samarbete i Dubna.","Oganesson avslutar den sjunde raden i det periodiska systemet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Yuri Oganessian, den rysk-armenske kärnfysikern som banade väg för syntesen av supertunga element och ledde teamet vid JINR Dubna som skapade Oganesson 2002; det är ett av endast två element som är uppkallat efter en levande person, vilket återspeglar den extraordinära omfattningen av hans bidrag till området."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmium","summary":"Osmium är en tät, blåvit metall känd för sin hårdhet och används i reservoarpennor, elektriska kontakter och instrumenttappar.","appearance":"Blåvitt, metalliskt","interesting_facts":["Osmium är det tätaste naturligt förekommande grundämnet, nästan dubbelt så tätt som bly.","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska \"osme\", som betyder lukt, eftersom dess oxid har en skarp, giftig lukt.","Osmium är extremt hårt och användes i tidiga grammofonnålar och reservoarpennas spetsar.","Det är en av metallerna i platinagruppen och har ett blåaktigt-silver utseende.","Osmiumtetroxid används för att färga biologisk vävnad för elektronmikroskopi.","Det är ett av de mest sällsynta elementen i jordskorpan."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från grekiskan 'osmē' (ὀσμή), som betyder 'lukt' eller 'lukt'; Smithson Tennant myntade namnet 1803 eftersom osmiumtetroxid, som bildas när metallen utsätts för luft, har en skarp och distinkt giftig lukt."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Syre","summary":"Syre är en färglös, luktfri gas som är nödvändig för andning i de flesta levande organismer.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Syre utgör cirka 21 % av jordens atmosfär och är det mest förekommande elementet i planetens skorpa i massa.","Det mesta av det syre vi andas produceras genom fotosyntes, med en stor del från havets växtplankton.","Flytande och fast syre är ljusblå och magnetiska och attraheras av en magnet.","Ozon, en molekyl av tre syreatomer, bildar ett skyddande lager i stratosfären som absorberar skadlig ultraviolett strålning.","Syre upptäcktes självständigt på 1770-talet av Carl Wilhelm Scheele och Joseph Priestley och namngavs av Antoine Lavoisier.","Även om det är livsnödvändigt, är syre också mycket reaktivt och driver på att rosta järn och förbränna bränslen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'oxys' (skarp eller sur) och 'gener' (bildande), som betyder 'syrabildare', namngivna av Lavoisier 1777 baserat på den då hållna övertygelsen att syre är en väsentlig del av alla syror."},"Palladium":{"name":"Palladium","summary":"Palladium är en ädel silvervit metall som används i katalysatorer, elektronik och vätelagring.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Palladium är uppkallat efter asteroiden Pallas, upptäckt strax före metallen 1803.","Dess huvudsakliga användning är i katalysatorer, där det hjälper till att förvandla giftiga avgaser till ofarliga.","Palladium kan absorbera upp till 900 gånger sin egen volym vätgas, som en metallsvamp.","Det är en ädel metall i platinagruppen och används i vitt guld, fina smycken och dentala legeringar.","Palladium är viktigt för många elektronik, inklusive de små kondensatorerna inuti telefoner och datorer.","Det spelade en central roll i de berömda, senare misskrediterade experimenten med \"kall fusion\" 1989."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter asteroiden Pallas, upptäckt 1802 och själv uppkallad efter Pallas Athena; William Hyde Wollaston myntade namnet 1803, efter det samtida modet att namnge nya element efter nyligen upptäckta himlakroppar."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor är ett mycket reaktivt, väsentligt element i biologiska molekyler som DNA och ATP.","appearance":"Färgen varierar (vita, röda eller svarta former)","interesting_facts":["Vit fosfor lyser svagt i mörkret när den reagerar med syre, ett fenomen som gav \"fosforescens\" dess namn.","Det var det första grundämnet som upptäcktes med en känd upptäckare, isolerad av Hennig Brand 1669 från nedkokt urin.","Fosfor finns i slående olika former: vit fosfor är farligt brandfarligt, medan röd fosfor är stabil och används på tändsticksaskremsor.","Varje cell använder fosfor i DNA, RNA och ATP, molekylen som lagrar och överför energi i levande varelser.","Cirka 85 % av det utvunna fosfatberget omvandlas till gödningsmedel, vilket gör fosfor avgörande för den globala livsmedelsproduktionen.","Dina ben och tänder stärks av kalciumfosfat, så mycket av din kropps fosfor lagras i ditt skelett."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'phosphoros' (ljusbärare, från 'phos' = ljus och 'phoros' = bärande), eftersom vit fosfor lyser svagt i mörker vid oxidering; Namnet användes av Hennig Brand när han upptäckte det 1669."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platina","summary":"Platina är en tät, formbar och korrosionsbeständig metall som används i katalysatorer, smycken och elektronik.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Platina är så motståndskraftig mot korrosion att det aldrig mattas, inte ens vid höga temperaturer.","Det är en nyckelkatalysator i katalysatorer, som hjälper till att rensa upp fordonets avgaser.","Platina är tätare än guld och prisas för fina smycken och vigselringar.","Vissa platinaföreningar, som cisplatin, är kraftfulla kemoterapiläkemedel.","Sydafrika producerar majoriteten av världens platina.","Dess namn kommer från det spanska \"platina\", som betyder \"litet silver\", ett namn som tidiga gruvarbetare gav det avvisande."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Kommer från det spanska 'platina', en diminutiv av 'plata' (silver), som betyder 'litet silver'; Spanska upptäcktsresande i Sydamerika på 1500-talet använde denna avvisande term för den bleka, silverliknande metall de hittade blandad i guldfyndigheter men inte lätt kunde fungera."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plutonium","summary":"Plutonium är en radioaktiv metall som används i kärnreaktorer, kärnvapen och som kraftkälla för rymdfarkoster.","appearance":"Silvervit, mattas när den utsätts för luft","interesting_facts":["Plutonium är känt för sin användning i kärnvapen och reaktorer.","Den är uppkallad efter dvärgplaneten Pluto, efter neptunium och uran.","Plutonium-238 driver rymdfarkoster som Voyager-sonderna och Curiosity-rovern med sin stadiga värme.","En bit plutonium är varm vid beröring på grund av värmen från dess eget radioaktiva sönderfall.","Den har ovanlig kemi, som finns i många färgglada oxidationstillstånd i lösning.","Plutonium expanderar och drar ihop sig dramatiskt mellan sina olika fasta former, vilket gör det svårt att bearbeta."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Pluto (som då betraktades som den nionde planeten), som ligger bortom Neptunus precis som plutonium ligger bortom neptunium; Glenn Seaborg namngav den 1942 och noterade att den alternativa formen 'plutium' övervägdes men förkastades till förmån för den mer klassiska '-onium'-ändelsen."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonium","summary":"Polonium är en mycket radioaktiv metall som används i antistatiska enheter och som värmekälla i rymdtillämpningar.","appearance":"Silverren","interesting_facts":["Polonium upptäcktes av Marie och Pierre Curie 1898 och fick sitt namn efter Maries hemland, Polen.","Den är intensivt radioaktiv, så mycket att ett gram av den lyser blått och avger tillräckligt med värme för att hålla sig varm.","Polonium-210 användes vid den ökända förgiftningen 2006 av Alexander Litvinenko.","Den har använts som en lätt värmekälla i rymdsonder och som en antistatisk enhet.","Polonium är extremt sällsynt och förekommer i uranmalmer i små mängder.","En fläck av polonium kan ge en dödlig dos, vilket gör det till ett av de giftigaste ämnena som är kända."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Polen (latin: Polonia), hemlandet för Marie Curie, som upptäckte det tillsammans med Pierre Curie 1898; Curie valde namnet som en hyllning till sitt ockuperade hemland, sedan uppdelat mellan Ryssland, Preussen och Österrike, i hopp om att dra internationell uppmärksamhet till dess sak."},"Potassium":{"name":"Kalium","summary":"Kalium är en mjuk, silvervit metall som är nödvändig för växttillväxt och avgörande i biologiska processer.","appearance":"Silvergrå metall","interesting_facts":["Kalium är så reaktivt att det spricker upp i en lila låga när det kommer i kontakt med vatten.","Den är tillräckligt mjuk för att skära med en kniv och är lätt nog att flyta på vatten när den reagerar.","Kaliumjoner är viktiga för nervsignaler och hjärtslag, och bananer är en välkänd kostkälla.","Dess kemiska symbol K kommer från 'kalium', den latiniserade formen av det arabiska ordet för växtaska.","Kalium var den första metallen som isolerades genom elektrolys, av Humphry Davy 1807.","Den radioaktiva isotopen kalium-40 i din kropp gör dig väldigt lite radioaktiv hela ditt liv."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska namnet kommer från 'potash' (träaska som urlakas i krukor, en tidig källa till grundämnet), medan symbolen K kommer från latinets 'kalium', slutligen från arabiska 'al-qali' (den alkaliska växtaskan som används vid tvåltillverkning)."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodym","summary":"Praseodymium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i magneter, glasfärgning och legeringar.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Praseodymiums namn betyder \"grön tvilling\", för den gröna färgen på dess salter.","Den används i speciella glasögon som skyddar svetsare och glasblåsare från intensiv bländning och infrarött ljus.","Blandat med neodym bildar det kraftfulla magneter som används i motorer och hörlurar.","Praseodymium ger en ren gul färg till glas och keramiska glasyrer.","Det separerades från ett ämne som kallas 'didymium' 1885, vilket visade sig vara två grundämnen.","Praseodym-dopade fibrer kan förstärka ljussignaler i vissa optiska system."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'prasios' (purjolök-grön) och 'didymos' (tvilling), namngivna av Carl Auer von Welsbach 1885 när han delade didymium i två element: praseodym, den grönsaltade tvillingen, och neodym, den nya tvillingen."},"Promethium":{"name":"Prometium","summary":"Prometium är en radioaktiv metall som används i lysande färger, atombatterier och forskning.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Prometium är det enda sällsynta jordartsmetallelementet utan stabila isotoper; den är radioaktiv och i huvudsak frånvarande i naturen.","Den är uppkallad efter Prometheus, den grekiska titanen som stal eld från gudarna.","Prometium har använts i självlysande färg och i små atombatterier för pacemakers och rymdfarkoster.","Dess existens fyllde en långvarig lucka vid element 61 i det periodiska systemet, bekräftat 1945.","Glödande prometium kan producera ett svagt blågrönt ljus från sin egen strålning.","Endast cirka 500 gram prometium tros finnas i hela jordskorpan när som helst."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Prometheus, den grekiska mytologins titan som stal eld från gudarna och gav den till mänskligheten; passande nog erhölls prometium först 1945 från klyvningsprodukter av uran i en kärnreaktor."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protaktinium","summary":"Protactinium är en tät, silvergrå metall som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning på grund av dess brist och radioaktivitet.","appearance":"Ljus, silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Protactinium är ett av de mest sällsynta och dyraste naturligt förekommande grundämnena.","Dess namn betyder \"aktiniums förälder\", eftersom det sönderfaller till aktinium.","Det är mycket radioaktivt och giftigt, vilket kräver noggrann hantering.","Protactinium identifierades första gången 1913 och isolerades 1934.","Förhållandet mellan protactinium och torium i havssediment hjälper forskare att studera tidigare klimat och havscirkulation.","Den har få användningsområden utanför vetenskaplig forskning på grund av dess brist och radioaktivitet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från grekiskan 'protos' (πρῶτος), som betyder 'första', kombinerat med 'aktinium', vilket ger 'aktiniums förälder'; namnet återspeglar att protactinium-231 sönderfaller till actinium-227; Kasper Fajans kallade det först \"brevium\" 1913, men \"protactinium\" antogs när den längre livslängda isotopen identifierades."},"Radium":{"name":"Radium","summary":"Radium är en mycket radioaktiv metall som en gång användes i lysande färger, nu främst studerad för dess radioaktiva egenskaper.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Radium upptäcktes av Marie och Pierre Curie 1898 och lyser med ett svagt blått ljus i mörkret.","Den lades en gång till på urtavlor som lyser i mörkret, vilket tragiskt förgiftade \"Radium Girls\" som målade dem.","Produkter från början av 1900-talet marknadsförde radium i tandkräm, vatten och kosmetika innan man förstod dess faror.","Radium är ungefär en miljon gånger mer radioaktivt än samma mängd uran.","Det användes historiskt i cancerstrålbehandling innan säkrare källor ersatte det.","Marie Curies anteckningsböcker är fortfarande så radioaktiva att de förvaras i blyklädda lådor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från latinets \"radius\", som betyder \"stråle\" eller \"stråle\", av Marie och Pierre Curie som upptäckte den 1898; namnet syftar på den intensiva strålning som grundämnet avger, vilket de observerade som ett anmärkningsvärt nytt fenomen när de isolerade det från pitchblende."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon är en radioaktiv ädelgas som används i strålterapi och som spårämne i geologisk forskning.","appearance":"Färglös gas","interesting_facts":["Radon är en radioaktiv ädelgas som produceras genom sönderfall av uran i jord och berg.","Det är den främsta orsaken till lungcancer bland icke-rökare, som sipprar osynligt in i källare.","Radon är färglöst, luktfritt och smaklöst, så det kan bara upptäckas med speciella instrument.","Det är den tätaste gasen under normala förhållanden och en av de tyngsta kända gaserna.","Radon användes en gång i några tidiga medicinska strålbehandlingar.","Hemtestsatser är allmänt tillgängliga eftersom radonnivåerna kan minskas med ordentlig ventilation."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Namngiven från \"radium\" - grundämnet från vilket det produceras genom radioaktivt sönderfall - kombinerat med suffixet \"-på\" som används för ädelgaser; Friedrich Dorn upptäckte den först 1900 som en gas som härrör från radium, och den kallades \"radiumemanation\" innan namnet \"radon\" standardiserades."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Rhenium","summary":"Rhenium är en tät, silvervit metall som används i jetmotorer, filament och katalysatorer.","appearance":"Silvergrå","interesting_facts":["Rhenium var ett av de sista stabila grundämnena som upptäcktes, 1925.","Den har en av de högsta smältpunkterna och kokpunkterna för alla grundämnen.","Rhenium-superlegeringar låter jet- och raketmotorns turbinblad gå hetare och mer effektivt.","Den är uppkallad efter floden Rhen i Tyskland.","Rhenium är extremt sällsynt och utvinns huvudsakligen som en biprodukt från koppar- och molybdenbrytning.","Den används som en katalysator för att göra högoktanig, blyfri bensin."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter floden Rhen (latin: Rhenus), som rinner genom Tyskland; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke och Otto Berg valde namnet 1925 när de upptäckte elementet, efter traditionen att namnge element efter geografiska särdrag i upptäckarnas hemland."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodium","summary":"Rhodium är en sällsynt, silvervit metall känd för sin höga reflektans och användning i katalysatorer och smycken.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Rhodium är en av de sällsynta och mest värdefulla ädelmetallerna, som ofta kostar mycket mer än guld.","Dess namn kommer från grekiskan 'rhodon' (ros), efter den rosa-röda färgen på dess salter.","Det mesta av rodium används i katalysatorer för att rena skadliga gaser från bilavgaser.","Den ger en briljant, hård, reflekterande finish och används för att plåta vitguldssmycken och speglar.","Rhodium är mycket motståndskraftigt mot korrosion och mattas inte i luften.","Det är en av metallerna i platinagruppen och utvinns huvudsakligen som en biprodukt från platina- och nickelbrytning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'rhodon' (ros), namngiven av William Hyde Wollaston 1804 eftersom lösningar av rodiumsalter är karakteristiskt rosröda till färgen."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Roentgenium","summary":"Roentgenium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som främst används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium är uppkallat efter Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, upptäckaren av röntgenstrålning.","Den skapades först 1994 i Tyskland genom att smälta nickel- och vismutkärnor.","Det är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som endast produceras ett fåtal atomer åt gången.","Roentgenium förutspås sitta under guldet i det periodiska systemet och kan dela en del av dess kemi.","Dess atomer sönderfaller inom några sekunder efter att de bildats.","Den har inga tillämpningar utöver grundforskning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, den tyske fysikern som upptäckte röntgenstrålning 1895 och fick det allra första Nobelpriset i fysik 1901; GSI Darmstadt syntetiserade det 1994, föreslog namnet 2004, och IUPAC antog det officiellt samma år."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidium","summary":"Rubidium är ett mjukt, silvervitt metalliskt element som används i elektronik, forskning och atomur.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Rubidium antänds spontant i luft och reagerar häftigt med vatten.","Den har fått sitt namn från latinets rubidus (djupröd) för de röda linjerna i dess utsläppsspektrum.","Rubidium upptäcktes 1861 av Bunsen och Kirchhoff med den nya tekniken spektroskopi.","Den smälter strax över kroppstemperaturen, vid cirka 39 °C.","Rubidiumatomer används i några av världens mest exakta atomur.","Forskare använde rubidium för att skapa det första Bose-Einstein-kondensatet, ett konstigt nytt materiatillstånd, 1995."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets \"rubidus\" (djupröd eller mörkröd), namngiven av Robert Bunsen och Gustav Kirchhoff 1861 efter de två distinkta djupröda spektrallinjerna som de använde för att identifiera den via den då nya tekniken spektroskopi."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenium","summary":"Ruthenium är en sällsynt övergångsmetall som används i elektriska kontakter, tjockfilmsmotstånd och som katalysator.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Ruthenium är uppkallat efter Ruthenia, det latinska namnet för Ryssland, där det upptäcktes 1844.","Det är en av metallerna i platinagruppen och är extremt hård och spröd.","Tillsats av en liten mängd rutenium förbättrar avsevärt hårdheten och slitstyrkan hos platina- och palladiumlegeringar.","Ruthenium används i de elektriska kontakterna och chipmotstånden inuti elektroniken.","Det fungerar som en mångsidig katalysator, inklusive i processer för att tillverka ammoniak och sanera föroreningar.","Ruteniumföreningar forskas som ljusabsorberande färgämnen för solceller."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ruthenia, det latinska namnet för Ryssland (det ryska folkets land), av Karl Ernst Claus 1844, som gjorde upptäckten när han arbetade i Kazan i det ryska imperiet."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordium","summary":"Rutherfordium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos tunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen silverfärgad metallisk","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium är uppkallad efter fysikern Ernest Rutherford, kärnfysikens fader.","Det är det första av de transaktinider (supertunga) elementen.","Rutherfordium tillverkas genom att slå ihop lättare atomkärnor i acceleratorer.","Dess upptäckt var föremål för en namntvist under kalla kriget mellan amerikanska och sovjetiska vetenskapsmän.","Endast ett fåtal atomer kan skapas åt gången, och de sönderfaller inom några sekunder.","Det förväntas bete sig kemiskt som hafnium, i grupp 4 i det periodiska systemet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ernest Rutherford, den Nya Zeeland födda fysikern som upptäckte atomkärnan och anses vara kärnfysikens fader; namnet föreslogs av amerikanska forskare vid Lawrence Berkeley och antogs officiellt av IUPAC 1997 efter en namntvist under kalla kriget med sovjetiska vetenskapsmän."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samarium","summary":"Samarium är en silvervit metall som används i magneter, lasrar och som neutronabsorbator i kärnreaktorer.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Samarium-koboltmagneter håller sin styrka vid höga temperaturer, som används i flygplan och militär hårdvara.","Det var det första elementet uppkallat efter en person, via mineralet samarskite (efter gruvtjänstemannen Samarsky).","Samarium absorberar lätt neutroner, så det används i kärnreaktorstyrstavar.","En radioaktiv samariumförening används för att lindra smärta från cancer som har spridit sig till benen.","Samarium används som katalysator inom kemi och för att tillverka vissa typer av glas och lasrar.","Det är måttligt hårt och oxiderar långsamt i luften och bildar en gulaktig beläggning."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter samarskite, mineralet där det först identifierades av Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1879; samarskite fick sitt namn efter överste Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, en rysk gruvan tjänsteman - vilket gör samarium till det första elementet som (indirekt) är uppkallat efter en riktig person."},"Scandium":{"name":"Skandium","summary":"Scandium är en mjuk, silvervit metall som används i rymdkomponenter och högpresterande legeringar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Scandiums existens och egenskaper förutspåddes av Mendeleev 1869 som \"eka-boron\" innan det upptäcktes 1879.","Att lägga till en liten mängd skandium till aluminium skapar en stark, lätt legering som används i avancerade cykelramar och flyg- och rymddelar.","Det är uppkallat efter Skandinavien, där mineralet det först hittades i bröts.","Skandium-aluminiumlegeringar användes i vissa sovjetiska MiG-stridsflygplan.","Trots att det är ganska vanligt i skorpan är skandium svårt att extrahera och koncentreras sällan i malmer, vilket gör det dyrt.","Scandiumjodid läggs till vissa metallhalogenlampor för att producera ljus som efterliknar naturligt solljus."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Skandinavien (latin 'Scandia'), regionen där Lars Fredrik Nilson upptäckte den 1879 i mineralerna euxenit och gadolinit från Skandinavien."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborgium","summary":"Seaborgium är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera egenskaperna hos supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, troligen metallisk","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium är uppkallat efter kemisten Glenn T. Seaborg, som hjälpte till att upptäcka många transuraniska element.","Det var det första elementet uppkallat efter en person som fortfarande levde vid den tiden.","Seaborgium är ett syntetiskt supertungt grundämne som endast tillverkas i partikelacceleratorer.","Dess atomer sönderfaller inom några sekunder, så bara en handfull har någonsin studerats.","Kemiska experiment tyder på att det beter sig som volfram, i grupp 6 i det periodiska systemet.","Det skapades första gången 1974 genom att krossa syrejoner i kalifornium."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Glenn T. Seaborg, den amerikanske kemisten som var med och upptäckte tio transuraniska element; det var det första elementet uppkallat efter en levande person, föreslog av Lawrence Berkeley 1994, även om IUPAC initialt motsatte sig innan det officiellt godkände namnet 1997."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selen","summary":"Selen är en icke-metall med egenskaper som liknar svavel och tellur, som används inom elektronik, glastillverkning och som ett näringstillskott.","appearance":"Svarta, röda och gråa former","interesting_facts":["Selen är uppkallad efter Selene, den grekiska mångudinnan.","Dess elektriska ledningsförmåga förändras med ljus, en egenskap som används i tidiga kopiatorer och ljusmätare.","Selen är ett viktigt spårnäringsämne som stödjer antioxidantenzymer, men är giftigt i större doser.","Det ger glas en röd färg och används också för att ta bort den gröna nyansen från glaset.","Paranötter är exceptionellt rika på selen.","Selen finns i flera former, inklusive ett rött pulver och en grå metallisk form som leder elektricitet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'selene' (måne), namngiven av Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1817 som en följeslagare till tellur (från latin 'tellus', jorden), eftersom båda grundämnena är kemiskt lika och hittades tillsammans i samma malmfyndigheter."},"Silicon":{"name":"Kisel","summary":"Kisel är ett hårt, sprött kristallint fast ämne och en nyckelkomponent i halvledare och datorchips.","appearance":"Grått kristallint fast ämne","interesting_facts":["Kisel är det näst vanligaste grundämnet i jordskorpan efter syre, mestadels inlåst i sand och sten som kiseldioxid.","Ultrarena kiselkristaller är grunden för datorchips, vilket ger Silicon Valley dess namn.","Kisel är en metalloid halvledare som leder elektricitet bättre än isolatorer men sämre än metaller.","Kvarts, opal och det mesta av sand är kiselföreningar, och glas tillverkas främst genom att smälta kiseldioxid.","Solpaneler är beroende av kisel för att omvandla solljus direkt till elektricitet.","Trots namnets likhet skiljer sig kisel (elementet) från silikon, den flexibla gummiartade polymeren som innehåller det."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinet 'silex' eller 'silicis' (flinta eller hård sten), eftersom kisel finns rikligt i flinta och silikatstenar; namnet \"kisel\" föreslogs av Thomas Thomson 1817."},"Silver":{"name":"Silver","summary":"Silver är en mjuk, vit, glänsande metall med den högsta elektriska och termiska ledningsförmågan av alla element, som används i smycken, elektronik och speglar.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Silver är den bästa elektriska och termiska ledaren av alla element.","Den har naturliga antibakteriella egenskaper och användes för att hålla sår och vatten rent långt innan modern medicin.","Silver är den mest reflekterande metallen, vilket är anledningen till att den traditionellt användes för att backa speglar.","Fotografisk film förlitade sig på ljuskänsliga silverföreningar för att fånga bilder.","Dess kemiska symbol Ag kommer från det latinska ordet \"argentum\", och landet Argentina är uppkallat efter det.","Silver blir svart när det reagerar med små mängder svavelföreningar i luften."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska ordet 'silver' kommer från fornengelska 'seolfor', besläktat med proto-germanskt 'silubra', av osäkert ytterligare ursprung; symbolen Ag och landsnamnet Argentina kommer båda från latinets 'argentum' (silver), kopplat till elementets lysande vita lyster."},"Sodium":{"name":"Natrium","summary":"Natrium är en mjuk, silvervit, mycket reaktiv metall och ett väsentligt element för livet.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Natrium är så reaktivt att det måste förvaras under olja, och det brusar och kan antändas när det tappas i vatten.","Den är tillräckligt mjuk för att skära med en kniv och avslöjar en blank silvrig yta som snabbt mattas av i luften.","Natriumånglampor producerar det distinkta gul-orange ljuset som en gång var vanligt i gatubelysning.","Vanligt bordssalt är natriumklorid, och natrium är viktigt för nervimpulser och vätskebalansen i din kropp.","Natrium brinner med en ljusgul låga, en egenskap som används i flamtester för att identifiera den.","Den kemiska symbolen Na kommer från det latinska ordet \"natrium\", som syftar på en naturlig sodaförening."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska namnet kommer från 'soda' (medeltida latinska 'sodanum', ett medel mot huvudvärk), medan symbolen Na kommer från latinets 'natrium', i sig från arabiska/egyptiska 'natrun', ordet för natron, ett naturligt förekommande natriumkarbonatmineral."},"Strontium":{"name":"Strontium","summary":"Strontium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i fyrverkerier, keramik och radiologiska tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silverfärgad metall","interesting_facts":["Strontiumsalter producerar den lysande röda färgen i fyrverkerier och nödljus.","Den är uppkallad efter den skotska byn Strontian, där dess malm först hittades.","Den radioaktiva isotopen strontium-90 från nukleärt nedfall kan fastna i benen eftersom den efterliknar kalcium.","Strontium används i vissa tandkrämer för att minska tändernas känslighet.","Strontiumaluminat lyser i mörker i timmar och används i moderna självlysande färger.","Liksom kalcium reagerar strontium med vatten och finns aldrig fritt i naturen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Strontian, en by i Argyllshire, Skottland, där mineralet strontianit (strontiumkarbonat) först upptäcktes i lokala blygruvor runt 1790."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Svavel","summary":"Svavel är ett gult, icke-metalliskt grundämne som vanligtvis finns i vulkaniska områden och är nödvändigt för livet.","appearance":"Klargula kristaller","interesting_facts":["Svavel har varit känt sedan urminnes tider och kallas \"svavel\" i Bibeln, vilket betyder \"brinnande sten\".","Det är känt för lukten av ruttna ägg av svavelväte, även om rent svavel i sig är luktfritt.","Svavel brinner med en blå låga och producerar kvävande svaveldioxidgas.","Mest utvunnet svavel används för att tillverka svavelsyra, en av de mest producerade industrikemikalierna i världen.","Ljust gula svavelavlagringar bildas runt vulkaniska öppningar och varma källor.","Svavel är en viktig del av livet, som finns i aminosyrorna cystein och metionin som hjälper proteiner att vikas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'svavel' (svavel), ett ord av osäkert ursprung som möjligen är kopplat till sanskrit 'sulvere'; svavel har varit känt sedan antiken som den skarpa gula sten som finns runt vulkaner, kallad \"svavel\" i bibliska texter."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal är en tät, korrosionsbeständig metall som används i elektronik, kirurgiska implantat och högtemperaturlegeringar.","appearance":"Gråblå","interesting_facts":["Tantalkondensatorer är små men lagrar mycket laddning, som finns i nästan varje telefon och bärbar dator.","Den är uppkallad efter Tantalus från den grekiska myten, vilket återspeglar dess \"frejande\" motstånd mot att lösas upp i syra.","Tantal är biokompatibelt och används i kirurgiska implantat, plattor och stift.","Den har en av de högsta smältpunkterna för någon metall, över 3 000 °C.","Tantal är mycket motståndskraftig mot korrosion tack vare ett segt oxidskikt.","Mycket av världens tantal kommer från malmkoltan, vilket väcker oro för etiska inköp."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Tantalus, dömde kungen i grekisk mytologi att stå i en vattenpöl under fruktträd som drog sig tillbaka närhelst han sträckte sig efter dem; Anders Ekeberg valde namnet 1802 för att grundämnet lockande vägrade ta upp syra, precis som Tantalus aldrig kunde stilla sin törst."},"Technetium":{"name":"Technetium","summary":"Teknetium är en silvergrå radioaktiv metall som främst används vid medicinsk bildbehandling och industriell radiografi.","appearance":"Silvergrå metall","interesting_facts":["Teknetium var det första grundämnet som tillverkades på konstgjord väg, och dess namn kommer från grekiskan för \"konstgjord\".","Den har inga stabila isotoper, så i princip ingen existerar naturligt på jorden.","Technetium-99m är det mest använda radioaktiva spårämnet inom medicinsk bildbehandling, som används i tiotals miljoner skanningar årligen.","Dess gap i det periodiska systemet förutspåddes av Mendeleev som \"eka-mangan\".","Teknetium har upptäckts i spektra av vissa avlägsna stjärnor, vilket bevisar att element fortfarande smids i dem.","Små mängder teknetium kan göra stål anmärkningsvärt motståndskraftigt mot korrosion."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'technetos' (konstgjorda eller konstgjorda), namngiven av Carlo Perrier och Emilio Segrè 1937 eftersom det var det första grundämnet som tillverkades på konstgjord väg, skapat genom att bombardera molybden med deuteroner i en cyklotron."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellur","summary":"Tellur är en spröd, silvervit metalloid som används i legeringar, halvledare och termoelektriska enheter.","appearance":"Silverglänsande grå","interesting_facts":["Tellur är uppkallat efter det latinska ordet för jord, 'tellus'.","Människor som utsätts för små mängder utvecklar \"tellurandedräkt\", en kraftfull vitlöksliknande lukt som kan vara i flera veckor.","Det är en sällsynt metalloid, ungefär lika sällsynt i jordskorpan som platina.","Kadmiumtellurid används för att tillverka tunnfilmssolpaneler.","Tellur förbättrar bearbetbarheten av stål och kopparlegeringar.","Den används i omskrivbara optiska skivor eftersom den kan växla mellan glasartade och kristallina tillstånd."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från latinets 'tellus' (jorden), namngiven av Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1798; namnet avsiktligt parat med selen (uppkallat efter månen) eftersom de två elementen är kemiskt lika och ofta hittades tillsammans."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennessine","summary":"Tennessine är ett syntetiskt, radioaktivt grundämne som används i vetenskaplig forskning för att studera supertunga grundämnen.","appearance":"Okänd, sannolikt metallisk eller metalloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine är uppkallad efter den amerikanska delstaten Tennessee, hem till Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","Det är det näst tyngsta kända elementet och bekräftades 2010.","Dess namn slutar på '-ine' eftersom den sitter i halogenkolumnen, grupp 17.","Att skapa det krävde sällsynt berkelium producerat vid Oak Ridge, bombarderat med kalciumjoner.","Endast ett fåtal atomer av tennessine har någonsin gjorts.","Dess atomer sönderfaller inom en bråkdel av en sekund."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter den amerikanska delstaten Tennessee, hem till Oak Ridge National Laboratory (som producerade det viktiga berkeliummålet), Vanderbilt University och University of Tennessee; den syntetiserades 2010 och namngavs officiellt av IUPAC 2016, med suffixet \"-ine\" som återspeglar dess position i halogengruppen 17."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbium","summary":"Terbium är en silvervit metall som används i fosfor för grön belysning, lasrar och magnetoptiska enheter.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Terbium ger den gröna färgen i många fosforer som används i belysning och äldre displayer.","Den är uppkallad efter den svenska byn Ytterby, en av fyra delar som hedrar den enda staden.","Terbiumlegeringar ändrar form i ett magnetfält, som används i sensorer och ekolodssystem.","Det lyser lysande grönt under ultraviolett ljus och används i säkerhetsbläck.","Terbium är en mjuk, silverfärgad sällsynt jordartsmetall som kan skäras med en kniv.","Den används i solid-state-enheter och energieffektiva lysrör."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ytterby, en by på den svenska ön Resarö, där malmen gadoliniten ursprungligen samlades; Carl Gustaf Mosander skilde det från yttria 1843, och 'terbium' är en stavelse omarrangemang av 'Ytterby'."},"Thallium":{"name":"Tallium","summary":"Tallium är en mjuk, grå metall som används i elektronik, optiska system och vissa medicinska tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Tallium var en gång ett populärt gift, luktfritt och smaklöst, vilket gav det smeknamnet \"förgiftarens gift\".","Dess namn kommer från det grekiska 'thallos', ett grönt skott, efter den ljusgröna linjen i dess spektrum.","Talliumförgiftning orsakar håravfall, vilket ibland hjälper läkare att diagnostisera det.","En radioaktiv talliumisotop används i stresstester för hjärtavbildning.","Talliumföreningar används i specialiserad infraröd optik och elektronik.","Den upptäcktes 1861 med den nya metoden för flamspektroskopi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Döpt från grekiskan 'thallos' (θαλλός), som betyder 'grönt skott' eller 'grön kvist'; William Crookes döpte den 1861 efter den distinkta ljusgröna spektrallinjen han såg när han analyserade selensyrarester med den nyutvecklade tekniken för flamspektroskopi."},"Thorium":{"name":"Torium","summary":"Torium är en svagt radioaktiv metall som används i kärnreaktorer, legeringar och gasmantlar.","appearance":"Silverfärgad, ofta med svart lack","interesting_facts":["Thorium är uppkallat efter Thor, den nordiska åskguden.","Det forskas på som ett säkrare kärnbränsle än uran.","Torium är ungefär tre till fyra gånger mer rikligt i skorpan än uran.","Torierade gasmantlar glödde starkt och användes i lyktor i över ett sekel.","Det har en gång lagts till högkvalitativa kameralinser, som kan gulna något med tiden på grund av strålning.","Nästan allt torium är den långlivade isotopen torium-232, med en halveringstid längre än universums ålder."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Thor, den nordiska åskguden, av svenske kemisten Jöns Jacob Berzelius som upptäckte den 1828; Berzelius hittade det i ett norskt mineral som han kallade torit och döpte det nya grundämnet efter gudomen, efter en tradition av att hedra mytologiska figurer."},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulium","summary":"Thulium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i bärbara röntgenapparater, lasrar och vissa nukleära tillämpningar.","appearance":"Silvergrå","interesting_facts":["Thulium är det sällsynta av de stabila sällsynta jordartsmetallerna och ett av de dyraste.","Det är uppkallat efter Thule, ett mytiskt land längst i norr.","Radioaktivt thulium-170 används i bärbara röntgenapparater som inte behöver el.","Thulium lyser blått under ultraviolett ljus och används i markeringar mot förfalskning på sedlar.","Thuliumlasrar används i vissa medicinska kirurgiska ingrepp.","Trots sin sällsynthet är thulium fortfarande rikligare i skorpan än guld."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Thule, det antika grekiska och romerska namnet för ett mytiskt land längst i norra kanten av den kända världen, ofta identifierat med Skandinavien eller Island; Per Teodor Cleve valde namnet 1879 för att hedra grundämnets skandinaviska ursprung."},"Tin":{"name":"Tenn","summary":"Tenn är en formbar, silvervit metall som används i lod, beläggningar och legeringar som brons.","appearance":"Silvervit metall","interesting_facts":["Att blanda tenn med koppar gör brons, legeringen som definierade en hel tidsålder av mänsklighetens historia.","När den böjs avger en plåtstång ett sprakande ljud som kallas \"plåtskrik\" när dess kristaller omarrangeras.","I extrem kyla kan vanligt plåt smulas sönder till ett grått pulver, en process som kallas \"plåtpest\".","Plåtburkar får sin korrosionsbeständighet från en tunn plåtbeläggning över stål.","Tenn har mer stabila isotoper (tio) än något annat element.","Tenn och lod är vanliga tennbaserade legeringar som använts i århundraden."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Det engelska ordet 'tin' kommer från forngelska 'tin', besläktat med proto-germanskt 'tinam', av osäkert ytterligare ursprung; symbolen Sn kommer från latinets \"stannum\", som ursprungligen hänvisade till en silver-blylegering innan den applicerades på tenn."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titan","summary":"Titan är en stark lättviktsmetall som ofta används inom flyg, medicinsk utrustning och legeringar.","appearance":"Silvergråvit","interesting_facts":["Titan har det högsta hållfasthets-till-densitetsförhållandet av något metalliskt element, det är lika starkt som stål men cirka 45 % lättare.","Den är biokompatibel, så kroppen avvisar den inte, vilket gör den idealisk för höftproteser och tandimplantat.","Titandioxid är ett lysande vitt pigment som används i färg, solskyddsmedel och till och med tandkräm.","Den motstår korrosion från havsvatten så väl att den används i fartygsdelar och ubåtsskrov.","Titan är uppkallat efter den grekiska mytologins titaner på grund av dess stora styrka.","Även om det är det nionde vanligaste grundämnet i skorpan, är titan dyrt eftersom det är svårt att utvinna från dess malmer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter den grekiska mytologins titaner - kraftfulla urgudar - av Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1795, som ville ha ett namn fritt från geografiska eller personliga associationer."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Volfram","summary":"Volfram är en hård, tät metall med den högsta smältpunkten av alla element, som används i filament, skärverktyg och pansargenomträngande projektiler.","appearance":"Gråvit, glänsande","interesting_facts":["Volfram har den högsta smältpunkten av alla metaller, cirka 3 422 °C.","Den användes för de glödande glödtrådarna i glödlampor.","Namnet kommer från svenska för 'tung sten', medan dess symbol W kommer från 'wolfram'.","Volframkarbid är nästan lika hård som diamant och används i borrkronor, sågar och pansarbrytande rundor.","Det är ett av de tätaste elementen, ungefär samma densitet som guld.","Volfram är väsentligt för vissa enzymer i vissa värmeälskande mikrober, det tyngsta elementet som är känt för att användas av livet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten' kommer från de svenska orden 'tung' (tung) och 'sten' (sten), som syftar på mineralet scheelite; symbolen W kommer från 'wolfram', som kommer från mineralet wolframit — namngiven för att den 'slukade' tenn under smältning, vilket framkallade en varg (tyska: Wolf Rahm, vargkräm eller skum)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uran","summary":"Uran är en tät, radioaktiv metall som används som bränsle i kärnreaktorer och i kärnvapen.","appearance":"Silvergrå metall","interesting_facts":["Uran är det tyngsta grundämnet som förekommer i betydande mängder i naturen.","Den fick sitt namn efter planeten Uranus, upptäckt bara åtta år tidigare.","Ett enda kilo uran-235 kan frigöra så mycket energi som flera tusen ton kol.","Uranets radioaktivitet upptäcktes av Henri Becquerel 1896 när det immade fotografiska plattor i mörkret.","Utarmat uran är extremt tätt och används i pansar- och pansarbrytande ammunition.","Uranglas, populärt på 1800-talet, lyser klart grönt under ultraviolett ljus."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter planeten Uranus, som hade upptäckts bara åtta år tidigare, av Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1789; han följde traditionen att döpa element efter himlakroppar, precis som tellur (grundämnet före det) hade fått sitt namn efter jorden."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadin","summary":"Vanadin är en hård, silvergrå metall som främst används för att stärka stållegeringar och andra material.","appearance":"Silvergrå","interesting_facts":["Vanadin är uppkallat efter Vanadis, ett namn på den nordiska gudinnan Freyja, på grund av dess vackert färgade föreningar.","Dess föreningar visas i en regnbåge av färger beroende på oxidationstillstånd: lila, blå, grön och gul.","Att tillsätta små mängder vanadin till stål gör det mycket hårdare och segare, som används i verktyg och bildelar.","Henry Ford använde vanadinstål i Model T för att göra den lättare och starkare.","Vanadium redox flödesbatterier kan lagra stora mängder energi för elnätet.","Vissa havsdjur som kallas havssprutar koncentrerar vanadin i blodet vid nivåer som är mycket högre än det omgivande havsvattnet."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Vanadis, ett fornnordiskt epitet för gudinnan Freyja, som valdes av Nils Gabriel Sefström 1830 eftersom vanadinföreningar bildar slående vackra, mångfärgade lösningar."},"Xenon":{"name":"Xenon","summary":"Xenon är en färglös, tät, luktfri ädelgas som används i belysning, medicinsk bildbehandling och framdrivning av rymdfarkoster.","appearance":"Färglös gas, avger ett blått sken vid upphetsning","interesting_facts":["Xenons namn kommer från det grekiska ordet för \"främling\", eftersom det var ett så sällsynt fynd i luften.","Den producerar ett strålande vitt ljus och används i bilstrålkastare, kamerablixtar och filmprojektorlampor.","Xenon kan användas som ett säkert, kraftfullt bedövningsmedel, även om det är dyrt.","Trots att det var en ädelgas var xenon den första som bildade en riktig kemisk förening 1962.","Jonpropeller på rymdfarkoster använder xenon som drivmedel och driver försiktigt sonder över solsystemet.","Xenon är tillräckligt tät för att du kan flyta ett lätt föremål på den osynliga gasen."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från grekiska 'xenos' (främling eller främmande), namngiven av William Ramsay och Morris Travers 1898 eftersom xenon dök upp som ett helt obekant element gömt i resterna efter att ha avdunstat flytande krypton."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"Ytterbium","summary":"Ytterbium är en mjuk, silverfärgad metall som används i lasrar, atomur och spänningsmätare i material.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium är ett av fyra grundämnen uppkallat efter den lilla svenska byn Ytterby.","Ytterbium atomklockor är bland de mest exakta tidtagarna som någonsin byggts.","Dess elektriska motstånd ökar kraftigt under högt tryck, som används som spänningsmätare.","Ytterbiumdopade fibrer driver högenergiindustrilasrar för skärning och svetsning av metall.","Det är en mjuk, formbar, silverglänsande sällsynt jordartsmetall.","Ovanligt för en lantanid kan ytterbium anta ett stabilt +2 oxidationstillstånd."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ytterby, en by på ön Resarö nära Stockholm, Sverige; Jean Charles de Marignac isolerade sin oxid för första gången 1878 från mineralet erbia, och ytterbium är ett av fyra grundämnen som är uppkallade efter den enda svenska byn."},"Yttrium":{"name":"Yttrium","summary":"Yttrium är ett silverfärgat metalliskt element som används i fosfor, supraledare och LED-teknik.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Yttrium är uppkallat efter den svenska byn Ytterby, som gett namn åt fyra olika element.","Yttrium-aluminium-granat (YAG) kristaller används för att göra kraftfulla lasrar för medicin och industri.","Det hjälpte till att skapa de första högtemperatursupraledarna som arbetar över kvävets kokpunkt.","Yttriumföreningar producerade de röda fosforerna i gamla färg-tv-skärmar.","Det används för att stärka aluminium- och magnesiumlegeringar.","Även om det kallas en sällsynt jordartsmetall, finns yttrium mer rikligt i skorpan än silver eller bly."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Uppkallad efter Ytterby, en liten by på ön Resarö i Sverige, där malmen gadoliniten samlades första gången 1787; samma bynamn inspirerade också namnen på ytterbium, erbium och terbium."},"Zinc":{"name":"Zink","summary":"Zink är en blåaktig-silvermetall som vanligtvis används i galvanisering, legeringar och som ett viktigt mineral för biologiska processer.","appearance":"Blåaktig-silver metall","interesting_facts":["Zink belägger stål i en process som kallas galvanisering, och offrar sig själv för att skydda stålet från rost.","Det är viktigt för det mänskliga immunförsvaret, och zinkpastiller används för att bekämpa förkylningar.","Zink brinner med en klar blågrön låga och kallades en gång för 'filosofens ull' när dess vita oxid samlades in.","Mässing, som används i instrument och beslag, är en legering av koppar och zink.","De flesta moderna encentsmynt och många andra är till stor del gjorda av zink med en tunn kopparbeläggning.","Zinkoxid är den aktiva ingrediensen i många solkrämer och krämer för blöjutslag."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från tyska 'Zink' (zink), användes först av Paracelsus på 1500-talet; ursprunget kan relatera till 'Zinke' (utsprång eller spik), som beskriver de taggiga kristallerna som bildas under smältning, eller möjligen till persisk 'sing' (sten)."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirkonium","summary":"Zirkonium är en korrosionsbeständig metall som används i kärnreaktorer, kirurgiska instrument och keramiska material.","appearance":"Silvervit","interesting_facts":["Zirkonium är mycket motståndskraftigt mot korrosion och absorberar knappt neutroner, vilket gör det idealiskt för att täcka kärnbränslestavar.","Cubic zirconia, en zirkoniumförening, är en populär diamantersättning i smycken.","Ädelstenen zirkon, ett zirkoniumsilikat, innehåller några av de äldsta kända mineralerna på jorden, över 4 miljarder år gamla.","Zirkoniumpulver är mycket brandfarligt och användes en gång i blixtlampor.","Det är biokompatibelt och används i tandkronor och ledimplantat.","Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik är tuff nog för att göra knivblad som sällan behöver slipas."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Från arabiska 'zarqun' (vermilion eller guldfärgad), härledd från persiska 'zargun' (guldliknande), eftersom ädelstenen zirkon har gyllene nyanser; namnet gavs av Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1789."}},"tr":{"Actinium":{"name":"Aktinyum","summary":"Aktinyum, öncelikle araştırmalarda ve nötron kaynağı olarak kullanılan yumuşak, gümüşi radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Aktinyum, yoğun radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle karanlıkta ürkütücü soluk mavi bir ışıkla parlıyor.","Adı, ışın veya ışın anlamına gelen Yunanca 'aktis' kelimesinden gelmektedir.","Adını aktinit element serisine verir.","Aktinyum-225, kansere karşı hedeflenen alfa parçacığı tedavisi için araştırılıyor.","Radyumdan yaklaşık 150 kat daha radyoaktiftir.","Aktinyum son derece nadirdir ve uranyum cevherlerinde yalnızca eser miktarlarda bulunur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'ışın' veya 'ışın' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'aktis'ten (ἀκτίς) alır; André-Louis Debierne onu ilk kez 1899'da uranyum cevherinden izole etti ve ona güçlü radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle adını verdi; adını ağır elementlerin aktinit serisine verir."},"Aluminum":{"name":"Alüminyum","summary":"Alüminyum, çok çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılan gümüşi beyaz, hafif ve korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş grisi metal","interesting_facts":["Alüminyum, yerkabuğunda en çok bulunan metal olmasına rağmen bir zamanlar saflaştırılması çok zordu ve altından daha değerliydi.","1880'lerde bir ziyafette, Fransa'nın en onurlu konuklarının alüminyum çatal bıçak takımıyla yemek yediği, diğerlerinin ise altın kullandığı bildirildi.","Tamamen geri dönüştürülebilir ve geri dönüştürülen alüminyum, ham cevherden elde edilmesi için gereken enerjinin yalnızca %5'ini kullanır.","Alüminyumun üzerinde anında kendi kendini onaran ince bir oksit tabakası oluşur ve onu korozyondan korur.","1886'da icat edilen Hall-Heroult işlemi, alüminyumu alüminadan çıkarmak için elektrik kullanarak alüminyumu ucuz hale getirdi.","Alüminyum hafif, güçlü ve manyetik değildir; bu da onu uçaklar, teneke kutular ve folyolar için ideal kılar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'alümen'den (şap, antik çağlardan beri boyama ve tabaklamada kullanılan bir bileşik); Humphry Davy, 1807'de 'alüminyum' kelimesini icat etti ve daha sonra bunu 'alüminyum' olarak revize etti; dünyanın büyük bir kısmı ise 'alüminyum' yazımını benimsedi."},"Americium":{"name":"Amerikyum","summary":"Amerikyum, duman dedektörlerinde ve endüstriyel uygulamalarda nötron kaynağı olarak kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz, havada yavaş yavaş kararır","interesting_facts":["Amerikyum çoğu ev tipi duman dedektöründe küçük miktarlarda kullanılır.","Adını Amerika'dan alıyor, europium'un Avrupa'dan sonra adlandırılmasını yansıtıyor.","Americium ilk kez 1944'te Manhattan Projesi sırasında üretildi.","Bir duman dedektöründe amerikyum, havayı iyonize eden alfa parçacıkları yayar; duman akımı keser ve alarmı tetikler.","Kendi yoğun radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle karanlıkta hafifçe parlıyor.","Amerikyum gelecekteki uzay görevleri için olası uzun ömürlü bir güç kaynağı olarak inceleniyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1944 yılında Glenn Seaborg tarafından ilk üretildiği kıta olan Amerika'dan almıştır; Seaborg, americium'un aktinit serisinde europium'un lantanit serisinde yaptığı ile aynı konumda olması nedeniyle, europium'a (adını Avrupa'dan almıştır) kasıtlı olarak benzeterek bu ismi vermiştir."},"Antimony":{"name":"Antimon","summary":"Antimon, alev geciktiricilerde, alaşımlarda ve yarı iletkenlerde kullanılan kırılgan, mavimsi beyaz bir metaloiddir.","appearance":"Gümüşi, mavimsi beyaz","interesting_facts":["Antimon, eski Mısır'dan beri göz morarması kozmetiği olan sürme olarak kullanılmaktadır.","Alışılmadık bir şekilde donduğunda genişleyen, keskin dökümler ve metal tipi için kullanışlı hale getiren bir metaloiddir.","Antimon bileşikleri plastik ve tekstilde alev geciktirici olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır.","Kimyasal sembolü Sb, Latince 'stibium'dan gelir.","Ortaçağ simyacıları antimon haplarını yeniden kullanılabilen müshil olarak kullandılar, geri kazanıldılar ve 'sonsuz haplar' olarak nesillere aktarıldılar.","Antimon, eski matbaa ve akü plakalarında olduğu gibi, daha sert olması için kurşunla alaşımlanır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce adı Orta Çağ Latincesi 'antimonyum'dan gelir ve kökeni belirsizdir (muhtemelen Arapça 'itmid'den veya 'yalnız değil' anlamına gelen Latince bir ifadeden gelir, çünkü antimon nadiren saf formda bulunur); Sb sembolü, eski Mısır'dan beri kozmetik olarak kullanılan siyah sülfit cevherinin adı olan Latince 'stibium'dan gelmektedir."},"Argon":{"name":"Argon","summary":"Argon, Dünya atmosferinin yaklaşık %1'ini oluşturan renksiz, kokusuz bir soy gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Argon, Dünya atmosferinin yaklaşık %1'ini oluşturur ve bu da onu havada en bol bulunan soylu gaz yapar.","Kimyasal olarak tepkimeye girmediği için adı Yunanca 'tembel' anlamına gelen kelimeden geliyor.","Argon, sıcak filamanla reaksiyona girmeyeceği için akkor ampulleri doldurmak için kullanılır.","Kaynakçılar, sıcak metalin havadaki oksijenle reaksiyona girmesini önlemek için argonu koruyucu gaz olarak kullanır.","Dünyadaki argonun çoğu, kayalardaki potasyum-40'ın radyoaktif bozunması sonucu üretilen argon-40'tır.","Çift camlı pencereler genellikle argonla doldurulur çünkü sıradan havadan daha iyi yalıtım sağlar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1894 yılında William Ramsay ve Lord Rayleigh tarafından Yunanca 'argon'dan (boşta veya aktif olmayan, 'argos'un nötr hali) türetilmiştir, çünkü gaz kimyasal olarak inerttir ve herhangi bir şeyle reaksiyona girmeye son derece isteksizdir."},"Arsenic":{"name":"Arsenik","summary":"Arsenik, geçmişte pestisitlerde, şimdi ise yarı iletkenlerde ve cam üretiminde kullanılan toksik bir metaloiddir.","appearance":"metalik gri","interesting_facts":["Arsenik, yüzyıllardır tespit edilemeyen ve tarihi cinayetlerin gözdesi olan 'kralların zehri ve zehirlerin kralı' olarak ünlüdür.","Toksisitesine rağmen, küçük miktarda arsenik bazı hayvanlar için gerekli bir besin maddesi olabilir.","Galyum arsenit ve diğer arsenik bileşikleri, modern yarı iletkenler ve LED'ler için hayati öneme sahiptir.","Yeraltı suyundaki arsenik kirliliği dünya çapında milyonlarca insanın içme suyunu etkiliyor.","Sarımsağa benzer bir kokuyla ısıtıldığında doğrudan katı halden gaza dönüşerek süblimleşir.","Arsenik içeren yeşil pigmentler bir zamanlar duvar kağıdında kullanılmıştı ve Viktorya dönemi evlerini yavaş yavaş zehirlemiş olabilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'arsenikon'dan (sarı orpiment, arsenik sülfit cevheri), kendisi de muhtemelen Farsça 'zarnikh'ten (arsenik cevheri); Kelime aynı zamanda arsenik bileşiklerinin güçlü özelliklerini yansıtan Yunanca 'arrhen' (erkek veya güçlü) kelimesiyle de bağlantılı olabilir."},"Astatine":{"name":"Astatin","summary":"Astatin, öncelikle bilimsel araştırmalarda ve potansiyel olarak kanser tedavilerinde kullanılan nadir, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Astatin, doğal olarak oluşan en nadir elementtir; Yerkabuğunda herhangi bir zamanda bir gramdan daha azı bulunur.","Adı, 'kararsız' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'astatos' kelimesinden geliyor.","Hiç kimse görünür bir örnek görmedi çünkü kendi yoğun radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle buharlaşacaktı.","Halojenlerin en ağırıdır ve ilk kez 1940 yılında sentezlenmiştir.","Astatin-211, hedefe yönelik alfa parçacığı kanseri tedavisi için araştırılıyor.","En kararlı izotopunun yarı ömrü yalnızca 8 saattir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'kararsız' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'astatos'tan (ἄστατος) alır; Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie ve Emilio Segrè bunu 1940 yılında Berkeley'de sentezlediler ve bu adı seçtiler çünkü tüm astatin izotopları radyoaktiftir ve hızla bozunur, bu da elementi doğası gereği kararsız hale getirir."},"Barium":{"name":"Baryum","summary":"Baryum, sondaj sıvılarında, boyalarda ve tıbbi görüntülemede kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Hastalar 'baryum yemeği' veya 'baryum yutması' içerler çünkü baryum X ışınlarını bloke ederek sindirim sistemini açığa çıkarır.","Baryum bileşikleri havai fişeklere parlak yeşil renklerini verir.","Adı, ağır anlamına gelen Yunanca 'barys' kelimesinden gelmektedir.","Metal toksik olmasına rağmen tıbbi taramalarda kullanılan çözünmeyen baryum sülfat vücuttan güvenli bir şekilde geçer.","Baryum o kadar reaktiftir ki, petrol altında depolanması gerekir ve doğada asla serbest bulunmaz.","Mineral barit (baryum sülfat), petrol endüstrisinde sondaj sıvılarını ağırlıklandırmak için kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1808'de Humphry Davy tarafından baryum sülfatın (barit, ortak cevher) metalik olmayan bir mineral için alışılmadık derecede yoğun olması nedeniyle adını Yunanca 'barys'den (ağır) alır."},"Berkelium":{"name":"Berkelyum","summary":"Berkelium, öncelikle bilimsel araştırmalarda ve daha ağır elementlerin üretiminde kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli","interesting_facts":["Berkelium, adını ilk kez 1949'da yapıldığı Kaliforniya Berkeley'den almıştır.","Son derece nadir bir sentetik elementtir ve şimdiye kadar yalnızca çok küçük miktarlarda üretilmiştir.","Süper ağır element tennessini sentezlemek için hedef malzeme olarak Berkelium kullanıldı.","Küçük bir berkelyum numunesinin üretilmesi, yüksek akışlı bir reaktörde aylarca sürebilir.","Oldukça radyoaktiftir ve bilimsel araştırma dışında hiçbir kullanımı yoktur.","Berkelium, her iki elemente de kasabaların adını veren ve eşleşen konumlara yerleştirilen terbiyum ile bir seti tamamlıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını ilk kez 1949'da California Üniversitesi Radyasyon Laboratuvarı'nda sentezlendiği Berkeley, Kaliforniya'dan almıştır; Adlandırma kasıtlı olarak İsveç'in Ytterby kasabasından adını alan terbiyumu yansıtıyor; her iki element de sırasıyla lantanit ve aktinit serilerinde eşleşen pozisyonları işgal ediyor."},"Beryllium":{"name":"Berilyum","summary":"Berilyum, mineral kayalarda, kömürde, toprakta ve volkanik tozda doğal olarak bulunan sert, grimsi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Çelik grisi","interesting_facts":["Berilyum, X ışınlarına karşı son derece şeffaftır, bu nedenle X-ışını tüpleri ve dedektörleri için pencereler yapmak için kullanılır.","En hafif yapısal metallerden biridir ancak çelikten daha yüksek bir sertlik/ağırlık oranına sahiptir.","Değerli taşlar zümrüt ve akuamarin, bir berilyum alüminyum silikat olan beril mineralinin formlarıdır.","Berilyum tozu oldukça zehirlidir ve berilyoz adı verilen kronik akciğer hastalığına neden olabilir.","James Webb Uzay Teleskobu'nun aynaları, aşırı soğuk sıcaklıklarda şeklini koruduğu için altın kaplamalı berilyumdan yapılmıştır.","1932 yılında James Chadwick berilyumu alfa parçacıklarıyla bombalayarak nötronu keşfetti."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Yunanca 'beryllos'tan gelen değerli taş olan berilden almıştır, çünkü Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin berilyumu ilk kez 1798'de beril ve zümrüt minerallerinden izole etmiştir."},"Bismuth":{"name":"Bizmut","summary":"Bizmut, kozmetiklerde, tıbbi prosedürlerde ve alaşımlarda kullanılan, düşük toksisiteye sahip, kırılgan bir metaldir.","appearance":"Yanardöner bir renk tonuna sahip gümüşi beyaz","interesting_facts":["Bizmut, merdiven basamağı, huni şekliyle çarpıcı, yanardöner gökkuşağı kristalleri oluşturur.","Pratik amaçlar açısından stabil olan ve neredeyse hayal edilemeyecek kadar uzun bir yarı ömre sahip en ağır elementtir.","Bizmut, Pepto-Bismol'ün ana maddesidir ve mide rahatsızlığını yatıştırmak için kullanılır.","Su gibi bizmut da donduğunda genişler.","Yangın sprinklerleri ve güvenlik cihazlarında düşük erime noktalı alaşımlarda kullanılır.","Bizmut, bazı alaşımlarda daha az yoğun olan birkaç metalden biridir ve birçok üründe kurşunun yerine toksik olmayan bir alternatiftir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Eski Almanca 'Wismut' veya 'Wismuth' kelimesinden, muhtemelen 'weiße Masse'den (beyaz kütle) veya kökeni belirsiz bir madenci teriminden türemiştir; 15. yüzyıldan bu yana ayrı bir metal olarak bilinen, bazen kurşun veya kalay ile karıştırılan ve modern kullanımda 'bizmut' haline gelmeden önce Latince 'bisemutum' olarak anılan metal."},"Bohrium":{"name":"Bohryum","summary":"Bohrium, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Bohriyum, adını atomun yapısını modelleyen fizikçi Niels Bohr'dan almıştır.","Bir seferde yalnızca birkaç atom üreten sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Bohrium ilk olarak 1981 yılında Almanya'da kuruldu.","İzotopları yoğun radyoaktiftir ve saniyeler veya daha kısa sürede bozunur.","Deneyler, grup 7'deki bohriyumun kimyasal olarak renyuma benzediğini gösteriyor.","En ağır elementlere yönelik temel araştırmaların dışında hiçbir kullanımı yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını atomun kuantum modelini geliştiren ve atom yapısının anlaşılmasına temel katkılarda bulunan Danimarkalı fizikçi Niels Bohr'dan almıştır; GSI Darmstadt, Almanya, bunu 1981'de sentezledi ve onun onuruna bu adı önerdi; 1997'de IUPAC tarafından resmi olarak kabul edildi."},"Boron":{"name":"Bor","summary":"Bor, bitki büyümesi için gerekli olan ancak aşırı miktarda toksik olabilen metaloid bir elementtir.","appearance":"Siyah-kahverengi","interesting_facts":["Bor bileşikleri alevlere belirgin bir parlak yeşil renk verir ve bu da onu piroteknikte kullanışlı kılar.","Bor, çok küçük miktarlarda da olsa, bitki büyümesi için gereklidir; fazlası mahsuller için zehirlidir.","Bordan yapılan borosilikat cam, termal şoka dayanıklıdır ve tencere ve laboratuvar cam eşyalarında kullanılır.","İzotop bor-10, nötronları kolayca emer, bu nedenle bor, kontrol çubuklarında ve nükleer reaktörlerin koruyucularında kullanılır.","Bir bor minerali olan boraks, binlerce yıldır metallerin lehimlenmesinde temizlik maddesi ve flux olarak kullanılmaktadır.","Bor, hem metallerin hem de metal olmayanların özelliklerini paylaşan bir metaloiddir ve oda sıcaklığında zayıf bir iletkendir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, ilk izole edildiği mineral olan boraks'tan alır ve 'boraks' Arapça 'buraq' veya Farsça 'burah'tan türetilir ve boraks veya güherçile anlamına gelir."},"Bromine":{"name":"Brom","summary":"Brom, oda sıcaklığında kırmızımsı kahverengi bir sıvıdır ve alev geciktiricilerde, su arıtmada ve farmasötiklerde kullanılır.","appearance":"Kırmızı-kahverengi sıvı","interesting_facts":["Brom, cıva ile birlikte oda sıcaklığında sıvı olan iki elementten biridir.","Boğucu, zehirli dumanlar çıkaran yoğun, kırmızımsı kahverengi bir sıvıdır.","Adı, 'kötü koku' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'bromos' kelimesinden geliyor.","Eski insanlar brom bileşiklerini kullanarak deniz salyangozlarından değerli bir mor boya olan Tyrian morunu elde ettiler.","Brom bileşikleri elektronik ve mobilyada alev geciktirici olarak yaygın şekilde kullanıldı.","Bromun çoğu deniz suyundan ve tuz bakımından zengin tuzlu su yataklarından çıkarılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1826'da Antoine Jérôme Balard tarafından Yunanca 'bromos'tan (kötü koku veya kötü koku) alınmıştır, çünkü sıvı brom son derece nahoş, boğucu bir koku üretir."},"Cadmium":{"name":"Kadmiyum","summary":"Kadmiyum, öncelikle pillerde, pigmentlerde ve elektrokaplamada kullanılan yumuşak, mavimsi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi mavimsi gri metalik","interesting_facts":["Kadmiyum, Monet ve Van Gogh gibi sanatçılar tarafından uzun süredir değer verilen canlı sarı, turuncu ve kırmızı pigmentleri verir.","Toksiktir ve vücutta birikerek 20. yüzyılda Japonya'da görülen ağrılı 'itai-itai' kemik hastalığına neden olur.","Şarj edilebilir nikel-kadmiyum (NiCd) piller bir zamanlar oldukça yaygındı.","Kadmiyum kaplamalar, özellikle uçak parçalarında çeliği korozyondan korur.","1817'de çinko cevherlerinde safsızlık olarak keşfedildi.","Kadmiyum nötronları kolayca emer, bu nedenle nükleer reaktörlerin kontrol çubuklarında kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Kadmiyumun 1817'de çinko cevherlerinde bir safsızlık olarak keşfedilmesinden bu yana, Latince 'kadmia' (kalamin, bir çinko karbonat cevheri) ve Yunanca 'kadmeia'dan (Theban toprağı, adını Thebes'in efsanevi kurucusu Cadmus'tan almıştır)."},"Calcium":{"name":"Kalsiyum","summary":"Kalsiyum, canlı organizmalar için, özellikle hücre fizyolojisi ve kemik oluşumu açısından gerekli olan yumuşak gri bir metaldir.","appearance":"Donuk gri, gümüş","interesting_facts":["Kalsiyum insan vücudunda en çok bulunan metaldir ve yaklaşık %99'u kemiklerde ve dişlerde depolanır.","Kireçtaşı, tebeşir ve mermerin tümü kalsiyum karbonatın formlarıdır.","Yer kabuğunda en çok bulunan beşinci elementtir.","Kalsiyum iyonları hücrelerin içinde evrensel bir sinyal görevi görerek kas kasılmasından döllenmeye kadar her şeyi tetikler.","Sönmemiş kireç (kalsiyum oksit) ısıtıldığında parlak bir şekilde parlıyordu ve sahneleri aydınlatmak için kullanılıyordu, bu da bize 'ilgi odağında' deyimini veriyordu.","Mercan resifleri ve deniz kabukları büyük oranda deniz suyundan elde edilen kalsiyum karbonattan oluşur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'calx' veya 'calcis'ten (kireç veya kireçtaşı), çünkü Humphry Davy bunu ilk kez 1808'de Romalıların uzun süredir inşaatlarda kullandığı bir malzeme olan kalsiyum oksidin (sönmemiş kireç) elektrolizi ile izole etti."},"Californium":{"name":"Kaliforniyum","summary":"Kaliforniyum, nötron kaynaklarında, kanser tedavisinde ve malzeme analizinde kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi metalik, radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle karanlıkta parlıyor","interesting_facts":["Kaliforniyum, gram başına milyonlarca dolara mal olan, dünyadaki en pahalı maddelerden biridir.","Adını 1950 yılında keşfedildiği ABD'nin Kaliforniya eyaletinden almıştır.","Kaliforniyum-252, nükleer reaktörleri başlatmak için ve endüstriyel tarayıcılarda kullanılan güçlü bir nötron yayıcıdır.","Kayanın nötron analizi yoluyla altın ve yağı tespit etmek için kullanılır.","Tek bir mikrogram, her saniye muazzam sayıda nötron salar.","Kaliforniyum ayrıca metal yorgunluğunu tanımlamak ve uçak ve makinelerdeki zayıf noktaları bulmak için de kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1950 yılında sentezlendiği ABD'nin Kaliforniya eyaleti ve Kaliforniya Üniversitesi'nden almıştır; Thompson, Seaborg, Street ve Ghiorso, yakınlardaki gök cisimlerinin tükendiğini belirterek bu ismi seçtiler ve bunun yerine keşif yerini onurlandırmaya karar verdiler."},"Carbon":{"name":"Karbon","summary":"Karbon, bilinen tüm organik bileşiklerde bulunan yaşamın temel yapı taşıdır.","appearance":"Değişir (grafit siyahtır, elmas berraktır)","interesting_facts":["Karbon, diğer tüm elementlerin toplamından daha fazla bileşik oluşturur ve bilinen tüm yaşamın kimyasal temelini oluşturur.","Elmas ve grafit saf karbondur, ancak elmas en sert doğal malzemedir, grafit ise yazı yazabilecek kadar yumuşaktır.","Tek bir karbon atomu tabakası olan grafen, çelikten yaklaşık 200 kat daha güçlüdür ve elektriği bakırdan daha iyi iletir.","Karbon-14 tarihlemesi, bir zamanlar yaşayan malzemenin yaklaşık 50.000 yaşına kadar olan yaşını belirlemek için radyoaktif karbon izotopunun sürekli bozunmasını kullanır.","Yıldızların içinde oluşan karbon atomları, o yıldızlar patladığında evrene yayılır ve bizi kelimenin tam anlamıyla yıldız tozundan yapılmış hale getirir.","60 karbon atomundan oluşan futbol topu şeklindeki bir molekül olan Buckminsterfullerene, 1985 yılında keşfedildi ve mimar Buckminster Fuller'ın adını aldı."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'carbo'dan (kömür veya odun kömürü), karbonun antik çağlardan beri odun kömürü, grafit ve elmas biçiminde bilindiğini yansıtır."},"Cerium":{"name":"Seryum","summary":"Seryum, katalitik konvertörlerde, cam parlatmada ve alaşımlarda kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi gri","interesting_facts":["Seryum, tüm nadir toprak elementleri arasında en bol bulunanıdır ve bakırdan daha yaygındır.","Adını iki yıl önce keşfedilen cüce gezegen Ceres'ten almıştır.","Seryum, 'çakmaktaşı' çakmak ve ateşleyici alaşımlarda kıvılcım üreten temel bileşendir.","Seryum oksit, cam ve değerli taşlara pürüzsüz bir yüzey kazandırmak için kullanılan ince parlatma tozudur.","Oksijenin depolanmasına ve serbest bırakılmasına yardımcı olmak için katalitik konvertörlere eklenir.","Taze kesilmiş seryum havada kendiliğinden tutuşabilir, bu da onu piroforik hale getirir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1801'de keşfedilen cüce gezegen Ceres'ten almıştır ve kendisine de Roma tarım tanrıçasının adı verilmiştir; Martin Heinrich Klaproth ve Jöns Jacob Berzelius, 1803 yılında yeni elementlere gök cisimlerinin adını verme modasını takip ederek ona isim verdiler."},"Cesium":{"name":"Sezyum","summary":"Sezyum, atom saatlerinde ve çeşitli elektronik uygulamalarda kullanıldığı bilinen, yumuşak, altın renkli bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş-altın metalik","interesting_facts":["İkincisi ise resmi olarak atom saatlerinin temeli olan sezyum atomlarının titreşimleriyle tanımlanır.","Sezyum, suyla temas ettiğinde şiddetli bir şekilde patlayan en reaktif metallerden biridir.","Yaklaşık 28 °C'de erir, bu nedenle sıcak bir günde sıvıdır.","Gümüş veya gri olmayan birkaç metalden biri olan altın-gümüş rengine sahiptir.","Sezyum, 1860 yılında Bunsen ve Kirchhoff tarafından spektroskopiyle keşfedilen ilk elementtir.","Radyoaktif sezyum-137, nükleer fisyonun önemli bir ürünüdür ve nükleer kazalarla ilgili bir endişe kaynağıdır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1860 yılında Robert Bunsen ve Gustav Kirchhoff tarafından elementi tanımlamak için kullandıkları iki belirgin parlak mavi spektral çizgiden sonra adını alan Latince 'caesius'tan (gök mavisi veya grimsi mavi)."},"Chlorine":{"name":"Klor","summary":"Klor, dezenfektan olarak ve çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılan oldukça reaktif, yeşilimsi sarı bir gazdır.","appearance":"Yeşilimsi sarı gaz","interesting_facts":["Klor, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda kimyasal silah olarak kullanılan yeşilimsi sarı bir gazdır.","İçme suyuna ve yüzme havuzlarına eklenen küçük miktarlar bakterileri öldürür ve sayısız hayatı su kaynaklı hastalıklardan kurtarır.","Sodyum ile birleştiğinde klor, yaşam için gerekli olan sıradan sofra tuzunu oluşturur.","O kadar reaktiftir ki, boyaları kolayca beyazlatır ve dezenfekte eder, bu nedenle ev tipi ağartıcılarda kullanılır.","Klor ilk kez 1774'te, onun yeni bir element olduğunun farkında olmayan Carl Wilhelm Scheele tarafından izole edildi.","Gaz kadar zehirli olmasına rağmen vücudunuzdaki klorür iyonları sindirim ve sinir fonksiyonu için hayati öneme sahiptir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1810'da Humphry Davy tarafından gazın ayırt edici sarı-yeşil rengini yansıtmak üzere isimlendirilen Yunanca 'kloros'tan (soluk yeşil veya yeşilimsi sarı) gelir."},"Chromium":{"name":"Krom","summary":"Krom, paslanmaz çelik ve krom kaplamada kullanılan sert, parlak ve korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Krom, paslanmaz çeliğe parlaklık ve pas direncini vererek görünmez bir koruyucu oksit tabakası oluşturur.","Bileşikleri canlı renklere sahip olduğundan adı Yunanca renk anlamına gelen 'chroma' kelimesinden gelir.","Krom, kristallerdeki eser miktardaki yabancı madde olarak yakutları kırmızı ve zümrütleri yeşil yapan şeydir.","Krom kaplama, araç kaplamalarına ve aletlere parlak, sert, ayna benzeri bir görünüm kazandırır.","Krom en sert metallerden biridir ve korozyona karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır.","Bazı krom bileşikleri eser miktarlarda temel besin maddeleri iken diğerleri (krom-6) toksik ve kanserojendir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1798'de Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin tarafından, krom bileşiklerinin çok çeşitli canlı renkler sergilemesi nedeniyle, Yunanca 'chroma' (renk) kelimesinden gelir; yakutta kırmızı, zümrütte yeşil, krokoitte turuncu."},"Cobalt":{"name":"Kobalt","summary":"Kobalt, alaşımlarda ve pillerde kullanılan ve B12 vitamini için gerekli olan sert, parlak, gümüş grisi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Parlak gri metal","interesting_facts":["Kobalt, cam ve seramiğe derin, parlak mavi bir renk vermek için 2000 yılı aşkın bir süredir kullanılmaktadır.","Adı 'kobold'dan geliyor, Alman madencilerin sorunlu cevherlerden sorumlu olduğu haylaz goblin.","Kobalt, telefonlara ve elektrikli arabalara güç sağlayan şarj edilebilir lityum iyon pillerin önemli bir bileşenidir.","Demir ve nikelle birlikte oda sıcaklığında doğal olarak manyetik olan üç elementten biridir.","Radyoaktif izotop kobalt-60, kanseri tedavi etmek ve tıbbi ekipmanı sterilize etmek için kullanılır.","Kobalt, B12 vitamininin kalbindeki metal atomu olarak yaşam için gereklidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Almanca 'Kobold'dan (goblin veya imp), çünkü Alman madenciler, zehirli arsenik dumanları yayan ve bakır cevherine benzemesine rağmen bakır üretmeyen sorunlu kobalt cevheri için haylaz bir yeraltı ruhunu suçladılar."},"Copernicium":{"name":"Kopernikyum","summary":"Kopernikyum, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Copernicium, adını Güneş'i güneş sisteminin merkezine yerleştiren gökbilimci Nicolaus Copernicus'tan almıştır.","İlk kez 1996 yılında Almanya'da yaratıldı.","Kopernikyumun oda sıcaklığında uçucu bir sıvı veya gaz olduğu ve bir şekilde cıva gibi davrandığı tahmin ediliyor.","Her seferinde bir atomdan oluşan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","İzotopları oldukça radyoaktiftir ve kısa ömürlüdür.","Periyodik tablonun 12. grubunda cıvanın altında yer alır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, Dünyanın Güneş'in etrafında döndüğünü öne süren Polonyalı-Alman gökbilimci Nicolaus Copernicus'tan almıştır; GSI Darmstadt bunu 1996 yılında sentezledi ve Copernicus'u onurlandırmak için bu ismi önerdi; IUPAC bu ismi 2010 yılında doğumunun 537. yıldönümü vesilesiyle resmi olarak benimsedi."},"Copper":{"name":"Bakır","summary":"Bakır, yüksek termal ve elektrik iletkenliğiyle bilinen, elektrik kabloları ve sıhhi tesisatta yaygın olarak kullanılan kırmızımsı altın bir metaldir.","appearance":"Kırmızımsı metalik","interesting_facts":["Bakır, insanlar tarafından kullanılan ilk metallerden biriydi ve 10.000 yılı aşkın süredir iş görüyordu.","Gümüşten sonra mükemmel bir elektrik iletkenidir, bu nedenle tellerimizi ve kablolarımızı doldurur.","Bakır yüzeyler doğal olarak birçok bakteri ve virüsü öldürür, bu da onu kapı kolları ve hastane donanımları için kullanışlı hale getirir.","Özgürlük Anıtı, koruyucu bir patina oluşturduğundan zamanla yeşile dönen bakırla kaplıdır.","Bakırın kalay ile karıştırılması bronz, çinko ile pirinç elde edilmesi insanlık tarihini şekillendiren iki alaşımdır.","Bakır, vücudunuzun kırmızı kan hücreleri oluşturmasına ve sinirleri korumasına yardımcı olan önemli bir eser besin maddesidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Antik dünyanın ana bakır kaynağı olan ada olan Yunanca 'Kypros'tan (Kıbrıs) türetilen Latince 'cuprum'dan; Cu sembolü de bu Latince isme dayanmaktadır."},"Curium":{"name":"Küryum","summary":"Curium, uzay araştırmalarında güç kaynağı olarak ve bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi metalik, havada kararır","interesting_facts":["Curium, adını radyoaktivite araştırmalarının öncüleri Marie ve Pierre Curie'den almıştır.","Yoğun radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle karanlıkta yumuşak mor veya kırmızı bir ışıkla parlıyor.","Curium o kadar radyoaktif ki önemli miktarda ısı üretiyor ve uzay aracı gücü olarak düşünülüyor.","İlk kez 1944'te, daha hafif amerikanyumdan önce sentezlendi.","Curium bazlı araçlar, Mars'ın ve diğer gezegen yüzeylerinin kimyasal yapısını analiz etti.","Curium'un tamamı yapay olarak yapılmıştır; hiçbiri doğada bulunmaz."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını radyoaktivite araştırmalarının öncüleri Marie ve Pierre Curie'den almıştır; Glenn Seaborg, keşifleri nükleer kimyayı mümkün kılan çifti onurlandırmak için 1944'te buna isim verdi ve küryumun aktinit serisindeki konumunun, paralel bir model izleyerek adını bir kimyagerden alan lantanitlerdeki gadolinyumu yansıttığını belirtti."},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"Darmstadtyum","summary":"Darmstadtium, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini araştırmak için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Darmstadtium, adını 1994 yılında keşfedildiği Almanya'nın Darmstadt şehrinden almıştır.","Parçacık hızlandırıcılarda oluşturulan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca birkaç atom Darmstadtium yapıldı.","Atomları çürümeden önce bir saniyeden daha az bir süre hayatta kalır.","Grup 10'da kimyasal olarak platine benzemesi bekleniyor.","Darmstadtium'un bilimsel araştırma dışında pratik kullanımı yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını ilk kez 1994 yılında GSI Darmstadt'ta sentezlendiği Almanya'nın Darmstadt şehrinden almıştır; yeni oluşturulan elementlere keşif yerlerine göre isim verme geleneğini takip ediyor ve IUPAC bu ismi 2003 yılında resmi olarak benimsedi."},"Dubnium":{"name":"Dubnyum","summary":"Dubnium, ağır elementlerin özelliklerini keşfetmek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Dubnium, adını ünlü bir nükleer araştırma enstitüsüne ev sahipliği yapan Rusya'nın Dubna kentinden almıştır.","Yalnızca parçacık hızlandırıcılarda üretilen sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Keşfi, Soğuk Savaş sırasındaki isimlendirme anlaşmazlığı olan 'Transfermium Savaşları'nın bir parçasıydı.","Dubniyum atomları bozunmadan önce yalnızca birkaç saniye veya daha kısa süre boyunca var olur.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca az sayıda dubniyum atomu yaratıldı.","Grup 5'te kimyasal olarak tantala benzediği tahmin edilmektedir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Ortak Nükleer Araştırma Enstitüsü'nün bulunduğu Rusya'nın Dubna kentinden almıştır; IUPAC 1997'de tarafsız şehir tabanlı ismi benimsemeden önce bu isim, Amerikalı bilim adamlarının ona 'hahnium' ve Sovyet bilim adamlarının 'nielsbohrium' adını verdiği bir Soğuk Savaş anlaşmazlığını çözdü."},"Dysprosium":{"name":"Disprosyum","summary":"Disprosyum mıknatıslarda, lazerlerde ve nükleer reaktör kontrol çubuklarında kullanılan gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Disprosiyumun adı, izole edilmesi çok zor olduğundan, 'elde edilmesi zor' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'disprositos' kelimesinden gelmektedir.","Motorlarda ve rüzgar türbinlerinde yüksek sıcaklıklarda güçlerini koruyabilmeleri için neodimyum mıknatıslara eklenir.","Disprosyum, düşük sıcaklıklarda herhangi bir elementin en yüksek manyetik dayanımlarından birine sahiptir.","Nötronları iyi emer ve nükleer reaktör kontrol çubuklarında kullanılır.","Disprosiyum bazlı alaşımlar manyetik alanlarda şekil değiştirerek aktüatörlerde ve dönüştürücülerde kullanışlıdır.","Temiz enerji teknolojisi için kritik bir malzeme olarak kabul edilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'ulaşılması zor' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'dysprositos'tan (δυσπρόσιτος) alır; Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, onu cevherinden ayırmanın aşırı zorluğunu yansıtan, on dokuz çökeltme gerektiren bir süreç olan bu ismi 1886'da icat etti."},"Einsteinium":{"name":"Aynştaynyum","summary":"Einsteinium, öncelikle bilimsel araştırmalarda ve daha ağır elementlerin üretiminde kullanılan oldukça radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi metalik, radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle parlıyor","interesting_facts":["Einsteinyum 1952'de ilk hidrojen bombası testinin enkazında keşfedildi.","Adını Albert Einstein'dan almıştır.","Einsteinium, yoğun radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle karanlıkta mavi renkte parlıyor.","O kadar nadirdir ki, tartılabilir miktarlar yalnızca ara sıra üretilir.","Einsteinium'u incelemek son derece zordur çünkü kendi kabına ve aletlerine zarar verir.","Temel bilimsel araştırmaların dışında hiçbir pratik kullanımı yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını nükleer enerjinin temelini oluşturan özel görelilik teorisini ve E=mc² denklemini formüle eden Albert Einstein'dan almıştır; Albert Ghiorso ve meslektaşları, 1952'deki ilk hidrojen bombası testinin enkazında bulduktan sonra 1955'te ona isim verdiler ve birkaç yıl boyunca gizli tutuldular."},"Erbium":{"name":"Erbiyum","summary":"Erbiyum, optik fiberlerde, lazerlerde ve nükleer teknolojide kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Erbiyum katkılı fiberler ışık sinyallerini güçlendirerek uzun mesafeli fiber optik interneti mümkün kılıyor.","Cam ve sırlara yumuşak pembe bir renk verir, güneş gözlüklerinde ve dekoratif camlarda kullanılır.","Erbium lazerler diş hekimliğinde ve kozmetik cilt yenilemede kullanılmaktadır.","Adını diğer nadir toprak elementleriyle aynı kökeni paylaşan İsveç'in Ytterby kentinden almıştır.","Erbiyum, vanadyum da dahil olmak üzere bazı metal alaşımlarına, onları daha işlenebilir hale getirmek için eklenir.","Lazer kullanımının çoğunun temelini oluşturan kızılötesi ışığı verimli bir şekilde emer."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, onu içeren gadolinit mineralinin ilk kez çıkarıldığı İsveç'in Resarö adasındaki bir köy olan Ytterby'den almıştır; Carl Gustaf Mosander onu 1843'te itriya'dan ayırmıştır ve 'erbiyum', 'Ytterby' tek yer adından türetilen dört element adından biridir."},"Europium":{"name":"Avropiyum","summary":"Europium, fosforesan malzemelerde, kontrol çubuklarında ve nükleer reaktörlerde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Europium, eski TV ve bilgisayar ekranlarında renk üreten kırmızı ve mavi fosforları sağlar.","Ultraviyole ışık altında parlayan, euro banknotlarında sahteciliğe karşı işaretleyici olarak kullanılır.","Europium, nadir toprak elementleri arasında en reaktif olanıdır ve havada hızla kararır.","Adını Avrupa kıtasından almıştır.","Europium katkılı fosforlar enerji tasarruflu floresan sağlar ve LED ışıklar parlak bir şekilde parlar.","Kabukta en az bulunan nadir topraklardan biridir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Kıtayı 1901'de spektroskopik olarak izole eden Eugène-Anatole Demarçay tarafından Avrupa'dan (kıta) adını almıştır; 19. yüzyılın sonlarında ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında coğrafi bölgelere göre adlandırılan çeşitli unsurlar arasındaydı."},"Fermium":{"name":"Fermiyum","summary":"Fermiyum, öncelikle bilimsel araştırmalarda ve uranyum ötesi elementlerin incelenmesinde kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Fermiyum, 1952'deki ilk hidrojen bombası testinin serpintisinde de keşfedildi.","Adını nükleer reaksiyonların öncüsü fizikçi Enrico Fermi'den almıştır.","Fermiyum, nötron bombardımanı ile tartılabilir miktarlarda üretilebilen en ağır elementtir.","Fermiyumun ötesinde elementlerin parçacık hızlandırıcılar kullanılarak her seferinde bir atom haline getirilmesi gerekiyor.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca çok küçük, görünmez miktarlarda fermiyum üretildi.","Yalnızca sentetik bir element olarak bulunur ve ticari kullanımı yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1942'de ilk yapay nükleer reaktörü inşa eden ve nükleer ve parçacık fiziğine temel katkılarda bulunan İtalyan-Amerikalı fizikçi Enrico Fermi'den almıştır; Albert Ghiorso ve meslektaşları, 1953'te, aynştaynyumun ortaya çıktığı aynı hidrojen bombası test enkazında keşfettikten sonra ona bu adı verdiler."},"Flerovium":{"name":"Flerovyum","summary":"Flerovyum, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini keşfetmek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Flerovium, adını Rusya'daki Flerov Nükleer Reaksiyon Laboratuvarı'ndan almıştır.","İlk olarak 1998 yılında Rusya'nın Dubna kentindeki bir ekip tarafından yaratıldı.","Bazı tahminler, hala radyoaktif olmasına rağmen fleroviyumun olağandışı derecede kararlı ve hatta gaz benzeri olabileceğini ileri sürdü.","Her seferinde bir atomdan oluşan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Flerovyum periyodik tablonun 14. grubunda kurşunun altında yer alır.","İzotopları saniyeler içinde bozunuyor, ancak birçok komşusundan daha uzun ömürlü, bu da 'kararlılık adası'na işaret ediyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Rusya'nın Dubna kentindeki Flerov Nükleer Reaksiyon Laboratuvarı'ndan almıştır; kendisi de adını Sovyet fizikçi Georgy Flyorov'dan almıştır; Flyorov laboratuvarın kurucu ortağı oldu ve nükleer fiziğe büyük katkılarda bulundu ve ekibi, elementi ilk olarak 1998'de sentezledi; IUPAC, 2012'de resmi olarak bu ismi benimsedi."},"Fluorine":{"name":"Flor","summary":"Flor oldukça reaktif, soluk sarı bir gazdır ve en elektronegatif elementtir.","appearance":"Soluk sarı gaz","interesting_facts":["Flor, tüm elementler arasında en reaktif ve elektronegatif olanıdır; hemen hemen her maddeyle, bazen patlayıcı bir şekilde reaksiyona girer.","O kadar agresiftir ki asbest ve hatta su gibi malzemeleri alev alabilir.","İçme suyuna ve diş macununa eklenen eser miktardaki florür, diş çürümesinin önlenmesine yardımcı olur.","Tencere üzerindeki yapışmaz kaplama olan Teflon, flor içeren bir polimerdir (PTFE).","Henri Moissan'ın 1886'da başarıya ulaşmasından önce pek çok kimyager floru izole etmeye çalışırken zehirlendi veya öldürüldü, bu da onlara \"flor şehitleri\" lakabını kazandırdı.","Flor, oda sıcaklığında soluk sarı bir gazdır ve halojenlerin en hafifidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'fluere' (akmak) kelimesinden gelir, çünkü florit minerali metalurjik bir akış olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmıştır; Elementin adı 1812'de André-Marie Ampère tarafından önerildi."},"Francium":{"name":"Fransiyum","summary":"Fransiyum son derece nadir ve radyoaktif bir metaldir ve kararsızlığı nedeniyle önemli bir uygulaması yoktur.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Fransiyum, astatinden sonra doğal olarak oluşan ikinci en nadir elementtir.","Doğada 1939 yılında Marguerite Perey tarafından Fransa'da keşfedilen son elementtir.","Adını memleketi Fransa'dan almıştır.","Fransiyum o kadar radyoaktif ki gözle görülür herhangi bir miktar anında kendi ısısından buharlaşabilir.","En kararlı izotopunun yarı ömrü yalnızca 22 dakikadır.","Alkali metaller arasında en reaktif olanıdır ancak yığınsal özellikleri hiç gözlemlenmemiştir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Marguerite Perey'in 1939'da Paris'teki Curie Enstitüsü'nde keşfettiği ülke olan Fransa'dan almıştır; elementlere yer isimleri verme geleneğini sürdürerek, elemente anavatanının adını verdi ve Fransız Bilimler Akademisi'ne seçilen ilk kadın oldu."},"Gadolinium":{"name":"Gadolinyum","summary":"Gadolinyum, MRI kontrast maddelerinde, fosforlarda ve nötron yakalama tedavisinde kullanılan gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["MRI taramalarını daha net hale getirmek için kontrast madde olarak gadolinyum bileşikleri enjekte edilir.","Nükleer reaktörlerde yararlı olan, kararlı elementler arasında en yükseği olan nötronları absorbe etme konusunda olağanüstü bir yeteneğe sahiptir.","Gadolinyum oda sıcaklığının hemen altında manyetiktir ve manyetik soğutma için incelenmektedir.","Adını nadir toprak araştırmalarının öncüsü olan Finli kimyager Johan Gadolin'den almıştır.","Gadolinyum manyetik alana yerleştirildiğinde ısınır ve kaldırıldığında manyetokalorik etki nedeniyle soğur.","Bazı tıbbi ve güvenlik görüntüleme dedektörlerinde kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, oksidinin ilk tanımlandığı mineral olan gadolinitten almıştır; Gadolinit, adını onu ilk analiz eden Finlandiyalı kimyager Johan Gadolin'den almıştır; Jean Charles de Marignac 1880'de yeni toprak elementini izole etti."},"Gallium":{"name":"Galyum","summary":"Galyum, oda sıcaklığının hemen üzerinde eriyen, elektronik ve yarı iletkenlerde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi mavi","interesting_facts":["Galyum yaklaşık 30 °C'de erir, dolayısıyla elinizde katı bir parça eriyecektir.","Varlığı, 1875 yılında keşfedilmeden önce Mendeleev tarafından 'eka-alüminyum' olarak tahmin edilmişti.","Galyum arsenit, yüksek hızlı elektroniklerde, LED'lerde ve uzay araçlarına yönelik güneş pillerinde kullanılır.","Kolayca erimesine rağmen galyum, herhangi bir elementin en geniş sıvı sıcaklık aralıklarından biri olan 2.400 °C'nin üzerinde kaynar.","Galyum, alüminyumun tane sınırlarına sızarak metali önemli ölçüde zayıflatarak kırılgan hale getirebilir.","Çoğu maddenin aksine galyum, su gibi donduğunda genişler."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1875'te kaşif Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran tarafından Fransa'nın Latince adı olan Gallia'dan almıştır; bu isim aynı zamanda Lecoq'un Fransızca'da 'horoz' anlamına gelen soyadına dayalı bir oyun olan 'gallus' (Latince horoz anlamına gelir) kelime oyunu da olabilir."},"Germanium":{"name":"Germanyum","summary":"Germanyum, yarı iletkenlerde, fiber optiklerde ve kızılötesi optiklerde kullanılan sert, grimsi beyaz bir metaloiddir.","appearance":"Grimsi beyaz","interesting_facts":["Germanyum Mendeleev tarafından 'eka-silikon' olarak tahmin edilmişti ve 1886'daki keşfi periyodik tablonun doğrulanmasına yardımcı oldu.","1940'larda ve 1950'lerde ilk transistörler, silikonun ortaya çıkmasından önce germanyumdan yapılıyordu.","Kızılötesi ışığa karşı şeffaf olduğundan gece görüş gözlüğü ve termal kamera lenslerinde kullanılır.","Germanyum, parlak, grimsi beyaz görünüme sahip metaloid bir yarı iletkendir.","Optik fiberler, ışığın camdan nasıl geçeceğini kontrol etmek için germanyum bileşiklerini kullanır.","Su ve silikon gibi germanyum da katılaştığında genişler."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1886'da keşfeden Clemens Winkler tarafından Almanya'nın Latince adı olan Germania'dan almıştır; keşif, Mendeleev'in 'eka-silikon' adını verdiği eksik elemente ilişkin öngörüsünü doğruladı."},"Gold":{"name":"Altın","summary":"Altın, mücevher, elektronik ve para biriminde kullanımı açısından oldukça değerli olan yoğun, yumuşak bir metaldir.","appearance":"Parlak metalik sarı","interesting_facts":["Altın o kadar tepkisizdir ki binlerce yıl boyunca parlak kalabilir, bu yüzden antik altın eserler hala parlıyor.","İnanılmaz derecede şekillendirilebilir; tek bir gram, yaklaşık bir metrekareyi kaplayan bir tabakaya dövülebilir.","Dünyadaki altının neredeyse tamamının, gezegen oluştuktan sonra asteroit çarpmaları yoluyla geldiği düşünülüyor.","Altın elektriği iyi iletir ve asla paslanmaz, bu nedenle kritik elektronik kontakları kaplamak için kullanılır.","Kimyasal sembolü Au, 'parlayan şafak' anlamına gelen Latince 'aurum'dan gelir.","Astronotların vizörleri, zararlı güneş ışınımını yansıtmak için ultra ince bir altın katmanla kaplanmıştır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce 'altın' adı, 'sarı' ile ilgili Proto-Germen 'gulşą' kelimesinden gelir; Au sembolü, 'parlayan şafak' veya 'gün doğumunun parıltısı' anlamına geldiğine inanılan Latince 'aurum'dan türemiştir; Altın, tarih öncesi çağlardan beri hemen hemen tüm kültürlerde bilinmekte ve değer verilmektedir."},"Hafnium":{"name":"Hafniyum","summary":"Hafniyum nükleer reaktörlerde, kontrol çubuklarında ve yüksek sıcaklık alaşımlarında kullanılan parlak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi gri","interesting_facts":["Hafniyumun varlığı atom teorisi tarafından tahmin edildi ve 1923 yılında zirkonyum cevherinde bulundu.","Adını Kopenhag'ın Latince adı olan Hafnia'dan almıştır.","Hafniyum nötronları son derece iyi emer ve nükleer denizaltıların kontrol çubuklarında kullanılır.","Hafniyum bazlı bileşikler, modern bilgisayar çiplerinde yalıtkan olarak silikon dioksitin yerini aldı.","Tüm elementler arasında en yüksek erime noktalarından birine sahiptir ve jet motorları için süper alaşımlarda kullanılır.","Hafniyum kimyasal olarak zirkonyumla hemen hemen aynıdır, bu da ikisinin ayrılmasını çok zorlaştırır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Dirk Coster ve George de Hevesy'nin 1923'te X-ışını spektroskopisi ile keşfettiği Kopenhag, Danimarka'nın Latince adı olan Hafnia'dan almıştır; araştırmalarının yürütüldüğü şehri onurlandırmak için bu adı seçtiler."},"Hassium":{"name":"Hasyum","summary":"Hassiyum, öncelikle süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Hassium, adını keşfedildiği laboratuvarın bulunduğu Almanya'nın Hessen eyaletinden alıyor.","İlk kez 1984 yılında kurşunun demir iyonlarıyla bombardıman edilmesiyle sentezlendi.","Hassiyum, yalnızca parçacık hızlandırıcılarda üretilen sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Kıtlığına rağmen, bilim adamları grup 8'deki osmiyum gibi davrandığını doğruladılar.","Atomları çürümeden önce yalnızca bir saniyenin kesirleri için var olur.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca çok az sayıda hassiyum atomu üretildi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, onu ilk kez 1984 yılında sentezleyen laboratuvar olan GSI Darmstadt'ın bulunduğu Almanya'nın Hesse eyaletinden (Latince: Hassia) almıştır; bu isim, elementleri keşif yerlerine göre adlandırma geleneğini takip ediyor ve 1997 yılında IUPAC tarafından resmi olarak tanındı."},"Helium":{"name":"Helyum","summary":"Helyum, periyodik tablodaki soy gaz grubunun başında yer alan renksiz, kokusuz, tatsız, toksik olmayan, inert, tek atomlu bir gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Helyum ilk kez 1868'de, yani Dünya'da bulunmadan önce Güneş'in spektrumunda tespit edildi ve adını Yunan güneş tanrısı Helios'tan alıyor.","Hava ne kadar soğuk olursa olsun, normal atmosfer basıncında soğutularak katılaşamayan tek elementtir.","2,17 K'nin altında sıvı helyum, sürtünme olmadan akabilen ve hatta bulunduğu kabın duvarlarından yukarıya doğru sürünen bir süperakışkan haline gelir.","Helyum solumak sesinizin perdesini geçici olarak yükseltir çünkü ses, havadan neredeyse üç kat daha hızlı yayılır.","Dünyadaki helyumun büyük bir kısmı yerin derinliklerindeki uranyum ve toryumun radyoaktif bozunmasından gelir ve doğal gazdan elde edilir.","Helyum evrende en çok bulunan ikinci element olmasına rağmen Dünya'da nispeten nadirdir ve yenilenemez."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'helios'tan (güneş) türetilmiştir, çünkü helyum, Dünya'da onaylanmadan önce ilk kez 1868'deki tam güneş tutulması sırasında güneş spektrumunda tespit edilmiştir."},"Holmium":{"name":"Holmiyum","summary":"Holmiyum mıknatıslarda, nükleer kontrol çubuklarında ve lazerlerde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Holmiyum, doğal olarak oluşan herhangi bir elementin en güçlü manyetik özelliklerine sahiptir.","Holmium lazerler tıpta böbrek taşlarını kırmak ve genişlemiş prostatları tedavi etmek için kullanılır.","Adını Stockholm'ün Latince adı olan Holmia'dan almıştır.","Holmiyum, cam ve kübik zirkonyaya sarı ve kırmızı renk verir.","Kutup parçaları olarak bilinen en güçlü yapay manyetik alanları oluşturmak için kullanılır.","Holmiyum oksit çözeltileri spektrofotometreler için kalibrasyon standardı olarak kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, elementi 1878'de tanımlayan Per Teodor Cleve'nin dayandığı Stockholm, İsveç'in Latince adı olan Holmia'dan almıştır; nadir toprak elementlerini keşfedildikleri yerlere göre adlandırma geleneğini takip ediyor."},"Hydrogen":{"name":"Hidrojen","summary":"Hidrojen evrendeki en hafif element ve en bol bulunan kimyasal maddedir.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Hidrojen evrende en bol bulunan elementtir ve kütlece tüm normal maddenin yaklaşık %75'ini oluşturur.","Üç izotopunun (protium, döteryum ve trityum) kendine özgü isimleri olan tek elementtir.","Sıvı hidrojen, 1960'lardan beri roket yakıtı olarak kullanılıyor ve astronotları Ay'a taşıyan Satürn V'in üst kademelerine güç sağlıyor.","Jüpiter'in içi gibi aşırı basınç altında hidrojen, sıvı bir metal gibi davranır ve elektriği iletebilir.","Henry Cavendish, 1766'da hidrojeni ayrı bir madde olarak tanımladı ve ona 'yanıcı hava' adını verdi.","Hidrojen atomu var olan en basit atomdur: tek bir elektronun yörüngesinde dönen tek bir proton."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'hidro' (su) ve 'genler'den (oluşturan), 'su oluşturucu' anlamına gelir. Hidrojenin yanması su ürettiği için 1783 yılında Antoine Lavoisier tarafından isimlendirilmiştir."},"Indium":{"name":"İndiyum","summary":"İndiyum, yarı iletkenlerde, dokunmatik ekranlarda ve rulmanlar için koruyucu kaplama olarak kullanılan yumuşak, dövülebilir bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş metalik parlaklık","interesting_facts":["İndiyum o kadar yumuşaktır ki tırnağınızla ezebilirsiniz ve büküldüğünde teneke gibi duyulabilir bir 'ağlama' sesi çıkarır.","İndiyum kalay oksit, dokunmatik ekranlar ve düz panel ekranlar üzerindeki şeffaf, elektriksel olarak iletken kaplamayı oluşturur.","Adını emisyon spektrumundaki parlak çivit çizgisinden alıyor.","İndiyum, son derece düşük sıcaklıklarda bile yumuşak ve işlenebilir kalır; vakum contaları için kullanışlıdır.","Çok düşük bir erime noktasına sahiptir ve özel düşük sıcaklık lehimlerinde ve alaşımlarında kullanılır.","Akıllı telefonların ve LCD ekranların yaygınlaşmasıyla indiyuma olan talep arttı."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Ferdinand Reich ve Hieronymous Richter tarafından 1863'te o zamanlar yeni olan spektroskopi tekniğini kullanarak çinko cevheri kalıntılarını analiz ederken gözlemledikleri parlak çivit mavisi spektral çizgiden sonra adını alan Latince 'indicum'dan (indigo) gelir."},"Iodine":{"name":"İyot","summary":"İyot, tiroid fonksiyonu için gerekli olan ve dezenfektan olarak kullanılan koyu renkli, parlak, mor-siyah bir ametaldir.","appearance":"Parlak metalik gri (katı), mor (gaz)","interesting_facts":["İyot tiroid beziniz için çok önemlidir, bu nedenle sofra tuzu sıklıkla onunla zenginleştirilir.","Katı iyot ısıtıldığında çarpıcı mor renkli bir buhara dönüşür.","Adı, menekşe anlamına gelen Yunanca 'iodes' kelimesinden gelmektedir.","İyot tentürü uzun zamandır yaraları dezenfekte etmek için antiseptik olarak kullanılmıştır.","İyot, kimyasal test olarak kullanılan bir reaksiyon olan nişastayı koyu mavi-siyaha dönüştürür.","Radyoaktif iyot-131, tiroid rahatsızlıklarını teşhis etmek ve tedavi etmek için kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'ioeides'ten (menekşe benzeri) türetilen Fransızca 'iyot'tan türetilmiş olup, 1813'te Humphry Davy tarafından iyot buharının çarpıcı menekşe renginden sonra adlandırılmıştır."},"Iridium":{"name":"İridyum","summary":"İridyum, bujilerde, potalarda ve çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılan yoğun, korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["İridyumun Dünya'da nadir olmasına karşın asteroitlerde yaygın olması nedeniyle, dünya çapındaki iridyum açısından zengin kil tabakası, asteroit çarpmasının dinozorları öldürdüğünün temel kanıtıdır.","İridyum bilinen en korozyona dayanıklı metaldir ve hemen hemen her şeyi çözen asitlere karşı dayanıklıdır.","Neredeyse osmiyumla bağlantılı olan en yoğun elementlerden biridir.","Standart kilogram, bir zamanlar Paris yakınlarında tutulan bir platin-iridyum silindiriydi.","İridyum bujileri aşındırmadan aşırı ısıya dayanabildiğinden dolayı uçlar.","Adını renkli tuzlarından dolayı Yunan gökkuşağı tanrıçası İris'ten almaktadır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1803 yılında Smithson Tennant tarafından Yunan gökkuşağı tanrıçası Iris'ten (Latince: iris) almıştır; isim, Tennant'a gökkuşağının renklerini hatırlatan iridyum tuzları ve bileşiklerinin sergilediği çarpıcı renk çeşitliliğini yansıtıyor."},"Iron":{"name":"Demir","summary":"Demir, çelik üretimi için gerekli olan ve hemoglobinin hayati bir bileşeni olan güçlü, dövülebilir bir metaldir.","appearance":"Grimsi bir belirti ile parlak metalik","interesting_facts":["Demir, kütle bakımından Dünya'da en bol bulunan elementtir ve gezegenin erimiş çekirdeğinin çoğunu oluşturur.","Dünyanın dönen sıvı demir çekirdeği, bizi güneş radyasyonundan koruyan manyetik alanı üretir.","Demir, kanınızda oksijeni taşıyan ve onu kırmızı yapan molekül olan hemoglobinin merkezinde yer alır.","Demir, yıldızların normal füzyon yoluyla oluşturabileceği en ağır elementtir; Daha ağır elementler süpernova patlamalarını gerektirir.","MÖ 1200 civarında başlayan Demir Çağı, daha güçlü alet ve silahlarla insan uygarlığını dönüştürdü.","Pas, demirin oksijen ve suyla yavaşça reaksiyona girmesiyle oluşan demir oksittir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce 'demir' kelimesi Eski İngilizce 'iren'den gelir ve Proto-Germen 'isarno' ile akrabadır ve muhtemelen 'kutsal metal' anlamına gelen Kelt kökünden gelir; Fe sembolü, en az MÖ 1200'den beri eritilip kullanılan Latince 'ferrum'dan (demir) türemiştir."},"Krypton":{"name":"Kripton","summary":"Kripton, floresan lambalarda, fotoğrafçılıkta ve enerji tasarruflu pencereler için dolgu gazı olarak kullanılan renksiz, kokusuz bir soy gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Kripton'un adı Yunanca'da 'gizli' anlamına gelen 'kryptos' kelimesinden geliyor çünkü havada bulunması çok zordu.","1960'tan 1983'e kadar metre resmi olarak kripton-86'nın yaydığı ışığın dalga boyuyla tanımlanıyordu.","Kripton parlak beyaz bir ışık üretir ve bazı yüksek performanslı fotoğraf flaşlarında ve lambalarda kullanılır.","Asil bir gazdır ve neredeyse tamamen tepkimeye girmez, ancak birkaç kripton bileşiği oluşmaya zorlanabilir.","Kripton bazı enerji tasarruflu pencerelerde ve floresan lambalarda kullanılır.","Çizgi romandaki 'kriptonit'e rağmen gerçek kripton zararsız, renksiz, kokusuz bir gazdır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898'de William Ramsay ve Morris Travers tarafından kriptonun tespit edilmesi ve izole edilmesi son derece zor olduğu için bu isim verilen Yunanca 'kripto'dan (gizli) türemiştir; sıvı havanın kalıntıları içinde 'gizli' kalmıştır."},"Lanthanum":{"name":"Lantan","summary":"Lantan, kamera lenslerinde, katalizörlerde ve şarj edilebilir pillerde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Lantanyumun adı, seryum cevherinde saklandığı için Yunanca 'lantan'dan geliyor, 'gizli yatmak' anlamına geliyor.","Lantanit serisinin ilki olan 'nadir toprak' elementlerine adını verir.","Lantan, yüksek kaliteli kamera ve teleskop lenslerinin camında ışığı keskin bir şekilde bükmek için kullanılır.","Nikel-lantan alaşımları hidrojen depoluyor ve birçok hibrit otomobilin akülerinde kullanılıyordu.","Lantan bileşikleri, katalizör olarak petrolün benzine dönüştürülmesine yardımcı olur.","Bıçakla kesilebilecek kadar yumuşaktır ve havada çabuk kararır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Carl Gustaf Mosander tarafından 1839'da Yunanca 'lantanin'den (gizli yalan söylemek veya dikkat çekmek için) bu isim verilmiştir, çünkü lantan, onu ayrı bir element olarak tanımlamadan önce yıllar boyunca seryum oksitte bir yabancı madde olarak tespit edilmeden kalmıştır."},"Lawrencium":{"name":"Lawrensiyum","summary":"Lawrencium, bilimsel araştırma dışında pratik uygulaması olmayan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Lawrencium, siklotron parçacık hızlandırıcısının mucidi Ernest Lawrence'ın adını almıştır.","Aktinit serisinin son elemanıdır.","Lawrencium hızlandırıcılarda aynı anda yalnızca birkaç atom oluşturulabilir.","En kararlı izotopunun yarı ömrü yalnızca birkaç saattir.","Lawrensiyumun özelliklerini ölçmek olağanüstü derecede zordur çünkü çok az sayıda atom çok kısa süreliğine var olmuştur.","Temel bilimsel araştırmaların dışında hiçbir kullanımı yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1930'da siklotron parçacık hızlandırıcısını icat eden ve uranyum ötesi elementlerin yaratılmasını mümkün kılan Amerikalı fizikçi Ernest Orlando Lawrence'tan almıştır; Lawrence Berkeley Ulusal Laboratuvarı bu elementi 1961'de sentezledi ve ona Lawrence'ın temel katkılarını onurlandırmak için adını verdi."},"Lead":{"name":"Kurşun","summary":"Kurşun, pillerde, radyasyondan korunmada ve çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılan yumuşak, ağır bir metaldir.","appearance":"Mavimsi gri metalik","interesting_facts":["Kurşun yoğundur ve radyasyonu engeller, bu nedenle X-ışını önlüklerini ve kalkanlarını kaplar.","Romalılar sıhhi tesisat için kurşun borular kullandılar ve 'sıhhi tesisat' kelimesi Latince kurşun anlamına gelen 'plumbum' (Pb sembolü) kelimesinden gelmektedir.","Kurşun sinir sistemi için zehirlidir, bu yüzden benzinden ve boyadan çıkarılmıştır.","Yumuşak, ağır ve kolay şekillendirilebilen özellikleri, antik çağlardan beri değer verilen niteliklerdir.","Bugün kurşunun çoğu, büyük ölçüde araba akülerinden geri dönüştürülüyor.","Kurşun tamamen kararlı bir izotopa sahip en ağır elementtir; ağır olan her şey radyoaktiftir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce 'kurşun' kelimesi Proto-Germen 'lauda'dan gelir; Pb sembolü Latince 'plumbum' kelimesinden gelir ve muhtemelen Latin öncesi bir Akdeniz dilinden türetilmiştir; Romalıların kurşunu su boruları için yaygın olarak kullanması nedeniyle İngilizce'ye 'sıhhi tesisat' kelimesi de bu kelimeden türetilmiştir."},"Lithium":{"name":"Lityum","summary":"Lityum yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz bir alkali metaldir. En hafif metal ve en az yoğun katı elementtir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz","interesting_facts":["Lityum en hafif metal ve en az yoğun katı elementtir, bu nedenle su ile reaksiyona girerek su üzerinde yüzebilir.","Şarj edilebilir lityum iyon piller çoğu modern telefona, dizüstü bilgisayara ve elektrikli araca güç sağlar.","Lityum tuzları 1940'lardan beri bipolar bozukluğu tedavi etmek için duygudurum dengeleyici olarak kullanılmaktadır.","Büyük Patlama nükleosentezinde yaratılan ilk üç elementten (hidrojen ve helyumla birlikte) biriydi.","Lityum, havai fişeklerde ve işaret fişeklerinde kullanılan bir özellik olan çarpıcı koyu kırmızı bir alevle yanar.","Dünyadaki lityumun büyük bir kısmı, Güney Amerika'nın And Dağları'ndaki yüksek tuzlu tuz yataklarından elde ediliyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'lithos'tan (taş) gelir, çünkü Johan August Arfwedson onu 1817'de bitki küllerinde bulunan sodyum ve potasyumdan farklı olarak katı taş minerallerinin (petalit) içinde keşfetti."},"Livermorium":{"name":"Livermoryum","summary":"Livermorium, süper ağır elementleri incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Livermorium, adını Kaliforniya'daki Lawrence Livermore Ulusal Laboratuvarı'ndan almıştır.","İlk olarak 2000 yılında bir Rus-Amerikan ekibi tarafından yaratıldı.","Aynı anda yalnızca birkaç atomdan oluşan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Livermoryum atomları çürümeden önce sadece milisaniyeler boyunca var olurlar.","Grup 16'da polonyumun altında yer alması bekleniyor.","Bunu üretmek, kalsiyum iyonlarının küryum hedefleriyle kaynaşmasını gerektirir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, 2000 yılında sentezlemek için Ortak Nükleer Araştırma Enstitüsü ile işbirliği yapan Livermore, California'daki Lawrence Livermore Ulusal Laboratuvarı'ndan almıştır; IUPAC, adı 2012 yılında resmen tanıdı; laboratuvarın adı, Kaliforniya'nın ilk yerleşimcilerinden biri olan Robert Livermore'u onurlandırdı."},"Lutetium":{"name":"Lutesyum","summary":"Lutesyum, PET tarama dedektörlerinde, katalizörlerde ve özel alaşımlarda kullanılan yoğun, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Lutesyum, lantanit serisinin sonuncusudur ve en sert ve en yoğun nadir toprak elementlerinden biridir.","Adını Paris'in eski Roma adı olan Lutetia'dan almıştır.","Lutesyum bazlı kristaller, tıbbi görüntüleme için PET tarayıcılarında dedektör olarak kullanılır.","Saf halde elde edilmesi en nadir ve en pahalı nadir toprak metallerinden biridir.","Lutesyum petrol rafinasyonunda katalizör olarak kullanılır.","Bazı kanserlerin hedefe yönelik tedavisinde radyoaktif bir lutesyum bileşiği kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Paris, Fransa'nın antik Roma adı olan Lutetia'dan almıştır; Onu ilk kez 1907'de izole eden Georges Urbain, nadir toprak elementlerine yerlere göre isim verme şeklindeki yerleşik uygulamayı izleyerek, doğduğu şehri onurlandırmak için bu ismi seçti."},"Magnesium":{"name":"Magnezyum","summary":"Magnezyum parlak gri bir metaldir ve tüm canlı hücreler için gerekli bir elementtir.","appearance":"Parlak gri katı","interesting_facts":["Magnezyum göz kamaştırıcı beyaz bir ışıkla yanıyor ve bir zamanlar ilk fotoğraf flaş tozu ve işaret fişeklerinde yaygın olarak kullanılıyordu.","En hafif yapısal metaldir ve otomobiller ve uçaklar için güçlü, hafif parçalar yapmak üzere alüminyumla alaşımlanmıştır.","Magnezyum her klorofil molekülünün merkezinde yer alır ve bu da onu bitkilerde fotosentez için gerekli kılar.","İnsan vücudu, kasların ve sinirlerin çalışmasını sağlayanlar da dahil olmak üzere yüzlerce enzim reaksiyonu için magnezyuma ihtiyaç duyar.","Magnezyum, yerkabuğunda en çok bulunan sekizinci elementtir ve deniz suyunda en çok çözünen üçüncü elementtir.","Ağrıyan kasları yumuşatmak için kullanılan Epsom tuzu magnezyum sülfattır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, ilgili magnezyum içeren minerallerin bulunduğu Yunanistan'ın Teselya kentindeki bir bölge olan Magnesia'dan almıştır; Aynı yer adı 'manganez' ve 'mıknatıs' sözcüklerinin de ortaya çıkmasına neden oldu."},"Manganese":{"name":"Mangan","summary":"Manganez, öncelikle çelik üretiminde mukavemeti ve sertliği arttırmak için kullanılan sert, kırılgan bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Manganez çelik yapmak, oksijeni ve kükürdü uzaklaştırmak ve mukavemet kazandırmak için gereklidir; neredeyse tüm çelikler bunu içerir.","Tek kullanımlık alkalin pillerin önemli bir bileşenidir.","Manganez dioksit, on binlerce yıl önce mağara ressamları tarafından siyah pigment yapmak için kullanıldı.","Potasyum permanganatın koyu mor rengi onu yararlı bir dezenfektan ve kimyasal reaktif yapar.","Geniş manganez nodülleri alanları, derin okyanus tabanının bazı kısımlarını kaplar.","Manganez, hücreleri hasardan koruyan enzimlere yardımcı olan önemli bir eser besin maddesidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanistan'ın Tesalya'nın Magnesia bölgesinden (magnezyuma adını veren bölge) Ortaçağ Latincesi 'manganez' yoluyla türetilmiştir; Manganez cevheri tarihsel olarak manyetik demir cevheri ile karıştırıldığı için bu isim muhtemelen Latince 'magnes' (mıknatıs) ile güçlendirilmiştir."},"Meitnerium":{"name":"Maytneriyum","summary":"Meitnerium, süper ağır elementleri incelemek için yalnızca bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium, katkıları uzun süredir göz ardı edilen nükleer fisyonun öncüsü Lise Meitner'den adını almıştır.","Bir kadının adını taşıyan birkaç unsurdan biridir.","Meitnerium ilk olarak 1982 yılında Almanya'da kuruldu.","Her seferinde bir atomdan oluşan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","İzotopları milisaniyelerden saniyelere kadar çok hızlı bir şekilde bozunur.","Periyodik tablonun 9. grubunda yer alan iridyum gibi davrandığı tahmin edilmektedir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, nükleer fisyonu ve protaktinyumu birlikte keşfeden, ancak tartışmalı bir şekilde 1944 Nobel Ödülü'nün dışında bırakılan Avusturyalı-İsveçli fizikçi Lise Meitner'den almıştır; GSI Darmstadt, 1992 yılında nükleer bilime yaptığı büyük katkıların uzun süredir takdir edilmesi nedeniyle bu ismi önerdi."},"Mendelevium":{"name":"Mendelevyum","summary":"Mendelevyum, esas olarak ağır elementlerin özelliklerini araştırmak için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Mendelevyum, adını periyodik tablonun yaratıcısı Dmitri Mendeleev'den almıştır.","İlk kez 1955'te, her seferinde yalnızca birkaç atomla yapıldı.","Mendelevyum yalnızca parçacık hızlandırıcılarda Einsteinyum'un bombardıman edilmesiyle üretilebilir.","Keşif deneyleri ilk başta yalnızca 17 atom tespit etti.","Kısa ömürlü izotoplarla yoğun radyoaktiftir.","Mendelevium'un ağır elementlere ilişkin temel araştırmaların ötesinde hiçbir faydası yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1869'da periyodik tabloyu oluşturan Rus kimyager Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev'den almıştır; Glenn Seaborg ve meslektaşları bunu 1955 yılında elementlerin ileri görüşlü organizasyonuyla uranyum ötesi elementlerin keşfini kavramsal olarak mümkün kılan bilim adamına bir övgü olarak adlandırdılar."},"Mercury":{"name":"Cıva","summary":"Cıva, termometrelerde, barometrelerde ve floresan lambalarda kullanılan yoğun, gümüş rengi bir sıvı metaldir.","appearance":"Simli","interesting_facts":["Cıva oda sıcaklığında sıvı halde olan tek metaldir.","Adını hızlı hareket eden, akışkan doğası nedeniyle Roma haberci tanrısından alır ve sembolü Hg, 'su-gümüş' anlamına gelen 'hidrargyrum'dan gelir.","Cıva bir zamanlar termometrelerde ve barometrelerde kullanıldı çünkü sıcaklıkla eşit şekilde genişliyor.","Cıvaya maruz kalan şapka yapımcıları, 'şapkacı kadar deli' ifadesine ilham veren titreme ve kafa karışıklığı geliştirdiler.","Zehirlidir ve biyolojik olarak birikerek balıklarda ve onları yiyen insanlarda birikmektedir.","Cıva buharı, elektrik verildiğinde floresan lambaların temeli olan mavi-yeşil renkte parlıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, elementin akıcı, hızlı hareket eden doğasını yansıtan hızlı Roma haberci tanrısı Merkür'den almıştır; Hg sembolü, sıvı gümüş görünümüne atıfta bulunarak 'su-gümüş' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'hidrargyros'un (ὑδράργυρος) Latinizasyonu olan 'hidrargyrum'dan gelir."},"Molybdenum":{"name":"Molibden","summary":"Molibden, çelik alaşımlarında mukavemeti, tokluğu ve korozyon direncini arttırmak için kullanılan sert, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gri metalik","interesting_facts":["Molibden, yaklaşık 2.623 °C ile tüm elementler arasında en yüksek erime noktalarından birine sahiptir.","Adını Yunanca 'molibdos'tan (kurşun) almıştır çünkü cevheri uzun süre kurşun ve grafit ile karıştırılmıştır.","Çeliğe molibdenin eklenmesi, uçaklarda, aletlerde ve zırhlarda kullanılan yüksek mukavemetli alaşımların elde edilmesini sağlar.","Bitkilerde, hayvanlarda ve insanlarda enzimlere yardımcı olan önemli bir eser besin maddesidir.","Azot sabitleyen bakteriler, atmosferik nitrojeni kullanılabilir bir forma dönüştürmek için molibden kullanır.","Molibden disülfür, yüksek sıcaklıkta kuru yağlayıcı olarak kullanılan kaygan bir katıdır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'molibdos'tan (kurşun), çünkü molibdenit cevheri uzun süre kurşun cevherleriyle karıştırılmıştır; Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1778'de bunun farklı olduğunu gösterdi ve Peter Jacob Hjelm 1781'de metali izole etti."},"Moscovium":{"name":"Moskovyum","summary":"Moskovyum, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Moscovium, adını Dubna laboratuvarının bulunduğu Rusya'nın Moskova bölgesinden alıyor.","İlk kez 2003 yılında Rus-Amerikan işbirliğiyle sentezlendi.","Bir seferde yalnızca birkaç atom üreten sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Moskoviyum atomları saniyeden çok daha kısa sürede bozunur.","Grup 15'te bizmutun altında yer alması bekleniyor.","Diğer üç yeni unsurun yanı sıra 2016 yılında resmi olarak adlandırıldı."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Dubna'daki Ortak Nükleer Araştırma Enstitüsü'nün bulunduğu Rusya'nın Moskova Oblastı'ndan (Moskova bölgesi) almıştır; ilk olarak 2003 yılında JINR ve Lawrence Livermore Ulusal Laboratuvarı işbirliğiyle sentezlendi ve 2016 yılında IUPAC tarafından resmi olarak adlandırıldı."},"Neodymium":{"name":"Neodimyum","summary":"Neodimyum, güçlü mıknatıslarda, lazerlerde ve cam renklendirmede kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Neodimyum mıknatıslar, kendi ağırlığının birçok katını kaldırabilen, yaygın olarak bulunan en güçlü kalıcı mıknatıslardır.","Bu mıknatıslar, kulaklıklardan sabit disklere, rüzgar türbinlerinden elektrikli otomobil motorlarına kadar her şeyde bulunur.","Adı, 1885 yılında praseodimyum ile birlikte 'didimyum'dan ayrıldığı için 'yeni ikiz' anlamına geliyor.","Neodimyum, cama ışığa bağlı olarak mor ve mavi arasında değişen çarpıcı bir renk verir.","Neodimyum katkılı kristaller en yaygın yüksek enerjili lazerlerden bazılarına güç sağlar.","Özel kullanımlarına rağmen en bol bulunan nadir toprak elementlerinden biridir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Carl Auer von Welsbach 1885'te didimiyumu praseodimyum ve neodimyum (çiftin 'yeni ikizi') olarak ayırdığında adını Yunanca 'neos' (yeni) ve 'didimos'tan (ikiz) almıştır."},"Neon":{"name":"Neon","summary":"Neon, elektriklendiğinde belirgin bir kırmızımsı-turuncu parıltı yayan, renksiz, kokusuz bir soy gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Neon, içinden bir elektrik akımı geçtiğinde parlak turuncu-kırmızı renkte parlar; bu, klasik 'neon' tabelaların temelidir.","Neredeyse tamamen inerttir ve normal koşullar altında stabil sıradan kimyasal bileşikler oluşturmaz.","Neon, 1898'de Ramsay ve Travers tarafından keşfedildi ve ona Yunanca 'yeni' anlamına gelen 'neos' kelimesinden adını verdi.","Evrende en çok bulunan beşinci element olmasına rağmen neon, Dünya'da nadir bulunur ve atmosferin yalnızca küçük bir kısmını oluşturur.","Sıvı neon, sıvı helyum hacmi başına 40 kattan fazla soğutma kapasitesiyle mükemmel bir kriyojenik soğutucudur.","'Neon' tabelalarda görülen farklı renkler aslında diğer soy gazlardan geliyor; saf neon her zaman kırmızımsı-turuncu bir ışık üretir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898'de William Ramsay ve Morris Travers tarafından yeni keşfedilen bir soy gaz olduğunu yansıtmak için Yunanca 'neos'tan (yeni) türemiştir."},"Neptunium":{"name":"Neptünyum","summary":"Neptunyum, nötron tespit cihazlarında kullanılan ve nükleer reaktörlerdeki rolü açısından incelenen radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Neptunyum, 1940 yılında sentezlenen ilk transuranik elementti.","Adını uranyumdan (Uranüs) sonra gelen Neptün gezegeninden almıştır.","Neptunyum, nükleer reaktörlerin bir yan ürünüdür ve uzun ömürlü bir nükleer atık endişesi olarak kabul edilir.","Gümüş rengindedir, radyoaktiftir ve aktinit metallerin en yoğunlarından biridir.","Neptunyum-237, uzay aracı güç kaynakları için plütonyum-238 yapmak için kullanılabilir.","Uranyum cevherlerinde eser miktarda neptunyum doğal olarak bulunur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Periyodik tabloda neptünyumun uranyumun ötesinde yer alması gibi, güneş sisteminde Uranüs'ün ötesinde yer alan Neptün gezegeninden adını almıştır; Edwin McMillan ve Philip Abelson, uranyumla başlayan gezegen adlandırma dizisini sürdürerek 1940 yılında bunu sentezlediler."},"Nickel":{"name":"Nikel","summary":"Nikel, paslanmaz çelik, piller ve çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılan gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz metalik","interesting_facts":["Nikel, adını 'İhtiyar Nick'in bakırı' anlamına gelen Almanca bir madencilik teriminden almıştır çünkü cevheri bakıra benzemesine rağmen bakır vermemiştir.","Korozyona karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır ve koruma amacıyla diğer metalleri elektrolizle kaplamak için kullanılır.","Paslanmaz çelik tipik olarak mukavemetini ve paslanmaya karşı direncini artıran nikel içerir.","İsmine rağmen, modern ABD 'nikel' madeni paraları çoğunlukla bakırdır ve yalnızca %25 nikel içerir.","Dünyanın çekirdeğinin büyük ölçüde demir-nikel alaşımından oluştuğu düşünülüyor ve birçok meteorit nikel açısından zengin.","Nikel, oda sıcaklığında manyetik olan birkaç elementten biridir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Almanca 'Kupfernickel'den (şeytanın bakırı veya Yaşlı Nick'in bakırı) kısaltılmıştır; bakıra benzeyen ama hiçbir sonuç vermeyen bir cevher için madencilerin laneti; 'Nikel', Nicholas adından türetilen şeytanın Almanca takma adıdır."},"Nihonium":{"name":"Nihonyum","summary":"Nihonyum, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Nihonyum, adını bir Asya ülkesinde keşfedilen ilk element olan Japonya'dan ('Nihon') almıştır.","Japonya'daki RIKEN laboratuvarında sentezlendi ve 2004 civarında doğrulandı.","Aynı anda yalnızca birkaç atomdan oluşan sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Nihonyum atomları yaratıldıktan birkaç saniye sonra bozunur.","Grup 13'te talyumun altında yer alması öngörülüyor.","Keşfi, Japonya'ya ilk kez yeni bir elemente isim verme onurunu verdi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Japonca'da Japonya anlamına gelen ve 'doğan güneşin ülkesi' anlamına gelen 'Nihon' (日本) kelimesinden almıştır; Japonya'daki RIKEN'deki bilim adamları, sentezini 2004 yılında doğruladılar ve Asya'da keşfedilen ilk elementi onurlandırmak için bu ismi seçtiler; IUPAC bunu 2016 yılında resmen tanıdı."},"Niobium":{"name":"Niyobyum","summary":"Niyobyum, öncelikle alaşımlarda, özellikle de çelik üretiminde mukavemeti arttırmak için kullanılan yumuşak, sünek bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gri metalik","interesting_facts":["Niyobyum, adını Yunan mitolojisindeki Tantalus'un kızı Niobe'den alır ve tantalla olan yakın bağını yansıtır.","Soğukta süper iletken haline gelir ve MRI makinelerinin ve parçacık hızlandırıcılarının mıknatıslarında kullanılır.","Niyobyum alaşımları, mücevherlerde popüler olan gökkuşağı renklerini üretmek için anodize edilebilir.","Çok küçük miktarlardaki niyobyum, boru hatlarında ve araba çerçevelerinde kullanılan çeliği daha güçlü hale getirir.","Bir zamanlar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde columbium olarak adlandırılıyordu ve bu isim 20. yüzyıla kadar varlığını sürdürdü.","Niyobyum hipoalerjenik olduğundan vücut piercinglerinde ve tıbbi implantlarda kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1844'te Heinrich Rose tarafından Yunan mitolojisindeki Tantalus'un kızı Niobe'den almıştır, çünkü niyobyum neredeyse her zaman tantalın yanında bulunur ve iki elementi ayırt etmek başlangıçta o kadar zordu ki mitolojik ebeveyn-çocuk eşleşmesi uygun görünüyordu."},"Nitrogen":{"name":"Azot","summary":"Azot, Dünya atmosferinin yaklaşık %78'ini oluşturan renksiz, kokusuz bir gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Nitrojen, soluduğunuz havanın yaklaşık %78'ini oluşturur, ancak o kadar tepkisizdir ki çoğunlukla onu kullanılmadan geri veririz.","Sıvı nitrojen -196 °C'de kaynar ve yiyecekleri hızlı dondurmak, biyolojik numuneleri korumak ve çarpıcı sis efektleri oluşturmak için kullanılır.","İki nitrojen atomunu bir arada tutan üçlü bağ, bilinen en güçlü kimyasal bağlardan biridir ve nitrojen gazını çok kararlı hale getirir.","Atmosferdeki nitrojeni gübre için amonyağa dönüştüren Haber-Bosch süreci, dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısının beslenmesine yardımcı oluyor.","Nitrojen, TNT ve nitrogliserin gibi patlayıcıların önemli bir bileşenidir çünkü bağları kırıldığında muazzam bir enerji açığa çıkarır.","Baklagillerin köklerinde bulunan bakteriler, havadaki nitrojeni bitkilerin kullanabileceği bir forma 'sabitleyerek' toprağı doğal olarak zenginleştirir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'nitron' (niter/güherçile) ve 'niter-oluşturucu' anlamına gelen 'genler'den (oluşturucu), 1790'da Jean-Antoine Chaptal tarafından türetilmiştir çünkü güherçile ve nitrik asitin her ikisi de nitrojen içerir."},"Nobelium":{"name":"Nobelyum","summary":"Nobelium, bilimsel araştırma dışında önemli bir uygulaması olmayan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Nobelium, adını Nobel Ödüllerinin kurucusu Alfred Nobel'den almıştır.","Parçacık hızlandırıcılarda yalnızca atom atom yapılabilir.","Bir aktinit için alışılmadık bir şekilde nobelium +2 oksidasyon durumunda en stabildir.","1950'lerin sonundaki keşfi, rakip laboratuvarlar arasında yıllarca tartışıldı.","Tüm Nobelium izotopları radyoaktiftir ve kısa ömürlüdür.","Yalnızca araştırma ortamlarında bulunur ve pratik uygulamaları yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını dinamiti icat eden ve Nobel Ödüllerini kuran İsveçli kimyager Alfred Nobel'den almıştır; isim, 1957'de Stockholm'deki bir ekibin ilk kez keşif iddiasında bulunmasıyla önerildi ve doğrulanan keşif Dubna ve Berkeley laboratuvarlarına aktarıldığında da bu isim korundu."},"Oganesson":{"name":"Oganesson","summary":"Oganesson, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gaz halinde veya metalik","interesting_facts":["Oganesson, atom numarası 118 olan bilinen en ağır elementtir.","Adını, yaşayan bir insanın adını taşıyan az sayıdaki elementten biri olan fizikçi Yuri Oganessian'dan almıştır.","Soy gaz sütununda bulunmasına rağmen, oganesson'un diğer soy gazlardan farklı olarak katı ve muhtemelen reaktif olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca birkaç atom yaratıldı ve her biri bir milisaniyeden daha kısa sürede hayatta kaldı.","İlk kez 2002 yılında Dubna'da Rus-Amerikan işbirliğiyle sentezlendi.","Oganesson periyodik tablonun yedinci sırasını tamamlıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını süper ağır elementlerin sentezine öncülük eden ve 2002 yılında oganesson'u yaratan JINR Dubna ekibine liderlik eden Rus-Ermeni nükleer fizikçi Yuri Oganessian'dan almıştır; yaşayan bir kişinin adını taşıyan iki unsurdan biridir ve bu alana yaptığı katkıların olağanüstü kapsamını yansıtmaktadır."},"Osmium":{"name":"Osmiyum","summary":"Osmiyum, sertliğiyle bilinen ve dolma kalem uçlarında, elektrik kontaklarında ve enstrüman pivotlarında kullanılan yoğun, mavimsi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Mavimsi beyaz, metalik","interesting_facts":["Osmiyum doğal olarak oluşan en yoğun elementtir ve kurşunun neredeyse iki katı kadar yoğundur.","Oksitinin keskin, zehirli bir kokusu olduğundan adı Yunanca koku anlamına gelen 'osme'den gelir.","Osmiyum son derece serttir ve ilk fonograf iğnelerinde ve dolma kalem uçlarında kullanılmıştır.","Platin grubu metallerden olup, mavimsi-gümüş renktedir.","Osmiyum tetroksit, elektron mikroskobu için biyolojik dokuyu boyamak için kullanılır.","Yer kabuğundaki en nadir elementlerden biridir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'koku' veya 'koku' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'osmē' (ὀσμή) kelimesinden almıştır; Smithson Tennant, metal havaya maruz kaldığında oluşan osmiyum tetroksitin keskin ve belirgin bir toksik kokuya sahip olması nedeniyle 1803 yılında bu ismi almıştır."},"Oxygen":{"name":"Oksijen","summary":"Oksijen çoğu canlı organizmada solunum için gerekli olan renksiz, kokusuz bir gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Oksijen, Dünya atmosferinin yaklaşık %21'ini oluşturur ve kütle bakımından gezegenin kabuğunda en bol bulunan elementtir.","Soluduğumuz oksijenin çoğu fotosentez yoluyla üretilir ve büyük bir kısmı okyanus fitoplanktonundan gelir.","Sıvı ve katı oksijen soluk mavi renktedir ve manyetiktir, bir mıknatıs tarafından çekilmektedir.","Üç oksijen atomundan oluşan bir molekül olan ozon, stratosferde zararlı ultraviyole radyasyonu emen koruyucu bir tabaka oluşturur.","Oksijen, 1770'lerde Carl Wilhelm Scheele ve Joseph Priestley tarafından bağımsız olarak keşfedildi ve Antoine Lavoisier tarafından isimlendirildi.","Yaşam için hayati önem taşıyan oksijen aynı zamanda oldukça reaktiftir ve demirin paslanmasına ve yakıtların yanmasına neden olur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'oksis' (keskin veya ekşi) ve 'asit oluşturucu' anlamına gelen 'genler'den (oluşturucu) türetilmiş olup, Lavoisier tarafından 1777'de oksijenin tüm asitlerin önemli bir parçası olduğu yönündeki yaygın inanışa dayanarak adlandırılmıştır."},"Palladium":{"name":"Paladyum","summary":"Paladyum, katalitik konvertörlerde, elektronik cihazlarda ve hidrojen depolamada kullanılan değerli, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş beyazı metalik","interesting_facts":["Paladyum, adını 1803 yılında metalden hemen önce keşfedilen asteroit Pallas'tan almıştır.","Ana kullanımı, zehirli egzoz gazlarını zararsız gazlara dönüştürmeye yardımcı olduğu katalitik konvertörlerdedir.","Paladyum, metalik bir sünger gibi kendi hacminin 900 katına kadar hidrojen gazını emebilir.","Değerli bir platin grubu metaldir ve beyaz altın, kaliteli mücevherler ve diş alaşımlarında kullanılır.","Paladyum, telefonların ve bilgisayarların içindeki küçük kapasitörler de dahil olmak üzere birçok elektronik için gereklidir.","1989'un ünlü ve daha sonra gözden düşen 'soğuk füzyon' deneylerinde merkezi bir rol oynadı."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1802'de keşfedilen asteroit Pallas'tan almıştır ve kendisine de Pallas Athena'nın adı verilmiştir; William Hyde Wollaston bu ismi 1803 yılında, yeni elementleri yakın zamanda keşfedilen gök cisimlerinden sonra adlandırma şeklindeki çağdaş modayı takip ederek icat etti."},"Phosphorus":{"name":"Fosfor","summary":"Fosfor, DNA ve ATP gibi biyolojik moleküllerde oldukça reaktif, temel bir elementtir.","appearance":"Renk değişir (beyaz, kırmızı veya siyah formlar)","interesting_facts":["Beyaz fosfor, oksijenle reaksiyona girdiğinden karanlıkta hafifçe parlıyor; bu olay 'fosforesans'a adını veriyor.","Bu, 1669'da Hennig Brand tarafından kaynatılmış idrardan izole edilen, bilinen bir kaşif tarafından keşfedilen ilk elementti.","Fosfor çarpıcı derecede farklı formlarda bulunur: beyaz fosfor tehlikeli derecede yanıcıdır, kırmızı fosfor ise stabildir ve kibrit kutusu şeritlerinde kullanılır.","Her hücre, canlılarda enerjiyi depolayan ve aktaran molekül olan DNA, RNA ve ATP'deki fosforu kullanır.","Madenlerden çıkarılan fosfat kayalarının yaklaşık %85'i gübreye dönüştürülüyor ve bu da fosforu küresel gıda üretimi için kritik hale getiriyor.","Kemikleriniz ve dişleriniz kalsiyum fosfatla güçlendirilir, dolayısıyla vücudunuzdaki fosforun büyük kısmı iskeletinizde depolanır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yunanca 'fosfor'dan (ışık taşıyıcı, 'phos' = ışık ve 'phoros' = taşıyan'dan gelir), çünkü beyaz fosfor oksitlenirken karanlıkta hafifçe parlar; bu isim Hennig Brand tarafından 1669'da keşfedildiğinde uygulanmıştır."},"Platinum":{"name":"Platin","summary":"Platin, katalitik konvertörlerde, mücevherlerde ve elektronikte kullanılan yoğun, dövülebilir ve korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Platin korozyona karşı o kadar dayanıklıdır ki, yüksek sıcaklıklarda bile asla kararmaz.","Katalitik konvertörlerde araç egzozunun temizlenmesine yardımcı olan önemli bir katalizördür.","Platin altından daha yoğundur ve kaliteli mücevherler ve alyanslar için değerlidir.","Sisplatin gibi bazı platin bileşikleri güçlü kemoterapi ilaçlarıdır.","Güney Afrika dünyadaki platinin çoğunluğunu üretiyor.","Adı, ilk madencilerin ona küçümseyerek verdiği bir isim olan, 'küçük gümüş' anlamına gelen İspanyolca 'platina' kelimesinden geliyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İspanyolca'da 'küçük gümüş' anlamına gelen 'plata'nın (gümüş) küçültülmüş hali olan 'platina'dan türetilmiştir; 16. yüzyılda Güney Amerika'daki İspanyol kaşifler, bu küçümseyici terimi, altın yataklarında karışık buldukları ancak kolayca işlenemeyen soluk, gümüş benzeri metal için kullandılar."},"Plutonium":{"name":"Plütonyum","summary":"Plütonyum, nükleer reaktörlerde, nükleer silahlarda ve uzay araçları için güç kaynağı olarak kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz, havaya maruz kaldığında kararır","interesting_facts":["Plütonyum nükleer silahlarda ve reaktörlerde kullanılmasıyla ünlüdür.","Adını neptunyum ve uranyumdan sonra cüce gezegen Plüton'dan almıştır.","Plütonyum-238, Voyager sondaları ve Curiosity gezgini gibi uzay araçlarına sabit ısısıyla güç sağlıyor.","Bir plütonyum parçası, kendi radyoaktif bozunmasından kaynaklanan ısı nedeniyle dokunulduğunda sıcaktır.","Çözeltide birçok renkli oksidasyon durumunda mevcut olan sıra dışı bir kimyaya sahiptir.","Plütonyum farklı katı formları arasında önemli ölçüde genişleyip daralarak işlenmesini zorlaştırıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, tıpkı plütonyumun neptünyumun ötesinde yer alması gibi, Neptün'ün ötesinde yer alan Plüton'dan (o zamanlar dokuzuncu gezegen olarak kabul edilirdi) almıştır; Glenn Seaborg, 1942'de buna isim verdi ve 'plütyum' alternatif formunun değerlendirildiğini ancak daha klasik '-onium' eki lehine reddedildiğini belirtti."},"Polonium":{"name":"Polonyum","summary":"Polonyum, anti-statik cihazlarda ve uzay uygulamalarında ısı kaynağı olarak kullanılan oldukça radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli","interesting_facts":["Polonyum, 1898'de Marie ve Pierre Curie tarafından keşfedildi ve Marie'nin anavatanı Polonya'nın adını aldı.","Yoğun radyoaktiftir, öyle ki bir gramı mavi renkte parlıyor ve ısınmaya yetecek kadar ısı yayıyor.","Polonyum-210, 2006 yılında Alexander Litvinenko'nun meşhur zehirlenmesinde kullanıldı.","Uzay sondalarında hafif bir ısı kaynağı olarak ve antistatik bir cihaz olarak kullanılmıştır.","Polonyum son derece nadirdir ve uranyum cevherlerinde çok küçük miktarlarda bulunur.","Bir zerre polonyum ölümcül bir doz oluşturabilir ve bu da onu bilinen en zehirli maddelerden biri yapar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1898'de Pierre Curie ile birlikte keşfeden Marie Curie'nin anavatanı olan Polonya'dan (Latince: Polonia) almıştır; Curie bu ismi işgal altındaki vatanına bir saygı duruşu olarak seçti, daha sonra uluslararası dikkatin bu davaya çekilmesini umarak Rusya, Prusya ve Avusturya arasında bölündü."},"Potassium":{"name":"Potasyum","summary":"Potasyum, bitki büyümesi için gerekli olan ve biyolojik süreçlerde çok önemli olan yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş grisi metal","interesting_facts":["Potasyum o kadar reaktiftir ki suya temas ettiğinde leylak rengi bir aleve dönüşür.","Bıçakla kesilebilecek kadar yumuşak ve reaksiyona girdiğinde suyun üzerinde yüzebilecek kadar hafiftir.","Potasyum iyonları sinir sinyalleri ve kalp atışı için gereklidir ve muz iyi bilinen bir besin kaynağıdır.","Kimyasal sembolü K, bitki külü anlamına gelen Arapça kelimenin Latince formu olan 'kalium'dan gelmektedir.","Potasyum, 1807'de Humphry Davy tarafından elektrolizle izole edilen ilk metaldi.","Vücudunuzdaki radyoaktif izotop potasyum-40, sizi tüm hayatınız boyunca çok az radyoaktif hale getirir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce ismi 'potas'tan (elementin eski bir kaynağı olan çömleklerde süzülmüş odun külü) gelirken, K sembolü Latince 'kalium'dan, son olarak Arapça 'al-qali'den (sabun yapımında kullanılan alkali bitki külleri) gelir."},"Praseodymium":{"name":"Praseodimyum","summary":"Praseodimyum mıknatıslarda, cam renklendirmede ve alaşımlarda kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Praseodimyumun adı, tuzlarının yeşil renginden dolayı 'yeşil ikiz' anlamına gelir.","Kaynakçıları ve cam üfleyicileri yoğun parlamadan ve kızılötesi ışıktan koruyan özel gözlüklerde kullanılır.","Neodimyum ile karıştırıldığında motorlarda ve kulaklıklarda kullanılan güçlü mıknatıslar oluşturur.","Praseodimyum, cam ve seramik sırlarına saf sarı renk verir.","1885 yılında 'didimyum' adı verilen ve iki element olduğu ortaya çıkan bir maddeden ayrıştırıldı.","Praseodim katkılı fiberler bazı optik sistemlerde ışık sinyallerini güçlendirebilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Carl Auer von Welsbach 1885'te didimiyumu iki elemente ayırdığında adını Yunanca 'prasios' (pırasa yeşili) ve 'didymos'tan (ikiz) almıştır: praseodim, yeşil tuzlu ikiz ve neodim, yeni ikiz."},"Promethium":{"name":"Prometyum","summary":"Promethium, parlak boyalarda, atom pillerinde ve araştırmalarda kullanılan radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Prometyum, kararlı izotopları olmayan tek nadir toprak elementidir; radyoaktiftir ve esasen doğada yoktur.","Adını tanrılardan ateşi çalan Yunan Titanı Prometheus'tan almıştır.","Promethium, parlak boyalarda ve kalp pilleri ve uzay araçları için küçük atom pillerinde kullanıldı.","Varlığı, periyodik tablodaki 61. elementte 1945'te onaylanan uzun süredir devam eden bir boşluğu doldurdu.","Parlayan prometyum, kendi radyasyonundan soluk mavi-yeşil bir ışık üretebilir.","Yer kabuğunun tamamında herhangi bir anda yalnızca 500 gram kadar prometyumun var olduğu düşünülüyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını tanrılardan ateşi çalıp insanlığa veren Yunan mitolojisindeki Titan Prometheus'tan almıştır; Buna uygun olarak, prometyum ilk kez 1945'te bir nükleer reaktördeki uranyum fisyon ürünlerinden elde edildi."},"Protactinium":{"name":"Protaktinyum","summary":"Protaktinyum, kıtlığı ve radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle esas olarak bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan yoğun, gümüşi gri bir metaldir.","appearance":"Parlak, gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Protaktinyum, doğal olarak oluşan en nadir ve en pahalı elementlerden biridir.","Aktinyuma bozunduğu için adı 'aktiniyumun ebeveyni' anlamına gelir.","Oldukça radyoaktif ve toksiktir, dikkatli kullanım gerektirir.","Protaktinyum ilk olarak 1913'te tanımlandı ve 1934'te izole edildi.","Okyanus çökeltilerindeki protaktinyumun toryuma oranı, bilim adamlarının geçmiş iklimi ve okyanus dolaşımını incelemesine yardımcı olur.","Kıtlığı ve radyoaktivitesi nedeniyle bilimsel araştırma dışında çok az kullanımı vardır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'ilk' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'protos'tan (πρῶτος) alır ve 'aktinyum' ile birleşerek 'aktiniyumun ebeveyni'ni verir; isim, protaktinyum-231'in aktinyum-227'ye bozunduğunu yansıtmaktadır; Kasper Fajans bunu ilk kez 1913'te 'brevium' olarak adlandırdı, ancak daha uzun ömürlü izotop tanımlandığında 'protaktinyum' benimsendi."},"Radium":{"name":"Radyum","summary":"Radyum, bir zamanlar parlak boyalarda kullanılan, son derece radyoaktif bir metaldir, şimdi ise esas olarak radyoaktif özellikleri açısından incelenmektedir.","appearance":"Gümüş beyazı metalik","interesting_facts":["Radyum, 1898'de Marie ve Pierre Curie tarafından keşfedildi ve karanlıkta soluk mavi bir ışıkla parlıyor.","Bir zamanlar karanlıkta parlayan saat kadranlarına eklenmiş ve onları boyayan 'Radyum Kızları' trajik bir şekilde zehirlenmişti.","20. yüzyılın başlarındaki ürünler, tehlikeleri anlaşılmadan önce radyumu diş macunu, su ve kozmetik ürünlerinde pazarlıyordu.","Radyum aynı miktardaki uranyumdan yaklaşık bir milyon kat daha radyoaktiftir.","Daha güvenli kaynaklar onun yerini almadan önce, tarihsel olarak kanser radyoterapisinde kullanılmıştı.","Marie Curie'nin defterleri hâlâ o kadar radyoaktif ki kurşun kaplı kutularda saklanıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1898'de keşfeden Marie ve Pierre Curie tarafından 'ışın' veya 'ışın' anlamına gelen Latince 'yarıçap' kelimesinden almıştır; isim, elementin yaydığı yoğun radyasyona atıfta bulunuyor ve bunu pitchblende'den izole ederken dikkate değer yeni bir fenomen olarak gözlemlediler."},"Radon":{"name":"Radon","summary":"Radon, radyasyon terapisinde ve jeolojik araştırmalarda izleyici olarak kullanılan radyoaktif bir soy gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz","interesting_facts":["Radon, toprak ve kayadaki uranyumun bozunması sonucu üretilen radyoaktif bir soy gazdır.","Sigara içmeyenler arasında akciğer kanserinin önde gelen nedenidir ve bodrumlara görünmez bir şekilde sızmaktadır.","Radon renksiz, kokusuz ve tatsız olduğundan ancak özel aletlerle tespit edilebilir.","Normal şartlarda en yoğun gazdır ve bilinen en ağır gazlardan biridir.","Radon bir zamanlar bazı erken tıbbi radyasyon tedavilerinde kullanıldı.","Evde test kitleri yaygın olarak mevcuttur çünkü radon seviyeleri uygun havalandırma ile azaltılabilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, radyoaktif bozunma yoluyla oluştuğu element olan \"radyum\"dan ve soy gazlar için kullanılan \"-on\" sonekinden almıştır; Friedrich Dorn bunu ilk kez 1900 yılında radyumdan yayılan bir gaz olarak tespit etti ve 'radon' adı standartlaştırılmadan önce 'radyum yayılımı' olarak adlandırıldı."},"Rhenium":{"name":"Renyum","summary":"Renyum, jet motorlarında, filamentlerde ve katalizörlerde kullanılan yoğun, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi gri","interesting_facts":["Renyum, 1925'te keşfedilen son kararlı elementlerden biriydi.","Tüm elementler arasında en yüksek erime ve kaynama noktalarından birine sahiptir.","Renyum süper alaşımları jet ve roket motoru türbin kanatlarının daha sıcak ve daha verimli çalışmasını sağlar.","Adını Almanya'daki Ren Nehri'nden almıştır.","Renyum son derece nadirdir ve esas olarak bakır ve molibden madenciliğinin bir yan ürünü olarak geri kazanılır.","Yüksek oktanlı, kurşunsuz benzin yapımında katalizör olarak kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Almanya'nın içinden geçen Ren Nehri'nden (Latince: Rhenus) almıştır; Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke ve Otto Berg, 1925 yılında elementi keşfettiklerinde, elementleri keşfedenlerin anavatanının coğrafi özelliklerine göre adlandırma geleneğini takip ederek bu ismi seçtiler."},"Rhodium":{"name":"Rodyum","summary":"Rodyum, yüksek yansıtma özelliği ve katalitik konvertörlerde ve mücevherlerde kullanımıyla bilinen nadir, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş beyazı metalik","interesting_facts":["Rodyum, en nadir ve en değerli değerli metallerden biridir ve genellikle altından çok daha pahalıdır.","Adını, tuzlarının gül kırmızısı renginden dolayı Yunanca 'rhodon' (gül) kelimesinden almaktadır.","Rodyumun çoğu, araba egzozundan çıkan zararlı gazları temizlemek için katalitik konvertörlerde kullanılır.","Parlak, sert ve yansıtıcı bir yüzey verir ve beyaz altın takı ve aynaları kaplamak için kullanılır.","Rodyum korozyona karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır ve havada kararmaz.","Platin grubu metallerden biridir ve esas olarak platin ve nikel madenciliğinin bir yan ürünü olarak geri kazanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Rodyum tuzlarının çözeltilerinin rengi karakteristik olarak gül kırmızısı olduğundan 1804 yılında William Hyde Wollaston tarafından Yunanca 'rhodon' (gül) sözcüğünden türetilmiştir."},"Roentgenium":{"name":"Röntgenyum","summary":"Roentgenium, öncelikle süper ağır elementleri incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Roentgenium, adını X ışınlarını keşfeden Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen'den almıştır.","İlk kez 1994 yılında Almanya'da nikel ve bizmut çekirdeklerinin kaynaştırılmasıyla yaratıldı.","Bir seferde yalnızca birkaç atom üreten sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Roentgenium'un periyodik tabloda altının altında yer alacağı ve kimyasının bir kısmını paylaşabileceği tahmin ediliyor.","Atomları oluştuktan birkaç saniye sonra bozunur.","Temel araştırmaların ötesinde hiçbir uygulaması yoktur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1895'te X ışınlarını keşfeden ve 1901'de ilk Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nü alan Alman fizikçi Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen'den almıştır; GSI Darmstadt bunu 1994 yılında sentezledi, 2004 yılında adını önerdi ve IUPAC aynı yıl resmi olarak kabul etti."},"Rubidium":{"name":"Rubidyum","summary":"Rubidyum elektronikte, araştırmada ve atom saatlerinde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz metalik bir elementtir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz metalik","interesting_facts":["Rubidyum havada kendiliğinden tutuşur ve suyla şiddetli reaksiyona girer.","Emisyon spektrumundaki kırmızı çizgiler nedeniyle Latince 'rubidus' (koyu kırmızı) adını almıştır.","Rubidyum, 1861 yılında Bunsen ve Kirchhoff tarafından yeni spektroskopi tekniği kullanılarak keşfedildi.","Yaklaşık 39 °C'de vücut sıcaklığının hemen üzerinde erir.","Rubidyum atomları dünyanın en hassas atom saatlerinden bazılarında kullanılmaktadır.","Bilim insanları 1995 yılında maddenin tuhaf yeni hali olan ilk Bose-Einstein yoğunlaşmasını oluşturmak için rubidyum kullandılar."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Robert Bunsen ve Gustav Kirchhoff tarafından 1861'de Latince 'rubidus'tan (koyu kırmızı veya koyu kırmızı), o zamanlar yeni olan spektroskopi tekniğiyle tanımlamak için kullandıkları iki belirgin koyu kırmızı spektral çizgiden sonra bu isim verilmiştir."},"Ruthenium":{"name":"Rutenyum","summary":"Rutenyum, elektrik kontaklarında, kalın film dirençlerinde ve katalizör olarak kullanılan nadir bir geçiş metalidir.","appearance":"Gümüş beyazı metalik","interesting_facts":["Rutenyum, adını 1844 yılında keşfedildiği Rusya'nın Latince adı olan Ruthenia'dan almıştır.","Platin grubu metallerden olup son derece sert ve kırılgandır.","Çok az miktarda rutenyum eklenmesi, platin ve paladyum alaşımlarının sertliğini ve aşınma direncini büyük ölçüde artırır.","Rutenyum, elektronik içindeki elektrik kontaklarında ve çip dirençlerinde kullanılır.","Amonyak yapma ve kirleticileri temizleme süreçleri de dahil olmak üzere çok yönlü bir katalizör görevi görür.","Rutenyum bileşikleri güneş pilleri için ışık emici boyalar olarak araştırılmaktadır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, 1844 yılında Rus İmparatorluğu'nun Kazan'ında çalışırken bu keşfi yapan Karl Ernst Claus tarafından Rusya'nın (Rus halkının ülkesi) Latince adı olan Ruthenia'dan almıştır."},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"Rutherfordyum","summary":"Rutherfordium, ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen gümüşi metalik","interesting_facts":["Rutherfordium, adını nükleer fiziğin babası fizikçi Ernest Rutherford'dan almıştır.","Transaktinit (süper ağır) elementlerin ilkidir.","Rutherfordium, daha hafif atom çekirdeklerinin hızlandırıcılarda bir araya getirilmesiyle elde ediliyor.","Keşfi, Amerikalı ve Sovyet bilim adamları arasındaki Soğuk Savaş adlandırma anlaşmazlığının konusuydu.","Aynı anda yalnızca birkaç atom oluşturulabilir ve saniyeler içinde bozunurlar.","Periyodik tablonun 4. grubunda yer alan hafniyum gibi kimyasal olarak davranması bekleniyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını atom çekirdeğini keşfeden ve nükleer fiziğin babası olarak kabul edilen Yeni Zelanda doğumlu fizikçi Ernest Rutherford'dan almıştır; isim Lawrence Berkeley'deki Amerikalı araştırmacılar tarafından önerildi ve Soğuk Savaş'ta Sovyet bilim adamlarıyla yaşanan isim anlaşmazlığının ardından 1997'de IUPAC tarafından resmi olarak kabul edildi."},"Samarium":{"name":"Samaryum","summary":"Samaryum mıknatıslarda, lazerlerde ve nükleer reaktörlerde nötron emici olarak kullanılan gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Samaryum-kobalt mıknatıslar, uçak ve askeri donanımlarda kullanılan, yüksek sıcaklıklarda mukavemetlerini korurlar.","Bu, samarskit minerali aracılığıyla (madencilik yetkilisi Samarsky'den sonra) bir kişinin adını taşıyan ilk elementti.","Samaryum nötronları kolayca emer, bu nedenle nükleer reaktör kontrol çubuklarında kullanılır.","Kemiklere yayılmış kanserden kaynaklanan ağrıyı hafifletmek için radyoaktif bir samaryum bileşiği kullanılır.","Samaryum kimyada katalizör olarak ve belirli cam ve lazer türlerinin yapımında kullanılır.","Orta derecede serttir ve havada yavaş yavaş oksitlenerek sarımsı bir kaplama oluşturur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını ilk kez 1879'da Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran tarafından tanımlandığı mineral olan samarskit'ten almıştır; Samarskite, adını Rus maden yetkilisi Albay Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets'ten almıştır; bu da samaryumun gerçek bir kişinin adını (dolaylı olarak) alan ilk element olmasını sağlar."},"Scandium":{"name":"İskandiyum","summary":"Skandiyum, havacılık bileşenlerinde ve yüksek performanslı alaşımlarda kullanılan yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Scandium'un varlığı ve özellikleri, 1879'da keşfedilmeden önce 1869'da Mendeleev tarafından 'eka-bor' olarak tahmin edilmişti.","Alüminyuma az miktarda skandiyum eklenmesi, üst düzey bisiklet kadrolarında ve havacılık parçalarında kullanılan güçlü, hafif bir alaşım oluşturur.","Adını ilk bulunduğu mineralin çıkarıldığı İskandinavya'dan almıştır.","Bazı Sovyet MiG savaş uçaklarında skandiyum-alüminyum alaşımları kullanıldı.","Kabukta oldukça yaygın olmasına rağmen, skandiyumun çıkarılması zordur ve cevherlerde nadiren yoğunlaşır, bu da onu pahalı hale getirir.","Doğal güneş ışığını taklit eden ışık üretmek için bazı metal halojenür lambalara skandiyum iyodür eklenir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, Lars Fredrik Nilson'un 1879'da İskandinavya'daki euxenite ve gadolinit minerallerinde keşfettiği bölge olan İskandinavya'dan (Latince 'Scandia') almıştır."},"Seaborgium":{"name":"Seaborjyum","summary":"Seaborgium, süper ağır elementlerin özelliklerini incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium, adını birçok transuranik elementin keşfedilmesine yardımcı olan kimyager Glenn T. Seaborg'dan almıştır.","O dönemde hâlâ hayatta olan bir kişinin adını taşıyan ilk elementti.","Seaborgium, yalnızca parçacık hızlandırıcılarda üretilen sentetik bir süper ağır elementtir.","Atomları saniyeler içinde bozunuyor, bu nedenle şimdiye kadar yalnızca bir avuç kadarı incelendi.","Kimyasal deneyler onun periyodik tablonun 6. grubundaki tungsten gibi davrandığını gösteriyor.","İlk kez 1974 yılında oksijen iyonlarının kaliforniyuma parçalanmasıyla yaratıldı."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını on transuranik elementi keşfeden Amerikalı kimyager Glenn T. Seaborg'dan almıştır; 1994 yılında Lawrence Berkeley tarafından önerilen, yaşayan bir kişinin adını taşıyan ilk unsurdu, ancak IUPAC, 1997'de adı resmi olarak onaylamadan önce ilk başta itiraz etti."},"Selenium":{"name":"Selenyum","summary":"Selenyum, kükürt ve tellüre benzer özelliklere sahip, elektronikte, cam yapımında ve besin takviyesi olarak kullanılan bir ametaldir.","appearance":"Siyah, kırmızı ve gri formlar","interesting_facts":["Selenyum, adını Yunan Ay tanrıçası Selene'den almıştır.","Elektrik iletkenliği, ilk fotokopi makinelerinde ve ışık ölçerlerde kullanılan bir özellik olan ışıkla değişir.","Selenyum, antioksidan enzimleri destekleyen önemli bir eser besin maddesidir ancak daha büyük dozlarda toksiktir.","Cama kırmızı bir renk verir ve ayrıca camdaki yeşil tonu gidermek için de kullanılır.","Brezilya fıstığı selenyum açısından son derece zengindir.","Selenyum, kırmızı bir toz ve elektriği ileten gri metalik bir form da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli formlarda gelir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Her iki element de kimyasal olarak benzer olduğundan ve aynı cevher yataklarında bir arada bulunduğundan, 1817'de Jöns Jacob Berzelius tarafından tellürün (Latince 'tellus'tan, Dünya'dan) tamamlayıcısı olarak adlandırılan Yunanca 'selene'den (ay) türetilmiştir."},"Silicon":{"name":"Silisyum","summary":"Silikon sert, kırılgan kristal bir katıdır ve yarı iletkenlerde ve bilgisayar çiplerinde önemli bir bileşendir.","appearance":"Gri kristal katı","interesting_facts":["Silikon, yerkabuğunda oksijenden sonra en çok bulunan ikinci elementtir ve çoğunlukla kum ve kayalarda silika olarak bulunur.","Ultra saf silikon kristalleri bilgisayar çiplerinin temelini oluşturuyor ve Silikon Vadisine adını veriyor.","Silikon, elektriği yalıtkanlardan daha iyi ancak metallerden daha kötü ileten metaloid bir yarı iletkendir.","Kuvars, opal ve kumun çoğu silikon bileşikleridir ve cam esas olarak silikanın eritilmesiyle yapılır.","Güneş panelleri, güneş ışığını doğrudan elektriğe dönüştürmek için silikona dayanır.","İsminin benzerliğine rağmen silikon (element), onu içeren esnek kauçuksu polimer olan silikondan farklıdır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'silex' veya 'silicis'ten (çakmaktaşı veya sert taş), çünkü silikon, çakmaktaşı ve silikat kayalarında bol miktarda bulunur; 'Silikon' adı 1817'de Thomas Thomson tarafından önerildi."},"Silver":{"name":"Gümüş","summary":"Gümüş, takı, elektronik ve aynalarda kullanılan, tüm elementler arasında en yüksek elektrik ve termal iletkenliğe sahip, yumuşak, beyaz, parlak bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Gümüş, tüm elementlerin en iyi elektrik ve termal iletkenidir.","Doğal antibakteriyel özelliklere sahiptir ve modern tıptan çok önce yaraları ve suyu temiz tutmak için kullanılmıştır.","Gümüş en yansıtıcı metaldir ve bu nedenle geleneksel olarak arka aynalarda kullanılmıştır.","Fotoğraf filmi, görüntü yakalamak için ışığa duyarlı gümüş bileşiklere dayanıyordu.","Kimyasal sembolü Ag, Latince 'argentum' kelimesinden gelir ve Arjantin ülkesinin adı da bundan gelir.","Gümüş, havadaki çok küçük miktarlardaki kükürt bileşikleriyle reaksiyona girdiğinde siyah renkte kararır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce 'gümüş' kelimesi, kökeni belirsiz olan Proto-Germen 'silubra' ile ilişkili olan Eski İngilizce 'seolfor'dan gelir; Ag sembolü ve Arjantin ülke adı, elementin parlak beyaz parlaklığıyla bağlantılı olan Latince 'argentum'dan (gümüş) türemiştir."},"Sodium":{"name":"Sodyum","summary":"Sodyum yumuşak, gümüşi beyaz, oldukça reaktif bir metaldir ve yaşam için gerekli bir elementtir.","appearance":"Gümüş beyazı metal","interesting_facts":["Sodyum o kadar reaktiftir ki, yağ altında depolanması gerekir ve suya düştüğünde köpürüp tutuşabilir.","Bıçakla kesilebilecek kadar yumuşaktır ve havada hızla donuklaşan parlak gümüşi bir yüzey ortaya çıkarır.","Sodyum buharlı lambalar, bir zamanlar sokak aydınlatmasında yaygın olan kendine özgü sarı-turuncu ışıltıyı üretir.","Yaygın sofra tuzu sodyum klorürdür ve sodyum, sinir uyarıları ve vücudunuzdaki sıvı dengesi için gereklidir.","Sodyum, alev testlerinde onu tanımlamak için kullanılan bir özellik olan parlak sarı bir alevle yanar.","Na kimyasal sembolü, doğal bir soda bileşiğine atıfta bulunan Latince 'natrium' kelimesinden gelir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce adı 'soda'dan (ortaçağ Latincesi 'sodanum', baş ağrısı ilacı) gelirken, Na sembolü Latince 'natrium'dan türemiştir ve kendisi de Arapça/Mısır dilinde doğal olarak oluşan bir sodyum karbonat minerali olan natron anlamına gelen 'natrun'dan gelmektedir."},"Strontium":{"name":"Stronsiyum","summary":"Stronsiyum havai fişeklerde, seramiklerde ve radyolojik uygulamalarda kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli metalik","interesting_facts":["Stronsiyum tuzları havai fişeklerde ve acil durum işaret fişeklerinde parlak kırmızı rengi üretir.","Adını, cevherinin ilk bulunduğu İskoç köyü Strontian'dan almıştır.","Nükleer serpintiden kaynaklanan radyoaktif izotop stronsiyum-90, kalsiyumu taklit ettiği için kemiklere yerleşebilir.","Stronsiyum bazı diş macunlarında diş hassasiyetini azaltmak için kullanılır.","Stronsiyum alüminat karanlıkta saatlerce parlar ve modern parlak boyalarda kullanılır.","Kalsiyum gibi stronsiyum da suyla reaksiyona girer ve doğada hiçbir zaman serbest halde bulunmaz."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, stronsiyanit (stronsiyum karbonat) mineralinin ilk kez 1790 civarında yerel kurşun madenlerinde keşfedildiği İskoçya'nın Argyllshire kentindeki bir köy olan Strontian'dan almıştır."},"Sulfur":{"name":"Kükürt","summary":"Kükürt, volkanik bölgelerde yaygın olarak bulunan sarı renkli, metalik olmayan bir elementtir ve yaşam için gereklidir.","appearance":"Parlak sarı kristaller","interesting_facts":["Kükürt eski çağlardan beri bilinmektedir ve İncil'de 'yanan taş' anlamına gelen 'kükürt' olarak anılır.","Saf kükürtün kendisi kokusuz olmasına rağmen, hidrojen sülfürün çürük yumurta kokusuyla ünlüdür.","Kükürt mavi bir alevle yanar ve boğucu kükürt dioksit gazı üretir.","Çıkarılan kükürtün çoğu, dünyada en çok üretilen endüstriyel kimyasallardan biri olan sülfürik asitin yapımında kullanılıyor.","Volkanik menfezlerin ve kaplıcaların çevresinde parlak sarı kükürt yatakları oluşur.","Kükürt, proteinlerin katlanmasına yardımcı olan sistein ve metiyonin amino asitlerinde bulunan, yaşam için gerekli bir elementtir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Latince 'kükürt'ten (kükürt), kökeni belirsiz olan ve muhtemelen Sanskritçe 'sulvere' ile bağlantılı olan bir kelime; kükürt antik çağlardan beri volkanların çevresinde bulunan ve İncil metinlerinde 'kükürt' olarak adlandırılan keskin sarı taş olarak bilinmektedir."},"Tantalum":{"name":"Tantal","summary":"Tantal elektronikte, cerrahi implantlarda ve yüksek sıcaklık alaşımlarında kullanılan yoğun, korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gri mavi","interesting_facts":["Tantal kapasitörler küçüktür ancak çok fazla şarj depolarlar ve neredeyse her telefon ve dizüstü bilgisayarda bulunurlar.","Adını Yunan efsanesindeki Tantalus'tan almıştır ve asitte çözünmeye karşı 'baş döndürücü' direncini yansıtmaktadır.","Tantal biyolojik olarak uyumludur ve cerrahi implantlarda, plakalarda ve pinlerde kullanılır.","3.000 °C'nin üzerinde, tüm metaller arasında en yüksek erime noktalarından birine sahiptir.","Tantal, sert oksit tabakası sayesinde korozyona karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır.","Dünyadaki tantalın büyük bir kısmı koltan cevherinden geliyor ve bu da etik kaynak kullanımıyla ilgili endişeleri artırıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, Yunan mitolojisinde, uzandığında uzaklaşan meyve ağaçlarının altındaki su havuzunda durmaya mahkum edilen kral Tantalus'tan almıştır; Anders Ekeberg 1802'de bu ismi seçti çünkü element heyecan verici bir şekilde asit emmeyi reddetti, tıpkı Tantalus'un susuzluğunu asla tatmin edememesi gibi."},"Technetium":{"name":"Teknesyum","summary":"Teknetyum, öncelikle tıbbi görüntüleme ve endüstriyel radyografide kullanılan gümüş grisi radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüş grisi metalik","interesting_facts":["Teknesyum yapay olarak yapılan ilk elementti ve adı Yunanca 'yapay' anlamına geliyordu.","Kararlı izotopları yoktur, dolayısıyla aslında hiçbiri Dünya'da doğal olarak mevcut değildir.","Teknesyum-99m, tıbbi görüntülemede en yaygın kullanılan radyoaktif izleyicidir ve yılda on milyonlarca taramada kullanılır.","Periyodik tablodaki boşluğu Mendeleev tarafından 'eka-manganez' olarak tahmin edilmişti.","Bazı uzak yıldızların tayflarında teknetyum tespit edildi ve bu yıldızlarda elementlerin hâlâ üretildiği kanıtlandı.","Çok küçük miktarlarda teknetyum, çeliği korozyona karşı oldukça dirençli hale getirebilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Yapay olarak üretilen ilk element olduğu için 1937'de Carlo Perrier ve Emilio Segrè tarafından isimlendirilen Yunanca 'teknetos'tan (yapay veya insan yapımı), molibdenin bir siklotronda döteronlarla bombardıman edilmesiyle yaratılmıştır."},"Tellurium":{"name":"Tellür","summary":"Tellür, alaşımlarda, yarı iletkenlerde ve termoelektrik cihazlarda kullanılan kırılgan, gümüşi beyaz bir metaloiddir.","appearance":"Simli parlak gri","interesting_facts":["Tellurium, adını Latince Dünya anlamına gelen 'tellus' kelimesinden alır.","Çok küçük miktarlara bile maruz kalan kişilerde, haftalarca sürebilen, sarımsak benzeri güçlü bir koku olan \"tellür nefesi\" gelişir.","Nadir bir metaloiddir ve Dünya'nın kabuğunda platin kadar nadir bulunur.","Kadmiyum tellür ince film güneş panelleri yapımında kullanılır.","Tellür, çelik ve bakır alaşımlarının işlenebilirliğini artırır.","Yeniden yazılabilir optik disklerde kullanılır çünkü camsı ve kristal haller arasında geçiş yapabilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1798'de Martin Heinrich Klaproth tarafından isimlendirilen Latince 'tellis'ten (Dünya); İki elementin kimyasal olarak benzer olması ve sıklıkla birlikte bulunması nedeniyle bu isim kasıtlı olarak selenyumla (adını aydan almıştır) eşleştirilmiştir."},"Tennessine":{"name":"Tennesin","summary":"Tennessine, süper ağır elementleri incelemek için bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan sentetik, radyoaktif bir elementtir.","appearance":"Bilinmiyor, muhtemelen metalik veya metaloid","interesting_facts":["Tennessine, adını Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı'na ev sahipliği yapan ABD'nin Tennessee eyaletinden almaktadır.","Bilinen ikinci en ağır elementtir ve 2010 yılında doğrulanmıştır.","Halojen sütununun 17. grubunda yer aldığından adı '-ine' ile bitiyor.","Bunu oluşturmak için Oak Ridge'de üretilen ve kalsiyum iyonlarıyla bombardıman edilen nadir berkelyum gerekiyordu.","Şimdiye kadar yalnızca birkaç tennessin atomu yapıldı.","Atomları saniyeden çok daha kısa sürede bozunur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı (temel berkelyum hedefini üreten), Vanderbilt Üniversitesi ve Tennessee Üniversitesi'ne ev sahipliği yapan ABD'nin Tennessee eyaletinden almıştır; 2010 yılında sentezlendi ve 2016 yılında IUPAC tarafından resmi olarak adlandırıldı; halojen grubu 17'deki konumunu yansıtan '-ine' son eki ile."},"Terbium":{"name":"Terbiyum","summary":"Terbiyum, yeşil aydınlatma, lazerler ve manyeto-optik cihazlarda kullanılan fosforlarda kullanılan gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Terbiyum, aydınlatmada ve eski ekranlarda kullanılan birçok fosforun yeşil rengini sağlar.","Adını, o tek kasabayı onurlandıran dört unsurdan biri olan İsveç'in Ytterby köyünden almıştır.","Terbiyum alaşımları, sensörlerde ve sonar sistemlerinde kullanılan manyetik alanda şekil değiştirir.","Ultraviyole ışık altında parlak yeşil renkte parlar ve güvenlik mürekkeplerinde kullanılır.","Terbiyum, bıçakla kesilebilen yumuşak, gümüş renkli nadir toprak metalidir.","Katı hal cihazlarında ve enerji tasarruflu floresan lambalarda kullanılır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, gadolinit cevherinin ilk olarak toplandığı İsveç'in Resarö adasındaki bir köy olan Ytterby'den almıştır; Carl Gustaf Mosander onu 1843'te itria'dan ayırdı ve 'terbiyum', 'Ytterby'nin hecesel yeniden düzenlemesidir."},"Thallium":{"name":"Talyum","summary":"Talyum elektronikte, optik sistemlerde ve bazı tıbbi uygulamalarda kullanılan yumuşak, gri bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Talyum bir zamanlar kokusuz ve tatsız, tercih edilen bir zehirdi ve ona 'zehirleyicinin zehri' lakabını kazandırdı.","Adını, spektrumundaki parlak yeşil çizgiden alan, yeşil bir filiz anlamına gelen Yunanca 'thallos' kelimesinden almaktadır.","Talyum zehirlenmesi saç dökülmesine neden olur ve bu da bazen doktorların teşhis etmesine yardımcı olur.","Kalp görüntüleme stres testlerinde radyoaktif bir talyum izotopu kullanılır.","Talyum bileşikleri özel kızılötesi optik ve elektronikte kullanılır.","1861 yılında yeni alev spektroskopisi yöntemi kullanılarak keşfedildi."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 'yeşil sürgün' veya 'yeşil dal' anlamına gelen Yunanca 'thallos'tan (θαλλός) alır; William Crookes, 1861 yılında yeni geliştirilen alev spektroskopisi tekniğini kullanarak selenyumlu asit kalıntılarını analiz ederken gördüğü belirgin parlak yeşil spektral çizgiden dolayı bu ismi almıştır."},"Thorium":{"name":"Toryum","summary":"Toryum, nükleer reaktörlerde, alaşımlarda ve gaz mantolarında kullanılan zayıf radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi, çoğunlukla siyah kararmalı","interesting_facts":["Toryum, adını İskandinav gök gürültüsü tanrısı Thor'dan almıştır.","Uranyumdan daha güvenli ve daha bol bulunan bir nükleer yakıt olarak araştırılıyor.","Toryum, kabukta uranyumdan üç ila dört kat daha fazla bulunur.","Thoriated gaz mantoları parlak bir şekilde parlıyordu ve bir yüzyıldan fazla bir süre fenerlerde kullanıldı.","Bir zamanlar radyasyon nedeniyle zamanla hafifçe sararabilen yüksek kaliteli kamera lenslerine eklenmişti.","Toryumun neredeyse tamamı uzun ömürlü izotop toryum-232'dir ve yarı ömrü evrenin yaşından daha uzundur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını 1828'de keşfeden İsveçli kimyager Jöns Jacob Berzelius tarafından İskandinav gök gürültüsü tanrısı Thor'dan almıştır; Berzelius bunu Norveç'teki bir mineralde buldu ve torit adını verdi ve mitolojik figürleri onurlandırma geleneğini sürdürerek yeni elemente tanrının adını verdi."},"Thulium":{"name":"Tulyum","summary":"Tülyum, taşınabilir X-ışını cihazlarında, lazerlerde ve bazı nükleer uygulamalarda kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi gri","interesting_facts":["Tülyum, kararlı nadir toprak elementleri arasında en nadir bulunanıdır ve en pahalılarından biridir.","Adını uzak kuzeydeki efsanevi bir ülke olan Thule'den almıştır.","Radyoaktif tülyum-170, elektriğe ihtiyaç duymayan taşınabilir X-ışını cihazlarında kullanılıyor.","Thulium, ultraviyole ışık altında mavi renkte parlıyor ve banknotların üzerindeki sahteciliğe karşı işaretlerde kullanılıyor.","Thulium lazerler bazı tıbbi cerrahi işlemlerde kullanılmaktadır.","Nadir olmasına rağmen, tülyum kabukta altından daha fazla miktarda bulunmaktadır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, bilinen dünyanın en kuzey ucundaki, genellikle İskandinavya veya İzlanda ile özdeşleştirilen efsanevi bir ülkenin antik Yunan ve Roma adı olan Thule'den almıştır; Per Teodor Cleve, elementin İskandinav kökenlerini onurlandırmak için 1879'da bu ismi seçti."},"Tin":{"name":"Kalay","summary":"Kalay lehim, kaplama ve bronz gibi alaşımlarda kullanılan dövülebilir, gümüşi beyaz bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi beyaz metalik","interesting_facts":["Kalayın bakırla karıştırılması, insanlık tarihinin tüm çağını tanımlayan alaşım olan bronzun elde edilmesini sağlar.","Bir teneke çubuk büküldüğünde, kristalleri yeniden düzenlenirken 'kalay çığlığı' adı verilen bir çatırtı sesi çıkarır.","Aşırı soğukta sıradan teneke, 'kalay zararlısı' adı verilen bir süreçle gri bir toza dönüşebilir.","Teneke kutular korozyona karşı dayanıklılıklarını çelik üzerindeki ince kalay kaplamadan alırlar.","Kalayın diğer elementlerden daha kararlı izotopları (on) vardır.","Kalay ve lehim, yüzyıllardır kullanılan yaygın kalay bazlı alaşımlardır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İngilizce 'tin' kelimesi Eski İngilizce 'ten'den gelir ve Proto-Germen 'tinam' ile ilişkili olup kökeni belirsizdir; Sn sembolü, kalayına uygulanmadan önce başlangıçta gümüş-kurşun alaşımını ifade eden Latince 'stannum'dan gelir."},"Titanium":{"name":"Titanyum","summary":"Titanyum, havacılıkta, tıbbi cihazlarda ve alaşımlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan güçlü, hafif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli gri-beyaz","interesting_facts":["Titanyum, herhangi bir metalik element arasında en yüksek mukavemet-yoğunluk oranına sahiptir; çelik kadar güçlüdür ancak yaklaşık %45 daha hafiftir.","Biyouyumlu olduğundan vücut onu reddetmez, bu da onu kalça protezleri ve diş implantları için ideal kılar.","Titanyum dioksit boya, güneş kremi ve hatta diş macununda kullanılan parlak beyaz bir pigmenttir.","Deniz suyundan kaynaklanan korozyona o kadar dayanıklıdır ki gemi parçalarında ve denizaltı gövdelerinde kullanılır.","Titanyum, büyük gücünden dolayı adını Yunan mitolojisindeki Titanlardan almıştır.","Kabukta en çok bulunan dokuzuncu element olmasına rağmen titanyum pahalıdır çünkü cevherlerinden çıkarılması zordur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, coğrafi veya kişisel çağrışımlardan arınmış bir isim isteyen Martin Heinrich Klaproth tarafından 1795 yılında Yunan mitolojisindeki Titanlardan (güçlü ilkel tanrılar) almıştır."},"Tungsten":{"name":"Tungsten","summary":"Tungsten, filamentlerde, kesici aletlerde ve zırh delici mermilerde kullanılan, tüm elementler arasında en yüksek erime noktasına sahip sert, yoğun bir metaldir.","appearance":"Grimsi beyaz, parlak","interesting_facts":["Tungsten, yaklaşık 3.422 °C ile tüm metaller arasında en yüksek erime noktasına sahiptir.","Akkor ampullerdeki parlayan filamentler için kullanıldı.","Adı İsveççe 'ağır taş' anlamına gelirken, W sembolü 'wolfram'dan geliyor.","Tungsten karbür neredeyse elmas kadar serttir ve matkaplarda, testerelerde ve zırh delici mermilerde kullanılır.","Altınla hemen hemen aynı yoğunlukta olan en yoğun elementlerden biridir.","Tungsten, yaşamın kullandığı bilinen en ağır element olan bazı ısıyı seven mikroplardaki bazı enzimler için gereklidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"'Tungsten', İsveççe 'tung' (ağır) ve 'sten' (taş) kelimelerinden gelir ve şelit mineraline atıfta bulunur; W sembolü, wolframit mineralinden türetilen 'wolfram'dan gelir; bu isimle anılır çünkü eritme sırasında kalayı 'yutmuş' ve bir kurdu çağrıştırmıştır (Almanca: Wolf Rahm, kurt kreması veya köpüğü)."},"Uranium":{"name":"Uranyum","summary":"Uranyum, nükleer reaktörlerde ve nükleer silahlarda yakıt olarak kullanılan yoğun, radyoaktif bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi-gri metalik","interesting_facts":["Uranyum doğada önemli miktarda bulunan en ağır elementtir.","Adını sadece sekiz yıl önce keşfedilen Uranüs gezegeninden almıştır.","Tek bir kilogram uranyum-235, birkaç bin ton kömürün ürettiği enerji kadar enerji açığa çıkarabilir.","Uranyumun radyoaktivitesi, 1896 yılında Henri Becquerel tarafından karanlıkta fotoğraf plakalarının buğulanmasıyla keşfedildi.","Seyreltilmiş uranyum son derece yoğundur ve zırh ve zırh delici mühimmatta kullanılır.","1800'lü yıllarda popüler olan Uranyum camı, ultraviyole ışık altında parlak yeşil renkte parlıyor."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, Martin Heinrich Klaproth tarafından 1789'da yalnızca sekiz yıl önce keşfedilen Uranüs gezegeninden almıştır; tıpkı tellürün (ondan önceki element) Dünya'dan sonra isimlendirilmesi gibi, elementlere gök cisimlerinin adını verme geleneğini takip etti."},"Vanadium":{"name":"Vanadyum","summary":"Vanadyum, öncelikle çelik alaşımlarını ve diğer malzemeleri güçlendirmek için kullanılan sert, gümüşi gri bir metaldir.","appearance":"Gümüşi gri","interesting_facts":["Vanadyum, güzel renkli bileşikleri nedeniyle adını İskandinav tanrıçası Freyja'nın adı olan Vanadis'ten almıştır.","Bileşikleri oksidasyon durumuna bağlı olarak gökkuşağı renklerinde görünür: mor, mavi, yeşil ve sarı.","Çeliğe az miktarda vanadyum eklenmesi onu çok daha sert hale getirir ve aletlerde ve araba parçalarında kullanılır.","Henry Ford, Model T'yi daha hafif ve daha güçlü kılmak için vanadyum çeliği kullandı.","Vanadyum redoks akışlı piller, elektrik şebekesi için büyük miktarlarda enerji depolayabilir.","Deniz fışkıranları adı verilen bazı deniz canlıları, kanlarındaki vanadyumu çevredeki deniz suyundan çok daha yüksek seviyelerde yoğunlaştırır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, tanrıça Freyja'ya verilen Eski İskandinav sıfatı olan Vanadis'ten almıştır ve vanadyum bileşiklerinin çarpıcı derecede güzel, çok renkli çözeltiler oluşturması nedeniyle 1830'da Nils Gabriel Sefström tarafından seçilmiştir."},"Xenon":{"name":"Ksenon","summary":"Ksenon, aydınlatmada, tıbbi görüntülemede ve uzay araçlarının itilmesinde kullanılan renksiz, yoğun, kokusuz bir soy gazdır.","appearance":"Renksiz gaz, heyecanlandığında mavi bir parıltı yayar","interesting_facts":["Xenon'un adı Yunanca 'yabancı' kelimesinden geliyor çünkü havada çok nadir bulunan bir şeydi.","Parlak beyaz bir ışık üretir ve araba farlarında, kamera flaşlarında ve film projektör lambalarında kullanılır.","Ksenon pahalı olmasına rağmen güvenli ve güçlü bir anestezik olarak kullanılabilir.","Soy gaz olmasına rağmen ksenon, 1962'de gerçek bir kimyasal bileşik oluşturan ilk gaz oldu.","Uzay aracındaki iyon iticileri, itici gaz olarak ksenonu kullanıyor ve sondaları güneş sistemi boyunca yavaşça itiyor.","Ksenon, hafif bir nesneyi görünmez gazın üzerinde yüzdürebilecek kadar yoğundur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"1898'de William Ramsay ve Morris Travers tarafından Yunanca 'xenos'tan (yabancı veya yabancı), ksenonun sıvı kriptonun buharlaşmasından sonra kalıntılarda gizlenmiş tamamen yabancı bir element olarak ortaya çıkması nedeniyle bu isim verilmiştir."},"Ytterbium":{"name":"İterbiyum","summary":"İterbiyum, lazerlerde, atom saatlerinde ve malzemelerdeki stres ölçerlerde kullanılan yumuşak, gümüş rengi bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Ytterbium, adını küçük İsveç köyü Ytterby'den alan dört elementten biridir.","İtterbiyum atom saatleri şimdiye kadar yapılmış en hassas zaman tutucular arasındadır.","Stres göstergesi olarak kullanılan yüksek basınç altında elektrik direnci keskin bir şekilde artar.","İterbiyum katkılı fiberler, metal kesme ve kaynaklama için yüksek enerjili endüstriyel lazerlere güç sağlar.","Yumuşak, dövülebilir, gümüş renginde nadir toprak metalidir.","Bir lantanit için alışılmadık bir şekilde, iterbiyum kararlı +2 oksidasyon durumunu alabilir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını İsveç'in Stockholm kenti yakınlarındaki Resarö adasındaki bir köy olan Ytterby'den almıştır; Jean Charles de Marignac, oksitini ilk kez 1878'de erbia mineralinden izole etti ve iterbiyum, bu tek İsveç köyü için adlandırılan dört elementten biridir."},"Yttrium":{"name":"İtriyum","summary":"İtriyum fosforlarda, süper iletkenlerde ve LED teknolojisinde kullanılan gümüşi metalik bir elementtir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Yttrium, adını dört farklı elemente veren İsveç'in Ytterby köyünden almıştır.","İtriyum-alüminyum-granat (YAG) kristalleri tıp ve endüstriye yönelik güçlü lazerlerin yapımında kullanılır.","Azotun kaynama noktasının üzerinde çalışan ilk yüksek sıcaklık süper iletkenlerinin yaratılmasına yardımcı oldu.","İtriyum bileşikleri eski renkli televizyon ekranlarındaki kırmızı fosforları üretiyordu.","Alüminyum ve magnezyum alaşımlarını güçlendirmek için kullanılır.","Nadir toprak olarak adlandırılmasına rağmen, itriyum kabukta gümüş veya kurşundan daha fazla miktarda bulunur."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Adını, gadolinit cevherinin ilk kez 1787'de toplandığı İsveç'in Resarö adasındaki küçük bir köy olan Ytterby'den almıştır; Aynı köy adı aynı zamanda iterbiyum, erbiyum ve terbiyum adlarına da ilham kaynağı olmuştur."},"Zinc":{"name":"Çinko","summary":"Çinko, galvanizlemede, alaşımlarda ve biyolojik işlemler için gerekli bir mineral olarak yaygın olarak kullanılan mavimsi gümüş bir metaldir.","appearance":"Mavimsi gümüş metal","interesting_facts":["Çinko, galvanizleme adı verilen bir işlemle çeliği kaplar ve çeliği paslanmaya karşı korumak için kendini feda eder.","İnsan bağışıklık sistemi için gereklidir ve soğuk algınlığıyla mücadelede çinko pastilleri kullanılır.","Çinko, parlak mavimsi yeşil bir alevle yanar ve beyaz oksidi toplandığında bir zamanlar 'filozof yünü' olarak anılırdı.","Aletlerde ve bağlantı elemanlarında kullanılan pirinç, bakır ve çinko alaşımıdır.","Modern bir sentlik madeni paraların çoğu ve diğer birçok madeni para, büyük oranda ince bakır kaplamalı çinkodan yapılmıştır.","Çinko oksit, birçok güneş kremi ve pişik kreminin aktif maddesidir."],"naming_origin_explanation":"İlk kez 16. yüzyılda Paracelsus tarafından kullanılan Almanca 'Zink'ten (çinko); kökeni, eritme sırasında oluşan dikenli kristalleri tanımlayan 'Zinke' (uç veya sivri uçlu) ile veya muhtemelen Farsça 'şarkı' (taş) ile ilgili olabilir."},"Zirconium":{"name":"Zirkonyum","summary":"Zirkonyum nükleer reaktörlerde, cerrahi aletlerde ve seramik malzemelerde kullanılan korozyona dayanıklı bir metaldir.","appearance":"Simli beyaz","interesting_facts":["Zirkonyum korozyona karşı oldukça dirençlidir ve nötronları zar zor emer, bu da onu nükleer yakıt çubuklarının kaplanması için ideal kılar.","Bir zirkonyum bileşiği olan kübik zirkon, mücevherlerde popüler bir elmas ikamesidir.","Bir zirkonyum silikat olan değerli taş zirkon, 4 milyar yıldan daha eski, Dünya üzerinde bilinen en eski minerallerden bazılarını içerir.","Zirkonyum tozu son derece yanıcıdır ve bir zamanlar flaş ampullerinde kullanılmıştır.","Biyouyumlu olup diş kaplamalarında ve eklem implantlarında kullanılır.","Zirkonyum dioksit seramikleri, nadiren bilenmeye ihtiyaç duyan bıçak ağızlarının yapımına yetecek kadar sağlamdır."],"naming_origin_explanation":"Arapça 'zarqun'dan (vermilyon veya altın rengi), Farsça 'zargun'dan (altın benzeri) türetilmiştir, çünkü değerli taş zirkon altın tonlarına sahiptir; isim 1789'da Martin Heinrich Klaproth tarafından verildi."}},"zh-Hans":{"Actinium":{"name":"锕","summary":"锕是一种柔软的银色放射性金属，主要用于研究和用作中子源。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["由于其强烈的放射性，锕在黑暗中会发出怪异的淡蓝色光芒。","它的名字来自希腊语“aktis”，意思是射线或光束。","它以锕系元素命名。","Actinium-225 正在研究用于针对癌症的靶向 α 粒子疗法。","它的放射性比镭高约150倍。","锕极为稀有，仅在铀矿石中存在微量。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“aktis”（ἀκτίς），意思是“射线”或“光束”；安德烈-路易斯·德比恩 (André-Louis Debierne) 于 1899 年首次从铀矿中分离出它，并因其强大的放射性而得名；它以锕系重元素命名。"},"Aluminum":{"name":"铝","summary":"铝是一种银白色、轻质且耐腐蚀的金属，用途广泛。","appearance":"银灰色金属","interesting_facts":["铝是地壳中最丰富的金属，但它曾经很难提纯，但它比黄金更有价值。","据报道，在 1880 年代的一场宴会上，法国最尊贵的客人使用铝制餐具，而其他客人则使用金餐具。","它是完全可回收的，回收铝仅使用原矿石制造铝所需能源的约 5%。","铝上立即形成一层薄薄的自愈氧化层，保护其免受腐蚀。","1886 年发明的 Hall-Heroult 工艺通过使用电力从氧化铝中提取铝，从而使铝变得便宜。","铝质轻、坚固且无磁性，是飞机、罐头和箔材的理想材料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“alumen”（明矾，一种自古以来用于染色和鞣制的化合物）；汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1807 年创造了“alumium”，后来将其修改为“aluminum”，而世界上大部分地区都采用了“aluminium”拼写。"},"Americium":{"name":"镅","summary":"镅是一种放射性金属，用于烟雾探测器和工业应用的中子源。","appearance":"银白色，在空气中慢慢失去光泽","interesting_facts":["大多数家用烟雾探测器中都使用少量镅。","它以美洲命名，类似于铕以欧洲命名。","镅是在 1944 年曼哈顿计划期间首次生产的。","在烟雾探测器中，镅发射阿尔法粒子，使空气电离；烟雾会扰乱电流并触发警报。","由于其自身强烈的放射性，它在黑暗中发出微弱的光芒。","镅正在被研究作为未来太空任务可能的持久能源。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以其于 1944 年由格伦·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 首次生产的美洲大陆命名；西博格有意将其与铕（以欧洲命名）进行类比，因为镅在锕系元素中的位置与铕在镧系元素中的位置相同。"},"Antimony":{"name":"锑","summary":"锑是一种脆性蓝白色非金属，用于阻燃剂、合金和半导体。","appearance":"银色、蓝白色","interesting_facts":["自古埃及以来，锑就被用作眼影膏（一种黑眼圈化妆品）。","它是一种非金属，在冻结时会异常膨胀，因此可用于锋利的铸件和金属字体。","锑化合物广泛用作塑料和纺织品中的阻燃剂。","其化学符号Sb来自拉丁文“stibium”。","中世纪的炼金术士使用锑丸作为可重复使用的泻药，回收后作为“长效药丸”流传下来。","锑与铅形成合金，使其变得更硬，就像旧的印刷字体和电池板一样。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名称来自中世纪拉丁语“antimium”，来源不明（可能来自阿拉伯语“ithmid”或意思是“不单独”的拉丁短语，因为锑很少以纯净形式出现）；符号 Sb 来自拉丁语“stibium”，这是自古埃及以来用作化妆品的黑色硫化矿石的名称。"},"Argon":{"name":"氩","summary":"氩是一种无色、无味的惰性气体，约占地球大气层的 1%。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氩气占地球大气层的近 1%，使其成为空气中最丰富的惰性气体。","它的名字来源于希腊语中的“懒惰”一词，因为它的化学反应性非常低。","氩气用于填充白炽灯泡，因为它不会与热灯丝发生反应。","焊工使用氩气作为保护气体，以防止热金属与空气中的氧气发生反应。","地球上的大部分氩是 argon-40，由岩石中的 k-40 放射性衰变产生。","双层玻璃窗通常充满氩气，因为它比普通空气具有更好的隔热性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“argon”（闲置或不活跃，“argos”的中性词），由 William Ramsay 和雷利勋爵于 1894 年命名，因为这种气体具有化学惰性，极难与任何物质发生反应。"},"Arsenic":{"name":"砷","summary":"砷是一种有毒的准金属，历史上用于农药，现在用于半导体和玻璃生产。","appearance":"金属灰","interesting_facts":["砒霜被誉为“王者之毒、毒中之王”，几个世纪以来一直无法被发现，也是历史上谋杀案中的最爱。","尽管具有毒性，微量的砷可能是某些动物所需的营养物质。","砷化镓和其他砷化合物对于现代半导体和 LED 至关重要。","地下水的砷污染影响着全世界数百万人的饮用水。","它升华，加热时直接从固体变成气体，具有类似大蒜的气味。","含砷的绿色颜料曾经用于壁纸，可能已经慢慢毒害了维多利亚时代的家庭。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“arsenikon”（黄色雌黄，砷的硫化物矿石），本身可能源自波斯语“zarnikh”（砷矿石）；这个词也可能与希腊语“arrhen”（男性或强效）有关，反映了砷化合物的强大特性。"},"Astatine":{"name":"砹","summary":"砹是一种稀有的放射性元素，主要用于科学研究，并可能用于癌症治疗。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["砹是最稀有的天然元素；任何时候地壳中的含量都小于一克。","它的名字来自希腊语“astatos”，意思是“不稳定”。","没有人见过可见的样本，因为它会因其自身的强烈放射性而蒸发。","它是最重的卤素，于 1940 年首次合成。","Astatine-211 正在研究用于靶向 α 粒子癌症治疗。","其最稳定的同位素的半衰期仅为8小时左右。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“astatos”（ἄστατος），意思是“不稳定”； Dale Corson、Kenneth MacKenzie 和 Emilio Segrè 于 1940 年在伯克利合成了它，并选择了这个名称，因为所有砹同位素都具有放射性，并且衰变很快，使得该元素本质上不稳定。"},"Barium":{"name":"钡","summary":"钡是一种柔软的银色金属，用于钻井液、油漆和医学成像。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["患者会喝“钡餐”或“吞钡”，因为钡会阻挡 X 射线，从而暴露消化道。","钡化合物赋予烟花明亮的绿色。","它的名字来自希腊语“barys”，意思是“重”。","尽管金属有毒，但医学扫描中使用的不溶性硫酸钡可以安全地通过人体。","钡的反应性很强，必须储存在石油下，并且在自然界中永远不会游离存在。","矿物重晶石（硫酸钡）用于在石油工业中对钻井液进行称重。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“barys”（重），由汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1808 年命名，因为硫酸钡（重晶石，常见矿石）对于非金属矿物来说异常致密。"},"Berkelium":{"name":"锫","summary":"锫是一种放射性金属，主要用于科学研究和重元素的生产。","appearance":"银色","interesting_facts":["Berkelium 以加利福尼亚州伯克利市的名字命名，1949 年首次在该地制造。","它是一种极其稀有的合成元素，产量极少。","以锫为靶材合成超重元素田尼辛。","在高通量反应器中生产少量锫样品可能需要数月时间。","它具有高放射性，除科学研究外没有其他用途。","锫与铽组成了一套完整的元素，这两种元素都以城镇命名并放置在匹配的位置。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以加利福尼亚州伯克利市的名字命名，于 1949 年在加州大学辐射实验室首次合成；这个命名故意反映了铽，以瑞典小镇伊特比命名——这两种元素分别在镧系元素和锕系元素中占据着匹配的位置。"},"Beryllium":{"name":"铍","summary":"铍是一种坚硬的浅灰色金属，天然存在于矿物岩石、煤炭、土壤和火山灰中。","appearance":"钢灰色","interesting_facts":["铍对 X 射线非常透明，因此它被用来制造 X 射线管和探测器的窗口。","它是最轻的结构金属之一，但具有比钢更高的刚度重量比。","祖母绿和海蓝宝石都是矿物绿柱石（一种硅酸铍铝）的形式。","铍粉尘具有剧毒，可引起称为铍中毒的慢性肺部疾病。","詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的镜子由镀金铍制成，因为它可以在极冷的温度下保持其形状。","1932 年，詹姆斯·查德威克通过用 α 粒子轰击铍发现了中子。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以宝石绿柱石命名，源自希腊语“beryllos”，因为 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 于 1798 年首次从绿柱石和祖母绿矿物中分离出铍。"},"Bismuth":{"name":"铋","summary":"铋是一种低毒的脆性金属，用于化妆品、医疗程序和合金。","appearance":"银白色，带有虹彩色调","interesting_facts":["铋形成令人惊叹的虹彩彩虹晶体，具有阶梯、漏斗形状。","它是最重的元素，出于实际目的，它是稳定的，具有几乎难以想象的长半衰期。","铋是 Pepto-Bismol 的主要成分，用于舒缓胃部不适。","和水一样，铋结冰时会膨胀。","它用于消防喷淋和安全装置的低熔点合金。","铋是某些合金中少数密度较小的金属之一，并且是许多产品中铅的无毒替代品。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自古德语“Wismut”或“Wismuth”，可能源自“weiße Masse”（白色质量）或来源不明的矿工术语；自 15 世纪以来，它被认为是一种独特的金属，有时与铅或锡混淆，在现代用法中变成“bismuth”之前，被拉丁化为“bisemutum”。"},"Bohrium":{"name":"𬭛","summary":"硼是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Bohrium 以模拟原子结构的物理学家尼尔斯·玻尔 (Niels Bohr) 的名字命名。","它是一种合成超重元素，一次仅产生几个原子。","Bohrium 于 1981 年在德国首次创建。","它的同位素具有强烈的放射性，并在几秒或更短的时间内衰变。","实验表明硼的化学性质类似于第 7 族中的铼。","除了对最重元素的基础研究之外，它没有任何用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以丹麦物理学家尼尔斯·玻尔 (Niels Bohr) 的名字命名，他开发了原子的量子模型，并为理解原子结构做出了基础性贡献；德国GSI达姆施塔特于1981年合成了它，并以他的名字命名，并于1997年被IUPAC正式采用。"},"Boron":{"name":"硼","summary":"硼是一种准金属元素，对植物生长至关重要，但过量可能有毒。","appearance":"黑棕色","interesting_facts":["硼化合物赋予火焰独特的亮绿色，使其可用于烟火。","硼对于植物生长至关重要，尽管含量很少。过多对农作物有毒。","硼硅酸盐玻璃由硼制成，可抵抗热冲击，用于炊具和实验室玻璃器皿。","同位素硼 10 很容易吸收中子，因此硼用于制造核反应堆的控制棒和屏蔽层。","硼砂是一种硼矿物，数千年来一直被用作焊接金属的清洁剂和助焊剂。","硼是一种准金属，具有金属和非金属的性质，在室温下是不良导体。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以硼砂命名，硼砂是首次分离出来的矿物，“硼砂”源自阿拉伯语“buraq”或波斯语“burah”，意思是硼砂或硝石。"},"Bromine":{"name":"溴","summary":"溴在室温下是红棕色液体，用于阻燃剂、水处理和制药。","appearance":"红棕色液体","interesting_facts":["溴是仅有的两种在室温下呈液态的元素之一，另外还有汞。","它是一种浓稠的红棕色液体，会释放出令人窒息的有毒烟雾。","它的名字来自希腊语“bromos”，意思是“恶臭”。","古代人们利用溴化合物从海蜗牛中提取了一种珍贵的紫色染料——泰尔紫。","溴化合物广泛用作电子和家具中的阻燃剂。","大多数溴是从海水和富含盐的盐水沉积物中提取的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“bromos”（恶臭或恶臭），由 Antoine Jérôme Balard 于 1826 年命名，因为液态溴会产生一种非常难闻、令人窒息的气味。"},"Cadmium":{"name":"镉","summary":"镉是一种柔软的蓝白色金属，主要用于电池、颜料和电镀。","appearance":"银蓝灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["镉可提供鲜艳的黄色、橙色和红色颜料，长期以来一直受到莫奈和梵高等艺术家的青睐。","它有毒并在体内积聚，导致 20 世纪日本出现的痛苦的“痛痛”骨病。","可充电镍镉 (NiCd) 电池曾经非常普遍。","镉涂层可以保护钢材免受腐蚀，尤其是飞机部件。","1817 年，它作为锌矿石中的杂质被发现。","镉很容易吸收中子，因此它被用于核反应堆的控制棒。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“cadmia”（炉甘石，一种碳酸锌矿石），最终源自希腊语“kadmeia”（底比斯土，以底比斯的神话创始人卡德摩斯命名），因为镉于 1817 年作为锌矿石中的杂质被发现。"},"Calcium":{"name":"钙","summary":"钙是一种柔软的灰色金属，对生物体至关重要，特别是在细胞生理学和骨骼形成方面。","appearance":"暗灰色、银色","interesting_facts":["钙是人体内含量最丰富的金属，约99%储存在骨骼和牙齿中。","石灰石、白垩和大理石都是碳酸钙的形式。","它是地壳中第五丰富的元素。","钙离子充当细胞内的通用信号，触发从肌肉收缩到受精的一切。","生石灰（氧化钙）在加热时会发出明亮的光，并被用来照亮舞台，因此有了“聚光灯下”这个短语。","珊瑚礁和贝壳主要由从海水中提取的碳酸钙构成。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“calx”或“calcis”（石灰或石灰石），因为汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1808 年首次通过电解氧化钙（生石灰）分离出它，而氧化钙是罗马人长期用于建筑的材料。"},"Californium":{"name":"锎","summary":"锎是一种放射性金属，用于中子源、癌症治疗和材料分析。","appearance":"银色金属，由于其放射性而在黑暗中发光","interesting_facts":["锎是地球上最昂贵的物质之一，每克售价数百万美元。","它以 1950 年在美国加利福尼亚州被发现的地方命名。","Californium-252 是一种强大的中子发射体，用于启动核反应堆和工业扫描仪。","它用于通过岩石的中子分析来检测黄金和石油。","一微克每秒释放大量中子。","锎还用于识别金属疲劳并查找飞机和机械中的薄弱点。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美国加利福尼亚州和加利福尼亚大学命名，于1950年合成；汤普森、西博格、斯特里特和吉奥索选择了这个名字，因为他们已经耗尽了附近的天体，并决定纪念发现的地方。"},"Carbon":{"name":"碳","summary":"碳是生命的基本组成部分，存在于所有已知的有机化合物中。","appearance":"变化（石墨为黑色，钻石为透明）","interesting_facts":["碳形成的化合物比所有其他元素的总和还多，是所有已知生命的化学基础。","金刚石和石墨都是纯碳，但金刚石是最硬的天然材料，而石墨则足够柔软，可以用来书写。","石墨烯是单层碳原子，其强度约为钢的 200 倍，导电性能也优于铜。","碳 14 测年法利用放射性碳同位素的稳定衰变来确定曾经存在过的物质的年龄，最长可达约 50,000 年。","当恒星爆炸时，恒星内部形成的碳原子会扩散到宇宙中，使我们实际上是由星尘构成的。","巴克敏斯特富勒烯是一种由 60 个碳原子组成的足球形状分子，于 1985 年被发现，并以建筑师巴克敏斯特富勒的名字命名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“carbo”（煤或木炭），反映自古以来碳就以木炭、石墨和钻石的形式为人所知。"},"Cerium":{"name":"铈","summary":"铈是一种柔软的银色金属，用于催化转化器、玻璃抛光和合金。","appearance":"银灰色","interesting_facts":["铈是所有稀土元素中含量最丰富的，比铜更常见。","它以两年前发现的矮行星谷神星命名。","铈是“火石”打火机和点火器合金中产生火花的关键成分。","氧化铈是一种精细的抛光粉，用于赋予玻璃和宝石光滑的表面。","它被添加到催化转化器中以帮助储存和释放氧气。","刚切割的铈可以在空气中自燃，使其自燃。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1801 年发现的矮行星谷神星 (Ceres) 命名，谷神星本身以罗马农业女神的名字命名； Martin Heinrich Klaproth 和 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 于 1803 年命名，追随以天体命名新元素的时尚。"},"Cesium":{"name":"铯","summary":"铯是一种柔软的金色金属，以其在原子钟和各种电子应用中的应用而闻名。","appearance":"银金金属色","interesting_facts":["第二个是由铯原子的振动正式定义的，铯原子是原子钟的基础。","铯是最活泼的金属之一，与水接触时会剧烈爆炸。","它在约 28°C 时熔化，因此在温暖的日子里它是液体。","它具有金银色，是少数非银色或灰色的金属之一。","铯是本生和基尔霍夫于 1860 年通过光谱学发现的第一个元素。","放射性铯 137 是核裂变的一种著名产物，也是核事故中的一个令人担忧的问题。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“caesius”（天蓝色或灰蓝色），由 Robert Bunsen 和 Gustav Kirchhoff 于 1860 年根据他们用来识别元素的两条独特的亮蓝色光谱线命名。"},"Chlorine":{"name":"氯","summary":"氯是一种高活性的黄绿色气体，用作消毒剂和各种工业应用。","appearance":"黄绿色气体","interesting_facts":["氯是一种黄绿色气体，在第一次世界大战中被用作化学武器。","添加到饮用水和游泳池中的少量物质可以杀死细菌，并挽救了无数人的生命，使其免遭水传播疾病的侵害。","氯与钠结合形成普通的食盐，这是生命所必需的。","它的反应性很强，很容易漂白染料和消毒，这就是它被用于家用漂白剂的原因。","1774 年，卡尔·威廉·舍勒 (Carl Wilhelm Scheele) 首次分离出氯，但他当时并没有意识到这是一种新元素。","尽管气体有毒，但体内的氯离子对于消化和神经功能至关重要。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“chromos”（淡绿色或黄绿色），由汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1810 年命名，以反映气体独特的黄绿色。"},"Chromium":{"name":"铬","summary":"铬是一种坚硬、有光泽且耐腐蚀的金属，用于不锈钢和镀铬。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["铬赋予不锈钢光泽和防锈性能，形成看不见的保护性氧化层。","它的名字来源于希腊语“chroma”，意思是颜色，因为它的化合物颜色鲜艳。","铬是晶体中的微量杂质，使红宝石呈红色，祖母绿呈绿色。","镀铬为汽车装饰和工具提供明亮、坚硬、镜面般的表面效果。","铬是最硬的金属之一，具有很强的耐腐蚀性。","一些铬化合物是微量的必需营养素，而其他铬化合物（六价铬）有毒且致癌。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“chroma”（颜色），由 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 于 1798 年命名，因为铬化合物显示出各种鲜艳的颜色 - 红宝石中呈红色，祖母绿中呈绿色，铬铁矿中呈橙色。"},"Cobalt":{"name":"钴","summary":"钴是一种坚硬、有光泽的银灰色金属，用于合金和电池，也是维生素 B12 的必需元素。","appearance":"有光泽的灰色金属","interesting_facts":["钴的使用已有 2000 多年的历史，为玻璃和陶瓷带来深邃、亮丽的蓝色。","它的名字来源于“狗头人”，一种顽皮的妖精德国矿工，因矿石问题而受到指责。","钴是为手机和电动汽车供电的可充电锂离子电池的关键成分。","它是室温下仅有的三种天然磁性元素之一，另外两个是铁和镍。","放射性同位素钴 60 用于治疗癌症和对医疗设备进行消毒。","钴作为维生素 B12 的核心金属原子，对生命至关重要。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"来自德语“Kobold”（小妖精或小鬼），因为德国矿工将麻烦的钴矿石归咎于顽皮的地下精灵，这些钴矿石释放出有毒的砷烟雾，并且尽管类似于铜矿石，却无法产出铜。"},"Copernicium":{"name":"鎶","summary":"铍是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["哥白尼 (Copernicium) 以天文学家尼古拉斯·哥白尼 (Nicolaus Copernicus) 的名字命名，他将太阳置于太阳系的中心。","它于 1996 年首次在德国创建。","据预测，铯在室温下是一种挥发性液体或气体，其行为有点像汞。","它是一种一次合成一个原子的超重元素。","其同位素具有高放射性且寿命短。","它位于元素周期表第 12 族中的汞下方。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以波兰裔德国天文学家尼古拉斯·哥白尼 (Nicolaus Copernicus) 的名字命名，他提出地球绕太阳公转； GSI 达姆施塔特于 1996 年合成了它，并提出了这个名字来纪念哥白尼，IUPAC 于 2010 年在他诞辰 537 周年之际正式采用了它。"},"Copper":{"name":"铜","summary":"铜是一种红金色金属，以其高导热性和导电性而闻名，广泛用于电线和管道。","appearance":"微红色金属色","interesting_facts":["铜是人类最早使用的金属之一，已有一万多年的历史。","它是仅次于银的优良电导体，这就是为什么它填充我们的电线和电缆。","铜表面自然会杀死许多细菌和病毒，使其可用于门把手和医院配件。","自由女神像表面覆盖着铜，随着时间的推移，铜会变成绿色，形成保护性铜绿。","将铜与锡混合可制成青铜，与锌混合可制成黄铜，这两种合金塑造了人类历史。","铜是一种必需的微量营养素，有助于您的身体形成红细胞并维持神经。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“cuprum”，源自希腊语“Kypros”（塞浦路斯），该岛是古代世界铜的主要来源；符号 Cu 也可以追溯到这个拉丁名字。"},"Curium":{"name":"锔","summary":"锔是一种放射性金属，用于太空探索作为电源和科学研究。","appearance":"银色金属，在空气中失去光泽","interesting_facts":["锔以放射性研究先驱玛丽·居里和皮埃尔·居里的名字命名。","由于其强烈的放射性，它在黑暗中发出柔和的紫色或红色光。","锔的放射性很强，会产生大量热量，被认为是航天器的动力。","它于 1944 年首次合成，先于较轻的镅。","基于锔的仪器分析了火星和其他行星表面的化学组成。","所有锔都是人工制造的；自然界中没有发现任何物质。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以放射性研究先驱玛丽·居里和皮埃尔·居里命名；格伦·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 于 1944 年命名它，以纪念这对夫妇的发现，使核化学成为可能，并指出锔在锕系元素中的位置反映了钆在镧系元素中的位置——钆本身以一位化学家的名字命名，遵循平行的模式。"},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"𫟼","summary":"达姆施塔特元素是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["达姆施塔特因 1994 年在德国达姆施塔特市被发现而得名。","它是粒子加速器中产生的合成超重元素。","达姆施塔特原子只被制造了几个。","它的原子在衰变之前存活不到一秒钟。","预计其化学性质类似于第 10 族中的铂。","除了科学研究之外，达姆施塔特没有任何实际用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德国达姆施塔特市命名，于 1994 年在 GSI Darmstadt 首次合成；它遵循以发现地点命名新创建元素的传统，IUPAC 于 2003 年正式采用该名称。"},"Dubnium":{"name":"𬭊","summary":"钚是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究探索重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Dubnium 得名于俄罗斯杜布纳，这里是著名核研究所的所在地。","它是一种仅在粒子加速器中制造的合成超重元素。","它的发现是冷战期间命名争议“转移米战争”的一部分。","铍原子在衰变之前仅存在几秒或更短的时间。","仅产生了少量的铪原子。","预计其化学性质类似于第 5 族中的钽。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄罗斯杜布纳命名，联合核研究所所在地；这个名字解决了一场冷战争端，美国科学家称其为“hahnium”，苏联科学家称其为“nielsbohrium”，之后 IUPAC 在 1997 年采用了中立的城市名称。"},"Dysprosium":{"name":"镝","summary":"镝是一种银白色金属，用于磁铁、激光器和核反应堆控制棒。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["镝的名字来自希腊语“dysprositos”，意思是“难以获得”，因为它很难分离。","它被添加到钕磁铁中，以便它们在电机和风力涡轮机的高温下保持强度。","镝是低温下具有最高磁性的元素之一。","它能很好地吸收中子，用于核反应堆控制棒。","镝基合金在磁场中改变形状，可用于执行器和传感器。","它被认为是清洁能源技术的关键材料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“dysprositos”（δυσπρόσιτος），意思是“难以接近”； Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 于 1886 年创造了这个名字，反映了将其从矿石中分离出来的极端难度 - 这一过程需要 19 次沉淀。"},"Einsteinium":{"name":"锿","summary":"锿是一种高放射性金属，主要用于科学研究和重元素的生产。","appearance":"银色金属，因放射性而发光","interesting_facts":["1952年，在第一次氢弹试验的残骸中发现了锿。","它以阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的名字命名。","锿由于其强烈的放射性而在黑暗中发出蓝光。","它是如此罕见，以至于偶尔会生产出可称重的数量。","研究锿是极其困难的，因为它会损坏其自身的容器和仪器。","除了基础科学研究之外，它没有任何实际用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦命名，他提出了狭义相对论和核能基础方程 E=mc²； Albert Ghiorso 及其同事在 1952 年第一次氢弹试验的残骸中发现了它，并于 1955 年命名了它，并保密了几年。"},"Erbium":{"name":"铒","summary":"铒是一种柔软的银色金属，用于光纤、激光器和核技术。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["掺铒光纤可放大光信号，使长距离光纤互联网成为可能。","它赋予玻璃和釉料柔和的粉红色，用于太阳镜和装饰玻璃。","铒激光器用于牙科和美容换肤。","它以瑞典伊特比命名，与其他几种稀土同源。","铒被添加到包括钒在内的一些金属合金中，以使其更易于加工。","它能有效吸收红外光，这是其许多激光用途的基础。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典雷萨勒岛上的一个村庄伊特比 (Ytterby) 命名，其中含有硅铍辉石的矿物首次在这里开采； Carl Gustaf Mosander 于 1843 年将其与氧化钇分开，“铒”是源自单一地名“Ytterby”的四个元素名称之一。"},"Europium":{"name":"铕","summary":"铕是一种柔软的银色金属，用于磷光材料、控制棒和核反应堆。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["铕提供红色和蓝色磷光体，使旧电视和电脑屏幕产生色彩。","它被用作欧元纸币的防伪标记，在紫外线下发光。","铕是稀土元素中反应性最强的元素，在空气中很快就会失去光泽。","它以欧洲大陆命名。","掺铕荧光粉使节能荧光灯和 LED 灯发出明亮的光。","它是地壳中含量最少的稀土之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1901 年，欧仁-阿纳托尔·德马尔赛 (Eugène-Anatole Demarçay) 用光谱法将其分离出来，以欧洲大陆的名字命名；它是 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初以地理区域命名的几个元素之一。"},"Fermium":{"name":"镄","summary":"镄是一种合成的放射性金属，主要用于科学研究和超铀元素的研究。","appearance":"未知，可能是银色金属","interesting_facts":["1952 年第一次氢弹试验的放射性尘埃中也发现了镄。","它以核反应先驱物理学家恩里科·费米的名字命名。","镄是最重的元素，可以通过中子轰击大量制造。","除了镄之外，还必须使用粒子加速器将元素一次制成一个原子。","迄今为止，只生产出了微量、看不见的镄。","它仅作为合成元素存在，没有商业用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以意大利裔美国物理学家恩里科·费米 (Enrico Fermi) 的名字命名，他于 1942 年建造了第一个人造核反应堆，并对核物理学和粒子物理学做出了基础性贡献； 1953 年，阿尔伯特·吉奥索 (Albert Ghiorso) 及其同事在产生锿的氢弹试验碎片中发现了它，并于 1953 年将其命名。"},"Flerovium":{"name":"𫓧","summary":"镝是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究探索超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Flerovium 以俄罗斯弗莱罗夫核反应实验室命名。","它最初由俄罗斯杜布纳的一个团队于 1998 年创建。","一些预测表明，镨可能异常稳定，甚至类似气体，尽管它仍然具有放射性。","它是一种一次合成一个原子的超重元素。","Flerovium 在元素周期表第 14 族中的含量低于铅。","它的同位素会在几秒钟内衰变，但比许多邻居的寿命更长，暗示着“稳定岛”。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄罗斯杜布纳弗莱罗夫核反应实验室命名，该实验室本身以苏联物理学家乔治·弗莱罗夫命名； Flyorov 是该实验室的联合创始人，对核物理学做出了重大贡献，他的团队于 1998 年首次合成了该元素，IUPAC 于 2012 年正式采用该名称。"},"Fluorine":{"name":"氟","summary":"氟是一种高反应性的淡黄色气体，是电负性最强的元素。","appearance":"淡黄色气体","interesting_facts":["氟是所有元素中反应性最强、电负性最强的元素，几乎与所有其他物质都会发生反应，有时甚至会发生爆炸性反应。","它具有很强的腐蚀性，可以使石棉甚至水等材料起火。","饮用水和牙膏中添加微量氟化物有助于预防蛀牙。","特氟龙是炊具上的不粘涂层，是一种含氟聚合物 (PTFE)。","许多化学家在尝试分离氟的过程中被毒害或杀害，在亨利·莫伊桑 (Henri Moissan) 于 1886 年成功分离之前，他们被称为“氟烈士”。","氟在室温下是淡黄色气体，是最轻的卤素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“fluere”（流动），因为萤石矿物被广泛用作冶金助熔剂；该元素的名称由 André-Marie Ampère 于 1812 年提出。"},"Francium":{"name":"钫","summary":"钫是一种极其稀有的放射性金属，由于其不稳定而没有重要的应用。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["钫是仅次于砹的第二稀有天然元素。","这是 1939 年法国玛格丽特·佩雷 (Marguerite Perey) 在自然界中发现的最后一种元素。","它以她的祖国法国命名。","钫的放射性非常强，任何可见量的钫都会因其自身的热量而立即蒸发。","其最稳定的同位素的半衰期仅为约22分钟。","它是碱金属中反应性最强的，但由于其稀缺性，其整体特性从未被观察到。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以法国命名，法国是玛格丽特·佩雷于 1939 年在巴黎居里研究所发现它的国家；她遵循以地点命名元素的传统，为该元素命名以纪念她的祖国，并成为第一位当选法国科学院院士的女性。"},"Gadolinium":{"name":"钆","summary":"钆是一种银白色金属，用于 MRI 造影剂、磷光体和中子捕获疗法。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["钆化合物作为造影剂注入，使 MRI 扫描更加清晰。","它具有非凡的吸收中子的能力，是所有稳定元素中最高的，可用于核反应堆。","钆在低于室温的温度下具有磁性，并被研究用于磁制冷。","它以稀土研究先驱芬兰化学家约翰·加多林 (Johan Gadolin) 的名字命名。","钆置于磁场中时会升温，移开时会冷却，即磁热效应。","它用于某些类型的医疗和安全成像探测器。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以硅铍长石命名，这种矿物中首次发现了其氧化物；铍铍石是以第一个分析它的芬兰化学家约翰·加多林 (Johan Gadolin) 的名字命名的； Jean Charles de Marignac 于 1880 年分离出新的土元素。"},"Gallium":{"name":"镓","summary":"镓是一种柔软的银色金属，在略高于室温的温度下熔化，用于电子和半导体。","appearance":"银蓝色","interesting_facts":["镓的熔化温度约为 30 °C，因此一块固体会在您手中熔化。","在 1875 年被发现之前，门捷列夫曾预言其存在为“eka-aluminium”。","砷化镓用于高速电子设备、LED 和航天器太阳能电池。","尽管镓很容易熔化，但其沸腾温度超过 2,400 °C，这是所有元素中液体温度范围最大的元素之一。","镓可以通过渗入铝的晶界而使铝变脆，从而极大地削弱金属的强度。","与大多数物质不同，镓像水一样在冻结时会膨胀。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"由发现者 Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 于 1875 年以法国拉丁语 Gallia 命名；这个名字也可能是“gallus”（拉丁语中公鸡的意思）的双关语，是对 Lecoq 姓氏的演绎，在法语中意为“公鸡”。"},"Germanium":{"name":"锗","summary":"锗是一种坚硬的灰白色准金属，用于半导体、光纤和红外光学。","appearance":"灰白色","interesting_facts":["门捷列夫将锗预言为“eka-硅”，1886 年的发现有助于确认元素周期表。","20 世纪 40 年代和 20 世纪 50 年代的第一批晶体管是由锗制成的，之后才被硅取代。","它对红外光透明，因此用于夜视镜和热感摄像机的镜头。","锗是一种准金属半导体，具有闪亮的灰白色外观。","光纤使用锗化合物来控制光如何穿过玻璃。","与水和硅一样，锗在凝固时会膨胀。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"克莱门斯·温克勒 (Clemens Winkler) 在 1886 年发现了它，以德国的拉丁语名称 Germania 命名；这一发现证实了门捷列夫对一种缺失元素的预测，他称之为“eka-硅”。"},"Gold":{"name":"金","summary":"黄金是一种致密、柔软的金属，因其在珠宝、电子产品和货币中的用途而具有很高的价值。","appearance":"明亮的金属黄色","interesting_facts":["黄金的反应性极低，可以保持数千年的光泽，这就是为什么古代金器仍然闪闪发光。","它具有令人难以置信的可塑性；一克可以锤成约一平方米的薄片。","人们认为地球上几乎所有的黄金都是在地球形成后通过小行星撞击到达的。","黄金导电性能良好且永不腐蚀，因此用于电镀关键的电子触点。","它的化学符号Au来自拉丁语“aurum”，意思是“闪亮的黎明”。","宇航员的面罩涂有一层超薄的金层，可以反射有害的太阳辐射。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名称“gold”源自原始日耳曼语“gulþą”，与“yellow”相关； Au 符号源自拉丁语“aurum”，据信意思是“闪亮的黎明”或“日出的光芒”；自史前时代以来，黄金几乎在所有文化中都广为人知并受到重视。"},"Hafnium":{"name":"铪","summary":"铪是一种有光泽的银色金属，用于核反应堆、控制棒和高温合金。","appearance":"银灰色","interesting_facts":["原子理论预言了铪的存在，并于1923年在锆矿石中发现了铪。","它以哥本哈根的拉丁语名称 Hafnia 命名。","铪吸收中子的能力非常好，用于核潜艇的控制棒。","铪基化合物取代了二氧化硅作为现代计算机芯片中的绝缘体。","它是所有元素中熔点最高的元素之一，用于喷气发动机的高温合金。","铪的化学性质与锆几乎相同，这使得两者很难分离。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以丹麦哥本哈根的拉丁语名称 Hafnia 命名，1923 年 Dirk Coster 和 George de Hevesy 在那里通过 X 射线光谱法发现了它；他们选择这个名字是为了纪念他们进行研究的城市。"},"Hassium":{"name":"𬭆","summary":"铪是一种合成的放射性元素，主要用于科学研究，以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Hassium 以德国黑森州命名，该州是发现它的实验室所在地。","它于 1984 年首次通过用铁离子轰击铅合成。","铫是一种仅在粒子加速器中制造的合成超重元素。","尽管它很稀缺，但科学家们证实它的行为类似于第 8 族中的锇。","它的原子在衰变之前只存在几分之一秒。","只产生了极少量的哈西原子。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德国黑森州（拉丁语：Hassia）命名，GSI 达姆施塔特实验室（1984 年首次合成该物质的实验室）就位于该州；该名称遵循以元素发现地命名的传统，并于 1997 年得到 IUPAC 正式认可。"},"Helium":{"name":"氦","summary":"氦气是一种无色、无臭、无味、无毒、惰性的单原子气体，在元素周期表中居于惰性气体族之首。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氦气于 1868 年首次在太阳光谱中被发现，当时地球上尚未发现氦气，并以希腊太阳神赫利俄斯 (Helios) 的名字命名。","它是唯一一种在常压下无论温度多冷都无法通过冷却而凝固的元素。","低于 2.17 K，液氦会变成一种超流体，可以无摩擦地流动，甚至可以爬上容器壁。","呼吸氦气会暂时提高你的音调，因为声音在氦气中的传播速度比在空气中的传播速度快近三倍。","地球上的大部分氦来自地下深处铀和钍的放射性衰变，并从天然气中提取。","氦是宇宙中第二丰富的元素，但它在地球上相对稀有且不可再生。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“helios”（太阳），因为氦气在 1868 年日全食期间首次在太阳光谱中被检测到，然后才在地球上得到证实。"},"Holmium":{"name":"钬","summary":"钬是一种柔软的银色金属，用于磁铁、核控制棒和激光器。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["钬具有所有天然元素中最强的磁性。","钬激光在医学上用于分解肾结石和治疗前列腺肥大。","它以斯德哥尔摩的拉丁语名称 Holmia 命名。","钬使玻璃和立方氧化锆呈现黄色和红色。","它被用来创建已知最强的人造磁场作为极片。","氧化钬溶液用作分光光度计的校准标准。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典斯德哥尔摩的拉丁语 Holmia 命名，Per Teodor Cleve（1878 年发现了该元素）的总部所在地；它遵循以发现稀土元素的相关地点命名稀土元素的传统。"},"Hydrogen":{"name":"氢","summary":"氢是宇宙中最轻的元素和最丰富的化学物质。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氢是宇宙中最丰富的元素，按质量计约占所有正常物质的 75%。","它是唯一一种三种同位素（氕、氘和氚）有自己独特名称的元素。","自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，液态氢一直被用作火箭燃料，为将宇航员送上月球的土星五号的上级提供动力。","在极端压力下，例如在木星内部，氢的行为类似于液态金属并且可以导电。","亨利·卡文迪什 (Henry Cavendish) 于 1766 年将氢识别为一种独特的物质，称其为“易燃空气”。","氢原子是存在的最简单的原子：由单个电子围绕单个质子运行。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“Hydro”（水）和“genes”（形成），意思是“水形成者”。 1783 年由安托万·拉瓦锡 (Antoine Lavoisier) 命名，因为燃烧氢气会产生水。"},"Indium":{"name":"铟","summary":"铟是一种柔软、有延展性的金属，用于半导体、触摸屏以及轴承的保护涂层。","appearance":"银色金属光泽","interesting_facts":["铟非常柔软，你可以用指甲将其压出凹痕，并且在弯曲时会像锡一样发出可听见的“哭声”。","氧化铟锡形成触摸屏和平板显示器上的透明导电涂层。","它因其发射光谱中明亮的靛蓝线而得名。","即使在极低的温度下，铟也能保持柔软且可加工，可用于真空密封。","它的熔点非常低，用于特殊低温焊料和合金。","随着智能手机和液晶显示屏的普及，对铟的需求猛增。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“indicum”（靛蓝），由 Ferdinand Reich 和 Hieronymous Richter 于 1863 年命名，源自他们在使用当时的新技术分析锌矿石残留物时观察到的明亮的靛蓝光谱线。"},"Iodine":{"name":"碘","summary":"碘是一种深色、有光泽、紫黑色的非金属，对甲状腺功能至关重要，可用作消毒剂。","appearance":"有光泽的金属灰色（固体）、紫色（气体）","interesting_facts":["碘对于甲状腺至关重要，因此食盐中经常添加碘。","加热时，固体碘升华成引人注目的紫色蒸气。","它的名字来自希腊语“iodes”，意思是紫罗兰。","碘酊长期以来一直被用作消毒伤口的防腐剂。","碘使淀粉变成深蓝黑色，这是一种用于化学测试的反应。","放射性碘 131 用于诊断和治疗甲状腺疾病。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自法语“iode”，源自希腊语“ioeides”（类似紫罗兰色），由汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1813 年根据碘蒸气引人注目的紫色而命名。"},"Iridium":{"name":"铱","summary":"铱是一种致密、耐腐蚀的金属，用于火花塞、坩埚和各种工业应用。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["全球范围内富含铱的粘土层是小行星撞击导致恐龙死亡的关键证据，因为铱在地球上很稀有，但在小行星中很常见。","铱是已知最耐腐蚀的金属，可以抵抗几乎可以溶解任何其他物质的酸。","它是密度最大的元素之一，几乎与锇并列。","标准公斤曾经是存放在巴黎附近的铂铱圆柱体。","铱尖火花塞因为它能承受极热而不腐蚀。","它的名字来源于希腊彩虹女神艾里斯（Iris），因其色彩缤纷的盐而得名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1803 年，Smithson Tennant 以希腊彩虹女神 Iris（拉丁语：iris）的名字命名；这个名字反映了铱盐和化合物所呈现出的惊人的各种颜色，这让坦南特想起了彩虹的颜色。"},"Iron":{"name":"铁","summary":"铁是一种坚固的、有延展性的金属，对于钢的生产至关重要，也是血红蛋白的重要组成部分。","appearance":"有光泽的金属色，略带灰色调","interesting_facts":["铁是地球上质量最丰富的元素，构成了地球熔核的大部分。","地球旋转的液态铁芯产生的磁场可以保护我们免受太阳辐射。","铁是血红蛋白的核心，血红蛋白是在血液中携带氧气并使其呈红色的分子。","铁是恒星通过正常聚变可以产生的最重的元素。较重的元素需要超新星爆炸。","铁器时代始于公元前 1200 年左右，用更强大的工具和武器改变了人类文明。","铁锈是氧化铁，是铁与氧气和水缓慢反应时形成的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英语单词“iron”来自古英语“iren”，与原始日耳曼语“isarno”相关，可能来自凯尔特语词根“神圣金属”； Fe 符号源自拉丁语“ferrum”（铁），至少从公元前 1200 年起就已被冶炼和使用。"},"Krypton":{"name":"氪","summary":"氪是一种无色、无味的惰性气体，用于荧光灯、摄影以及节能窗户的填充气体。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氪的名字来源于希腊语“kryptos”，意思是“隐藏的”，因为它很难在空气中找到。","从 1960 年到 1983 年，米被正式定义为氪 86 发出的光的波长。","氪产生明亮的白光，用于一些高性能摄影闪光灯和灯。","它是一种惰性气体，几乎完全不反应，尽管可以被迫形成一些氪化合物。","氪用于一些节能窗户和荧光灯。","尽管漫画书中有“氪石”，但真正的氪是一种无害、无色、无味的气体。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“kryptos”（隐藏），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 在 1898 年命名，因为氪极难检测和分离 - 它仍然“隐藏”在液态空气的残留物中。"},"Lanthanum":{"name":"镧","summary":"镧是一种柔软的银白色金属，用于相机镜头、催化剂和可充电电池。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["镧的名字来源于希腊语“lanthanein”，意思是“隐藏的”，因为它隐藏在铈矿石中。","它给出了第一个镧系元素，即“稀土”元素的名称。","优质相机和望远镜镜头的玻璃中使用了镧，可以使光线急剧弯曲。","镍镧合金可储存氢，并用于许多混合动力汽车的电池。","镧化合物作为催化剂有助于将石油精炼成汽油。","它足够柔软，可以用刀切割，并且在空气中很快失去光泽。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“lanthanein”（隐藏或逃避注意），由卡尔·古斯塔夫·莫桑德 (Carl Gustaf Mosander) 于 1839 年命名，因为在他将其确定为一种独特元素之前，多年来，镧作为氧化铈中的杂质一直未被检测到。"},"Lawrencium":{"name":"铹","summary":"铹是一种合成的放射性元素，除了科学研究之外没有实际应用。","appearance":"未知，可能是银色金属","interesting_facts":["劳伦斯以回旋粒子加速器的发明者欧内斯特·劳伦斯的名字命名。","它是锕系元素的最后一个元素。","在加速器中一次只能产生几个原子。","其最稳定的同位素的半衰期仅为几个小时。","测量铪的性质非常困难，因为存在如此短暂的原子很少。","除了基础科学研究之外，它没有任何用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美国物理学家欧内斯特·奥兰多·劳伦斯 (Ernest Orlando Lawrence) 的名字命名，他于 1930 年发明了回旋粒子加速器，使超铀元素的制造成为可能；劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室于 1961 年合成了这种元素，并将其命名为纪念劳伦斯的基础性贡献。"},"Lead":{"name":"铅","summary":"铅是一种柔软的重金属，用于电池、辐射屏蔽和各种工业应用。","appearance":"蓝灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["铅的密度很高，可以阻挡辐射，这就是为什么 X 射线围裙和防护罩上都含有铅。","罗马人使用铅管来安装管道，“管道”一词源自拉丁语中的铅，“plumbum”（符号 Pb）。","铅对神经系统有毒，因此从汽油和油漆中去除了铅。","它柔软、沉重、易于成型，这些品质自古以来就备受推崇。","如今，大多数铅都是回收利用的，主要来自汽车电池。","铅是最重的元素，具有完全稳定的同位素；任何较重的东西都具有放射性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英语单词“lead”来自原始日耳曼语“lauda”；符号 Pb 来自拉丁语“plumbum”，很可能源自前拉丁语地中海语言，英语中“plumbing”一词源自该语言，因为罗马人广泛使用铅作为水管。"},"Lithium":{"name":"锂","summary":"锂是一种柔软的银白色碱金属。它是最轻的金属和密度最小的固体元素。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["锂是最轻的金属和密度最小的固体元素，因此轻的它可以漂浮在水面上并与其发生反应。","可充电锂离子电池为大多数现代手机、笔记本电脑和电动汽车提供动力。","自 20 世纪 40 年代以来，锂盐一直被用作情绪稳定剂来治疗双相情感障碍。","它是大爆炸核合成中最早产生的三种元素之一（氢和氦）。","锂燃烧时会产生引人注目的深红色火焰，这种特性用于烟花和照明弹。","世界上大部分锂是从南美洲安第斯山脉高处的咸盐滩中提取的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“lithos”（石头），因为 Johan August Arfwedson 于 1817 年在固体石矿物（透锂长石）中发现了它，这与在植物灰烬中发现的钠和钾不同。"},"Livermorium":{"name":"𫟷","summary":"利弗莫元素是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["利弗莫尔姆以加利福尼亚州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的名字命名。","它最初是由俄罗斯裔美国团队于 2000 年创建的。","它是一种合成超重元素，一次仅由几个原子组成。","利弗莫原子在衰变前只存在几毫秒。","预计它位于第 16 族钋下方。","生产它需要将钙离子与锔靶材融合。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以加利福尼亚州利弗莫尔的劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室命名，该实验室与联合核研究所合作于2000年合成了它； IUPAC 于 2012 年正式认可该名称，该实验室的名称本身是为了纪念早期加州定居者罗伯特·利弗莫尔 (Robert Livermore)。"},"Lutetium":{"name":"镥","summary":"镥是一种致密的银色金属，用于 PET 扫描探测器、催化剂和特种合金。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["镥是镧系元素中的最后一种，也是最硬、最致密的稀土元素之一。","它以卢泰西亚（Lutetia）命名，卢泰西亚是巴黎的古罗马名称。","镥基晶体用作医学成像 PET 扫描仪中的探测器。","它是最稀有、最昂贵的纯稀土金属之一。","镥在石油精炼中用作催化剂。","放射性镥化合物用于某些癌症的靶向治疗。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以法国巴黎的古罗马名称 Lutetia 命名；乔治·乌尔班 (Georges Urbain) 于 1907 年首次分离出稀土元素，他选择这个名称来纪念他的家乡城市，遵循以地点命名稀土元素的惯例。"},"Magnesium":{"name":"镁","summary":"镁是一种闪亮的灰色金属，是所有活细胞的必需元素。","appearance":"有光泽的灰色固体","interesting_facts":["镁燃烧时发出耀眼的白光，曾广泛用于早期摄影闪光粉和照明弹。","它是最轻的结构金属，与铝制成合金，可制造坚固、轻质的汽车和飞机零件。","镁位于每个叶绿素分子的中心，对于植物的光合作用至关重要。","人体需要镁来进行数百种酶反应，包括那些保持肌肉和神经工作的酶反应。","镁是地壳中第八丰富的元素，也是溶解在海水中第三丰富的元素。","泻盐是硫酸镁，用于舒缓肌肉酸痛。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以希腊色萨利的 Magnesia 地区命名，该地区发现了相关的含镁矿物；同一个地名也产生了“锰”和“磁铁”这两个词。"},"Manganese":{"name":"锰","summary":"锰是一种硬而脆的金属，主要用于钢铁生产以提高强度和硬度。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["锰对于炼钢、去除氧和硫以及增加强度至关重要；几乎所有的钢都含有它。","它是一次性碱性电池的关键成分。","数万年前，洞穴画家使用二氧化锰来制造黑色颜料。","高锰酸钾的深紫色使其成为有用的消毒剂和化学试剂。","大片锰结核覆盖了深海海底的部分区域。","锰是一种必需的微量营养素，有助于保护细胞免受损伤的酶。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源于希腊色萨利的马格尼西亚地区（镁的名字也来自该地区），源于中世纪拉丁语的“锰”；该名称可能由拉丁语“magnes”（磁铁）强化，因为历史上锰矿石与磁性铁矿石相混淆。"},"Meitnerium":{"name":"䥑","summary":"Meitnerium 是一种合成放射性元素，专门用于科学研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Meitnerium 以核裂变先驱 Lise Meitner 的名字命名，她的贡献长期被忽视。","它是少数以女性命名的元素之一。","Meitnerium 于 1982 年在德国首次创建。","它是一种一次合成一个原子的超重元素。","它的同位素衰变速度非常快，在几毫秒到几秒内。","据预测，它的行为类似于元素周期表第 9 族中的铱。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以奥地利裔瑞典物理学家 Lise Meitner 的名字命名，她共同发现了核裂变和镤，但因争议而被排除在 1944 年诺贝尔奖之外； GSI 达姆施塔特于 1992 年提出了这个名字，以表彰她对核科学的杰出贡献。"},"Mendelevium":{"name":"钔","summary":"钔是一种合成的放射性金属，主要用于科学研究以研究重元素的性质。","appearance":"未知，可能是银色金属","interesting_facts":["钔以元素周期表的创建者德米特里·门捷列夫的名字命名。","它于 1955 年首次制造，一次只有几个原子。","钔只能在粒子加速器中通过轰击锿来产生。","它的发现实验最初只检测到大约 17 个原子。","它具有强烈的放射性，含有短寿命的同位素。","除了重元素的基础研究之外，钔没有其他用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1869 年创建元素周期表的俄罗斯化学家德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫 (Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev) 命名； Glenn Seaborg 及其同事于 1955 年将其命名为对这位科学家的致敬，他对元素的富有远见的组织使超铀元素的发现在概念上成为可能。"},"Mercury":{"name":"汞","summary":"汞是一种致密的银色液态金属，用于温度计、气压计和荧光灯。","appearance":"银色","interesting_facts":["汞是唯一在室温下呈液态的金属。","它因其快速移动、流动的性质而以罗马信使之神命名，其符号 Hg 来自“Hydrargyrum”，意思是“水银”。","水银曾经被用于温度计和气压计，因为它随温度均匀膨胀。","接触汞的帽子制造商会出现颤抖和混乱，这就是“像帽匠一样疯狂”这一短语的灵感来源。","它有毒并可生物蓄积，在鱼和吃鱼的人体内积聚。","汞蒸气通电时发出蓝绿色光，这是荧光灯的基础。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以敏捷的罗马信使之神墨丘利 (Mercury) 命名，反映了该元素流动、快速移动的性质；符号 Hg 来自“Hydrargyrum”，是希腊语“Hydrargyros”(ὑδράργυρος) 的拉丁化形式，意思是“水银”，指的是其液态银的外观。"},"Molybdenum":{"name":"钼","summary":"钼是一种坚硬的银色金属，用于钢合金中以提高强度、韧性和耐腐蚀性。","appearance":"灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["钼是所有元素中熔点最高的元素之一，约为 2,623 °C。","它的名字来源于希腊语“molybdos”（铅），因为它的矿石长期以来一直与铅和石墨混淆。","在钢中添加钼可制成用于飞机、工具和装甲的高强度合金。","它是一种必需的微量营养素，有助于植物、动物和人类体内的酶。","固氮细菌利用钼将大气中的氮转化为可用的形式。","二硫化钼是一种光滑的固体，用作高温干润滑剂。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“molybdos”（铅），因为辉钼矿矿石长期以来与铅矿石混淆； Carl Wilhelm Scheele 在 1778 年证明了这种金属的独特性，而 Peter Jacob Hjelm 在 1781 年分离出了这种金属。"},"Moscovium":{"name":"镆","summary":"莫斯科是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["莫斯科以杜布纳实验室所在的俄罗斯莫斯科地区命名。","它于 2003 年由俄美合作首次合成。","它是一种合成超重元素，一次仅产生几个原子。","莫斯科原子在不到一秒的时间内衰变。","预计其含量低于第 15 组中的铋。","它于 2016 年与其他三个新元素一起正式命名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄罗斯莫斯科州（莫斯科地区）命名，杜布纳联合核研究所所在地；它于2003年由JINR和劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室合作首次合成，并于2016年被IUPAC正式命名。"},"Neodymium":{"name":"钕","summary":"钕是一种柔软的银色金属，用于强力磁铁、激光和玻璃着色。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["钕磁铁是目前最强的永磁体，能够举起自身重量的许多倍。","从耳塞和硬盘驱动器到风力涡轮机和电动汽车发动机，这些磁铁无处不在。","它的名字意思是“新的双胞胎”，因为它于 1885 年与“镨”一起从“镨”中分离出来。","钕赋予玻璃一种引人注目的颜色，根据光线在紫色和蓝色之间变化。","掺钕晶体为一些最常见的高能激光器提供动力。","尽管它有特殊用途，但它是最丰富的稀土元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“neos”（新）和“didymos”（双胞胎），由卡尔·奥尔·冯·韦尔斯巴赫 (Carl Auer von Welsbach) 于 1885 年将镨分离为镨和钕——这对金属中的“新双胞胎”而命名。"},"Neon":{"name":"氖","summary":"氖气是一种无色、无味的惰性气体，通电时会发出明显的红橙色光芒。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["当电流通过时，霓虹灯会发出明亮的橙红色，这是经典“霓虹灯”标志的基础。","它几乎完全呈惰性，在正常条件下不形成稳定的普通化合物。","霓虹灯是由拉姆齐和特拉弗斯于 1898 年发现的，他们将其命名为希腊语“neos”，意思是“新”。","尽管氖是宇宙中第五丰富的元素，但氖在地球上却很罕见，只占大气层的一小部分。","液态氖气是一种优良的低温制冷剂，单位体积的制冷能力是液氦的 40 倍以上。","“霓虹灯”标志中看到的不同颜色实际上来自其他惰性气体。纯霓虹灯总是发出红橙色光。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“neos”（新），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 于 1898 年命名，以反映它是一种新发现的惰性气体。"},"Neptunium":{"name":"镎","summary":"镎是一种用于中子探测仪器的放射性金属，并因其在核反应堆中的作用而被研究。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["1940 年，镎是第一个合成的超铀元素。","它以海王星命名，延续了铀（天王星）的序列。","镎是核反应堆的副产品，被认为是长期存在的核废料问题。","它是银色的，具有放射性，是最致密的锕系金属之一。","Neptunium-237 可用于制造用于航天器电源的钚-238。","铀矿石中天然存在微量的镎。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以海王星命名，海王星位于太阳系中的天王星之外，就像元素周期表中镎位于铀之外一样；埃德温·麦克米伦 (Edwin McMillan) 和菲利普·阿贝尔森 (Philip Abelson) 于 1940 年合成了它，延续了从铀开始的行星命名顺序。"},"Nickel":{"name":"镍","summary":"镍是一种银白色金属，用于不锈钢、电池和各种工业应用。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["镍以德国采矿术语命名，意思是“老尼克的铜”，因为它的矿石看起来像铜，但没有产出。","它具有很强的耐腐蚀性，用于电镀其他金属以起到保护作用。","不锈钢通常含有镍，可以提高其强度和防锈能力。","尽管有这个名字，但现代美国“镍”硬币主要是铜，仅含 25% 的镍。","地核被认为主要是铁镍合金，许多陨石都富含镍。","镍是少数在室温下具有磁性的元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"德语“Kupfernickel”（魔鬼铜或老尼克铜）的缩写，是矿工对看起来像铜但没有产出的矿石的诅咒； “Nickel”是德语中魔鬼的昵称，源自尼古拉斯这个名字。"},"Nihonium":{"name":"鉨","summary":"镍是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["镍以日本（“Nihon”）命名，是在亚洲国家发现的第一个元素。","它是在日本 RIKEN 实验室合成的，并于 2004 年左右得到证实。","它是一种合成超重元素，一次仅由几个原子组成。","镍原子在产生后几秒钟内就会衰变。","预计其含量将低于第 13 族中的铊。","它的发现使日本有幸首次命名了一种新元素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自“Nihon”（日本），日语中的“日本”一词，意思是“旭日东升的土地”；日本理化学研究所的科学家于 2004 年确认了其合成，并选择这个名称来纪念亚洲发现的第一个元素，IUPAC 于 2016 年正式承认它。"},"Niobium":{"name":"铌","summary":"铌是一种柔软、有延展性的金属，主要用于合金中，特别是在钢铁生产中以提高强度。","appearance":"灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["铌以希腊神话中坦塔罗斯的女儿尼俄柏（Niobe）命名，反映了它与钽的密切联系。","它在寒冷时会变成超导体，用于 MRI 机器和粒子加速器的磁铁。","铌合金可以通过阳极氧化产生彩虹色，在珠宝中很受欢迎。","微量的铌可以使钢更加坚固，用于管道和汽车框架。","它在美国曾被称为Columbium，这个名字一直延续到20世纪。","铌具有低过敏性，因此可用于身体穿孔和医疗植入物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1844 年，海因里希·罗斯 (Heinrich Rose) 以希腊神话中坦塔洛斯 (Tantalus) 的女儿尼俄柏 (Niobe) 的名字命名，因为铌几乎总是与钽一起出现，而且这两种元素最初很难区分，神话中的亲子配对似乎很合适。"},"Nitrogen":{"name":"氮","summary":"氮气是一种无色、无味的气体，约占地球大气的 78%。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氮气约占您呼吸的空气的 78%，但它的反应性极低，因此我们大部分情况下都不会将其呼出。","液氮的沸点为 -196 °C，用于快速冷冻食品、保存生物样本并产生戏剧性的雾效果。","将两个氮原子结合在一起的三键是已知最强的化学键之一，使氮气非常稳定。","哈伯-博世工艺将大气中的氮转化为氨作为肥料，可以养活世界上大约一半的人口。","氮气是 TNT 和硝化甘油等炸药的关键成分，因为它的化学键断裂时会释放出巨大的能量。","豆科植物根部的细菌将空气中的氮“固定”成植物可以利用的形式，自然地肥沃土壤。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“硝石”（硝石/硝石）和“基因”（形成），意思是“硝石形成者”，由 Jean-Antoine Chaptal 于 1790 年创造，因为硝石和硝酸都含有氮。"},"Nobelium":{"name":"锘","summary":"诺贝尔是一种合成的放射性元素，除了科学研究之外没有重要的应用。","appearance":"未知，可能是银色金属","interesting_facts":["Nobelium 以诺贝尔奖创始人阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔 (Alfred Nobel) 的名字命名。","它只能在粒子加速器中逐个原子地制造。","与锕系元素不同的是，铌在+2氧化态时最稳定。","它于 20 世纪 50 年代末发现，多年来一直在相互竞争的实验室之间争论。","所有铌同位素都具有放射性且寿命短。","它只存在于研究环境中，没有实际应用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典化学家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔 (Alfred Nobel) 的名字命名，他发明了炸药并创立了诺贝尔奖；这个名字是在 1957 年提出的，当时斯德哥尔摩的一个团队最初声称是发现的，当确认的发现被归功于杜布纳和伯克利实验室时，这个名字被保留。"},"Oganesson":{"name":"鿫","summary":"Oganesson 是一种合成放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是气体或金属","interesting_facts":["Oganesson 是已知最重的元素，原子序数为 118。","它以物理学家尤里·奥加内西安 (Yuri Oganessian) 的名字命名，是少数以在世人命名的元素之一。","尽管 Oganesson 位于稀有气体柱中，但预计它是固体，并且可能具有反应性，与其他稀有气体不同。","迄今为止只创造了几个原子，每个原子的存活时间不到一毫秒。","2002 年，俄美合作在杜布纳首次合成了它。","奥加内松完成了元素周期表的第七行。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄罗斯裔亚美尼亚核物理学家 Yuri Oganessian 的名字命名，他是超重元素合成的先驱，并领导 JINR Dubna 团队于 2002 年创建了 Oganesson；它是仅有的两个以在世人物命名的元素之一，反映了他对该领域的非凡贡献。"},"Osmium":{"name":"锇","summary":"锇是一种致密的蓝白色金属，以其硬度而闻名，用于钢笔笔尖、电触点和仪器枢轴。","appearance":"蓝白色，金属色","interesting_facts":["锇是密度最大的天然元素，密度几乎是铅的两倍。","它的名字来源于希腊语“osme”，意思是气味，因为它的氧化物具有尖锐的有毒气味。","锇非常坚硬，被用于早期的留声机针和钢笔尖。","它是铂族金属之一，外观呈蓝银色。","四氧化锇用于对生物组织进行染色以用于电子显微镜检查。","它是地壳中最稀有的元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“osmē”（ὀσμή），意思是“气味”或“气味”；史密森·坦南特 (Smithson Tennant) 于 1803 年创造了这个名字，因为四氧化锇是金属暴露在空气中时形成的，具有强烈而独特的有毒气味。"},"Oxygen":{"name":"氧","summary":"氧气是一种无色、无味的气体，对于大多数生物体的呼吸至关重要。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氧气约占地球大气的21%，是地壳中质量最丰富的元素。","我们呼吸的大部分氧气是通过光合作用产生的，其中很大一部分来自海洋浮游植物。","液态和固态氧呈淡蓝色，具有磁性，被磁铁吸引。","臭氧是由三个氧原子组成的分子，在平流层中形成保护层，吸收有害的紫外线辐射。","氧气是由 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 和 Joseph Priestley 在 1770 年代独立发现的，并由 Antoine Lavoisier 命名。","尽管氧气对生命至关重要，但它也具有很高的活性，会导致铁生锈和燃料燃烧。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“oxys”（尖锐或酸味）和“genes”（形成），意思是“酸形成剂”，由拉瓦锡于 1777 年命名，基于当时的信念，即氧是所有酸的重要组成部分。"},"Palladium":{"name":"钯","summary":"钯是一种珍贵的银白色金属，用于催化转换器、电子产品和储氢。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["钯以小行星帕拉斯 (Pallas) 命名，该小行星于 1803 年在金属出现之前被发现。","它的主要用途是在催化转化器中，帮助将有毒废气转化为无害废气。","钯可以像金属海绵一样吸收高达自身体积 900 倍的氢气。","它是一种珍贵的铂族金属，用于白金、高级珠宝和牙科合金。","钯对于许多电子产品至关重要，包括手机和电脑内的微型电容器。","它在 1989 年著名但后来名誉扫地的“冷聚变”实验中发挥了核心作用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1802 年发现的小行星 Pallas 命名，其本身也以 Pallas Athena 命名；威廉·海德·沃拉斯顿 (William Hyde Wollaston) 于 1803 年创造了这个名字，追随了以最近发现的天体命名新元素的当代时尚。"},"Phosphorus":{"name":"磷","summary":"磷是 DNA 和 ATP 等生物分子中一种高活性的必需元素。","appearance":"颜色各异（白色、红色或黑色）","interesting_facts":["白磷在黑暗中与氧气发生反应时会发出微弱的光，这种现象使“磷光”得名。","这是已知发现者发现的第一个元素，由 Hennig Brand 于 1669 年从煮沸的尿液中分离出来。","磷以截然不同的形式存在：白磷是危险的易燃物，而红磷是稳定的并用于火柴盒条。","每个细胞都在 DNA、RNA 和 ATP（生物体中储存和转移能量的分子）中使用磷。","大约 85% 的开采磷矿被转化为肥料，这使得磷对全球粮食生产至关重要。","磷酸钙可以强化您的骨骼和牙齿，因此您体内的大部分磷都储存在您的骨骼中。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“phosphros”（光载体，来自“phos”=光和“phoros”=轴承），因为白磷在氧化时在黑暗中发出微弱的光芒； Hennig Brand 在 1669 年发现它时就使用了这个名字。"},"Platinum":{"name":"铂","summary":"铂是一种致密、有延展性且耐腐蚀的金属，用于催化转换器、珠宝和电子产品。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["铂金非常耐腐蚀，即使在高温下也不会失去光泽。","它是催化转化器中的关键催化剂，有助于净化汽车尾气。","铂金的密度比黄金高，因此在制作高级珠宝和结婚戒指时备受推崇。","一些铂化合物，如顺铂，是强效化疗药物。","南非生产世界上大部分的铂金。","它的名字来自西班牙语“platina”，意思是“小银子”，这是早期矿工轻蔑地给它起的名字。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自西班牙语“platina”，是“plata”（银）的缩写，意思是“小银子”； 16 世纪南美洲的西班牙探险家用这个轻蔑的术语来形容他们在金矿中发现的混有银质的金属，但这种金属很难开采。"},"Plutonium":{"name":"钚","summary":"钚是一种放射性金属，用于核反应堆、核武器以及航天器的电源。","appearance":"银白色，暴露在空气中会失去光泽","interesting_facts":["钚因其在核武器和反应堆中的应用而闻名。","它以矮行星冥王星命名，紧随镎和铀之后。","Plutium-238 以其稳定的热量为航行者号探测器和好奇号火星车等航天器提供动力。","由于自身放射性衰变产生的热量，一块钚摸起来是温暖的。","它具有不寻常的化学性质，在溶液中以多种多彩的氧化态存在。","钚在不同的固体形态之间会急剧膨胀和收缩，这使得它的加工变得很棘手。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以冥王星（当时被认为是第九颗行星）命名，冥王星位于海王星之外，就像钚位于镎之外；格伦·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 于 1942 年为其命名，并指出替代形式“plutium”曾被考虑过，但被拒绝，转而采用更经典的“-ium”结尾。"},"Polonium":{"name":"钋","summary":"钋是一种高放射性金属，用于防静电设备和空间应用中的热源。","appearance":"银色","interesting_facts":["钋是由玛丽·居里和皮埃尔·居里于1898年发现的，并以玛丽的祖国波兰命名。","它具有很强的放射性，以至于一克它会发出蓝光并释放出足够的热量来保持温暖。","2006 年臭名昭著的亚历山大·利特维年科中毒事件中使用了钋 210。","它已被用作空间探测器中的轻质热源和抗静电装置。","钋极为稀有，在铀矿石中含量极少。","一粒钋可以释放致命剂量，使其成为已知毒性最强的物质之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以玛丽·居里的故乡波兰（拉丁语：Polonia）命名，玛丽·居里于 1898 年与皮埃尔·居里共同发现了它；居里选择这个名字是为了向她被占领的祖国致敬，然后被俄罗斯、普鲁士和奥地利瓜分，希望引起国际社会对其事业的关注。"},"Potassium":{"name":"钾","summary":"钾是一种柔软的银白色金属，对于植物生长至关重要，并且在生物过程中至关重要。","appearance":"银灰色金属","interesting_facts":["钾的反应性很强，接触水时会爆发出淡紫色的火焰。","它足够柔软，可以用刀切割，而且足够轻，可以在反应时漂浮在水面上。","钾离子对于神经信号和心跳至关重要，而香蕉是众所周知的饮食来源。","它的化学符号K来自“kalium”，是阿拉伯语“植物灰”的拉丁语形式。","钾是汉弗莱·戴维 (Humphry Davy) 于 1807 年通过电解分离出的第一种金属。","您体内的放射性同位素钾 40 使您一生都具有轻微的放射性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名称源自“potash”（盆中浸出的木灰，该元素的早期来源），而符号 K 来自拉丁语“kalium”，最终源自阿拉伯语“al-qali”（用于制皂的碱性植物灰）。"},"Praseodymium":{"name":"镨","summary":"镨是一种柔软的银色金属，用于磁铁、玻璃着色和合金。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["镨的名字意思是“绿色双胞胎”，因为它的盐呈绿色。","它用于特殊护目镜，保护焊工和玻璃吹制工免受强烈眩光和红外光的伤害。","它与钕混合，形成用于电机和耳机的强大磁铁。","镨赋予玻璃和陶瓷釉料纯黄色。","1885 年，它从一种名为“镨”的物质中分离出来，结果证明它是两种元素。","掺镨光纤可以放大某些光学系统中的光信号。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“prasios”（韭葱绿）和“didymos”（双胞胎），由卡尔·奥尔·冯·韦尔斯巴赫 (Carl Auer von Welsbach) 于 1885 年命名，当时他将镨分成两种元素：镨（绿盐双胞胎）和钕（新双胞胎）。"},"Promethium":{"name":"钷","summary":"钷是一种放射性金属，用于发光涂料、原子电池和研究。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["钷是唯一没有稳定同位素的稀土元素；它具有放射性，自然界中基本上不存在。","它以从众神那里盗取火种的希腊泰坦普罗米修斯命名。","钷已被用于发光涂料以及起搏器和航天器的微型原子电池。","它的存在填补了元素周期表中第 61 号元素的长期空白，并于 1945 年得到确认。","发光的钷可以通过自身辐射产生微弱的蓝绿色光。","据认为，任何时刻整个地壳中仅存在约 500 克钷。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以希腊神话中的泰坦普罗米修斯的名字命名，普罗米修斯从众神那里偷走了火种并将其送给了人类；恰如其分的是，钷于 1945 年首次从核反应堆中的铀裂变产物中获得。"},"Protactinium":{"name":"镤","summary":"镤是一种致密的银灰色金属，由于其稀缺性和放射性，主要用于科学研究。","appearance":"明亮的银色金属色","interesting_facts":["镤是最稀有、最昂贵的天然元素之一。","它的名字意思是“锕的母体”，因为它会衰变成锕。","它具有高放射性和毒性，需要小心处理。","镤于 1913 年首次被发现，并于 1934 年被分离出来。","海洋沉积物中镤与钍的比例有助于科学家研究过去的气候和海洋环流。","由于其稀缺性和放射性，它在科学研究之外几乎没有用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“protos”（πρῶτος），意思是“第一”，与“锕”结合，产生“锕的母体”；该名称反映了 Protactinium-231 衰变成 Actinium-227； Kasper Fajans 于 1913 年首次将其称为“brevium”，但当这种寿命较长的同位素被发现后，就采用了“protactinium”。"},"Radium":{"name":"镭","summary":"镭是一种高放射性金属，曾用于夜光涂料，现在主要研究其放射性特性。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["镭是玛丽·居里和皮埃尔·居里于 1898 年发现的，在黑暗中发出微弱的蓝光。","它曾经被添加到夜光手表表盘上，不幸地毒害了绘制表盘的“镭女孩”。","20 世纪早期，在人们认识到镭的危险之前，人们就在牙膏、水和化妆品中销售镭产品。","镭的放射性比同量的铀高约一百万倍。","在更安全的来源取代它之前，它历史上曾用于癌症放射治疗。","居里夫人的笔记本仍然具有很强的放射性，因此它们被存放在衬铅的盒子里。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自拉丁语“radius”，意思是“射线”或“光束”，由玛丽·居里和皮埃尔·居里于 1898 年发现；这个名字指的是该元素发出的强烈辐射，当他们将其与沥青铀矿分离时，他们观察到这是一种引人注目的新现象。"},"Radon":{"name":"氡","summary":"氡是一种放射性惰性气体，用于放射治疗和地质研究中作为示踪剂。","appearance":"无色气体","interesting_facts":["氡是一种放射性惰性气体，由土壤和岩石中的铀衰变产生。","它是非吸烟者肺癌的主要原因，它会无形地渗透到地下室。","氡气无色、无臭、无味，只能用专用仪器检测。","它是正常条件下密度最大的气体，也是已知最重的气体之一。","氡曾经被用于一些早期的医学放射治疗。","家庭测试套件随处可见，因为适当的通风可以降低氡气水平。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自“镭”——通过放射性衰变产生镭的元素——结合用于惰性气体的“-on”后缀；弗里德里希·多恩 (Friedrich Dorn) 于 1900 年首次检测到它是一种从镭中散发出来的气体，在“氡”这个名称标准化之前，它被称为“镭放射”。"},"Rhenium":{"name":"铼","summary":"铼是一种致密的银白色金属，用于喷气发动机、灯丝和催化剂。","appearance":"银灰色","interesting_facts":["铼是 1925 年被发现的最后一批稳定元素之一。","它是所有元素中熔点和沸点最高的元素之一。","铼高温合金可以让喷气式飞机和火箭发动机的涡轮叶片运行得更热、更高效。","它以德国莱茵河命名。","铼极其稀有，主要作为铜和钼开采的副产品回收。","它用作制造高辛烷值无铅汽油的催化剂。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以流经德国的莱茵河（拉丁语：Rhenus）命名；沃尔特·诺达克 (Walter Noddack)、艾达·塔克 (Ida Tacke) 和奥托·伯格 (Otto Berg) 在 1925 年发现该元素时选择了这个名称，遵循了根据发现者家乡的地理特征命名元素的传统。"},"Rhodium":{"name":"铑","summary":"铑是一种稀有的银白色金属，以其高反射率而闻名，可用于催化转换器和珠宝。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["铑是最稀有、最有价值的贵金属之一，其价格通常远远高于黄金。","它的名字来源于希腊语“rhodon”（玫瑰），因其盐呈玫瑰红色而得名。","大多数铑用于催化转换器，以净化汽车尾气中的有害气体。","它具有明亮、坚硬、反光的表面效果，用于电镀白金珠宝和镜子。","铑具有很强的耐腐蚀性，在空气中不会失去光泽。","它是铂族金属之一，主要作为铂和镍开采的副产品回收。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“rhodon”（玫瑰），由 William Hyde Wollaston 于 1804 年命名，因为铑盐溶液呈典型的玫瑰红色。"},"Roentgenium":{"name":"錀","summary":"伦琴是一种合成的放射性元素，主要用于科学研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["伦琴 (Roentgenium) 以 X 射线的发现者威廉·康拉德·伦琴 (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen) 的名字命名。","它于 1994 年首次在德国通过聚变镍和铋原子核制成。","它是一种合成超重元素，一次仅产生几个原子。","预计伦琴在元素周期表中的位置低于黄金，并且可能具有与黄金相同的一些化学成分。","它的原子在形成后几秒钟内就会衰变。","除了基础研究之外，它没有其他应用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德国物理学家威廉·康拉德·伦琴 (Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) 的名字命名，他于 1895 年发现了 X 射线，并于 1901 年获得了第一届诺贝尔物理学奖； GSI达姆施塔特于1994年合成了它，并于2004年提出了这个名称，同年IUPAC正式采用了它。"},"Rubidium":{"name":"铷","summary":"铷是一种柔软的银白色金属元素，用于电子、研究和原子钟。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["铷在空气中自燃，与水发生剧烈反应。","它因发射光谱中的红线而得名于拉丁语“rubidus”（深红色）。","1861 年，本生和基尔霍夫利用光谱新技术发现了铷。","它的熔化温度略高于体温，约为 39°C。","铷原子被用于一些世界上最精确的原子钟中。","1995 年，科学家们使用铷创造出了第一个玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态，这是一种奇怪的新物质态。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“rubidus”（深红色或深红色），由 Robert Bunsen 和 Gustav Kirchhoff 于 1861 年命名，得名于他们通过当时的新技术光谱技术识别出的两条独特的深红色光谱线。"},"Ruthenium":{"name":"钌","summary":"钌是一种稀有过渡金属，用于电触点、厚膜电阻器和催化剂。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["钌以俄罗斯的拉丁语名称 Ruthenia 命名，于 1844 年在俄罗斯被发现。","它是铂族金属之一，非常硬且脆。","添加微量的钌大大提高了铂、钯合金的硬度和耐磨性。","钌用于电子产品内部的电触点和片式电阻器。","它充当一种多功能催化剂，包括在制造氨和清理污染物的过程中。","钌化合物正在研究作为太阳能电池的光吸收染料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"卡尔·恩斯特·克劳斯 (Karl Ernst Claus) 于 1844 年在俄罗斯帝国喀山工作时发现了这一发现，以“俄罗斯”(罗斯人的土地) 的拉丁语名称“鲁塞尼亚”命名。"},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"𬬻","summary":"卢瑟福是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是银色金属","interesting_facts":["卢瑟福鎓是以核物理学之父、物理学家欧内斯特·卢瑟福的名字命名的。","它是第一种反锕系元素（超重）。","卢瑟福是通过在加速器中将较轻的原子核粉碎在一起而制成的。","它的发现是美国和苏联科学家之间冷战命名争议的主题。","一次只能产生几个原子，它们会在几秒钟内衰变。","它的化学性质预计与元素周期表第 4 族中的铪相似。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以新西兰出生的物理学家欧内斯特·卢瑟福 (Ernest Rutherford) 的名字命名，他发现了原子核，被认为是核物理学之父；这个名字是由美国劳伦斯伯克利分校的研究人员提出的，并在与苏联科学家发生冷战命名争议后于 1997 年被 IUPAC 正式采用。"},"Samarium":{"name":"钐","summary":"钐是一种银白色金属，用于磁铁、激光器以及核反应堆中的中子吸收剂。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["钐钴磁铁在高温下仍能保持强度，用于飞机和军事硬件。","这是第一个以人的名字命名的元素，通过矿物萨马钛矿（以矿业官员萨马斯基的名字命名）。","钐很容易吸收中子，因此用于核反应堆控制棒。","放射性钐化合物用于缓解已扩散到骨骼的癌症引起的疼痛。","钐用作化学催化剂，并用于制造某些类型的玻璃和激光器。","它的硬度适中，在空气中缓慢氧化，形成淡黄色涂层。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以沙马钛矿命名，Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 于 1879 年首次在这种矿物中发现了它；钐矿是以俄罗斯矿务官员 Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets 上校的名字命名的，这使得钐成为第一个以真人名字（间接）命名的元素。"},"Scandium":{"name":"钪","summary":"钪是一种柔软的银白色金属，用于航空航天部件和高性能合金。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["钪的存在和性质在 1879 年被发现之前，门捷列夫于 1869 年预测为“eka-硼”。","在铝中添加少量钪可形成坚固、轻质的合金，用于高端自行车车架和航空航天零件。","它以斯堪的纳维亚半岛命名，首次发现的矿物是在那里开采的。","一些苏联米格战斗机使用了钪铝合金。","尽管钪在地壳中相当常见，但很难提取，而且很少在矿石中富集，因此价格昂贵。","一些金属卤化物灯中添加了碘化钪，以产生模仿自然阳光的光线。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以斯堪的纳维亚半岛（拉丁语“Scandia”）命名，拉斯·弗雷德里克·尼尔森 (Lars Fredrik Nilson) 于 1879 年在该地区的斯堪的纳维亚半岛的磷辉石和硅铍辉石矿物中发现了它。"},"Seaborgium":{"name":"𬭳","summary":"Seaborgium 是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属的","interesting_facts":["Seaborgium 以化学家 Glenn T. Seaborg 的名字命名，他帮助发现了许多超铀元素。","这是第一个以当时还活着的人命名的元素。","Seaborgium 是一种仅在粒子加速器中制造的合成超重元素。","它的原子在几秒钟内就会衰变，因此只有少数原子被研究过。","化学实验表明它的行为类似于元素周期表第 6 族中的钨。","它于 1974 年首次通过将氧离子粉碎成锎而制成。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美国化学家格伦·T·西博格 (Glenn T. Seaborg) 的名字命名，他是十种超铀元素的共同发现者；这是第一个以在世人命名的元素，由劳伦斯·伯克利 (Lawrence Berkeley) 于 1994 年提出，尽管 IUPAC 最初表示反对，但在 1997 年正式批准该名称。"},"Selenium":{"name":"硒","summary":"硒是一种非金属，其性质类似于硫和碲，用于电子、玻璃制造和营养补充剂。","appearance":"黑色、红色和灰色形式","interesting_facts":["硒以希腊月亮女神塞勒涅的名字命名。","它的电导率随光而变化，这是早期复印机和测光表中使用的特性。","硒是一种必需的微量营养素，支持抗氧化酶，但较大剂量时有毒。","它使玻璃呈现红色，也可用于去除玻璃上的绿色色调。","巴西坚果富含硒。","硒有多种形式，包括红色粉末和导电的灰色金属形式。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“selene”（月亮），由 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 于 1817 年命名为碲（来自拉丁语“tellus”，地球）的伴生元素，因为这两种元素化学性质相似，并且在同一矿床中一起发现。"},"Silicon":{"name":"硅","summary":"硅是一种硬而脆的结晶固体，是半导体和计算机芯片的关键成分。","appearance":"灰色结晶固体","interesting_facts":["硅是地壳中仅次于氧的第二丰富元素，大部分以二氧化硅的形式存在于沙子和岩石中。","超纯硅晶体是计算机芯片的基础，硅谷因此得名。","硅是一种准金属半导体，其导电性能比绝缘体好，但比金属差。","石英、蛋白石和大多数沙子都是硅化合物，而玻璃主要是通过熔化二氧化硅制成的。","太阳能电池板依靠硅将阳光直接转化为电能。","尽管名称相似，硅（元素）与硅树脂不同，硅树脂是含有硅的柔性橡胶聚合物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“silex”或“silicis”（燧石或硬石），因为燧石和硅酸盐岩石中富含硅； “硅”这个名称是托马斯·汤姆森 (Thomas Thomson) 于 1817 年提出的。"},"Silver":{"name":"银","summary":"银是一种柔软、白色、有光泽的金属，在所有元素中具有最高的导电性和导热性，用于珠宝、电子产品和镜子。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["银是所有元素中最好的电导体和热导体。","它具有天然抗菌特性，早在现代医学出现之前就被用来保持伤口和水的清洁。","银是反射率最高的金属，这就是传统上将其用于后视镜的原因。","摄影胶片依靠感光银化合物来捕捉图像。","它的化学符号Ag来自拉丁语“argentum”，阿根廷国家就是以此命名的。","当银与空气中微量的硫化合物发生反应时，银会变成黑色。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英语单词“silver”来自古英语“seolfor”，与原始日耳曼语“silubra”相关，其进一步起源不确定； Ag 符号和国名阿根廷均源自拉丁语“argentum”（银），与该元素明亮的白色光泽有关。"},"Sodium":{"name":"钠","summary":"钠是一种柔软的银白色高活性金属，是生命的必需元素。","appearance":"银白色金属","interesting_facts":["钠的反应性很强，必须储存在油下，并且当掉入水中时会发出嘶嘶声并点燃。","它足够柔软，可以用刀切割，露出闪亮的银色表面，但在空气中很快就会变暗。","钠蒸气灯发出独特的黄橙色光芒，这种光芒曾经在街道照明中很常见。","常见的食盐是氯化钠，钠对于体内的神经冲动和液体平衡至关重要。","钠燃烧时会发出亮黄色火焰，这是火焰测试中用来识别钠的特性。","化学符号Na来自拉丁语“natrium”，指的是天然苏打化合物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名称来自“soda”（中世纪拉丁语“sodanum”，一种治疗头痛的药物），而符号 Na 源自拉丁语“natrium”，本身又源自阿拉伯语/埃及语“natrun”，意思是 natron，一种天然存在的碳酸钠矿物。"},"Strontium":{"name":"锶","summary":"锶是一种柔软的银色金属，用于烟花、陶瓷和放射应用。","appearance":"银色金属色","interesting_facts":["锶盐在烟花和紧急照明弹中产生亮红色。","它以苏格兰斯特朗蒂安村命名，该村首次发现了它的矿石。","核尘埃中的放射性同位素锶 90 可以沉积在骨骼中，因为它模仿钙。","一些牙膏中使用锶来降低牙齿敏感性。","铝酸锶在黑暗中发光数小时，用于现代发光涂料。","与钙一样，锶也会与水发生反应，并且在自然界中永远不会以游离态存在。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以苏格兰阿盖尔郡的 Strontian 村庄命名，1790 年左右，人们首次在当地的铅矿中发现了菱锶矿（碳酸锶）。"},"Sulfur":{"name":"硫","summary":"硫是一种黄色非金属元素，常见于火山地区，对生命至关重要。","appearance":"亮黄色晶体","interesting_facts":["硫磺自古以来就为人所知，在圣经中被称为“硫磺”，意思是“燃烧的石头”。","它以硫化氢的臭鸡蛋味而闻名，尽管纯硫本身是无味的。","硫磺燃烧时发出蓝色火焰并产生令人窒息的二氧化硫气体。","大多数开采的硫磺用于制造硫酸，硫酸是世界上产量最多的工业化学品之一。","火山喷口和温泉周围形成亮黄色硫磺沉积物。","硫是生命的必需元素，存在于帮助蛋白质折叠的氨基酸半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸中。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“硫磺”（硫磺），一个来源不确定的词，可能与梵语“sulvere”有关；硫磺自古以来就被称为火山周围发现的刺激性黄色石头，在圣经文本中被称为“硫磺”。"},"Tantalum":{"name":"钽","summary":"钽是一种致密、耐腐蚀的金属，用于电子、外科植入物和高温合金。","appearance":"灰蓝色","interesting_facts":["钽电容器虽小，但可储存大量电荷，几乎每部手机和笔记本电脑中都有钽电容器。","它以希腊神话中的坦塔洛斯命名，反映了它对酸溶解的“诱人”抵抗力。","钽具有生物相容性，可用于外科植入物、板和针。","它是所有金属中熔点最高的金属之一，超过 3,000 °C。","钽具有坚韧的氧化层，因此具有很高的耐腐蚀性。","世界上大部分钽都来自钶钽矿石，这引发了道德采购问题。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"希腊神话中的国王坦塔罗斯以坦塔罗斯的名字命名，他被判站在果树下的一潭水里，只要他伸手去拿果树，水就会退去。安德斯·埃克伯格 (Anders Ekeberg) 在 1802 年选择了这个名字，因为这种元素无法吸收酸，就像坦塔罗斯永远无法满足他的口渴一样。"},"Technetium":{"name":"锝","summary":"锝是一种银灰色放射性金属，主要用于医学成像和工业射线照相。","appearance":"银灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["锝是第一个人工制造的元素，它的名字来自希腊语，意为“人工”。","它没有稳定的同位素，因此地球上自然存在的基本上没有。","Technetium-99m 是医学成像中使用最广泛的放射性示踪剂，每年用于数千万次扫描。","门捷列夫将其在元素周期表中的间隙预测为“eka-manganese”。","在某些遥远恒星的光谱中检测到了锝，证明这些元素仍在形成。","微量的锝可以使钢具有极强的耐腐蚀性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“technetos”（人造或人造），由 Carlo Perrier 和 Emilio Segrè 于 1937 年命名，因为它是第一个人工生产的元素，是通过在回旋加速器中用氘核轰击钼而产生的。"},"Tellurium":{"name":"碲","summary":"碲是一种脆性银白色非金属，用于合金、半导体和热电设备。","appearance":"银色光泽灰色","interesting_facts":["碲是以拉丁语中地球的意思“tellus”命名的。","即使接触到微量的碲气，人们也会产生“碲气”，这是一种强烈的大蒜味，可以持续数周。","它是一种稀有的准金属，在地壳中的稀有程度与铂一样稀有。","碲化镉用于制造薄膜太阳能电池板。","碲改善钢和铜合金的切削加工性。","它用于可重写光盘，因为它可以在玻璃态和结晶态之间切换。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁语“tellus”（地球），由 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 于 1798 年命名；这个名字特意与硒（以月亮命名）配对，因为这两种元素化学性质相似，并且经常一起发现。"},"Tennessine":{"name":"鿬","summary":"Tennessine 是一种合成的放射性元素，用于科学研究以研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金属或类金属","interesting_facts":["田纳西州以美国田纳西州命名，该州是橡树岭国家实验室的所在地。","它是已知第二重元素，并于 2010 年得到确认。","它的名字以“-ine”结尾，因为它位于卤素列，第 17 族。","制造它需要橡树岭生产的稀有锫，并用钙离子轰击。","迄今为止，只制造出了少量的田纳西碱原子。","它的原子在不到一秒的时间内就衰变了。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美国田纳西州命名，该州是橡树岭国家实验室（生产重要锫靶材）、范德比尔特大学和田纳西大学的所在地；它于2010年合成，并于2016年被IUPAC正式命名，后缀“-ine”反映了它在卤素基团17中的位置。"},"Terbium":{"name":"铽","summary":"铽是一种银白色金属，用于绿色照明、激光和磁光设备的荧光粉。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["铽为照明和老式显示器中使用的许多磷光体提供绿色。","它以瑞典的伊特比村命名，这是纪念该小镇的四个元素之一。","铽合金在磁场中改变形状，用于传感器和声纳系统。","它在紫外线下发出亮绿色的光，用于安全油墨。","铽是一种柔软的银色稀土金属，可以用刀切割。","它用于固态器件和节能荧光灯。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典 Resarö 岛上的一个村庄 Ytterby 命名，最初是在那里收集钆钆石矿石； Carl Gustaf Mosander 于 1843 年将其与氧化钇分开，“铽”是“Ytterby”的音节重新排列。"},"Thallium":{"name":"铊","summary":"铊是一种柔软的灰色金属，用于电子、光学系统和一些医疗应用。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["铊曾经是一种人们喜爱的毒药，无嗅无味，因此被称为“投毒者的毒药”。","它的名字来源于希腊语“thallos”，一种绿芽，以其光谱中的亮绿色线命名。","铊中毒会导致脱发，这有时有助于医生诊断。","放射性铊同位素用于心脏成像压力测试。","铊化合物用于专业红外光学和电子学。","它是在 1861 年利用火焰光谱新方法发现的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希腊语“thallos”（θαλλός），意思是“绿芽”或“绿树枝”； 1861 年，威廉·克鲁克斯 (William Crookes) 在使用新开发的火焰光谱技术分析亚硒酸残留物时看到了独特的亮绿色光谱线，并将其命名为该光谱线。"},"Thorium":{"name":"钍","summary":"钍是一种弱放射性金属，用于核反应堆、合金和气罩。","appearance":"银色，通常带有黑色光泽","interesting_facts":["钍（Thorium）以北欧雷神托尔（Thor）的名字命名。","人们正在研究将其作为一种比铀更安全、更丰富的核燃料。","地壳中钍的含量大约是铀的三到四倍。","钍气体灯罩发出明亮的光，被用于灯笼一个多世纪了。","它曾经被添加到高质量的相机镜头中，随着时间的推移，镜头会因辐射而略微泛黄。","几乎所有钍都是长寿同位素钍232，其半衰期比宇宙年龄还要长。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"由瑞典化学家 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 于 1828 年发现，以挪威雷神托尔 (Thor) 的名字命名；贝采利乌斯在一种挪威矿物中发现了这种元素，他将其称为钍铁矿，并遵循纪念神话人物的传统，以这位神灵的名字命名了这种新元素。"},"Thulium":{"name":"铥","summary":"铥是一种柔软的银色金属，用于便携式 X 射线设备、激光器和一些核应用。","appearance":"银灰色","interesting_facts":["铥是最稀有的稳定稀土元素，也是最昂贵的元素之一。","它以极北神话般的土地图勒 (Thule) 命名。","放射性铥 170 用于无需电力的便携式 X 射线设备。","铥在紫外线下发出蓝光，用于钞票上的防伪标记。","铥激光器用于一些医疗外科手术。","尽管铥很稀有，但地壳中的含量仍然比金多。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以图勒 (Thule) 命名，这是古希腊和罗马的名称，指的是已知世界最北端的一片神秘土地，通常与斯堪的纳维亚半岛或冰岛联系在一起； Per Teodor Cleve 于 1879 年选择了这个名字，以纪念该元素的斯堪的纳维亚起源。"},"Tin":{"name":"锡","summary":"锡是一种可延展的银白色金属，用于焊料、涂层和青铜等合金。","appearance":"银白色金属色","interesting_facts":["将锡与铜混合制成青铜，这种合金定义了人类历史的整个时代。","当一块锡条弯曲时，由于其晶体重新排列，会发出一种称为“锡哭声”的噼啪声。","在极冷的情况下，普通锡会碎成灰色粉末，这一过程称为“锡虫”。","锡罐的耐腐蚀性来自于钢上的薄锡涂层。","锡比任何其他元素都具有更稳定的同位素（十个）。","锡镴和焊料是常见的锡基合金，已使用了几个世纪。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英语单词“tin”来自古英语“tin”，与原始日耳曼语“tinam”相关，其进一步起源不确定； Sn 符号源自拉丁语“stannum”，最初指的是银铅合金，后来被应用于锡。"},"Titanium":{"name":"钛","summary":"钛是一种坚固、轻质的金属，广泛应用于航空航天、医疗器械和合金。","appearance":"银灰白色","interesting_facts":["钛具有所有金属元素中最高的强度密度比，其强度与钢相当，但重量却轻约 45%。","它具有生物相容性，因此身体不会排斥它，使其成为髋关节置换术和牙种植体的理想选择。","二氧化钛是一种亮白色颜料，用于油漆、防晒霜甚至牙膏。","它能很好地抵抗海水腐蚀，可用于船舶部件和潜艇船体。","钛因其巨大的强度而以希腊神话中的泰坦巨人命名。","尽管钛是地壳中第九丰富的元素，但由于难以从矿石中提取，因此价格昂贵。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"马丁·海因里希·克拉普罗斯 (Martin Heinrich Klaproth) 于 1795 年以希腊神话中的泰坦巨人（强大的原始神祇）的名字命名，他想要一个与地理或个人无关的名字。"},"Tungsten":{"name":"钨","summary":"钨是一种坚硬、致密的金属，是所有元素中熔点最高的金属，用于制造细丝、切割工具和穿甲弹。","appearance":"灰白色，有光泽","interesting_facts":["钨的熔点是所有金属中最高的，约为 3,422 °C。","它被用于白炽灯泡中的发光灯丝。","它的名字来自瑞典语，意思是“重石头”，而它的符号W则来自“wolfram”。","碳化钨的硬度几乎与金刚石一样，用于制造钻头、锯和穿甲弹。","它是密度最大的元素之一，密度与黄金大致相同。","钨对于某些喜热微生物中的某些酶至关重要，是已知生命所利用的最重元素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"“Tungsten”源自瑞典语“tung”（重）和“sten”（石头），指的是白钨矿矿物；符号 W 来自“wolfram”，源自矿物黑钨矿 - 因其在熔炼过程中“吞噬”锡而得名，让人想起狼（德语：Wolf Rahm，狼的奶油或泡沫）。"},"Uranium":{"name":"铀","summary":"铀是一种致密的放射性金属，用作核反应堆和核武器的燃料。","appearance":"银灰色金属色","interesting_facts":["铀是自然界中大量存在的最重元素。","它以八年前发现的天王星命名。","一公斤铀235释放的能量相当于数千吨煤释放的能量。","1896 年，亨利·贝克勒尔 (Henri Becquerel) 在黑暗中使照相底片起雾时发现了铀的放射性。","贫铀密度极高，用于装甲和穿甲弹药。","铀玻璃在 1800 年代流行，在紫外线照射下会发出亮绿色的光。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以八年前马丁·海因里希·克拉普罗斯 (Martin Heinrich Klaproth) 于 1789 年发现的天王星命名；他遵循以天体命名元素的传统，就像碲（之前的元素）以地球命名一样。"},"Vanadium":{"name":"钒","summary":"钒是一种坚硬的银灰色金属，主要用于强化钢合金和其他材料。","appearance":"银灰色","interesting_facts":["钒以其美丽的彩色化合物而以 Vanadis 命名，Vanadis 是北欧女神 Freyja 的名字。","其化合物根据氧化态呈现彩虹色：紫色、蓝色、绿色和黄色。","在钢中添加少量的钒可以使其变得更加坚硬，可用于工具和汽车零件。","亨利·福特在 T 型车中使用了钒钢，使其更轻、更强。","全钒氧化还原液流电池可以为电网储存大量能量。","一些被称为海鞘的海洋生物在其血液中浓缩的钒含量远远高于周围海水。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 Vanadis 命名，Vanadis 是古挪威语中女神芙蕾雅 (Freyja) 的绰号，由 Nils Gabriel Sefström 于 1830 年选择，因为钒的化合物可形成极其美丽的多彩溶液。"},"Xenon":{"name":"氙","summary":"氙是一种无色、致密、无味的惰性气体，用于照明、医学成像和航天器推进。","appearance":"无色气体，激发时发出蓝光","interesting_facts":["氙气的名字来源于希腊语，意思是“陌生人”，因为它在空气中非常罕见。","它产生明亮的白光，用于汽车前灯、相机闪光灯和电影放映机灯。","氙可用作安全、强效的麻醉剂，但价格昂贵。","尽管氙是一种惰性气体，但它还是在 1962 年第一个形成了真正的化合物。","航天器上的离子推进器使用氙作为推进剂，轻轻地推动探测器穿过太阳系。","氙气的密度足够大，您可以将轻质物体漂浮在看不见的气体上。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希腊语“xenos”（陌生人或外国人），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 在 1898 年命名，因为氙是一种完全陌生的元素，隐藏在液态氪蒸发后的残留物中。"},"Ytterbium":{"name":"镱","summary":"镱是一种柔软的银色金属，用于激光器、原子钟和材料中的应力计。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["镱是以瑞典小村庄伊特比命名的四种元素之一。","镱原子钟是迄今为止最精确的计时器之一。","其电阻在高压下急剧增加，用作应力计。","掺镱光纤为高能工业激光器提供动力，用于切割和焊接金属。","它是一种柔软、有延展性的银色稀土金属。","与镧系元素不同的是，镱可以呈现稳定的+2氧化态。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典斯德哥尔摩附近 Resarö 岛上的一个村庄 Ytterby 命名； Jean Charles de Marignac 于 1878 年首次从矿物铒中分离出氧化物，镱是以瑞典村庄命名的四种元素之一。"},"Yttrium":{"name":"钇","summary":"钇是一种银色金属元素，用于荧光粉、超导体和 LED 技术。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["钇以瑞典村庄伊特比 (Ytterby) 命名，四种不同元素均以该村命名。","钇铝石榴石 (YAG) 晶体用于制造用于医学和工业的强大激光器。","它帮助创造了第一个在高于氮气沸点的温度下工作的高温超导体。","钇化合物产生旧彩色电视屏幕中的红色荧光粉。","它用于强化铝和镁合金。","尽管被称为稀土，但钇在地壳中的含量比银或铅更丰富。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典 Resarö 岛上的一个小村庄 Ytterby 命名，1787 年在这里首次采集了钆钆辉石矿石；同一个村庄的名字也启发了镱、铒和铽的名字。"},"Zinc":{"name":"锌","summary":"锌是一种蓝银色金属，常用于电镀、合金，也是生物过程的重要矿物质。","appearance":"蓝银色金属","interesting_facts":["锌通过一种称为镀锌的过程对钢进行涂覆，牺牲自身以保护钢不生锈。","它对人体免疫系统至关重要，锌含片可用于帮助抵抗感冒。","锌燃烧时发出明亮的蓝绿色火焰，当其白色氧化物被收集时，曾被称为“哲学家的羊毛”。","用于仪器和配件的黄铜是铜和锌的合金。","大多数现代一美分硬币和许多其他硬币主要由锌制成，并带有薄铜涂层。","氧化锌是许多防晒霜和尿布疹霜中的活性成分。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自德语“Zink”（锌），由帕拉塞尔苏斯于 16 世纪首次使用；其起源可能与“Zinke”（尖头或尖头）有关，描述了熔炼过程中形成的尖刺晶体，也可能与波斯语的“sing”（石头）有关。"},"Zirconium":{"name":"锆","summary":"锆是一种耐腐蚀金属，用于核反应堆、手术器械和陶瓷材料。","appearance":"银白色","interesting_facts":["锆具有很强的耐腐蚀性，几乎不吸收中子，因此非常适合包壳核燃料棒。","立方氧化锆是一种锆化合物，是珠宝中流行的钻石替代品。","宝石锆石是一种硅酸锆，含有地球上一些已知最古老的矿物，已有超过 40 亿年的历史。","锆粉高度易燃，曾用于制造闪光灯。","它具有生物相容性，可用于牙冠和关节植入物。","二氧化锆陶瓷足够坚韧，可以制造很少需要磨刀的刀片。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自阿拉伯语“zarqun”（朱红色或金色），源自波斯语“zargun”（类似金色），因为宝石锆石具有金色色调；该名称由 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 于 1789 年命名。"}},"zh-Hant":{"Actinium":{"name":"錒","summary":"錒是一種柔軟的銀色放射性金屬，主要用於研究和用作中子源。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["由於其強烈的放射性，錒在黑暗中會發出怪異的淡藍色光芒。","它的名字來自希臘語“aktis”，意思是射線或光束。","它以錒系元素命名。","錒-225 正在研究用於針對癌症的標靶 α 粒子療法。","它的放射性比鐳高約150倍。","錒極為稀有，僅在鈾礦石中存在微量。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“aktis”（ἀκτίς），意思是“射線”或“光束”；安德烈-路易斯·德比恩 (André-Louis Debierne) 於 1899 年首次從鈾礦中分離出它，並因其強大的放射性而得名；它以錒系重元素命名。"},"Aluminum":{"name":"鋁","summary":"鋁是一種銀白色、輕質且耐腐蝕的金屬，用途廣泛。","appearance":"銀灰色金屬","interesting_facts":["鋁是地殼中最豐富的金屬，但它曾經很難提純，但它比黃金更有價值。","據報道，在 1880 年代的一場宴會上，法國最尊貴的客人使用鋁製餐具，而其他客人則使用金餐具。","它是完全可回收的，回收鋁僅使用原礦石製造鋁所需能源的約 5%。","鋁上立即形成一層薄薄的自癒氧化層，保護其免受腐蝕。","1886 年發明的 Hall-Heroult 製程透過使用電力從氧化鋁中提取鋁，從而使鋁變得便宜。","鋁質輕、堅固且無磁性，是飛機、罐頭和箔材的理想材料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“alumen”（明礬，一種自古以來用於染色和鞣製的化合物）；漢弗萊·戴維 (Humphry Davy) 於 1807 年創造了“alumium”，後來將其修改為“aluminum”，而世界上大部分地區都採用了“aluminium”拼寫。"},"Americium":{"name":"鎇","summary":"鎇是一種放射性金屬，用於煙霧偵測器和工業應用的中子源。","appearance":"銀白色，在空氣中慢慢失去光澤","interesting_facts":["大多數家用煙霧偵測器中都使用少量鎇。","它以美洲命名，類似於銪以歐洲命名。","鎇是在 1944 年曼哈頓計畫期間首次生產的。","在煙霧偵測器中，鎇發射阿爾法粒子，使空氣電離；煙霧會擾亂電流並觸發警報。","由於其自身強烈的放射性，它在黑暗中發出微弱的光芒。","鎇正被研究作為未來太空任務可能的持久能源。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以其於 1944 年由格倫·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 首次生產的美洲大陸命名；西博格有意將其與銪（以歐洲命名）進行類比，因為鎇在錒系元素中的位置與銪在鑭系元素中的位置相同。"},"Antimony":{"name":"銻","summary":"銻是一種脆性藍白色非金屬，用於阻燃劑、合金和半導體。","appearance":"銀色、藍白色","interesting_facts":["自古埃及以來，銻就被用作眼影膏（一種黑眼圈化妝品）。","它是一種非金屬，在凍結時會異常膨脹，因此可用於鋒利的鑄件和金屬字體。","銻化合物廣泛用作塑膠和紡織品中的阻燃劑。","其化學符號Sb來自拉丁文“stibium”。","中世紀的煉金術士使用銻丸作為可重複使用的瀉藥，回收後作為「長效藥丸」流傳下來。","銻與鉛形成合金，使其變得更硬，就像舊的印刷字體和電池板一樣。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名稱來自中世紀拉丁語“antimium”，來源不明（可能來自阿拉伯語“ithmid”或意思是“不單獨”的拉丁短語，因為銻很少以純淨形式出現）；符號 Sb 來自拉丁語“stibium”，這是自古埃及以來用作化妝品的黑色硫化礦石的名稱。"},"Argon":{"name":"氬","summary":"氬是一種無色無味的惰性氣體，約佔地球大氣層的 1%。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氬氣佔地球大氣層的近 1%，使其成為空氣中最豐富的惰性氣體。","它的名字來自希臘語中的“懶惰”一詞，因為它的化學反應性非常低。","氬氣用於填充白熾燈泡，因為它不會與熱燈絲發生反應。","焊工使用氬氣作為保護氣體，以防止熱金屬與空氣中的氧氣反應。","地球上的大部分氬是 argon-40，由岩石中的 k-40 放射性衰變產生。","雙層玻璃窗通常充滿氬氣，因為它比普通空氣具有更好的隔熱性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“argon”（閒置或不活躍，“argos”的中性詞），由 William Ramsay 和雷利勳爵於 1894 年命名，因為這種氣體具有化學惰性，極難與任何物質發生反應。"},"Arsenic":{"name":"砷","summary":"砷是一種有毒的準金屬，歷史上用於農藥，現在用於半導體和玻璃生產。","appearance":"金屬灰","interesting_facts":["砒霜被譽為“王者之毒、毒中之王”，幾個世紀以來一直無法被發現，也是歷史上謀殺案中的最愛。","儘管具有毒性，但微量的砷可能是某些動物所需的營養素。","砷化鎵和其他砷化合物對於現代半導體和 LED 至關重要。","地下水的砷污染影響全球數百萬人的飲用水。","它昇華，加熱時直接從固體變成氣體，具有類似大蒜的氣味。","含砷的綠色顏料曾經用於壁紙，可能已經慢慢毒害了維多利亞時代的家庭。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“arsenikon”（黃色雌黃，砷的硫化物礦石），本身可能源自波斯語“zarnikh”（砷礦石）；這個詞也可能與希臘語“arrhen”（男性或強效）有關，反映了砷化合物的強大特性。"},"Astatine":{"name":"砈","summary":"砈是一種稀有的放射性元素，主要用於科學研究，並可能用於癌症治療。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["砹是最稀有的天然元素；任何時候地殼中的含量都小於一克。","它的名字來自希臘語“astatos”，意思是“不穩定”。","沒有人見過可見的樣本，因為它會因其自身的強烈放射性而蒸發。","它是最重的鹵素，於 1940 年首次合成。","砈-211 正在研究用於靶向 α 粒子癌症治療。","其最穩定的同位素的半衰期僅為8小時左右。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“astatos”（ἄστατος），意思是“不穩定”； Dale Corson、Kenneth MacKenzie 和 Emilio Segrè 於 1940 年在伯克利合成了它，並選擇了這個名稱，因為所有砹同位素都具有放射性，並且衰變很快，使得該元素本質上不穩定。"},"Barium":{"name":"鋇","summary":"鋇是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於鑽井液、油漆和醫學成像。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["病人會喝“鋇餐”或“吞鋇”，因為鋇會阻擋 X 射線，從而暴露消化道。","鋇化合物賦予煙火明亮的綠色。","它的名字來自希臘文“barys”，意思是“重”。","儘管金屬有毒，但醫學掃描中使用的不溶性硫酸鋇可以安全地通過人體。","鋇的反應性很強，必須儲存在石油下，並且在自然界中永遠不會遊離存在。","礦物重晶石（硫酸鋇）用於在石油工業中對鑽井液進行稱重。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“barys”（重），由漢弗萊·戴維 (Humphry Davy) 於 1808 年命名，因為硫酸鋇（重晶石，常見礦石）對於非金屬礦物來說異常緻密。"},"Berkelium":{"name":"鉳","summary":"鉳是一種放射性金屬，主要用於科學研究和重元素的生產。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["鉳 以加州柏克萊的名字命名，1949 年首次在該地製造。","它是一種極為稀有的合成元素，產量極少。","以鉳為靶材合成超重元素田尼辛。","在高通量反應器中生產少量鉳樣品可能需要數月時間。","它具有高放射性，除科學研究外沒有其他用途。","鉳與鋱組成了一套完整的元素，這兩種元素都以城鎮命名並放置在匹配的位置。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以加州柏克萊的名字命名，於 1949 年在加州大學輻射實驗室首次合成；這個命名故意反映了鋱，以瑞典小鎮伊特比命名——這兩種元素分別在鑭系元素和錒系元素中佔據著匹配的位置。"},"Beryllium":{"name":"鈹","summary":"鈹是一種堅硬的淺灰色金屬，天然存在於礦物岩石、煤炭、土壤和火山灰中。","appearance":"鋼灰色","interesting_facts":["鈹對 X 射線非常透明，因此它被用來製造 X 射線管和探測器的窗口。","它是最輕的結構金屬之一，但具有比鋼更高的剛度重量比。","祖母綠和海藍寶石都是礦物綠柱石（一種矽酸鈹鋁）的形式。","鈹粉塵具有劇毒，可引起稱為鈹中毒的慢性肺部疾病。","詹姆斯韋伯太空望遠鏡的鏡子由鍍金鈹製成，因為它可以在極冷的溫度下保持其形狀。","1932 年，詹姆斯·查德威克通過用 α 粒子轟擊鈹發現了中子。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以寶石綠柱石命名，源自希臘語“beryllos”，因為 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 於 1798 年首次從綠柱石和祖母綠礦物中分離出鈹。"},"Bismuth":{"name":"鉍","summary":"鉍是一種低毒性的脆性金屬，用於化妝品、醫療程式和合金。","appearance":"銀白色，附虹彩色調","interesting_facts":["鉍形成令人驚嘆的虹彩彩虹晶體，具有階梯、漏斗形狀。","它是最重的元素，出於實際目的，它是穩定的，具有幾乎難以想像的長半衰期。","鉍是 Pepto-Bismol 的主要成分，用於舒緩胃部不適。","和水一樣，鉍結冰時會膨脹。","它用於消防灑水和安全裝置的低熔點合金。","鉍是某些合金中少數密度較小的金屬之一，並且是許多產品中鉛的無毒替代品。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自古德語“Wismut”或“Wismuth”，可能源自“weiße Masse”（白色質量）或來源不明的礦工術語；自 15 世紀以來，它被認為是一種獨特的金屬，有時與鉛或錫混淆，在現代用法中變成“bismuth”之前，被拉丁化為“bisemutum”。"},"Bohrium":{"name":"𬭛","summary":"𬭛是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["𬭛 以模擬原子結構的物理學家 Niels Bohr 的名字命名。","它是一種合成超重元素，一次只產生幾個原子。","𬭛 於 1981 年在德國首次創建。","它的同位素具有強烈的放射性，並在幾秒鐘或更短的時間內衰變。","實驗顯示硼的化學性質類似第 7 族的錸。","除了對最重元素的基礎研究之外，它沒有任何用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以丹麥物理學家尼爾斯·玻爾 (Niels Bohr) 的名字命名，他開發了原子的量子模型，並為理解原子結構做出了基礎性貢獻；德國GSI達姆施塔特於1981年合成了它，並以他的名字命名，並於1997年被IUPAC正式採用。"},"Boron":{"name":"硼","summary":"硼是一種準金屬元素，對植物生長至關重要，但過量可能有毒。","appearance":"黑棕色","interesting_facts":["硼化合物賦予火焰獨特的亮綠色，使其可用於煙火。","硼對於植物生長至關重要，儘管含量很少。過多對農作物有毒。","硼矽酸鹽玻璃由硼製成，可抵抗熱衝擊，用於炊具和實驗室玻璃器皿。","同位素硼 10 很容易吸收中子，因此硼用於製造核反應器的控制棒和屏蔽層。","硼砂是一種硼礦物，數千年來一直被用作焊接金屬的清潔劑和助焊劑。","硼是一種準金屬，具有金屬和非金屬的性質，在室溫下是不良導體。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以硼砂命名，硼砂是首次分離的礦物，“硼砂”源自阿拉伯語“buraq”或波斯語“burah”，意思是硼砂或硝石。"},"Bromine":{"name":"溴","summary":"溴在室溫下是紅棕色液體，用於阻燃劑、水處理和製藥。","appearance":"紅褐色液體","interesting_facts":["溴是僅有的兩種在室溫下呈液態的元素之一，另外還有汞。","它是一種濃稠的紅棕色液體，會釋放出令人窒息的有毒煙霧。","它的名字來自希臘語“bromos”，意思是“惡臭”。","古代人們利用溴化合物從海蝸牛中提取了一種珍貴的紫色染料－泰爾紫。","溴化合物廣泛用作電子和家具中的阻燃劑。","大多數溴是從海水和富含鹽的鹽水沉積物中提取的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“bromos”（惡臭或惡臭），由 Antoine Jérôme Balard 於 1826 年命名，因為液態溴會產生一種非常難聞、令人窒息的氣味。"},"Cadmium":{"name":"鎘","summary":"鎘是一種柔軟的藍白色金屬，主要用於電池、顏料和電鍍。","appearance":"銀藍灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鎘可提供鮮豔的黃色、橙色和紅色顏料，長期以來一直受到莫內和梵谷等藝術家的青睞。","它有毒並在體內積聚，導致 20 世紀日本出現的痛苦的「痛痛」骨病。","充電鎳鎘 (NiCd) 電池曾經非常普遍。","鎘塗層可以保護鋼材免受腐蝕，尤其是飛機零件。","1817 年，它作為鋅礦石中的雜質被發現。","鎘很容易吸收中子，因此它被用於核反應器的控制棒。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“cadmia”（爐甘石，一種碳酸鋅礦石），最終源自希臘語“kadmeia”（底比斯土，以底比斯的神話創始人卡德摩斯命名），因為鎘於 1817 年作為鋅礦石中的雜質被發現。"},"Calcium":{"name":"鈣","summary":"鈣是一種柔軟的灰色金屬，對生物體至關重要，特別是在細胞生理學和骨骼形成方面。","appearance":"暗灰色、銀色","interesting_facts":["鈣是人體內含量最豐富的金屬，約99%儲存在骨骼和牙齒中。","石灰石、白堊和大理石都是碳酸鈣的形式。","它是地殼中第五豐富的元素。","鈣離子充當細胞內的通用信號，觸發從肌肉收縮到受精的一切。","生石灰（氧化鈣）在加熱時會發出明亮的光，並被用來照亮舞台，因此有了“聚光燈下”這個短語。","珊瑚礁和貝殼主要由從海水中提取的碳酸鈣構成。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“calx”或“calcis”（石灰或石灰石），因為漢弗萊·戴維 (Humphry Davy) 於 1808 年首次通過電解氧化鈣（生石灰）分離出它，而氧化鈣是羅馬人長期用於建築的材料。"},"Californium":{"name":"鉲","summary":"鉲是一種放射性金屬，用於中子源、癌症治療和材料分析。","appearance":"銀色金屬，由於其放射性而在黑暗中發光","interesting_facts":["锎是地球上最昂貴的物質之一，每克售價數百萬美元。","它以 1950 年在美國加利福尼亞州被發現的地方命名。","鉲-252 是一種強大的中子發射體，用於啟動核反應器和工業掃描器。","它用於透過岩石的中子分析來檢測黃金和石油。","一微克每秒釋放大量中子。","鉲也用於識別金屬疲勞並尋找飛機和機械中的薄弱點。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美國加州和加州大學命名，於1950年合成；湯普森、西博格、斯特里特和吉奧索選擇了這個名字，因為他們已經耗盡了附近的天體，並決定紀念發現的地方。"},"Carbon":{"name":"碳","summary":"碳是生命的基本組成部分，存在於所有已知的有機化合物中。","appearance":"變化（石墨為黑色，鑽石為透明）","interesting_facts":["碳形成的化合物比所有其他元素的總和還要多，是所有已知生命的化學基礎。","鑽石和石墨都是純碳，但鑽石是最硬的天然材料，而石墨則足夠柔軟，可以用來書寫。","石墨烯是單層碳原子，強度約為鋼的 200 倍，導電性也優於銅。","碳 14 測年法利用放射性碳同位素的穩定衰變來確定曾經存在過的物質的年齡，最長可達約 50,000 年。","當恆星爆炸時，恆星內部形成的碳原子會擴散到宇宙中，使我們實際上是由星塵構成的。","巴克敏斯特富勒烯是一種由 60 個碳原子組成的足球形狀分子，於 1985 年被發現，並以建築師巴克敏斯特富勒的名字命名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“carbo”（煤或木炭），反映自古以來碳就以木炭、石墨和鑽石的形式為人所知。"},"Cerium":{"name":"鈰","summary":"鈰是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於催化轉換器、玻璃拋光和合金。","appearance":"銀灰色","interesting_facts":["鈰是所有稀土元素中含量最豐富的，比銅更常見。","它以兩年前發現的矮行星穀神星命名。","鈰是「火石」打火機和點火器合金中產生火花的關鍵成分。","氧化鈰是一種精細的拋光粉，用於賦予玻璃和寶石光滑的表面。","它被添加到催化轉換器中以幫助儲存和釋放氧氣。","剛切割的鈰可以在空氣中自燃，使其自燃。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1801 年發現的矮行星穀神星 (Ceres) 命名，穀神星本身以羅馬農業女神的名字命名； Martin Heinrich Klaproth 和 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 於 1803 年命名，追隨以天體命名新元素的時尚。"},"Cesium":{"name":"銫","summary":"銫是一種柔軟的金色金屬，以其在原子鐘和各種電子應用中的應用而聞名。","appearance":"銀金金屬色","interesting_facts":["第二個是由銫原子的振動正式定義的，銫原子是原子鐘的基礎。","銫是最活潑的金屬之一，與水接觸時會劇烈爆炸。","它在約 28°C 時熔化，因此在溫暖的日子裡它是液體。","它具有金銀色，是少數非銀色或灰色的金屬之一。","銫是本生和基爾霍夫於 1860 年透過光譜學發現的第一個元素。","放射性銫 137 是核分裂的著名產物，也是核事故中的一個令人擔憂的問題。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“caesius”（天藍色或灰藍色），由 Robert Bunsen 和 Gustav Kirchhoff 於 1860 年根據他們用來識別元素的兩條獨特的亮藍色光譜線命名。"},"Chlorine":{"name":"氯","summary":"氯是一種高活性的黃綠色氣體，用作消毒劑和各種工業應用。","appearance":"黃綠色氣體","interesting_facts":["氯是一種黃綠色氣體，在第一次世界大戰中被用作化學武器。","添加到飲用水和游泳池中的少量物質可以殺死細菌，並挽救了無數人的生命，使其免受水傳播疾病的侵害。","氯與鈉結合形成普通的食鹽，這是生命所必需的。","它的反應性很強，很容易漂白染料和消毒，這就是它被用於家用漂白劑的原因。","1774 年，卡爾·威廉·舍勒 (Carl Wilhelm Scheele) 首次分離出氯，但他當時並沒有意識到這是一種新元素。","儘管氣體有毒，體內的氯離子對於消化和神經功能至關重要。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“chromos”（淡綠色或黃綠色），由 Humphry Davy 於 1810 年命名，以反映氣體獨特的黃綠色。"},"Chromium":{"name":"鉻","summary":"鉻是一種堅硬、有光澤且耐腐蝕的金屬，用於不銹鋼和鍍鉻。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鉻賦予不銹鋼光澤和防銹性能，形成看不見的保護氧化層。","它的名字來自希臘語“chroma”，意思是顏色，因為它的化合物顏色鮮豔。","鉻是晶體中的微量雜質，使紅寶石呈現紅色，祖母綠呈綠色。","鍍鉻為汽車裝飾和工具提供明亮、堅硬、鏡面般的表面效果。","鉻是最硬的金屬之一，具有很強的耐腐蝕性。","有些鉻化合物是微量的必需營養素，而其他鉻化合物（六價鉻）則有毒且致癌。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“chroma”（顏色），由 Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin 於 1798 年命名，因為鉻化合物顯示出各種鮮豔的顏色 - 紅寶石中呈紅色，祖母綠中呈綠色，鉻鐵礦中呈橙色。"},"Cobalt":{"name":"鈷","summary":"鈷是一種堅硬、有光澤的銀灰色金屬，用於合金和電池，也是維生素 B12 的必需元素。","appearance":"有光澤的灰色金屬","interesting_facts":["鈷的使用已有 2000 多年的歷史，為玻璃和陶瓷帶來深邃、明亮的藍色。","它的名字來自“狗頭人”，一種頑皮的妖精德國礦工，因礦石問題而受到指責。","鈷是為手機和電動車供電的可充電鋰離子電池的關鍵成分。","它是室溫下僅有的三種天然磁性元素之一，另外兩個是鐵和鎳。","放射性同位素鈷 60 用於治療癌症和對醫療設備進行消毒。","鈷作為維生素 B12 的核心金屬原子，對生命至關重要。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"來自德語“Kobold”（小妖精或小鬼），因為德國礦工將麻煩的鈷礦石歸咎於頑皮的地下精靈，這些鈷礦石釋放出有毒的砷煙霧，並且儘管類似於銅礦石，卻無法產出銅。"},"Copernicium":{"name":"鎶","summary":"鎶是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["哥白尼 (鎶) 以天文學家尼古拉斯·哥白尼 (Nicolaus Copernicus) 的名字命名，他將太陽置於太陽系的中心。","它於 1996 年首次在德國創建。","根據預測，銫在室溫下是一種揮發性液體或氣體，行為有點像汞。","它是一種一次合成一個原子的超重元素。","其同位素具有高放射性且壽命短。","它位於元素週期表第 12 族的汞下方。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以波蘭裔德國天文學家尼古拉斯·哥白尼 (Nicolaus Copernicus) 的名字命名，他提出地球繞太陽公轉； GSI 達姆施塔特於 1996 年合成了它，並提出了這個名字來紀念哥白尼，IUPAC 於 2010 年在他誕辰 537 週年之際正式採用了它。"},"Copper":{"name":"銅","summary":"銅是一種紅金色金屬，以其高導熱性和導電性而聞名，廣泛用於電線和管道。","appearance":"微紅色金屬色","interesting_facts":["銅是人類最早使用的金屬之一，已經有一萬多年的歷史。","它是僅次於銀的優良電導體，這就是為什麼它填充我們的電線和電纜。","銅表面自然會殺死許多細菌和病毒，使其可用於門把手和醫院配件。","自由女神像表面覆蓋著銅，隨著時間的推移，銅會變成綠色，形成保護性銅綠。","將銅與錫混合可製成青銅，與鋅混合可製成黃銅，這兩種合金塑造了人類歷史。","銅是一種必需的微量營養素，有助於您的身體形成紅血球並維持神經。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“cuprum”，源自希臘語“Kypros”（塞浦路斯），該島是古代世界銅的主要來源；符號 Cu 也可以追溯到這個拉丁名字。"},"Curium":{"name":"鋦","summary":"鋦是一種放射性金屬，用於太空探索作為電源和科學研究。","appearance":"銀色金屬，在空氣中失去光澤","interesting_facts":["鋦以放射性研究先驅瑪麗·居里和皮埃爾·居里的名字命名。","由於其強烈的放射性，它在黑暗中發出柔和的紫色或紅色光。","鋦的放射性很強，會產生大量熱量，被認為是太空船的動力。","它於 1944 年首次合成，先於較輕的鎇。","基於銼的儀器分析了火星和其他行星表面的化學組成。","所有鋦都是人工製造的；自然界中沒有發現任何物質。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以放射性研究先驅瑪麗·居里和皮埃爾·居里命名；格倫·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 於 1944 年命名它，以紀念這對夫婦的發現，使核化學成為可能，並指出鋦在錕系元素中的位置反映了钆在鑭系元素中的位置——钆在釔系元素中的位置反映了钆在鑭系元素中的位置——钆本身以平行化學的名字，以平行化學的名字，以一位化學模式遵循化學形式的統一性——钆本身遵循一位化學模式，遵循一位化學家的名字。"},"Darmstadtium":{"name":"鐽","summary":"鐽是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["達姆施塔特因 1994 年在德國達姆施塔特市被發現而得名。","它是粒子加速器中產生的合成超重元素。","達姆施塔特原子只被製造了幾個。","它的原子在衰變之前存活不到一秒鐘。","預計其化學性質類似於第 10 族中的鉑。","除了科學研究之外，達姆施塔特沒有任何實際用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德國達姆施塔特市命名，於 1994 年在 GSI Darmstadt 首次合成；它遵循以發現地點命名新創建元素的傳統，IUPAC 於 2003 年正式採用該名稱。"},"Dubnium":{"name":"𬭊","summary":"𬭊是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究探索重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["𬭊 得名於俄羅斯杜布納，這裡是著名核子研究所的所在地。","它是一種僅在粒子加速器中製造的合成超重元素。","它的發現是冷戰期間命名爭議「轉移米戰爭」的一部分。","鈹原子在衰變之前僅存在幾秒鐘或更短的時間。","僅產生了少量的鉿原子。","預計其化學性質類似於第 5 族中的鉭。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄羅斯杜布納命名，聯合核研究所所在地；這個名字解決了一場冷戰爭端，美國科學家稱其為“hahnium”，蘇聯科學家稱其為“nielsbohrium”，之後 IUPAC 在 1997 年採用了中立的城市名稱。"},"Dysprosium":{"name":"鏑","summary":"鏑是一種銀白色金屬，用於磁鐵、雷射和核反應器控制棒。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鏑的名字來自希臘語“dysprositos”，意思是“難以獲得”，因為它很難分離。","它被添加到釹磁鐵中，以便它們在馬達和風力渦輪機的高溫下保持強度。","鏑是低溫下具有最高磁性的元素之一。","它能很好地吸收中子，用於核反應器控制棒。","鏑基合金在磁場中改變形狀，可用於致動器和感測器。","它被認為是清潔能源技術的關鍵材料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“dysprositos”（δυσπρόσιτος），意思是“難以接近”； Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 於 1886 年創造了這個名字，反映了將其從礦石中分離出來的極端難度 - 這一過程需要 19 次沉澱。"},"Einsteinium":{"name":"鑀","summary":"鑀是一種高放射性金屬，主要用於科學研究和重元素的生產。","appearance":"銀色金屬，因放射性而發光","interesting_facts":["1952年，在第一次氫彈試驗的殘骸中發現了鑀。","它以阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦的名字命名。","鑀由於其強烈的放射性而在黑暗中發出藍光。","它是如此罕見，以至於偶爾會生產出可稱重的數量。","研究鑀是極其困難的，因為它會損壞其自身的容器和儀器。","除了基礎科學研究之外，它沒有任何實際用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦命名，他提出了狹義相對論和核能基礎方程式 E=mc²； Albert Ghiorso 及其同事在 1952 年第一次氫彈試驗的殘骸中發現了它，並於 1955 年命名了它，並保密了幾年。"},"Erbium":{"name":"鉺","summary":"鉺是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於光纖、雷射和核技術。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["摻鉺光纖可放大光訊號，使長距離光纖網路成為可能。","它賦予玻​​璃和釉料柔和的粉紅色，用於太陽眼鏡和裝飾玻璃。","鉺雷射用於牙科和美容換膚。","它以瑞典伊特比命名，與其他幾種稀土同源。","鉺被添加到包括釩在內的一些金屬合金中，以使其更易於加工。","它能有效吸收紅外光，這是其許多雷射用途的基礎。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典雷薩勒島上的一個村莊伊特比 (Ytterby) 命名，其中含有矽鈹輝石的礦物首次在這裡開採； Carl Gustaf Mosander 於 1843 年將其與氧化釔分開，“鉺”是源自單一地名“Ytterby”的四個元素名稱之一。"},"Europium":{"name":"銪","summary":"銪是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於磷光材料、控制棒和核反應器。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["銪提供紅色和藍色磷光體，使舊電視和電腦螢幕產生色彩。","它被用作歐元紙幣的防偽標記，在紫外線下發光。","銪是稀土元素中反應性最強的元素，在空氣中很快就會失去光澤。","它以歐洲大陸命名。","摻銪螢光粉使節能螢光燈和 LED 燈發出明亮的光。","它是地殼中含量最少的稀土之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1901 年，歐仁-阿納托爾·德馬爾賽 (Eugène-Anatole Demarçay) 用光譜法將其分離出來，以歐洲大陸的名字命名；它是 19 世紀末和 20 世紀初以地理區域命名的幾個元素之一。"},"Fermium":{"name":"鐨","summary":"鐨是一種合成的放射性金屬，主要用於科學研究和超鈾元素的研究。","appearance":"未知，可能是銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["1952 年第一次氫彈試驗的放射性塵埃中也發現了鋤。","它以核反應先驅物理學家恩里科·費米的名字命名。","鋤是最重的元素，可以透過中子轟擊大量製造。","除了鋤之外，還必須使用粒子加速器將元素一次製成一個原子。","迄今為止，只生產出了微量、看不見的鋤。","它僅作為合成元素存在，沒有商業用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以義大利裔美國物理學家恩里科·費米 (Enrico Fermi) 的名字命名，他於 1942 年建造了第一個人造核反應堆，並對核物理學和粒子物理學做出了基礎性貢獻；1953 年，阿爾伯特·吉奧索 (Albert Ghiorso) 及其同事在產生锿的試驗碎片中發現了它，並於 1953 年將其命名碎片。"},"Flerovium":{"name":"鈇","summary":"鈇是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究探索超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["鈇 以俄羅斯弗萊羅夫核反應實驗室命名。","它最初由俄羅斯杜布納的一個團隊於 1998 年創建。","一些預測表明，鐠可能異常穩定，甚至類似氣體，儘管它仍然具有放射性。","它是一種一次合成一個原子的超重元素。","鈇 在元素週期表第 14 族的含量低於鉛。","它的同位素會在幾秒鐘內衰變，但比許多鄰居的壽命更長，暗示著「穩定島」。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄羅斯杜布納弗萊羅夫核反應實驗室命名，該實驗室本身以蘇聯物理學家喬治·弗萊羅夫命名； Flyorov 是該實驗室的聯合創始人，對核物理學做出了重大貢獻，他的團隊於 1998 年首次合成了該元素，IUPAC 於 2012 年正式採用該名稱。"},"Fluorine":{"name":"氟","summary":"氟是一種高反應性的淡黃色氣體，是電負性最強的元素。","appearance":"淡黃色氣體","interesting_facts":["氟是所有元素中反應性最強、電負性最強的元素，幾乎與所有其他物質都會發生反應，有時甚至會發生爆炸性反應。","它具有很強的腐蝕性，可以使石棉甚至水等材料起火。","飲用水和牙膏中添加微量氟化物有助於預防蛀牙。","特氟龍是炊具上的不沾塗層，是一種含氟聚合物 (PTFE)。","許多化學家在嘗試分離氟的過程中被毒害或殺害，在亨利·莫伊桑 (Henri Moissan) 於 1886 年成功分離之前，他們被稱為「氟烈士」。","氟在室溫下是淡黃色氣體，是最輕的滷素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“fluere”（流動），因為螢石礦物被廣泛用作冶金助熔劑；該元素的名稱由 André-Marie Ampère 於 1812 年提出。"},"Francium":{"name":"鍅","summary":"鍅為稀有的放射性金屬，由於其不穩定而沒有重要的應用。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["鍅是僅次於砹的第二稀有天然元素。","這是 1939 年法國瑪格麗特佩雷 (Marguerite Perey) 在自然界中發現的最後一種元素。","它以她的祖國法國命名。","鍅的放射性非常強，任何可見量的鈁都會因其自身的熱量而立即蒸發。","其最穩定的同位素的半衰期僅約22分鐘。","它是鹼金屬中反應性最強的，但由於其稀缺性，其整體特性從未被觀察到。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以法國命名，法國是瑪格麗特·佩雷於 1939 年在巴黎居里研究所發現它的國家；她遵循以地點命名元素的傳統，為該元素命名以紀念她的祖國，並成為第一位當選法國科學院院士的女性。"},"Gadolinium":{"name":"釓","summary":"釓是一種銀白色金屬，用於 MRI 造影劑、磷光體和中子捕獲療法。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["钆化合物作為造影劑注入，使 MRI 掃描更加清晰。","它具有非凡的吸收中子的能力，是所有穩定元素中最高的，可用於核反應器。","钆在低於室溫的溫度下具有磁性，並研究用於磁製冷。","它以稀土研究先驅芬蘭化學家約翰·加多林 (Johan Gadolin) 的名字命名。","钆置於磁場中時會升溫，移開時會冷卻，即磁熱效應。","它用於某些類型的醫療和安全成像探測器。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以矽鈹長石命名，在這種礦物中首次發現了其氧化物；鈹鈹石是以第一個分析它的芬蘭化學家約翰·加多林 (Johan Gadolin) 的名字命名的； Jean Charles de Marignac 於 1880 年分離出新的土元素。"},"Gallium":{"name":"鎵","summary":"鎵是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，在略高於室溫的溫度下熔化，用於電子和半導體。","appearance":"銀藍色","interesting_facts":["鎵的熔化溫度約為 30 °C，因此一塊固體會在您手中熔化。","在 1875 年被發現之前，門捷列夫曾預言其存在為「eka-aluminium」。","砷化鎵用於高速電子設備、LED 和太空船太陽能電池。","儘管鎵很容易熔化，但其沸騰溫度超過 2,400 °C，這是所有元素中液體溫度範圍最大的元素之一。","鎵可以透過滲入鋁的晶界而使鋁變脆，從而大大削弱金屬的強度。","與大多數物質不同，鎵像水一樣在凍結時會膨脹。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"由發現者 Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 於 1875 年以法國拉丁語 Gallia 命名；這個名字也可能是“gallus”（拉丁語中公雞的意思）的雙關語，是對 Lecoq 姓氏的演繹，在法語中意為“公雞”。"},"Germanium":{"name":"鍺","summary":"鍺是一種堅硬的灰白色準金屬，用於半導體、光纖和紅外線光學。","appearance":"灰白色","interesting_facts":["門捷列夫預言鍺為“eka-矽”，1886 年的發現有助於確認元素週期表。","20 世紀 40 年代和 20 世紀 50 年代的第一批電晶體是由鍺製成的，之後才被矽取代。","它對紅外光透明，因此用於夜視鏡和熱感攝影機的鏡頭。","鍺是一種準金屬半導體，具有閃亮的灰白色外觀。","光纖使用鍺化合物來控制光如何穿過玻璃。","與水和矽一樣，鍺在凝固時會膨脹。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"克萊門斯·溫克勒 (Clemens Winkler) 在 1886 年發現了它，以德國的拉丁語名稱 Germania 命名；這一發現證實了門捷列夫對一種缺失元素的預測，他稱之為“eka-矽”。"},"Gold":{"name":"金","summary":"金是一種緻密、柔軟的金屬，因其在珠寶、電子產品和貨幣中的用途而具有很高的價值。","appearance":"明亮的金屬黃色","interesting_facts":["黃金的反應性極低，可以保持數千年的光澤，這就是為什麼古代金器仍然閃閃發光。","它具有令人難以置信的可塑性；一克可以錘成約一平方米的薄片。","人們認為地球上幾乎所有的黃金都是在地球形成後透過小行星撞擊到達的。","黃金導電性能良好且永不腐蝕，因此用於電鍍關鍵的電子接點。","它的化學符號Au來自拉丁語“aurum”，意思是“閃亮的黎明”。","太空人的面罩塗有一層超薄的金層，可以反射有害的太陽輻射。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名稱“gold”源自原始日耳曼語“gulþą”，與“yellow”相關； Au 符號源自拉丁語“aurum”，據信意思是“閃亮的黎明”或“日出的光芒”；自史前時代以來，黃金幾乎在所有文化中都廣為人知並受到重視。"},"Hafnium":{"name":"鉿","summary":"鉿是一種有光澤的銀色金屬，用於核反應器、控制棒和高溫合金。","appearance":"銀灰色","interesting_facts":["原子理論預言了鉿的存在，並於1923年在鋯礦石中發現了鉿。","它以哥本哈根的拉丁語名稱 Hafnia 命名。","鉿吸收中子的能力非常好，用於核潛艇的控制棒。","鉿基化合物取代了二氧化矽作為現代電腦晶片中的絕緣體。","它是所有元素中熔點最高的元素之一，用於噴射引擎的高溫合金。","鉿的化學性質與鋯幾乎相同，這使得兩者很難分離。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以丹麥哥本哈根的拉丁語名稱 Hafnia 命名，1923 年 Dirk Coster 和 George de Hevesy 在那裡通過 X 射線光譜法發現了它；他們選擇這個名字是為了紀念他們進行研究的城市。"},"Hassium":{"name":"𬭆","summary":"𬭆是一種合成的放射性元素，主要用於科學研究，以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["𬭆 以德國黑森命名，該州是發現它的實驗室所在地。","它於 1984 年首次通過用鐵離子轟擊鉛合成。","銫是一種僅在粒子加速器中製造的合成超重元素。","儘管它很稀缺，但科學家證實它的行為類似於第 8 族的鋨。","它的原子在衰變之前只存在幾分之一秒。","只產生了極少量的哈西原子。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德國黑森州（拉丁語：Hassia）命名，GSI 達姆施塔特實驗室（1984 年首次合成該物質的實驗室）就位於該州；該名稱遵循以元素發現地命名的傳統，並於 1997 年得到 IUPAC 正式認可。"},"Helium":{"name":"氦","summary":"氦是一種無色、無臭、無味、無毒、惰性的單原子氣體，在元素週期表中居於惰性氣體族之首。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氦氣於 1868 年首次在太陽光譜中被發現，當時地球上尚未發現氦氣，並以希臘太陽神赫利俄斯 (Helios) 的名字命名。","它是唯一一種在常壓下無論溫度多冷都無法透過冷卻而凝固的元素。","低於 2.17 K，液態氦會變成一種超流體，可以無摩擦地流動，甚至可以爬上容器壁。","呼吸氦氣會暫時提高你的音調，因為聲音在氦氣中的傳播速度比在空氣中的傳播速度快近三倍。","地球上的氦大多來自地下深處鈾和釷的放射性衰變，並從天然氣中提取。","氦是宇宙中第二豐富的元素，但它在地球上相對稀有且不可再生。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“helios”（太陽），因為氦氣在 1868 年日全食期間首次在太陽光譜中被檢測到，然後才在地球上得到證實。"},"Holmium":{"name":"鈥","summary":"鈥是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於磁鐵、核子控制棒和雷射。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鈥具有所有天然元素中最強的磁性。","鈥雷射在醫學上用於分解腎結石和治療前列腺肥大。","它以斯德哥爾摩的拉丁語名稱 Holmia 命名。","鈥使玻璃和立方氧化鋯呈現黃色和紅色。","它被用來創造已知最強的人造磁場作為極片。","氧化鈥溶液用作分光光度計的校正標準。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典斯德哥爾摩的拉丁語 Holmia 命名，Per Teodor Cleve（1878 年發現了該元素）的總部所在地；它遵循以發現稀土元素的相關地點命名稀土元素的傳統。"},"Hydrogen":{"name":"氫","summary":"氫是宇宙中最輕的元素和最豐富的化學物質。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氫是宇宙中最豐富的元素，以質量計約佔所有正常物質的 75%。","它是唯一一種三種同位素（氕、氘和氚）有自己獨特名稱的元素。","自 1960 年代以來，液態氫一直被用作火箭燃料，為將太空人送上月球的土星五號的上級提供動力。","在極端壓力下，例如在木星內部，氫的行為類似於液態金屬並且可以導電。","亨利·卡文迪什 (Henry Cavendish) 於 1766 年將氫識別為一種獨特的物質，稱其為「易燃空氣」。","氫原子是存在的最簡單的原子：由單一電子圍繞單一質子運行。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘文“Hydro”（水）和“genes”（形成），意思是“水形成者”。 1783 年由安托萬·拉瓦錫 (Antoine Lavoisier) 命名，因為燃燒氫氣會產生水。"},"Indium":{"name":"銦","summary":"銦是一種柔軟、有延展性的金屬，用於半導體、觸控螢幕以及軸承的保護塗層。","appearance":"銀色金屬光澤","interesting_facts":["銦非常柔軟，你可以用指甲將其壓出凹痕，並且在彎曲時會像錫一樣發出可聽見的“哭聲”。","氧化銦錫形成觸控螢幕和平面顯示器上的透明導電塗層。","它因其發射光譜中明亮的靛藍線而得名。","即使在極低的溫度下，銦也能保持柔軟且可加工，可用於真空密封。","它的熔點非常低，用於特殊低溫焊料和合金。","隨著智慧型手機和液晶顯示器的普及，對銦的需求激增。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“indicum”（靛藍），由 Ferdinand Reich 和 Hieronymous Richter 於 1863 年命名，源自於他們在使用當時的新技術分析鋅礦石殘留物時觀察到的明亮的靛藍光譜線。"},"Iodine":{"name":"碘","summary":"碘是一種深色、有光澤、紫黑色的非金屬，對甲狀腺功能至關重要，可用作消毒劑。","appearance":"有光澤的金屬灰色（固體）、紫色（氣體）","interesting_facts":["碘對於甲狀腺至關重要，因此食鹽中經常添加碘。","加熱時，固體碘昇華成引人注目的紫色蒸氣。","它的名字來自希臘語“iodes”，意思是紫羅蘭。","碘酊長期以來一直被用作消毒傷口的防腐劑。","碘使澱粉變成深藍黑色，這是化學測試的反應。","放射性碘 131 用於診斷和治療甲狀腺疾病。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自法語“iode”，源自希臘語“ioeides”（類似紫羅蘭），由 Humphry Davy 於 1813 年根據碘蒸氣引人注目的紫色而命名。"},"Iridium":{"name":"銥","summary":"銥是一種緻密、耐腐蝕的金屬，用於火星塞、坩堝和各種工業應用。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["全球範圍內富含銥的黏土層是小行星撞擊導致恐龍死亡的關鍵證據，因為銥在地球上很稀有，但在小行星中很常見。","銥是已知最耐腐蝕的金屬，可以抵抗幾乎可以溶解任何其他物質的酸。","它是密度最大的元素之一，幾乎與鋨並列。","標準公斤曾經是存放在巴黎附近的鉑銥圓柱體。","銥尖火星塞因為它能承受極熱而不腐蝕。","它的名字來自希臘彩虹女神艾里斯（Iris），因其色彩繽紛的鹽而得名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1803 年，Smithson Tennant 以希臘彩虹女神 Iris（拉丁語：iris）的名字命名；這個名字反映了銥鹽和化合物所呈現出的驚人的各種顏色，這讓坦南特想起了彩虹的顏色。"},"Iron":{"name":"鐵","summary":"鐵是一種堅固的、有延展性的金屬，對於鋼的生產至關重要，也是血紅蛋白的重要組成部分。","appearance":"有光澤的金屬色，略帶灰色調","interesting_facts":["鐵是地球上質量最豐富的元素，構成了地球熔核的大部分。","地球旋轉的液態鐵芯產生的磁場可以保護我們免受太陽輻射。","鐵是血紅蛋白的核心，血紅蛋白是一種在血液中攜帶氧氣並使其呈紅色的分子。","鐵是恆星透過正常聚變可以產生的最重的元素。較重的元素需要超新星爆炸。","鐵器時代始於公元前 1200 年左右，用更強大的工具和武器改變了人類文明。","鐵鏽是氧化鐵，是鐵與氧氣和水緩慢反應時形成的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語單字“iron”來自古英語“iren”，與原始日耳曼語“isarno”相關，可能來自凱爾特語詞根“神聖金屬”； Fe 符號源自拉丁語“ferrum”（鐵），至少從公元前 1200 年起就已被冶煉和使用。"},"Krypton":{"name":"氪","summary":"氪是一種無色、無味的惰性氣體，用於螢光燈、攝影以及節能窗戶的填充氣體。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氪的名字來自希臘語“kryptos”，意思是“隱藏的”，因為它很難在空氣中找到。","從 1960 年到 1983 年，米被正式定義為氪 86 發出的光的波長。","氪產生明亮的白光，用於一些高性能攝影閃光燈和燈。","它是一種惰性氣體，幾乎完全不反應，儘管可以被迫形成一些氪化合物。","氪用於一些節能窗戶和螢光燈。","儘管漫畫書中有“氪石”，但真正的氪是一種無害、無色、無味的氣體。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“kryptos”（隱藏），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 在 1898 年命名，因為氪極難檢測和分離 - 它仍然“隱藏”在液態空氣的殘留物中。"},"Lanthanum":{"name":"鑭","summary":"鑭是一種柔軟的銀白色金屬，用於相機鏡頭、催化劑和可充電電池。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鑭的名字來自希臘語“lanthanein”，意思是“隱藏的”，因為它隱藏在鈰礦石中。","它給出了第一個鑭系元素，即“稀土”元素的名稱。","優質相機和望遠鏡鏡頭的玻璃中使用了鑭，可以使光線急劇彎曲。","鎳鑭合金可儲存氫，並用於許多混合動力汽車的電池。","鑭化合物作為催化劑有助於將石油精煉成汽油。","它足夠柔軟，可以用刀切割，並且在空氣中很快失去光澤。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“lanthanein”（隱藏或逃避注意），由卡爾·古斯塔夫·莫桑德 (Carl Gustaf Mosander) 於 1839 年命名，因為在他將其確定為一種獨特元素之前，多年來，鑭作為氧化鈰中的雜質一直未被檢測到。"},"Lawrencium":{"name":"鐒","summary":"鐒是一種合成的放射性元素，除了科學研究之外沒有實際應用。","appearance":"未知，可能是銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["勞倫斯以迴旋粒子加速器的發明者歐內斯特·勞倫斯的名字命名。","它是錒系元素的最後一個元素。","在加速器中一次只能產生幾個原子。","其最穩定的同位素的半衰期僅為幾個小時。","測量鉿的性質非常困難，因為有如此短暫的原子很少。","除了基礎科學研究之外，它沒有任何用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美國物理學家歐內斯特·奧蘭多·勞倫斯 (Ernest Orlando Lawrence) 的名字命名，他於 1930 年發明了迴旋粒子加速器，使超鈾元素的製造成為可能；勞倫斯伯克利國家實驗室於 1961 年合成了這種元素，並將其命名為紀念勞倫斯的基礎性貢獻。"},"Lead":{"name":"鉛","summary":"鉛是一種柔軟的重金屬，用於電池、輻射屏蔽和各種工業應用。","appearance":"藍灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鉛的密度很高，可以阻擋輻射，這就是為什麼 X 射線圍裙和防護罩上都含有鉛。","羅馬人使用鉛管來安裝管道，「管道」一詞源自拉丁語中的鉛，「plumbum」（符號 Pb）。","鉛對神經系統有毒，因此從汽油和油漆中去除了鉛。","它柔軟、沉重、易於成型，自古以來就備受推崇。","如今，大多數鉛都是回收的，主要來自汽車電池。","鉛是最重的元素，具有完全穩定的同位素；任何較重的東西都具有放射性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語單字“lead”來自原始日耳曼語“lauda”；符號 Pb 來自拉丁語“plumbum”，很可能源自前拉丁語地中海語言，英語中“plumbing”一詞源自該語言，因為羅馬人廣泛使用鉛作為水管。"},"Lithium":{"name":"鋰","summary":"鋰是一種柔軟的銀白色鹼金屬。它是最輕的金屬和密度最小的固體元素。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鋰是最輕的金屬和密度最小的固體元素，因此輕的它可以漂浮在水面上並與其反應。","可充電鋰離子電池為大多數現代手機、筆記型電腦和電動車提供動力。","自 1920 世紀 40 年代以來，鋰鹽一直被用作情緒穩定劑來治療躁鬱症。","它是大爆炸核合成中最早產生的三種元素之一（氫和氦）。","鋰燃燒時會產生引人注目的深紅色火焰，這種特性用於煙火和照明彈。","世界上大部分的鋰是從南美洲安第斯山脈高處的鹹鹽灘中提取。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“lithos”（石頭），因為 Johan August Arfwedson 於 1817 年在固體石礦物（透鋰長石）中發現了它，這與在植物灰燼中發現的鈉和鉀不同。"},"Livermorium":{"name":"鉝","summary":"鉝是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["利弗莫爾姆以加州勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室的名字命名。","它最初是由俄羅斯裔美國團隊於 2000 年創建的。","它是一種合成超重元素，一次僅由幾個原子組成。","利弗莫原子在衰變前只存在幾毫秒。","預計它位於第 16 族釙下方。","生產它需要將鈣離子與鋦靶材融合。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以加州利弗莫爾的勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室命名，該實驗室與聯合核研究所合作於2000年合成了它；IUPAC 於 2012 年正式認可該名稱，該實驗室的名稱本身是為了紀念早期加州定居者羅伯特·利弗莫爾 (Robert Livermore)。"},"Lutetium":{"name":"鑥","summary":"鑥是一種緻密的銀色金屬，用於 PET 掃描探測器、催化劑和特殊合金。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["镥是鑭系元素中的最後一種，也是最硬、最緻密的稀土元素之一。","它以盧泰西亞（Lutetia）命名，盧泰西亞是巴黎的古羅馬名稱。","镥基晶體用作醫學成像 PET 掃描儀中的探測器。","它是最稀有、最昂貴的純稀土金屬之一。","镥在石油精煉中用作催化劑。","放射性镥化合物用於某些癌症的標靶治療。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以法國巴黎的古羅馬名稱 Lutetia 命名；喬治·烏爾班 (Georges Urbain) 於 1907 年首次分離出稀土元素，他選擇這個名稱來紀念他的家鄉城市，遵循以地點命名稀土元素的慣例。"},"Magnesium":{"name":"鎂","summary":"鎂是一種閃亮的灰色金屬，是所有活細胞的必需元素。","appearance":"有光澤的灰色固體","interesting_facts":["鎂燃燒時發出耀眼的白光，曾廣泛用於早期攝影閃光粉和照明彈。","它是最輕的結構金屬，與鋁製成合金，可製造堅固、輕質的汽車和飛機零件。","鎂位於每個葉綠素分子的中心，對於植物的光合作用至關重要。","人體需要鎂來進行數百種酵素反應，包括那些維持肌肉和神經運作的酵素反應。","鎂是地殼中第八豐富的元素，也是溶解在海水中第三豐富的元素。","瀉鹽是硫酸鎂，用來舒緩肌肉酸痛。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以希臘色薩利的 Magnesia 地區命名，該地區發現了相關的含鎂礦物；同一個地名也產生了“錳”和“磁鐵”這兩個詞。"},"Manganese":{"name":"錳","summary":"錳是一種硬而脆的金屬，主要用於鋼鐵生產以提高強度和硬度。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["錳對於煉鋼、去除氧和硫以及增加強度至關重要；幾乎所有的鋼材都含有它。","它是一次性鹼性電池的關鍵成分。","數萬年前，洞穴畫家使用二氧化錳來製造黑色顏料。","高錳酸鉀的深紫色使其成為有用的消毒劑和化學試劑。","大片錳結核覆蓋了深海海底的部分區域。","錳是一種必需的微量營養素，有助於保護細胞免受損傷的酵素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘色薩利的馬格尼西亞地區（鎂的名字也來自該地區），源自於中世紀拉丁語的“錳”；該名稱可能由拉丁語“magnes”（磁鐵）強化，因為歷史上錳礦石與磁性鐵礦石相混淆。"},"Meitnerium":{"name":"䥑","summary":"䥑 是一種合成放射性元素，專門用於科學研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["䥑 以核分裂先驅 Lise Meitner 的名字命名，她的貢獻長期被忽視。","它是少數以女性命名的元素之一。","䥑 於 1982 年在德國首次創建。","它是一種一次合成一個原子的超重元素。","它的同位素衰變速度非常快，在幾毫秒到幾秒內。","據預測，它的行為類似於元素週期表第 9 族中的銥。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以奧地利裔瑞典物理學家 Lise Meitner 的名字命名，她共同發現了核分裂和鶴，但因爭議而被排除在 1944 年諾貝爾獎之外； GSI 達姆施塔特於 1992 年提出了這個名字，以表彰她對核科學的傑出貢獻。"},"Mendelevium":{"name":"鍆","summary":"鍆是一種合成的放射性金屬，主要用於科學研究以研究重元素的性質。","appearance":"未知，可能是銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["鍆以元素週期表的創建者德米特里·門捷列夫的名字命名。","它於 1955 年首次製造，一次只有幾個原子。","釔只能在粒子加速器中以轟擊鑀來產生。","它的發現實驗最初只檢測到大約 17 個原子。","它具有強烈的放射性，含有短壽命的同位素。","除了重元素的基礎研究之外，釩沒有其他用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1869 年創建元素週期表的俄羅斯化學家德米特里·伊万諾維奇·門捷列夫 (Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev) 命名； Glenn Seaborg 及其同事於 1955 年將其命名為對這位科學家的致敬，他對元素的富有遠見的組織使超鈾元素的發現在概念上成為可能。"},"Mercury":{"name":"汞","summary":"汞是一種緻密的銀色液態金屬，用於溫度計、氣壓計和螢光燈。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["汞是唯一在室溫下會呈現液態的金屬。","它因其快速移動、流動的性質而以羅馬信使之神命名，其符號 Hg 來自“Hydrargyrum”，意思是“水銀”。","水銀曾經被用於溫度計和氣壓計，因為它隨溫度均勻膨脹。","接觸汞的帽子製造商會出現顫抖和混亂，這就是「像帽匠一樣瘋狂」這個短語的靈感來源。","它有毒並可生物蓄積，在魚和吃魚的人體內積聚。","汞蒸氣通電時會發出藍綠色光，這是螢光燈的基礎。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以敏捷的羅馬信差之神墨丘利 (汞) 命名，反映了該元素流動、快速移動的性質；符號 Hg 來自“Hydrargyrum”，是希臘語“Hydrargyros”(ὑδράργυρος) 的拉丁化形式，意思是“水銀”，指的是其液態銀的外觀。"},"Molybdenum":{"name":"鉬","summary":"鉬是一種堅硬的銀色金屬，用於鋼合金中以提高強度、韌性和耐腐蝕性。","appearance":"灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鉬是所有元素中熔點最高的元素之一，約 2,623 °C。","它的名字來自希臘語“molybdos”（鉛），因為它的礦石長期以來一直與鉛和石墨混淆。","在鋼中添加鉬可製成用於飛機、工具和裝甲的高強度合金。","它是一種必需的微量營養素，有助於植物、動物和人類體內的酵素。","固氮細菌利用鉬將大氣中的氮轉化為可用的形式。","二硫化鉬是一種光滑的固體，用作高溫乾潤滑劑。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語「molybdos」（鉛），因為輝鉬礦礦石長期以來一直與鉛礦石混淆； Carl Wilhelm Scheele 在 1778 年證明了這種金屬的獨特性，而 Peter Jacob Hjelm 在 1781 年分離出了這種金屬。"},"Moscovium":{"name":"鏌","summary":"鏌是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["莫斯科以杜布納實驗室所在的俄羅斯莫斯科地區命名。","它於 2003 年由俄美合作首次合成。","它是一種合成超重元素，一次只產生幾個原子。","莫斯科原子在不到一秒的時間內衰變。","預計其含量低於第 15 組的鉍。","它於 2016 年與其他三個新元素一起正式命名。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄羅斯莫斯科州（莫斯科地區）命名，杜布納聯合核子研究所所在地；它於2003年由JINR和勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室合作首次合成，並於2016年被IUPAC正式命名。"},"Neodymium":{"name":"釹","summary":"釹是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於強力磁鐵、雷射和玻璃著色。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["釹磁鐵是目前最強的永久磁鐵，能夠舉起自身重量的許多倍。","從耳塞和硬碟到風力渦輪機和電動汽車發動機，這些磁鐵無處不在。","它的名字意思是“新的雙胞胎”，因為它於 1885 年與“鐠”一起從“鐠”中分離出來。","釹賦予玻璃一種引人注目的顏色，根據光線在紫色和藍色之間變化。","摻釹晶體為一些最常見的高能量雷射提供動力。","儘管它有特殊用途，但它是最豐富的稀土元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“neos”（新）和“didymos”（雙胞胎），由卡爾·奧爾·馮·韋爾斯巴赫 (Carl Auer von Welsbach) 於 1885 年將鐠分離為鐠和釹——這對金屬中的“新雙胞胎”而命名。"},"Neon":{"name":"氖","summary":"氖是一種無色無味的惰性氣體，通電時會發出明顯的紅橙色光芒。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["當電流通過時，霓虹燈會發出明亮的橙紅色，這是經典「霓虹燈」標誌的基礎。","它幾乎完全呈惰性，在正常條件下不會形成穩定的普通化合物。","霓虹燈是由拉姆齊和特拉弗斯於 1898 年發現的，他們將其命名為希臘語“neos”，意思是“新”。","儘管氖是宇宙中第五豐富的元素，但氖在地球上卻很罕見，只佔大氣層的一小部分。","液態氖氣是一種優良的低溫冷媒，單位體積的冷氣能力是液態氦的 40 倍以上。","「霓虹燈」標誌中看到的不同顏色實際上來自其他惰性氣體。純霓虹燈總是發出紅橙色光。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“neos”（新），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 於 1898 年命名，以反映它是一種新發現的惰性氣體。"},"Neptunium":{"name":"錼","summary":"錼是一種用於中子探測儀器的放射性金屬，並因其在核反應器中的作用而被研究。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["1940 年，是第一個合成的超鈾元素。","它以海王星命名，延續了鈾（天王星）的序列。","镎是核反應器的副產品，被認為是長期存在的核廢料問題。","它是銀色的，具有放射性，是最緻密的錒係金屬之一。","錼-237 可用於製造用於太空船電源的鈽-238。","鈾礦石中天然存在微量的鎵。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以海王星命名，海王星位於太陽系中的天王星之外，就像元素週期表中镎位於鈾之外；埃德溫·麥克米倫 (Edwin McMillan) 和菲利普·阿貝爾森 (Philip Abelson) 於 1940 年合成了它，延續了從鈾開始的行星命名順序。"},"Nickel":{"name":"鎳","summary":"鎳是一種銀白色金屬，用於不銹鋼、電池和各種工業應用。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鎳以德國採礦術語命名，意思是“老尼克的銅”，因為它的礦石看起來像銅，但沒有產出。","它具有很強的耐腐蝕性，用於電鍍其他金屬以起到保護作用。","不銹鋼通常含有鎳，可以提高其強度和防銹能力。","儘管有這個名字，但現代美國「鎳」硬幣主要是銅，僅含 25% 的鎳。","地核被認為主要是鐵鎳合金，許多隕石都富含鎳。","鎳是少數在室溫下具有磁性的元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"德語“Kupfernickel”（魔鬼銅或老尼克銅）的縮寫，是礦工對看起來像銅但沒有產出的礦石的詛咒； “鎳”是德語中魔鬼的暱稱，源自尼古拉斯這個名字。"},"Nihonium":{"name":"鉨","summary":"鉨是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["鎳以日本（“Nihon”）命名，是在亞洲國家發現的第一個元素。","它是在日本 RIKEN 實驗室合成的，並於 2004 年左右得到證實。","它是一種合成超重元素，一次僅由幾個原子組成。","鎳原子在產生後幾秒鐘內就會衰變。","預計其含量將低於第 13 族的鉈。","它的發現使日本有幸首次命名了一種新元素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自「Nihon」（日本），日語中的「日本」一詞，意思是「旭日東昇的土地」；日本理化學研究所的科學家於 2004 年確認了其合成，並選擇這個名稱來紀念亞洲發現的第一個元素，IUPAC 於 2016 年正式承認它。"},"Niobium":{"name":"鈮","summary":"鈮是一種柔軟、有延展性的金屬，主要用於合金中，特別是在鋼鐵生產中以提高強度。","appearance":"灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鈮以希臘神話中坦塔羅斯的女兒尼俄柏（Niobe）命名，反映了它與鉭的密切聯繫。","它在寒冷時會變成超導體，用於 MRI 機器和粒子加速器的磁鐵。","鈮合金可以透過陽極氧化產生彩虹色，在珠寶中很受歡迎。","微量的鈮可以使鋼更加堅固，用於管道和汽車框架。","它在美國曾被稱為Columbium，這個名字一直延續到20世紀。","鈮具有低過敏性，因此可用於身體穿孔和醫療植入物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"1844 年，海因里希·羅斯 (Heinrich Rose) 以希臘神話中坦塔洛斯 (Tantalus) 的女兒尼俄柏 (Niobe) 的名字命名，因為鈮幾乎總是與鉭一起出現，而且這兩種元素最初很難區分，神話中的親子配對似乎很合適。"},"Nitrogen":{"name":"氮","summary":"氮是一種無色、無味的氣體，約佔地球大氣的 78%。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氮氣約佔您呼吸的空氣的 78%，但它的反應性極低，因此我們大部分情況下都不會將其呼出。","液態氮的沸點為 -196 °C，用於快速冷凍食品、保存生物樣本並產生戲劇性的霧效果。","將兩個氮原子結合在一起的三鍵是已知最強的化學鍵之一，使氮氣非常穩定。","哈伯-博世製程將大氣中的氮轉化為氨作為肥料，可以養活世界上大約一半的人口。","氮氣是 TNT 和硝化甘油等炸藥的關鍵成分，因為它的化學鍵斷裂時會釋放出巨大的能量。","豆科植物根部的細菌將空氣中的氮「固定」成植物可以利用的形式，自然地肥沃土壤。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“硝石”（硝石/硝石）和“基因”（形成），意思是“硝石形成者”，由 Jean-Antoine Chaptal 於 1790 年創造，因為硝石和硝酸都含有氮。"},"Nobelium":{"name":"鍩","summary":"諾貝爾是合成的放射性元素，除了科學研究之外沒有重要的應用。","appearance":"未知，可能是銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["鍩 以諾貝爾獎創始人阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾 (Alfred Nobel) 的名字命名。","它只能在粒子加速器中逐個原子製造。","與錒系元素不同的是，鈮在+2氧化態時最穩定。","它於 20 世紀 50 年代末發現，多年來一直在相互競爭的實驗室之間爭論。","所有鈮同位素都具有放射性且壽命短。","它只存在於研究環境中，沒有實際應用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典化學家阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾 (Alfred Nobel) 的名字命名，他發明了炸藥並創立了諾貝爾獎；這個名字是在 1957 年提出的，當時斯德哥爾摩的一個團隊最初聲稱是發現的，當確認的發現被歸功於杜布納和伯克利實驗室時，這個名字被保留。"},"Oganesson":{"name":"鿫","summary":"鿫 是一種合成放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是氣體或金屬","interesting_facts":["鿫 是已知最重的元素，原子序為 118。","它以物理學家尤里·奧加內西安 (Yuri Oganessian) 的名字命名，是少數以在世人命名的元素之一。","儘管 鿫 位於稀有氣體柱中，但預計它是固體，並且可能具有反應性，與其他稀有氣體不同。","迄今只創造了幾個原子，每個原子的存活時間不到一毫秒。","2002 年，俄美合作在杜布納首次合成了它。","奧加內鬆完成了元素週期表的第七行。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以俄羅斯裔亞美尼亞核物理學家 Yuri Oganessian 的名字命名，他是超重元素合成的先驅，並領導 JINR Dubna 團隊於 2002 年創建了 鿫；它是僅有的兩個以在世人物命名的元素之一，反映了他對該領域的非凡貢獻。"},"Osmium":{"name":"鋨","summary":"鋨是一種緻密的藍白色金屬，以其硬度而聞名，用於鋼筆筆尖、電觸點和儀器樞軸。","appearance":"藍白色，金屬色","interesting_facts":["鋨是密度最大的天然元素，密度幾乎是鉛的兩倍。","它的名字來自希臘語“osme”，意思是氣味，因為它的氧化物具有尖銳的有毒氣味。","鋨非常堅硬，被用於早期的留聲機針和鋼筆尖。","它是鉑族金屬之一，外觀呈現藍銀色。","四氧化鋨用於對生物組織進行染色以用於電子顯微鏡檢查。","它是地殼中最稀有的元素之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“osmē”（ὀσμή），意思是“氣味”或“氣味”；史密森·坦南特 (Smithson Tennant) 於 1803 年創造了這個名字，因為四氧化鋨是金屬暴露在空氣中時形成的，具有強烈而獨特的有毒氣味。"},"Oxygen":{"name":"氧","summary":"氧是一種無色、無味的氣體，對於大多數生物的呼吸至關重要。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氧氣約佔地球大氣的21%，是地殼中品質最豐富的元素。","我們呼吸的大部分氧氣是透過光合作用產生的，其中很大一部分來自海洋浮游植物。","液態和固態氧呈淡藍色，具有磁性，被磁鐵吸引。","臭氧是由三個氧原子組成的分子，在平流層中形成保護層，吸收有害的紫外線輻射。","氧氣是由 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 和 Joseph Priestley 在 1770 年代獨立發現的，並由 Antoine Lavoisier 命名。","儘管氧氣對生命至關重要，但它也具有很高的活性，會導致鐵生鏽和燃料燃燒。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“oxys”（尖銳或酸味）和“genes”（形成），意思是“酸形成劑”，由拉瓦錫於 1777 年命名，基於當時的信念，即氧是所有酸的重要組成部分。"},"Palladium":{"name":"鈀","summary":"鈀是一種珍貴的銀白色金屬，用於催化轉換器、電子產品和儲氫。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鈀以小行星帕拉斯 (Pallas) 命名，該小行星於 1803 年在金屬出現之前被發現。","它的主要用途是在觸媒轉換器中，幫助將有毒廢氣轉化為無害廢氣。","鈀可以像金屬海綿一樣吸收高達自身體積 900 倍的氫氣。","它是一種珍貴的鉑族金屬，用於白金、高級珠寶和牙科合金。","鈀對於許多電子產品至關重要，包括手機和電腦內的微型電容器。","它在 1989 年著名但後來名譽掃地的「冷聚變」實驗中發揮了核心作用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 1802 年發現的小行星 Pallas 命名，其本身也以 Pallas Athena 命名；威廉·海德·沃拉斯頓 (William Hyde Wollaston) 於 1803 年創造了這個名字，追隨了以最近發現的天體命名新元素的當代時尚。"},"Phosphorus":{"name":"磷","summary":"磷是 DNA 和 ATP 等生物分子中一種高活性的必需元素。","appearance":"顏色各異（白色、紅色或黑色）","interesting_facts":["白磷在黑暗中與氧氣反應時會發出微弱的光，這種現象使「磷光」得名。","這是已知發現者發現的第一個元素，由 Hennig Brand 於 1669 年從煮沸的尿液中分離出來。","磷以截然不同的形式存在：白磷是危險的易燃物，而紅磷是穩定的並用於火柴盒條。","每個細胞都在 DNA、RNA 和 ATP（生物體中儲存和轉移能量的分子）中使用磷。","大約 85% 的開採磷礦被轉化為肥料，這使得磷對全球糧食生產至關重要。","磷酸鈣可以強化您的骨骼和牙齒，因此您體內的大部分磷都儲存在您的骨骼中。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“phosphros”（光載體，來自“phos”=光和“phoros”=軸承），因為白磷在氧化時在黑暗中發出微弱的光芒； Hennig Brand 在 1669 年發現它時就使用了這個名字。"},"Platinum":{"name":"鉑","summary":"鉑是一種緻密、有延展性且耐腐蝕的金屬，用於催化轉換器、珠寶和電子產品。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鉑金非常耐腐蝕，即使在高溫下也不會失去光澤。","它是催化轉換器中的關鍵催化劑，有助於淨化汽車廢氣。","鉑金的密度比黃金高，因此在製作高級珠寶和結婚戒指時備受推崇。","有些鉑化合物，如順鉑，是強效化療藥物。","南非生產世界上大部分的鉑金。","它的名字來自西班牙語“platina”，意思是“小銀子”，這是早期礦工輕蔑地給它的名字。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自西班牙語“platina”，是“plata”（銀）的縮寫，意思是“小銀子”； 16 世紀南美洲的西班牙探險家用這個輕蔑的術語來形容他們在金礦中發現的混有銀質的金屬，但這種金屬很難開採。"},"Plutonium":{"name":"鈈","summary":"鈈是一種放射性金屬，用於核反應器、核武以及太空船的電源。","appearance":"銀白色，暴露在空氣中會失去光澤","interesting_facts":["鈽因其在核武和反應器的應用而聞名。","它以矮行星冥王星命名，緊隨鎿和鈾。","Plutium-238 以其穩定的熱量為航行者號探測器和好奇號火星車等太空船提供動力。","由於自身放射性衰變產生的熱量，一塊鈽摸起來是溫暖的。","它具有不尋常的化學性質，在溶液中以多種多彩的氧化態存在。","鈽在不同的固體形態之間會急劇膨脹和收縮，這使得它的加工變得很棘手。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以冥王星（當時被認為是第九顆行星）命名，冥王星位於海王星之外，就像鈽位於镎之外；格倫·西博格 (Glenn Seaborg) 於 1942 年為其命名，並指出替代形式“plutium”曾被考慮過，但被拒絕，轉而採用更經典的“-ium”結尾。"},"Polonium":{"name":"釙","summary":"釙是一種高放射性金屬，用於防靜電設備和太空應用中的熱源。","appearance":"銀色","interesting_facts":["釙是由瑪麗·居里和皮埃爾·居里於1898年發現的，並以瑪麗的祖國波蘭命名。","它具有很強的放射性，以至於一克它會發出藍光並釋放出足夠的熱量來保持溫暖。","2006 年臭名昭著的亞歷山大·利特維年科中毒事件中使用了釙 210。","它已被用作空間探測器中的輕質熱源和抗靜電裝置。","釙極為稀有，在鈾礦石中含量極少。","一粒釙可以釋放致命劑量，使其成為已知毒性最強的物質之一。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑪麗·居里的故鄉波蘭（拉丁語：Polonia）命名，瑪麗·居里於 1898 年與皮埃爾·居里共同發現了它；居里選擇這個名字是為了向她被佔領的祖國致敬，然後被俄羅斯、普魯士和奧地利瓜分，希望引起國際社會對其事業的關注。"},"Potassium":{"name":"鉀","summary":"鉀是一種柔軟的銀白色金屬，對於植物生長至關重要，並且在生物過程中至關重要。","appearance":"銀灰色金屬","interesting_facts":["鉀的反應性很強，接觸水時會爆發出淡紫色的火焰。","它足夠柔軟，可以用刀切割，而且足夠輕，可以在反應時漂浮在水面上。","鉀離子對於神經訊號和心跳至關重要，而香蕉是眾所周知的飲食來源。","它的化學符號K來自“kalium”，是阿拉伯語“植物灰”的拉丁語形式。","鉀是漢弗萊·戴維 (Humphry Davy) 於 1807 年通過電解分離出的第一種金屬。","您體內的放射性同位素鉀 40 使您一生都具有輕微的放射性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名稱源自“potash”（盆中浸出的木灰，該元素的早期來源），而符號 K 來自拉丁語“kalium”，最終源自阿拉伯語“al-qali”（用於製皂的鹼性植物灰）。"},"Praseodymium":{"name":"鐠","summary":"鐠是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於磁鐵、玻璃著色和合金。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鐠的名字意思是“綠色雙胞胎”，因為它的鹽呈綠色。","它用於特殊護目鏡，保護焊接工和玻璃吹製工免受強烈眩光和紅外線光的傷害。","它與釹混合，形成用於馬達和耳機的強大磁鐵。","鐠賦予玻璃和陶瓷釉料純黃色。","1885 年，它從一種名為「鐠」的物質中分離出來，結果證明它是兩種元素。","摻鐠光纖可以放大某些光學系統中的光訊號。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“prasios”（韭蔥綠）和“didymos”（雙胞胎），由卡爾·奧爾·馮·韋爾斯巴赫 (Carl Auer von Welsbach) 於 1885 年命名，當時他將鐠分成兩種元素：鐠（綠鹽雙胞胎）和釹（新雙胞胎）。"},"Promethium":{"name":"鉕","summary":"鉕是一種放射性金屬，用於發光塗料、原子電池和研究。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鯛是唯一沒有穩定同位素的稀土元素；它具有放射性，自然界中基本上不存在。","它以從眾神那裡盜取火種的希臘泰坦普羅米修斯命名。","鯛已被用於發光塗料以及起搏器和太空船的微型原子電池。","它的存在填補了元素週期表中第 61 號元素的長期空白，並於 1945 年得到確認。","發光的鯛可以透過自身輻射產生微弱的藍綠色光。","據認為，任何時刻整個地殼中僅存在約 500 克鯛。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以希臘神話中的泰坦普羅米修斯的名字命名，普羅米修斯從眾神那裡偷走了火種並將其送給了人類；恰如其分的是，釩於 1945 年首次從核反應堆中的鈾裂變產物中獲得。"},"Protactinium":{"name":"鏷","summary":"鏷是一種緻密的銀灰色金屬，由於其稀缺性和放射性，主要用於科學研究。","appearance":"明亮的銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鶴是最稀有、最昂貴的天然元素之一。","它的名字意思是“錒的母體”，因為它會衰變成錒。","它具有高放射性和毒性，需要小心處理。","鶴於 1913 年首次被發現，並於 1934 年被分離出來。","海洋沉積物中鈸與釷的比例有助於科學家研究過去的氣候和海洋環流。","由於其稀缺性和放射性，它在科學研究之外幾乎沒有用途。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“protos”（πρῶτος），意思是“第一個”，與“錒”結合，產生“錒的母體”；該名稱反映了 鏷-231 衰變成 錒-227； Kasper Fajans 於 1913 年首次將其稱為“Sbreum-227； Kasper Fajans 於 1913 年首次將其稱為“壽命”，但當後被發現了），但當情況後就被稱為了較長的同位素後首次被稱為這種壽命。"},"Radium":{"name":"鐳","summary":"鐳是一種高放射性金屬，曾用於夜光塗料，現在主要研究其放射性特性。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鐳是瑪麗·居里和皮埃爾·居里於 1898 年發現的，在黑暗中發出微弱的藍光。","它曾經被添加到夜光手錶錶盤上，不幸地毒害了繪製錶盤的「鐳女孩」。","20 世紀早期，在人們認識到鐳的危險之前，人們就在牙膏、水和化妝品中銷售鐳產品。","鐳的放射性比同量的鈾高約一百萬倍。","在更安全的來源取代它之前，它歷史上曾用於癌症放射治療。","居禮夫人的筆記本仍然具有很強的放射性，因此它們被存放在襯鉛的盒子裡。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自拉丁語“radius”，意思是“射線”或“光束”，由瑪麗·居里和皮埃爾·居里於 1898 年發現；這個名字指的是該元素發出的強烈輻射，當他們將其與瀝青鈾礦分離時，他們觀察到這是一種引人注目的新現象。"},"Radon":{"name":"氡","summary":"氡是一種放射性惰性氣體，用於放射治療和地質研究中作為示蹤劑。","appearance":"無色氣體","interesting_facts":["氡是一種放射性惰性氣體，由土壤和岩石中的鈾衰變產生。","它是非吸煙者肺癌的主要原因，它會無形地滲透到地下室。","氡氣無色、無臭、無味，只能用專用儀器檢測。","它是正常條件下密度最大的氣體，也是已知最重的氣體之一。","氡曾經被用於一些早期的醫學放射治療。","家庭測試套件隨處可見，因為適當的通風可以降低氡氣水平。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自「鐳」——透過放射性衰變產生鐳的元素——結合用於惰性氣體的「-on」後綴；弗里德里希·多恩 (Friedrich Dorn) 於 1900 年首次檢測到它是一種從鐳中散發出來的氣體，在「氡」這個名稱標準化之前，它被稱為「鐳放射」。"},"Rhenium":{"name":"錸","summary":"錸是一種緻密的銀白色金屬，用於噴射發動機、燈絲和催化劑。","appearance":"銀灰色","interesting_facts":["錸是 1925 年發現的最後一批穩定元素之一。","它是所有元素中熔點和沸點最高的元素之一。","錸高溫合金可以讓噴射機和火箭引擎的渦輪葉片運作得更熱、更有效率。","它以德國萊茵河命名。","錸極為稀有，主要作為銅和鉬開採的副產品回收。","它用作製造高辛烷值無鉛汽油的催化劑。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以流經德國的萊茵河（拉丁語：Rhenus）命名；沃爾特·諾達克 (Walter Noddack)、艾達·塔克 (Ida Tacke) 和奧托·伯格 (Otto Berg) 在 1925 年發現該元素時選擇了這個名稱，遵循了根據發現者家鄉的地理特徵命名元素的傳統。"},"Rhodium":{"name":"銠","summary":"銠是一種稀有的銀白色金屬，以其高反射率而聞名，可用於催化轉換器和珠寶。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["銠是最稀有、最有價值的貴金屬之一，其價格通常遠高於黃金。","它的名字來自希臘語“rhodon”（玫瑰），因其鹽呈現玫瑰紅色而得名。","大多數銠用於催化轉換器，以淨化汽車廢氣中的有害氣體。","它具有明亮、堅硬、反光的表面效果，用於電鍍白金珠寶和鏡子。","銠具有很強的耐腐蝕性，在空氣中不會失去光澤。","它是鉑族金屬之一，主要作為鉑和鎳開採的副產品回收。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“rhodon”（玫瑰），由 William Hyde Wollaston 於 1804 年命名，因為銠鹽溶液呈現典型的玫瑰紅色。"},"Roentgenium":{"name":"錀","summary":"錀是一種合成的放射性元素，主要用於科學研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["倫琴 (錀) 以 X 射線的發現者威廉·康拉德·倫琴 (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen) 的名字命名。","它於 1994 年首次在德國透過聚變鎳和鉍原子核製成。","它是一種合成超重元素，一次只產生幾個原子。","預計倫琴在元素週期表中的位置低於黃金，並且可能具有與黃金相同的一些化學成分。","它的原子在形成後幾秒鐘內就會衰變。","除了基礎研究之外，它沒有其他應用。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以德國物理學家威廉·康拉德·倫琴 (Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) 的名字命名，他於 1895 年發現了 X 射線，並於 1901 年獲得了第一屆諾貝爾物理學獎；GSI達姆施塔特於1994年合成了它，並於2004年每年提出了這個名稱，IUPAC 提出了這個名稱，IUPAC。"},"Rubidium":{"name":"銣","summary":"銣是一種柔軟的銀白色金屬元素，用於電子、研究和原子鐘。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["銣在空氣中自燃，與水發生劇烈反應。","它因發射光譜中的紅線而得名於拉丁語“rubidus”（深紅色）。","1861 年，本生和基爾霍夫利用光譜新技術發現了銣。","它的熔化溫度略高於體溫，約 39°C。","銣原子被用於一些世界上最精確的原子鐘。","1995 年，科學家使用銣創造了第一個玻色愛因斯坦凝聚態，這是一種奇怪的新物質態。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語「rubidus」（深紅色或深紅色），由 Robert Bunsen 和 Gustav Kirchhoff 於 1861 年命名，得名於他們透過當時的新技術光譜技術識別出的兩條獨特的深紅色光譜線。"},"Ruthenium":{"name":"釕","summary":"釕是一種稀有過渡金屬，用於電觸點、厚膜電阻器和催化劑。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["釕以俄羅斯的拉丁語名稱 Ruthenia 命名，於 1844 年在俄羅斯被發現。","它是鉑族金屬之一，非常硬且脆。","添加微量的釕大大提高了鉑、鈀合金的硬度和耐磨性。","釕用於電子產品內部的電觸點和片式電阻器。","它可作為一種多功能催化劑，包括在製造氨和清理污染物的過程中。","釕化合物正在研究作為太陽能電池的光吸收染料。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"卡爾·恩斯特·克勞斯 (Karl Ernst Claus) 於 1844 年在俄羅斯帝國喀山工作時發現了這一發現，以“俄羅斯”(羅斯人的土地) 的拉丁語名稱“魯塞尼亞”命名。"},"Rutherfordium":{"name":"鑪","summary":"鑪是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["盧瑟福鎓是以核子物理學之父、物理學家歐內斯特·盧瑟福的名字命名的。","它是第一種反錒系元素（超重）。","盧瑟福是透過在加速器中將較輕的原子核粉碎在一起而製成的。","它的發現是美國和蘇聯科學家之間冷戰命名爭議的主題。","一次只能產生幾個原子，它們會在幾秒鐘內衰變。","它的化學性質預計與元素週期表第 4 族中的鉿相似。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以紐西蘭出生的物理學家歐內斯特·盧瑟福 (Ernest Rutherford) 的名字命名，他發現了原子核，被認為是核物理學之父；這個名字是由美國勞倫斯伯克利分校的研究人員提出的，並在與蘇聯科學家發生冷戰命名爭議後於 1997 年被 IUPAC 正式採用。"},"Samarium":{"name":"釤","summary":"釤是一種銀白色金屬，用於磁鐵、雷射以及核反應器中的中子吸收劑。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["釤鈷磁鐵在高溫下仍能保持強度，用於飛機和軍事硬體。","這是第一個以人的名字命名的元素，透過礦物薩馬鈦礦（以礦業官員薩馬斯基的名字命名）。","釤很容易吸收中子，因此用於核反應器控制棒。","放射性釤化合物用於緩解已擴散到骨骼的癌症引起的疼痛。","釤用作化學催化劑，並用於製造某些類型的玻璃和雷射。","它的硬度適中，在空氣中緩慢氧化，形成淡黃色塗層。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以沙馬鈦礦命名，Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 於 1879 年首次在這種礦物中發現了它；釤礦是以俄羅斯礦務官員 Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets 上校的名字命名的，這使得釤成為第一個以真人名字（間接）命名的元素。"},"Scandium":{"name":"鈧","summary":"鈧是一種柔軟的銀白色金屬，用於航空航太零件和高性能合金。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鈧的存在和性質在 1879 年被發現之前，門捷列夫於 1869 年預測為「eka-硼」。","在鋁中添加少量鈧可形成堅固、輕質的合金，用於高端自行車車架和航空航太零件。","它以斯堪的納維亞半島命名，首次發現的礦物是在那裡開採的。","一些蘇聯米格戰鬥機使用了鈧鋁合金。","儘管鈧在地殼中相當常見，但很難提取，而且很少在礦石中富集，因此價格昂貴。","一些金屬鹵化物燈中添加了碘化鈧，以產生模仿自然陽光的光線。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以斯堪的納維亞半島（拉丁語“Scandia”）命名，拉斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾森 (Lars Fredrik Nilson) 於 1879 年在該地區的斯堪的納維亞半島的磷輝石和矽鈹輝石礦物中發現了它。"},"Seaborgium":{"name":"𬭳","summary":"𬭳 是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素的特性。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬的","interesting_facts":["𬭳 以化學家 Glenn T. Seaborg 的名字命名，他幫助發現了許多超鈾元素。","這是第一個以當時還活著的人命名的元素。","𬭳 是一種僅在粒子加速器中製造的合成超重元素。","它的原子在幾秒鐘內就會衰變，因此只有少數原子被研究過。","化學實驗顯示它的行為類似於元素週期表第 6 族的鎢。","它於 1974 年首次通過將氧離子粉碎成锎而製成。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美國化學家格倫·T·西博格 (Glenn T. Seaborg) 的名字命名，他是十種超鈾元素的共同發現者；這是第一個以在世人命名的元素，由勞倫斯·伯克利 (Lawrence Berkeley) 於 1994 年提出，儘管 IUPAC 最初表示反對，但在 1997 年正式批准該名稱。"},"Selenium":{"name":"硒","summary":"硒是一種非金屬，其性質類似硫和碲，用於電子、玻璃製造和營養補充劑。","appearance":"黑色、紅色和灰色形式","interesting_facts":["硒以希臘月亮女神塞勒涅的名字命名。","它的電導率隨光而變化，這是早期影印機和測光錶中使用的特性。","硒是一種必需的微量營養素，支持抗氧化酶，但較大劑量時有毒。","它使玻璃呈現紅色，也可用於去除玻璃上的綠色色調。","巴西堅果富含硒。","硒有多種形式，包括紅色粉末和導電的灰色金屬形式。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“selene”（月亮），由 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 於 1817 年命名為碲（來自拉丁語“tellus”，地球）的伴生元素，因為這兩種元素化學性質相似，並且在同一礦床中一起發現。"},"Silicon":{"name":"矽","summary":"矽是一種硬而脆的結晶固體，是半導體和電腦晶片的關鍵成分。","appearance":"灰色結晶固體","interesting_facts":["矽是地殼中僅次於氧的第二豐富元素，大部分以二氧化矽的形式存在於沙子和岩石中。","超純矽晶體是電腦晶片的基礎，矽谷因此得名。","矽是一種準金屬半導體，其導電性能比絕緣體好，但比金屬差。","石英、蛋白石和大多數沙子都是矽化合物，而玻璃主要是透過熔化二氧化矽製成的。","太陽能板依靠矽將陽光直接轉換為電能。","儘管名稱相似，矽（元素）與矽樹脂不同，矽樹脂是含有矽的柔性橡膠聚合物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“silex”或“silicis”（燧石或硬石），因為燧石和矽酸鹽岩石中富含矽； “矽”這個名稱是托馬斯·湯姆森 (Thomas Thomson) 於 1817 年提出的。"},"Silver":{"name":"銀","summary":"銀是一種柔軟、白色、有光澤的金屬，在所有元素中具有最高的導電性和導熱性，用於珠寶、電子產品和鏡子。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["銀是所有元素中最好的電導體和熱導體。","它具有天然抗菌特性，早在現代醫學出現之前就被用來保持傷口和水的清潔。","銀是反射率最高的金屬，這就是傳統上將其用於後視鏡的原因。","攝影膠片依靠感光銀化合物來捕捉影像。","它的化學符號Ag來自拉丁語“argentum”，阿根廷國家就是以此命名的。","當銀與空氣中微量的硫化合物反應時，銀會變成黑色。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語單字“silver”來自古英語“seolfor”，與原始日耳曼語“silubra”相關，其進一步起源不確定； Ag 符號和國名阿根廷均源自拉丁語“argentum”（銀），與該元素明亮的白色光澤有關。"},"Sodium":{"name":"鈉","summary":"鈉是一種柔軟的銀白色高活性金屬，是生命的必要元素。","appearance":"銀白色金屬","interesting_facts":["鈉的反應性很強，必須儲存在油下，並且當掉入水中時會發出嘶嘶聲並點燃。","它足夠柔軟，可以用刀切割，露出閃亮的銀色表面，但在空氣中很快就會變暗。","鈉蒸氣燈發出獨特的黃橙色光芒，這種光芒曾經在街道照明中很常見。","常見的食鹽是氯化鈉，鈉對於體內的神經衝動和液體平衡至關重要。","鈉燃燒時會發出亮黃色火焰，這是火焰測試中用來辨識鈉的特性。","化學符號Na來自拉丁語“natrium”，指的是天然蘇打化合物。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英文名稱來自“soda”（中世紀拉丁語“sodanum”，一種治療頭痛的藥物），而符號 Na 源自拉丁語“natrium”，本身又源自阿拉伯語/埃及語“natrun”，意思是 natron，一種天然存在的碳酸鈉礦物。"},"Strontium":{"name":"鍶","summary":"鍶是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於煙火、陶瓷和放射應用。","appearance":"銀色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鍶鹽在煙火和緊急照明彈中產生亮紅色。","它以蘇格蘭斯特朗蒂安村命名，該村首次發現了它的礦石。","核塵埃中的放射性同位素鍶 90 可以沉積在骨骼中，因為它模仿鈣。","在一些牙膏中使用鍶來降低牙齒敏感性。","鋁酸鍶在黑暗中發光數小時，用於現代發光塗料。","與鈣一樣，鍶也會與水反應，並且在自然界中永遠不會以遊離態存在。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以蘇格蘭阿蓋爾郡的 Strontian 村莊命名，1790 年左右，人們首次在當地的鉛礦中發現了菱鍶礦（碳酸鍶）。"},"Sulfur":{"name":"硫","summary":"硫是一種黃色非金屬元素，常見於火山地區，對生命至關重要。","appearance":"亮黃色晶體","interesting_facts":["硫磺自古以來就為人所知，在聖經中被稱為“硫磺”，意思是“燃燒的石頭”。","它以硫化氫的臭雞蛋味而聞名，儘管純硫本身是無味的。","硫磺燃燒時會發出藍色火焰並產生令人窒息的二氧化硫氣體。","大多數開採的硫磺用於製造硫酸，硫酸是世界上產量最多的工業化學品之一。","火山噴口和溫泉周圍形成亮黃色硫磺沉積物。","硫是生命的必需元素，存在於幫助蛋白質折疊的胺基酸半胱氨酸和甲硫胺酸中。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“硫磺”（硫磺），一個來源不確定的詞，可能與梵語“sulvere”有關；硫磺自古以來就被稱為火山周圍發現的刺激性黃色石頭，在聖經文本中被稱為“硫磺”。"},"Tantalum":{"name":"鉭","summary":"鉭是一種緻密、耐腐蝕的金屬，用於電子、外科植入物和高溫合金。","appearance":"灰藍色","interesting_facts":["鉭電容器雖小，但可儲存大量電荷，幾乎每部手機和筆記型電腦中都有鉭電容器。","它以希臘神話中的坦塔洛斯命名，反映了它對酸溶解的「誘人」抵抗力。","鉭具有生物相容性，可用於外科植入物、板和針。","它是所有金屬中熔點最高的金屬之一，超過 3,000 °C。","鉭具有堅韌的氧化層，因此具有很高的耐腐蝕性。","世界上大部分鉭都來自鈳鉭礦石，引發了道德採購問題。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"希臘神話中的國王坦塔羅斯以坦塔羅斯的名字命名，他被判站在果樹下的一潭水里，只要他伸手去拿果樹，水就會退去。安德斯·埃克伯格 (Anders Ekeberg) 在 1802 年選擇了這個名字，因為這種元素無法吸收酸，就像坦塔羅斯永遠無法滿足他的口渴一樣。"},"Technetium":{"name":"鎝","summary":"鎝是一種銀灰色放射性金屬，主要用於醫學影像和工業射線照相。","appearance":"銀灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["锝是第一個人工製造的元素，它的名字來自希臘語，意為「人工」。","它沒有穩定的同位素，因此地球上自然存在的基本上沒有。","鎝-99m 是醫學影像中使用最廣泛的放射性示蹤劑，每年用於數千萬次掃描。","門捷列夫將其在元素週期表中的間隙預測為「eka-manganese」。","在某些遙遠恆星的光譜中檢測到了锝，證明這些元素仍在形成。","微量的锝可以使鋼具有極強的耐腐蝕性。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“technetos”（人造或人造），由 Carlo Perrier 和 Emilio Segrè 於 1937 年命名，因為它是第一個人工生產的元素，是通過在迴旋加速器中用氘核轟擊鉬而產生的。"},"Tellurium":{"name":"碲","summary":"碲是一種脆性銀白色非金屬，用於合金、半導體和熱電設備。","appearance":"銀色光澤灰色","interesting_facts":["碲是以拉丁文地球的意思「tellus」命名的。","即使接觸到微量的碲氣，人們也會產生“碲氣”，這是一種強烈的大蒜味，可以持續數週。","它是一種稀有的準金屬，在地殼中的稀有程度與鉑一樣稀有。","碲化鎘用於製造薄膜太陽能板。","碲改善鋼和銅合金的切削加工性。","它用於可重寫光碟，因為它可以在玻璃態和結晶態之間切換。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自拉丁語“tellus”（地球），由 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 於 1798 年命名；這個名字特意與硒（以月亮命名）配對，因為這兩種元素化學性質相似，並且經常一起發現。"},"Tennessine":{"name":"鿬","summary":"鿬 是一種合成的放射性元素，用於科學研究以研究超重元素。","appearance":"未知，可能是金屬或類金屬","interesting_facts":["田納西州以美國田納西州命名，該州是橡樹嶺國家實驗室的所在地。","它是已知第二重元素，並於 2010 年得到確認。","它的名字以“-ine”結尾，因為它位於鹵素列，第 17 族。","製造它需要橡樹嶺生產的稀有锫，並用鈣離子轟擊。","迄今為止，只製造出了少量的田納西鹼原子。","它的原子在不到一秒的時間內就衰變了。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以美國田納西州命名，該州是橡樹嶺國家實驗室（生產重要锫靶材）、范德比爾特大學和田納西大學的所在地；它於2010年合成，並於2016年被IUPAC正式命名，後綴“-ine”反映了它在鹵素基團17中的位置。"},"Terbium":{"name":"鋱","summary":"鋱是一種銀白色金屬，用於綠色照明、雷射和磁光設備的螢光粉。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鋱為照明和老式顯示器中使用的許多磷光體提供綠色。","它以瑞典的伊特比村命名，這是紀念小鎮的四個元素之一。","鋱合金在磁場中改變形狀，用於感測器和聲納系統。","它在紫外線下發出亮綠色的光，用於安全油墨。","鋱是一種柔軟的銀色稀土金屬，可以用刀切割。","它用於固態裝置和節能螢光燈。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典 Resarö 島上的一個村莊 Ytterby 命名，最初是在那裡收集钆钆石礦石； Carl Gustaf Mosander 於 1843 年將其與氧化釔分開，“鋱”是“Ytterby”的音節重新排列。"},"Thallium":{"name":"鉈","summary":"鉈是一種柔軟的灰色金屬，用於電子、光學系統和一些醫療應用。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鉈曾經是一種人們喜愛的毒藥，無嗅無味，因此被稱為「投毒者的毒藥」。","它的名字來自希臘語“thallos”，一種綠芽，以其光譜中的亮綠色線命名。","鉈中毒會導致脫髮，這有時有助於醫生診斷。","放射性鉈同位素用於心臟影像壓力測試。","鉈化合物用於專業紅外線光學和電子學。","它是在 1861 年利用火焰光譜新方法發現的。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"命名自希臘語“thallos”（θαλλός），意思是“綠芽”或“綠樹枝”； 1861 年，威廉·克魯克斯 (William Crookes) 在使用新開發的火焰光譜技術分析亞硒酸殘留物時看到了獨特的亮綠色光譜線，並將其命名為該光譜線。"},"Thorium":{"name":"釷","summary":"釷是一種弱放射性金屬，用於核反應器、合金和氣罩。","appearance":"銀色，通常帶有黑色光澤","interesting_facts":["釷（釷）以北歐雷神索爾（Thor）的名字命名。","人們正在研究將其作為一種比鈾更安全、更豐富的核燃料。","地殼中釷的含量大約是鈾的三到四倍。","釷氣體燈罩發出明亮的光，被用於燈籠一個多世紀了。","它曾經被添加到高品質的相機鏡頭中，隨著時間的推移，鏡頭會因輻射而略微泛黃。","幾乎所有釷都是長壽同位素釷232，其半衰期比宇宙年齡還要長。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"由瑞典化學家 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 於 1828 年發現，以挪威雷神索爾 (Thor) 的名字命名；貝採利烏斯在一種挪威礦物中發現了這種元素，他將其稱為釷鐵礦，並遵循紀念神話人物的傳統，以這位神靈的名字命名了這種新元素。"},"Thulium":{"name":"銩","summary":"銩是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於便攜式 X 射線設備、雷射和一些核應用。","appearance":"銀灰色","interesting_facts":["銩是最稀有的穩定稀土元素，也是最昂貴的元素之一。","它以極北神話般的土地圖勒 (Thule) 命名。","放射性銩 170 用於無需電力的便攜式 X 射線設備。","銩在紫外線下發出藍光，用於鈔票上的防偽標記。","銩雷射用於一些醫療外科手術。","儘管銩很稀有，地殼中的含量仍然比金多。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以圖勒 (Thule) 命名，這是古希臘和羅馬的名稱，指的是已知世界最北端的一片神秘土地，通常與斯堪的納維亞半島或冰島聯繫在一起；Per Teodor Cleve 於 1879 年選擇了這個名字，以紀念該元素的斯堪的納維亞起源。"},"Tin":{"name":"錫","summary":"錫是一種可延展的銀白色金屬，用於焊料、塗層和青銅等合金。","appearance":"銀白色金屬色","interesting_facts":["將錫與銅混合製成青銅，這種合金定義了人類歷史的整個時代。","當一塊錫條彎曲時，由於其晶體重新排列，會發出一種稱為“錫哭聲”的劈啪聲。","在極冷的情況下，普通錫會碎成灰色粉末，這個過程稱為「錫蟲」。","錫罐的耐腐蝕性來自於鋼上的薄錫塗層。","錫比任何其他元素都具有更穩定的同位素（十個）。","錫鑞和焊料是常見的錫基合金，已經使用了幾個世紀。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"英語單字“tin”來自古英語“tin”，與原始日耳曼語“tinam”相關，其進一步起源不確定； Sn 符號源自拉丁語“stannum”，最初指的是銀鉛合金，後來被應用於錫。"},"Titanium":{"name":"鈦","summary":"鈦是一種堅固、輕質的金屬，廣泛應用於航太、醫療器材和合金。","appearance":"銀灰白色","interesting_facts":["鈦具有所有金屬元素中最高的強度密度比，其強度與鋼相當，但重量卻輕約 45%。","它具有生物相容性，因此身體不會排斥它，使其成為髖關節置換術和植牙的理想選擇。","二氧化鈦是一種亮白色顏料，用於油漆、防曬霜甚至牙膏。","它能很好地抵抗海水腐蝕，可用於船舶部件和潛水艇船體。","鈦因其巨大的強度而以希臘神話中的泰坦巨人命名。","儘管鈦是地殼中第九豐富的元素，但由於難以從礦石中提取，因此價格昂貴。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"馬丁·海因里希·克拉普羅斯 (Martin Heinrich Klaproth) 於 1795 年以希臘神話中的泰坦巨人（強大的原始神祇）的名字命名，他想要一個與地理或個人無關的名字。"},"Tungsten":{"name":"鎢","summary":"鎢是一種堅硬、緻密的金屬，是所有元素中熔點最高的金屬，用於製造細絲、切割工具和穿甲彈。","appearance":"灰白色，有光澤","interesting_facts":["鎢的熔點是所有金屬中最高的，約 3,422 °C。","它被用於白熾燈泡中的發光燈絲。","它的名字來自瑞典語，意思是“重石頭”，而它的符號W則來自“wolfram”。","碳化鎢的硬度幾乎與鑽石一樣，用於製造鑽頭、鋸子和穿甲彈。","它是密度最大的元素之一，密度與黃金大致相同。","鎢對於某些喜熱微生物中的某些酵素至關重要，是已知生命所利用的最重元素。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"「鎢」源自瑞典語「tung」（重）和「sten」（石頭），指的是白鎢礦礦物；符號 W 來自「wolfram」，源自礦物黑鎢礦 - 因其在熔煉過程中「吞噬」錫而得名，讓人想起狼（德語：Wolf Rahm，狼的奶油或泡沫）。"},"Uranium":{"name":"鈾","summary":"鈾是一種緻密的放射性金屬，用作核反應器和核武的燃料。","appearance":"銀灰色金屬色","interesting_facts":["鈾是自然界中大量存在的最重元素。","它以八年前發現的天王星命名。","一公斤鈾235釋出的能量相當於數千噸煤所釋放的能量。","1896 年，亨利·貝克勒爾 (Henri Becquerel) 在黑暗中使照相底片起霧時發現了鈾的放射性。","貧鈾密度極高，用於裝甲和穿甲彈藥。","鈾玻璃在 1800 年代流行，在紫外線照射下會發出亮綠色的光。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以八年前馬丁·海因里希·克拉普羅斯 (Martin Heinrich Klaproth) 於 1789 年發現的天王星命名；他遵循以天體命名元素的傳統，就像碲（之前的元素）以地球命名一樣。"},"Vanadium":{"name":"釩","summary":"釩是一種堅硬的銀灰色金屬，主要用於強化鋼合金和其他材料。","appearance":"銀灰色","interesting_facts":["釩以其美麗的彩色化合物而以 Vanadis 命名，Vanadis 是北歐女神 Freyja 的名字。","其化合物依氧化態呈現彩虹色：紫色、藍色、綠色和黃色。","在鋼中添加少量的釩可以使其變得更加堅硬，可用於工具和汽車零件。","亨利福特在 T 型車中使用了釩鋼，使其更輕、更強。","全釩氧化還原液流電池可以為電網儲存大量能量。","一些被稱為海鞘的海洋生物在其血液中濃縮的釩含量遠高於周圍海水。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以 Vanadis 命名，Vanadis 是古挪威語中女神芙蕾雅 (Freyja) 的綽號，由 Nils Gabriel Sefström 於 1830 年選擇，因為釩的化合物可形成極其美麗的多彩溶液。"},"Xenon":{"name":"氙","summary":"氙是一種無色、緻密、無味的惰性氣體，用於照明、醫學成像和太空船推進。","appearance":"無色氣體，激發時發出藍光","interesting_facts":["氙氣的名字來自希臘語，意思是“陌生人”，因為它在空氣中非常罕見。","它產生明亮的白光，用於汽車前燈、相機閃光燈和電影放映機燈。","氙可用作安全、強效的麻醉劑，但價格昂貴。","儘管氙是一種惰性氣體，但它還是在 1962 年第一個形成了真正的化合物。","太空船上的離子推進器使用氙作為推進劑，輕輕地推動探測器穿過太陽系。","氙氣的密度足夠大，您可以將輕質物體漂浮在看不見的氣體上。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自希臘語“xenos”（陌生人或外國人），由 William Ramsay 和 Morris Travers 在 1898 年命名，因為氙是一種完全陌生的元素，隱藏在液態氪蒸發後的殘留物中。"},"Ytterbium":{"name":"鐿","summary":"鐿是一種柔軟的銀色金屬，用於雷射、原子鐘和材料中的應力計。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鐿是以瑞典小村莊伊特比命名的四種元素之一。","鐿原子鐘是迄今為止最精確的計時器之一。","其電阻在高壓下急劇增加，並用作應力計。","摻鐿光纖為高能工業雷射提供動力，用於切割和焊接金屬。","它是一種柔軟、有延展性的銀色稀土金屬。","與鑭系元素不同的是，鐿可以呈現穩定的+2氧化態。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典斯德哥爾摩附近 Resarö 島上的一個村莊 Ytterby 命名； Jean Charles de Marignac 於 1878 年首次從礦物鉺中分離出氧化物，鐿是以瑞典村莊命名的四種元素之一。"},"Yttrium":{"name":"釔","summary":"釔是一種銀色金屬元素，用於螢光粉、超導體和 LED 技術。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["釔以瑞典村莊伊特比 (Ytterby) 命名，四種不同元素均以該村命名。","釔鋁石榴石 (YAG) 晶體用於製造用於醫學和工業的強大雷射。","它幫助創造了第一個在高於氮氣沸點的溫度下工作的高溫超導體。","釔化合物產生舊彩色電視螢幕中的紅色螢光粉。","它用於強化鋁和鎂合金。","儘管被稱為稀土，但釔在地殼中的含量比銀或鉛更豐富。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"以瑞典 Resarö 島上的一個小村莊 Ytterby 命名，1787 年在這裡首次收集了钆钆輝石礦石；同一個村莊的名字也啟發了銥、鉺和鋱的名字。"},"Zinc":{"name":"鋅","summary":"鋅是一種藍銀色金屬，常用於電鍍、合金，也是生物過程的重要礦物質。","appearance":"藍銀色金屬","interesting_facts":["鋅透過一種稱為鍍鋅的過程對鋼進行塗覆，犧牲自身以保護鋼不生鏽。","它對人體免疫系統至關重要，鋅含片可用於幫助抵抗感冒。","鋅燃燒時發出明亮的藍綠色火焰，當其白色氧化物被收集時，曾被稱為「哲學家的羊毛」。","用於儀器和配件的黃銅是銅和鋅的合金。","大多數現代一美分硬幣和許多其他硬幣主要由鋅製成，並帶有薄銅塗層。","氧化鋅是許多防曬霜和尿布疹霜中的活性成分。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自德語「Zink」（鋅），由帕拉塞爾蘇斯於 16 世紀首次使用；其起源可能與「Zinke」（尖頭或尖頭）有關，描述了熔煉過程中形成的尖刺晶體，也可能與波斯語的「sing」（石頭）有關。"},"Zirconium":{"name":"鋯","summary":"鋯是一種耐腐蝕金屬，用於核反應器、手術器械和陶瓷材料。","appearance":"銀白色","interesting_facts":["鋯具有很強的耐腐蝕性，幾乎不吸收中子，因此非常適合包殼核燃料棒。","立方氧化鋯是一種鋯化合物，是珠寶中流行的鑽石替代品。","寶石鋯石是一種矽酸鋯，含有地球上一些已知最古老的礦物，已有超過 40 億年的歷史。","鋯粉高度易燃，曾用於製造閃光燈。","它具有生物相容性，可用於牙冠和關節植入物。","二氧化鋯陶瓷足夠堅韌，可以製造很少需要磨刀的刀片。"],"naming_origin_explanation":"源自阿拉伯語“zarqun”（朱紅色或金色），源自波斯語“zargun”（類似金色），因為寶石鋯石具有金色色調；該名稱由 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 於 1789 年命名。"}}}}